Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another 礼尚往来
1: I was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry Steele came in. Harry worked in a lawyer's office years ago, but he is now working at a bank.
1) 过去进行时：1>概念：表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为：was /were + V-ing。常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last night, last Saturday等；或者与when, while, as引导的过去时间状语连用。
2>基本用法
<1>. 过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
如：He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。
<2>. 用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。
如：I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。
【注】一般过去时也有类似用法，但比较而言，用过去进行时显得更客气，更不肯定。
<3>. 过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩，也通常与always, forever, continually等副词连用。
如：They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。
<4>. 动词be的过去进行时
动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。
比较：He was friendly. 他很友好。(指过去长期如此)
He was being friendly. 他当时显得很友好。(指当时一时的表现)
补充：when 的后面加一般过去时，而且动词是非延续性动词。while 的后面加过去进行时，动词是延续性动词。
3>特殊用法
<1>、当句子意思很清楚时，我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时
We listened carefully while the teacher read the text.老师读课文时，我们都仔细地听着。
<2>、表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。用于come, go, leave, start, arrive等表示位置转移的动词时，也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。
如：He told me that he was going soon.他告诉我他很快就要走了。
<3>、表示故事发生的背景。
It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.那支医疗小组往前线行进时，天正下着雪。<4>、表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。
过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作，这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。
Five minutes later, he stood in the doorway smoking a cigarette. 5分钟后，他已站在门口抽着烟。
<5>、过去进行时还可和when结构遥相呼应，含有意外之意。
I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。
<6>、用来陈述原因或用作借口。
She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.
她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。
<7>、与always, constantly等词连用，表示感情色彩。
The girl was always changing her mind. 这女孩老是改变主意。
4>常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all day ,yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while ,at that time,. just now，a moment ago
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself; It was raining when they left
the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
2) at : 1>. in, on在方位名词前的区别
<1>. in表示A地在B地范围之内。如：Taiwan is in the southeast of China.
<2>. on表示A地与B地接壤、毗邻。如：North Korea is on the east of China.
2>. at, in, on在表示时间上的区别
<1>. at指时间表示：
（1）时间的一点、时刻等。如：
They came home at sunrise （at noon, at midnight, at ten o’clock, at daybreak, at dawn）. （2）较短暂的一段时间。可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。He went home at Christmas （at New Year, at the Spring Festival, at night）.
<2>. in指时间表示：
（1）在某个较长的时间（如世纪、朝代、年、月、季节以及泛指的上午、下午或傍晚等）内。如：
in 2004, in March, in spring, in the morning, in the evening, etc
（2）在一段时间之后。一般情况下，用于将来时，谓语动词为瞬间动词，意为“在……以后”。如：
He will arrive in two hours.
谓语动词为延续性动词时，in意为“在……以内”。如：
These products will be produced in a month.
注意：after用于将来时间也指一段时间之后，但其后的时间是“一点”，而不是“一段”。如：
He will arrive after two o’clock.
<3>. on指时间表示：
（1）具体的时日和一个特定的时间，如某日、某节日、星期几等。如：
On Christmas Day（On May 4th）, there will be a celebration.
（2）在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上。如：
He arrived at 10 o’clock on the night of the 5th.
（3）准时，按时。如：
If the train should be on time, I should reach home before dark.
3>. at, in和on表示地点时的区别
1. at表示地点：
（1）用于指较小的地方。如：I shall wait for you at the station.
（2）用于门牌号码前。如：He lives at 115 Zhongshan Road.
2. in表示地点：
（1）用于指较大的地方。如：He lives in Shanghai.
（2）虽然是很小的地方，如果说话人住在那里，也可用in。商店、学校、机关等，若看作一个地点（point）用at，若看作一个场所（place）用in。如：I met him at the post-office. I’m now working in the post-office.
3. on表示地点，一般指与面或线接触，意为“在……上；在……旁”。如：
The picture was hanging on the wall. New York is on the Hudson River.
2: He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.
1) salary：指按年定下，按月或星期平均给予的报酬，指脑力劳动者的薪水。
wage：多用复数形式，指按小时、日或星期的报酬，通常指体力劳动者的工资
2):borrow: 1>. 可用作及物或不及物动词。如：
May I borrow your dictionary? 我可以借用你的词典吗?
Some people neither borrow nor lend. 有的人既不借也不贷。
Japanese has borrowed heavily from English. 日语借用了很多英语词汇。
2>. 一般不接双宾语，若要表示类似意思可用borrow sth from [of] sb (用介词of 比from 更正式)。如：
I wanted to borrow some money from her, but she lent me nothing.我想向她借点钱，但她分文没借。
下面三句同义。May I borrow your pen? Please lend me your pen.
Please lend your pen to me. 请把钢笔借给我。
3>. borrow 表示借，是一时的动作，为终止性动词，因此它不与一段时间连用。
4> 汉语中的“借用”，不一定都可用borrow 来表示，一般说来，borrow 只表示借用那些能够带走的东西(如：书、钱、车、用具等)，而对于那些不能带走的东西(如：电话、图书室、厕所等)则宜用use。如：
May I use your telephone? 我可借用一下你的电话吗?
但有时两者都可用。Can I borrow [use] your car on Sunday? 星期六我可以用你的车吗? 3): pay: spend, take, cost和pay的用法
这四个词都有花费的意思。cost指花钱、时间、劳力等；take主要指花时间；pay指花钱；spend指花时间、钱等。cost常以事物做主语，而不以人做主语。初中阶段关于"花钱"，"花费时间"的词常见的有以下五个：buy，cost，pay（for），spend和take。与时间有关的只有take和spend。
1>．buy，get主语是人,其常见结构为buy sb．sth．或buy sth．for sb．I bought this book for 15yuan．
Would you please buy me a dictionary？Let me buy ／get you a drink．Buy one for me．2>．cost指花钱，表示价值或代价（此代价可以是时间）。主语是事或物或动词不定式短语。其常见结构是cost sb．some money。
The book costs 50 fen．The dictionary cost me 6 yuan．The work costs much time and labor．3>．pay（for），pay表示付给人家钱、账单等；pay for表示买东西付款，也表示替别人付钱。主语是人。其常见结构是pay sb．some money，pay money for sth．
You must pay me 100 yuan a week for your meals．
I have paid all my debts(债务）．How much did you pay for that book？
Don't worry about money．I'll pay for you．
4>．spend指花钱或花费时间。主语是人。其常见结构分别为spend money on sth．，spend time （in）doing sth．。
I spent six yuan on a new dictionary．
-How do you spend your spare time？
-I spend my spare time writing books．
5>．take指花钱（＝cost）
It takes/costs me a lot of money to buy a big house．
= To buy a big house takes/costs me a lot of money.
take用来说明做某事需要多少时间，有三种不同的结构：
<1>主语是人
I took half an hour to get home yesterday．She took the whole day to read the novel．
<2>主语是某种活动
The journey took me half an hour．Reading the novel took her the whole day．
<3>用形式主语it
It took me half an hour to get home yesterday．It takes much time to do the shopping．
试看"我六元钱买了一本词典"的不同译法：
a．I bought the dictionary for six yuan．b．The dictionary cost me 6yuan．
c．I paid six yuan for the dictionary．d．I spent six yuan on the dictionary．
e．It took me six yuan to buy the dictionary．
再看"读这本书花了我一整天的时间"的不同译法：
a．I spent the whole day reading the book．b．I took the whole day to read the book．c．Reading the book took me the whole day．d．It took me the whole day to read the book．例如：①The composition cost(took)me three hours. ②How much did the radio cost you?
这台无线电花了你多少钱？(不用take)
③The work cost them much labor.这件工作花费他们很大的劳动。
④It took them over two years to build the bridge.修建这座桥花了他们两年多的时间。
⑤I spend 50 dollars on the camera.买这架照相机，我花了50美元。
⑥He often spent his spare time(in)helping the poor.他经常利用业余时间帮助穷人。
【注意】如要说"这件上衣我花了20美元"，可用下列几种表达方法
The coat cost me 20 dollars.
=I spent 20 dollars on the coat. =I paid 20 dollars for the coat.
=I bought the coat for 20 dollars. =I bought the coat at the price of 20 dollars.
3: Harry saw me and came and sat at the same table. He has never borrowed money from me. 1）see:1>. see sb do sth 看见某人做过某事，I often see him draw a picture.
2>. see sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事。When I pass the window I see him drawing a picture.
3>. be seen to do ,用于被动语态还原to He is seen to draw a picture.
2）Same 1>. 表示“相同的”“同样的”等，通常与定冠词连用。如：
Those two dresses are the same. 那两件衣服是一样的。
You and I will work in the same office. 你和我将在同一办公室工作。
口语中有时可省略the。如：
A：Happy Christmas. 祝圣诞快乐。B：Same to you. 也祝你圣诞快乐。
A：I’ll have a coffee. 我要一杯咖啡。B：Same for me, please. 我也要一杯。
A：I think she’s awful. 我觉得她这个人糟透了。B：Same here. 我看也是。
2>. 表示“与……一样”，要用the same as，不能用as same as或the same with [like]。如：She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感受和她一样。
He’s angry because my marks are the same as his. 他很生气，因为我与他的分数一样。
但是在it’s the same with…（……也一样）这一句式中可以用with。如：
He wants to go abroad, and it is the same with me. 他想出国，我也一样。
Butterflies come from caterpillars. It’s the same with moths. 蝴蝶由毛虫演变而来。飞蛾也是一样。
3>. 为了加强the same 的语气，可说much the same（大致一样）或exactly the same（完全一样），但通常不说quite the same。但有趣的是，在否定句中却可以说not quite the same （不完全一样）。如：
That’s not quite the same thing, is it? 那不完全是一回事，对吗？
4>. 用于all the same, 主要用法有：
(1) 用作形容词，意为“……一样”“无所谓”。如：
A：When shall we meet again? 我们什么时候再次碰头?
B：Make it any day you like；it’s all the same to me. 随你定在哪天，我无所谓。
(2) 用作副词，意为“仍然”“还是”。如：
Thank you all the same.（不管怎样）我还是要谢谢你。
It is a hot day but I shall enjoy a walk all [just] the same. 天气很热，但我还是要出去走走。5>. 比较the same…as与the same…that
(1) 一般说来，用as表示同类物，用that表示同一物。如：
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 这钢笔与我昨天丢失的一模一样。
This is the same (=the very) pen that I lost yesterday. 这正是我昨天丢失的那枝钢笔。
但以上区别只是大致的，在实际运用中，两者常可混用（尤其是当它们在所引导的定语从中作宾语时）。如：
Meet me at the same place as you did yesterday. 你我在昨天见面的老地方碰头。
He uses the same book as [that] you do. 他用的书与你的一样。
(2) 当从句没有动词（即有所省略）时，要用as。如：
You’ve made the same mistake as (=that you made) last time. 你犯了与上次一样的错误。(3) 当the same之后没有名词时，要用as。如：
My stand on this is just the same as it was four years ago. 我对这问题的立场仍和4年前一样。根据情况，the same之后的名词有时也可用who, whom, where等引导的定语从句来修饰。如：
He’s the same man that [who] we met yesterday. 他就是我们昨天遇见的那个人。
Put the book back in the same place where you found it. 把书放回原处。
4: While he was eating, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds. To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately.
1) while:
1>、while作名词用，表示“一会儿”“一段时间”。
1.She likes to lie down for a while after lunch. 她喜欢午饭后躺一会儿。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8617732723.html,ing to another country to study requires a big adjustment and it takes a while to fit in. 来到另一个国家求学，需要花一段时间来适应。
2>、While作连词
(1)引导时间状语。
1.We must strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。
2.While she was listening to the radio，she fell asleep. 她听着收音机睡着了。
(2)引起让步状语从句，意思是“虽然…但是….”、“尽管…但是…”(多放于句首)
1.While he loves his students，he is very strict with them.虽然他爱他的学生，可是他对他们很严格。
2.While these experiments are interesting and useful，it is important to remember that they may not always tell us much. 虽然这些实验很有趣也有用，但是很重要的是要记住，这些实验也可能不会告诉你很多。
(3)引起条件状语，意思是“只要”。
1.While there is life there is hope.只要生命存在，就有希望
2.While there is a way there is away.有志者事竟成。
3>、While作并列连词用，意思为“而，然而”，表对比。而but表转折。注意用心比较体会
while与but的句中用意。
Some people waste food while others haven't enough. 有些人很费粮食，然而有些人却吃不饱。The son was having a good meal at home，while the parents were working in the fields.
儿子在家吃好饭而父母却在田里辛勤劳作。
I ought to have helped her，but I never could. 我本该帮她但没能。
.Honey is sweet，but the bee stings. 蜂蜜很甜，但蜜蜂有刺蜇人。
4>.while，when，as的用法区别
都译为“当…的时候”，区别为：when后的从句谓语动词既可是延续性动词，也可是短暂性动词，而且还可作并列连词，译为“这时”。但以下句型一定用when，作并列连词：
句型A：be about to do…when…正要做…这时(发生另一事) 句型B：was/were doing…when…正在…这时(发生另一事) 句型C：had done…when…刚要做…这时(发生另一事)
We were about to set out when it began to rain. 我们刚要出发天突然下雨了。
He had hardly sat down when his mobile rang. 他刚一坐下手机就响了。
I was walking along the bank of the river when I fell into it. 我正沿河岸散步突然掉进水里。while后的从句谓语动词只能是延续性动词，强调主从句的两个动词同时发生；while也可作并列连词，表示两个动作的对比，译为“而”“然而”。as则表示两个变化中的动作的同时性，译为“一边…一边…”。
While his mother was cooking in the kitchen，the boy fell asleep in the chair.
(在一个延续动作过程中发生另一个动作)
He hurried home，looking behind as he went. 他匆匆回家，边走边往后看。
2) ask :1>. ask about sth (sb) 询问有关某人或某事的情况。如：
She asked about his health. 她询问他的健康状况。Can I ask about the exam results? 我可以问问考试结果吗?
2>. ask after sb 问候某人(的健康)。如：They all ask after you. 他们都问候你(的健康)。
3>. ask for sth 要求得到某物或要求与某人见面。如：He asked for some water. 他要些水。
A Mr Smith is asking for the manager. 一位名叫史密斯先生的人要找经理。
4>. ask sb for sth向某人要某物或请某人给某物。如：
They asked me for help. 他们向我求助。He asked her for her address. 他向她要她的地址。5>. ask to do sth要求或请求做某事。如：
He asked to see the manager. 他求见经理。He asked to see whoever was in charge. 他要求见负责人。
He asked to go alone. 他要求一个人去。
6>. ask sb to do sth 请或叫某人做某事。如
Ask John to mail these letters tomorrow. 叫约翰明天把这几封信寄了。
He asked us to wait for him at the gate. 他叫我们在门口等他。
3）动词不定式的10大考点例析
动词不定式是初中英语的语法重点之一，也是每年中考英语试题的考点之一。它是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作句子的谓语。其构成形式为＂to+动词原形＂，to为动词不定式的符号，本身无意义。动词不定式具有两大特点：
1.具有动词的特点，因此，后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语，构成动词不定式短语。
2.具有名词、形容词或副词的特点，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等。下面对不定式的难点以及考查点，作一简要的总结和分析。
一、动词不定式作主语
1. It's our duty _________ the room every day. A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D.
cleans
2. It's hard for us _________ English well. A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning
3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。
It will _________ the workers over a year _________ _________ the flyover.
4. It's very nice _________ you to get me two tickets _________ the World Cup.
A. for，of
B. of，for
C. to，for
D. of，to
Keys： 1. A 2. C 3. take，to，build 4. B
［简析］动词不定式作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位置，也可以用先行词it作形式主语，而将真正的主语(不定式)置于后面。常见的句式有：(1)It is +形容词(of sb)to do sth.(2)It is +名词(for sb)to do sth.(3)It takes sb some time to do sth.(4)It is +形容词(for sb)to do sth.句式(1)中常用nice，kind，clever，good，right，wrong，foolish，careless等形容词，与介词of搭配，这些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属性或性质；句式(4)中常用hard，difficult，easy，important等形容词，与介词for搭配，表示不定式表示的动作、行为的性质。
二、动词不定式作宾语
1. He wants ______ some vegetables. A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys
2. Don't forget ______ your homework with you when you come to school.
A. to bring
B. bringing
C. to take
D. taking
3. He found it very difficult ______. A. sleeping B. sleeps C. slept D. to fall asleep
Keys： 1. C 2. A 3. D
［简析］在want，like，agree，hope，wish，learn，begin，start，seem，decide，hate，choose，forget，remember等动词后面，可以接不定式作宾语。如果其后接形容词补足语时，则可以用it作形式宾语，而把作真正宾语的不定式放到后面。
三、动词不定式作宾语补足语
1. Robert often asks us ______ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.
A. help him
B. to help him with
C. to help with
D. helps him with (江苏省)
2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends ______ Chinese food.
A. cook
B. cooks
C. to cook
D. cooked (甘肃省)
Key：1. B 2. C
［简析］不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask，teach，expect，tell，allow等。
四、动词不定式作状语
1. She went ______ her teacher. A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing)
2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best ______ English well.
A. learn
B. learning
C. to learn
D. learns (四川省)
Key：1. A 2. C
［简析］go，come，try，do / try one's best等动词或短语动词作谓语时，其后常常可以接不定式作目的状语。
3. I'm sorry ______ that. A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear
4. I'm sorry ______ you. A. trouble B. to trouble C. troubling D. troubled
5. My mother was very glad ______ her old friend. A. to meet B. meet C. met D. meets
Keys： 3. D 4. B 5. A
［简析］＂be +形容词+ to do sth＂结构中的不定式作状语，常表示原因或方式。
6. The panda is so fat that it can't go through the hole.(改为意思相同的句子)
The hole ______ ______ ______ ______ such a fat panda to go through. (广东省)
7. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it. (改为意思相同的句子)
The ice on the lake wasn't ______ enough ______ people ______ ______ ______. (广东省) Keys： 6. is，too，small，for 7. thick，for，to，skate，on
［简析］在上述＂too +形容词/副词(for sb)to do…＂(太……而不能……)和＂enough (for sb) to do…＂(足以、足够……做……)结构中，不定式作结果状语。
五、动词不定式作定语
1. Would you like something ______? A. drink B. drinking C. to drink D. drinks
2. I have a lot of homework ______. A. do B. doing C. did D. to do
3. He is not an easy man ______. A. get on B. to get on C. get on with D. to get on with
Key：1. C 2. D 3. D
［简析］不定式作定语时，常放在被修饰的词语之后，与被修饰的词语为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系；如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后要加上必要的介词或副词，构成的短语动词相当于及物动词。
六、不带to的动词不定式
1. We saw him ______ the building and go upstairs. A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered
2. So much work usually makes them ______ very tired. A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel
3. Your father is sleeping. You'd better ______.
A. not wake up him
B. not to wake up him
C. not wake him up
D. not to wake him up
4. I was made ______ my homework in the afternoon. A. do B. doing C. to do D. did
Key：1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C
［简析］1.在see，watch，hear，feel等感官动词和make，have，let等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to.但是在被动语态中，作主语补足语的不定式要带to(let没有被动语态)。2.在＂had better＂后面接不带to的不定式。
七、动词不定式的否定形式
1. Mr Black asked the man ________ the queue. A. not to jump B. to not jump C. didn't jump D. not jump
2. The old man told the child ______ noisy. A. not be B. not to be C. to not be D. be not
3. There is going to ______ an important meeting tomorrow. Please try ______ late.
A. have，not to be
B. have，not be
C. be，not to be
D. be，not be
Key：1. A 2. B 3. C
［简析］动词不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号to的前面加上not，如果是不带to的不定式就直接在动词原形前面加上not.
八、某些动词后面接不定式和接动词-ing形式的区别
1. Please stop ______ a rest if you feel tired. A. to have B. having C. have D. has
2. ——Why didn't you buy some bread on your way home?
——Sorry, I forgot ______ some money with me. A. take B. taking C. to take D. took
3. ——Let's have a rest, shall we?
——Not now, I can't stop ______ the letters. A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write
4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to stop ______ (walk). (用所给单词的正确形式填空)
Key：1. A 2. C 3. C 4. walking
［简析］一些常见的动词后面接不定式和接动词的-ing形式的区别如下：＂stop to do sth＂
意为＂停止正在做的事情去做另外一件事＂，＂stop doing sth＂意为＂停止正在做的事＂：＂remember to do sth＂意为＂记住去做某事＂(事还未做)，＂remember doing sth＂意为＂记得做过某事＂(事已做)：＂go on to do sth＂意为＂接着做某事＂(做完一事，接着做另一事)，＂go on doing sth＂意为＂继续做某事＂(一事未做完接着往下做)：＂forget to do sth＂意为＂忘了做某事＂(事还未做)，＂forget doing sth＂意为＂忘了曾做过某事＂(事已做)。
5. When I was walking in the street I saw a plane ______ over my head. A. flies B. flying
C. flew
D. to fly
6. A woman saw it ______ when she was walking past. A. happen B. happens C. happening D. to happen (黑龙江省)
Key：5. B 6. A
［简析］在see，hear，watch，feel等感官动词后面可接不带to的不定式，也可接动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，用不定式表示动作的全过程(动作已结束)，用动词的-ing形式表示动作正在进行(动作尚未结束)。
九、动词不定式的省略及其符号to的保留
1. Would you like to go to the cinema with us?
Yes, ______. What time are we going to meet? A. I would B. I would like C. I like to D. I'd like to
2. Would you like to go for a picnic with us?
______. What time are we going to meet? A. No, I can't B. Yes, I'm glad C. Yes, I'd love to D. I'd like
Keys： 1. D 2. C
［简析］在口语中，动词不定式中的动词或短语动词在上下文中重复出现时，第二个动词不定式可以省略，但是to不可省略。这种用法常见于＂be glad to＂，＂would like (love) to＂，＂have to＂等结构中。
十、动词不定式的被动式和其他形式
The new hospital ______ is near the factory. A. build B. builds C. to build D. to be built Key：D
［简析］当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者(宾语)时，用动词不定式的被动式，即：to be +过去分词；如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式，即：to have +过去分词；如果不定式表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，用不定式的进行式，即：to be +现在分词
4）跟双宾语的动词
1>双宾语易位时需借助介词to的常用动词
award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 颁奖给某人bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某物带给某人hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 将某物给某人owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付给某人某物（钱）post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb. 把某物读给某人听return sb. sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物还给某人
send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送给某人sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb. 把某物卖给某人serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. 拿某物招待某人show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 拿某物给某人看
take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb. 把某物拿给某人teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物
tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告诉某人某情况throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔给某人write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 给某人写信
2> 双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用动词
book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 为某人预定某物buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物
choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 为某人选某物cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 为某人煮某物
draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 为某人画某物fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 为某人去取某物
find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 为某人找到某物fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物
get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 为某人拿来某物make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物
order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 为某人订购某物pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 为某人采摘某物
prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 为某人留某物
sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 为某人唱某物（歌）spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 为某人让出某物
steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 为某人偷某物
5) immediately adv.
1>.直接地;接近地
the parties immediately involved in the case与案件有直接牵连的各方
The airplane was immediately overhead.飞机几乎就在正上方。
2>.立即,即刻,马上
If you hear an alarm, leave the building immediately.要是听见警报,马上离开大楼。
3>.紧接地
June comes immediately after May.五月一过便是六月。
5: I have never borrowed any money from you,' Harry said, 'so now you can pay for my dinner!' never 一个句子的动词采用什么时态，并不由never来决定。它取决于所要表述的动作发生的时间，下面举几个例子，可以看出，虽然都有never, 但时态不同。
I have never been there.我从未到过那里。He answered never a word.他一句话也不回答。That will never do.那决不行。
所以要选择什么时态，和never并没有什么必然的因果关系，注意力不要放在never上，按照动词时态本身的规则进行。
■never的位置
Tom never went to see his wife.．(在行为动词之前) Tom has never been to China.．（在第一个助动词后）
Tom is never late for school.在系动词后）
属于这一类的副词还有often, sometimes, always, usually, already, nearly, almost等。often被quite或very修饰时可放于首位或末位。如：We don't fight very often.
新概念英语第二册课堂笔记：第11 课Lesson 11 ★New words and expressions ☆t urn n. 行为，举止“行为， 举止”常用 behavior Pay attention to your behavior. turn ：对人有影响力的行为，很少用。 ☆d eserve v. 应得到，值得（重点） He deserves praise. You deserve the best. deserve+n ：He deserved a promotion. deserve to do：She deserved to be punished. Good work deserves good pay. ☆lawyer n.律师 lawyer's office：律师事务所 ☆s alary n. 工资 pay：工资（ salary+wage) collect：收集，领取collect salary/wage：领工资salary ：工资（月薪，年薪）——有固定工作或管理阶层wage：工资（按小时，周算的）——不稳定的工作
bonus：金，利 ☆immediately adv.立刻 right now ：在 at once=right away=immediately：立刻，上 ★Text One good turn deserves another：礼尚往来善有善（更好） I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in.Tony worked in a lawyer's office years ago,but he is now working at a bank.He gets a good salary,but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.Tony saw me and came and sat at the same table.He has never borrowed money from me.While he was eating,I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.To my surprise,he gave me the money immeiately.'I have never borrowed any money from you,'Tony said,'so now you can pay for my dinner!' ☆He gets a good salary. get a good salary：薪水不 The teacher in the new oriental school can get a good salary. ☆pay back=repay ： ☆a t table ：吃 at the table：坐在桌子旁 ☆pay for(??而付）有点似于ask for （要??） pay (money) for...;ask (sb) for...
Lesson 1 1．And it is an activity only of humans. And it is a human unique activity． 2．Conversation is not for making a point. Conversation is not to convince others． 3．In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to be lose. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are willing to be lose. 4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives. Bar friends are not deeply concerned with each other’s private lives. 5....it could still go ignorantly on... The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong． 6. There are cattle in the field, but we sit down to beef. These animals are called cattle in English, when they are alive and feeding in the fields；but when we sit down at the table to eat, we call their meat beef in French． 7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. The new ruling class had caused the cultural contradictions between the ruling class and native English by regarding French superior to English. 8.English had come royally into its own. English had gained recognition by the King． 9．The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. The phrase, the king’s English has always been used disrespectfully and made fun by the lower classes. 10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. There is still opposition to cultural monopoly. 11. There is always a great danger that “words will harden into things for us” We tend to make the mistake that we regard the things as they represent. 12. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips and slides in conversation. Even the most educated and literated people will not always use the formal English in their conversation．Lesson 2 1. The burying--ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. The burying-ground is just a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth, looking like a deserted construction land. 2.All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact. All colonial empires are built by exploiting the local people. 3. They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard. They are born. Then they work hard without enough food for a few years. Finally they die and are buried in the hills graves without any mark to identify them. 4. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lighting speed. A carpenter sits crossing his legs at an old-fashioned lathe, making round chair-legs very fast. 5. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews. Immediately, Jews rushed out of their dark hole-like rooms nearby in a frenzy madness. 6.every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury. Every one of these Jews considers the cigarette as a somewhat piece of luxury which they can not possibly afford. 7. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. However, a white-skinned European is easy to notice in a fair way. 8. In a tropical landscape one’s eye takes in everything except the human being. Against the background of a tropical landscape, people could notice everything but they cannot see local people. 9. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas No one would propose the cheap trips to the slums． 10．...for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, back-breaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil. The real life of nine-tenths of the people is that there is no end to their extremely hard work in order to get a little food from an eroded soil． 11. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden. She took it for granted that as an old woman she should work like an animal． 12.People with brown skins are next door to invisible. People who have brown skins are almost invisible． 13. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms... The soldiers wore second—hand khaki uniforms which covered their beautiful well—built bodies． 14. How long before they turn their guns in the other direction? How long will it take for them to attack us? 15. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. It is certain that every white man realized this. Lesson3
Lesson 1 Question: 1. Why did John Koshak decide to stay although he knew the hurricane would be bad? For the following reasons: For one thing, the house was 23 feet above sea level; for another,he was unwilling to abandon his home. 2. How did the man prepare for the hurricane? Why was a generator necessary? They filled bathtubs and pails. Besides, they checked out batteries for portable radio and flashlights, and fuel for the lantern. A generator was necessary because John's father wired several light bulbs to it and prepared a connection to the refrigerator. 3. What made it impossible for the Koshak to escape? It was impossible for the Koshers to escape both by car and on foot. The car's electrical system had been killed by water. Meanwhile, the water became too deep for them to escape on foot. 4. Why did John Koshak feel a crushing guilt? Because he blamed himself for underestimating the power of the hurricane and then endangering the whole family by his wrong decision not to flee safer inland. 5. Why did Grandma Koshak ask children to be sing? A: Because she knew how frightened the children were and wanted to boost their spirit. 6. What was a hurricane party? What happened to the party gores? A hurricane party was the one that was held by several vacationers to enjoy the spectacle of the hurricane with a clear and broad view in the fancy Richelieu Apartments from where they believed they would be safe. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart by the hurricane and 26 people perished. 7. What did Grandma Koshak mean when she said," We lost practically all our possessions, but the family came through it. When I think of that, I realize we lost nothing important?" She meant that human lives are more important than material possessions. 8. How did the community of Gulfport act after Hurricane Camille was over? They managed to make their lives return to normal and began rebuilding their community without any delay. Paraphrase: 1. We're elevated 23 feet. Our house is 23 feet above sea level. 2. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. The house was built in 1915 and since then no hurricane has done any damage to it. 3. We can batten down and ride it out. We can prepare ourselves for the hurricane and manage to survive it without much damage. 4. The generator was doused, and the lights went out. Water got into the generator, and it didn't work. As a result, the lights were put out. 5. Everybody out the back door to the cars! Everybody go out though the back door and get into the cars. 6. The electrical system had been killed by water. The electrical system in the cars had been destroyed by water. 7. John watched the water lap at the steps, and felt a crushing guilt. When John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he b
The Taj Mahal was built in the seventeenth century for the emperor Shah few years after he became ruler ,his wife,Mumtaz-i-Mahal, Taj Mahal was built in her was called in from many parts of the world to construct the domes and to decorate the Taj Mahal which was begun in 1632 and was completed in 1654 cost a to the present day,it has been visited by millions of people. 泰姬陵被国王沙贾汗建造于十七世纪.在他成为统治者的几年之后,他的妻子,蒙塔兹·艾·马哈尔（印度名音译：阿姬曼·芭奴）去世了.泰姬陵是为了纪念她而建造的.来自世界上的许多地方的专家被召集建造穹顶和装饰墙壁.泰姬陵从1623年开工,直到1645年才完成花费了大量的财富.直到今日,它已经被数以万计的人所参观. The Taj Mahal……泰姬陵 in one's honour: 为了纪念某人 Call in ……召集 many parts of the world 世界上的许多地方 cost a fortune 花一大笔钱（承上启下转为“花费了大量的财富”） Up to the present day 直到今日 millions of people数以万计的人
（暗喻） 1)Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans. 2) .. those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. 3) But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. 4)And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. 5)..we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective to strengthen its shield f the new and the weak. 6)And if A beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion. 7)The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world （对照） A)United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative venture Divided, there is little we can do. 2)If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us. And So, my fellow Americans; ask not what your country can do for you;ask you can do for your country. （排比） 1)..that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by hard and biter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed.
Lesson 9 “A More Perfect Union” (Part Ⅰ) 一、词汇短语 1. improbable adj. not likely to be true or to happen不可能的 2. persecution n. the state of treating someone cruelly or unfairly over a period of time, especially because of their religious or political beliefs 迫害 3. stalemate n. a situation in which it seems impossible to settle an argument or disagreement, and neither side can get an advantage 僵局，僵持 4. embed v. to fix something firmly into a substance or solid object 使插入，使嵌入 5. parchment n. a substance made from animal skin, used in the past for writing on; a document, manuscript, or diploma on parchment （用于书写正式文件的）仿羊皮纸；毕业文凭 6. obligation n. the state of being forced to do something because it is your duty, or because of a law, etc.义务，职责， 债务 7. unyielding adj. if a person is unyielding, they are not easily influenced and they are unlikely to change their mind坚强的，不屈的， 执着的
On Getting Off to Sleep by J.B. Priestley 课后练习(Exercises on the text) A. 1. The author thinks that humor: can save grace of us and weshould die of vexation without it. 2.Yea. 3.No. . 4. No. 5. No. 6. The author thinks that the matter of sleep can best illustrate the contrariness of things. 7. He can do anything but sleep when he lies between the sheets at a late hour. 8. The author thinks that the best way of inducing sleep is to imagine a dialogue with a friend, whose task ,without anything like fancy and wit, is boring. B. 1．人是一个矛盾的集合体！ 2．我们的思想和头脑中的意象是完全有形的东西。 3．我过去常常怀着惊奇的心情去读那些吹捧好战的超人的故事…… 4．人为的催眠法有很多，但都不灵。 5．当她的大脑对这种单调的生活感到厌倦时，睡眠自然就会来。 6．她最喜欢的方法就是想象一幅画在墙上没挂正，她去把它弄正。 7．但是我还没有放弃寻找加快睡眠的方法。 8. 今天晚上，我就要抛弃诸如数跳羊和扶歪画之类的想象。 C. 1. clenched 2. refreshed 3. straighten 4. remonstrated 5. of no avail 6. eventual 7. meditated 8. inhuman D. 1. contradiction 2. dim 3. tormented
第三课酒肆闲聊与标准英语 1人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 2闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。 3或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 4有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 5“几天前，我听到一个人说…标准英语?这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 6此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 7告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。 8看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 9有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。 10撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底
大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案： 篇一：高级英语第一册课后答案 Lesson 1 The Middle Eastern Bazaar I． 1)A bazaar is a market or street of shops and stands in Oriental countries．Such bazaars are likely to be found in Afghanistan，the Arabian Peninsula，Cyprus，Asiatic Turkey and Egypt． 2)The bazaar includes many markets：cloth—market，copper—smiths’market．carpet—market，food—market，dye—market，pottery —market，carpenters’market，etc．They represent the backward feudal economy． 3)A blind man could know which part 0f the bazaar he was in by his senses of smell and hearing．Different odours and sounds can give him some ideas about the various parts 0f the bazaar． 4)Because the earthen floor，beaten hard by countless feet，deadens the sound of footsteps，and the vaulted mudbrick walls and roof have hardly and sounds to echo. The shop-keepers also speak in slow, measured tones, and the buyers follow suit. 5)The place where people make linseed oil seems the most picturesque in the bazaar. The backwardness of their extracting oil
Lesson11 One good turn deserves anther Summary writing摘要写作 1 I was having dinner at a restaurant. 2 I saw Tony Steele after a while. 3 He always borrows money from his friends. 4 Tony/He sat at my table. 5 I asked him to lend me twenty pounds. 6 He gave me the money at once. 7 He wanted me to pay for his dinner. Key structures a 现在进行时，b一般现在时，c一般过去时，d现在完成时，e过去进行时 A a he is now working (1. 2) b he gets (1. 3); he always borrows (1. 3); never pays it back (1. 4) c came in(1.1) ; worke d (1.2); Tony saw m e and came and sat (1. 4); I asked him (1. 6); he gave me (1. 7); Tony said (1. 8) d H e has never borrowed (1. 5); I have never borrowed (1. 7) e I was having (1. 1); While he was eating (1. 5/6) B was having; came; worked; is now working(题面有错)；gets; borrows; pays; saw; came; sat; has never borrowed(题面错误)；was eating; asked ; gave; have never borrowed (题面有错); said C 1 gets ；got 2 have not had（题面错误）3 was writing ..talked/ were talking; 4 am typing; 5 passed/ were passing (当主句的动作发生在从句 的动作发生的过程中时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时，也可以在D The Taj Mahal // 泰姬陵 was built; became/ had become ; died; was built; were called; was begun ; (was) completed; cost ;has been visited Special difficulties 难点 a练习 A 1 The officer ordered the men to fire at the enemy. 2 He wants his wife to wear this dress. 3 She wants us to explain it. 4 I cannot allow him to enter the room. B (sample sentences) 1 He asked me to answer a question /me to help him. 2 We preferred her to stay at home. 3 He taught me to speak English. 4 My mother wished me to go to a great school/me to collect the laundry. 5 Do you want them to play with you/ her to visit you?
1.Metaphor（暗喻） 1)Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans. 2) .. those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. 3) But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. 4)And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. 5)..we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective to strengthen its shield f the new and the weak. 6)And if A beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion. 7)The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world 2.Antithesis（对照） A)United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative venture Divided, there is little we can do. 2)If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us. And So, my fellow Americans; ask not what your country can do for you;ask you can do for your country. 3.Parallelism（排比） 1)..that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by hard and biter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed. 2)Together let us explore the stars, conquer the-deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce. 3) .. a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.