1. material
1.1: Housing: Minimum UL 94-V0 rated, thirty percent (30%) glass-filled polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) or
better.Thermal capability: SMT TYPE >260 ; DIP TYPE >205 ; solder TYPE > 350 of 5s
℃℃℃
1.2: Shell: Substrate Material: 0.30 + 0.05 mm phosphor bronze, nickel silver, or other copper based high strength
materials.Plating: Outside: Optional. Minimum 2.00 micrometers (80 microinches) nickel. In
addition,manufacturer may use a copper underplate beneath the nickel.
1.3: Terminal: Substrate Material: 0.25 + 0.05 mm minimum half-hard phosphor bronze or other high strength
copper based material;Plating: 1.3.1.Underplate: Minimum 1.25 micrometers (50 microinches) nickel. Copper over base material is optional.
1.3.
2. Mating Area: Minimum 0.05 micrometers (2 microinches) gold.
1.3.3. Solder Tails: Minimum 3.8 micrometers (150 microinches) bright tin over the underplate.
2. Electrical Characteristics
2.1: All electrical characteristics must be measured at or referenced to +20 oC (68 oF).
2.2: Voltage Rating: 30 V rms maximum.
2.3: Contact Current Rating:1.5 A at500 V AC minimum. when measured at an ambient temperature of 25 °C.With
power applied to the contacts, the . T must not exceed +30 °C at any point in the USB connector under test.
3. Temperature Range:
A. Temperature Range:-55 ℃ to +85 ℃
B. Storage Temperature Range: -20 ℃ to +60℃
C. Nominal Temperature Rating: +20 ℃
4. TEST Requirements and Procedures Summary
Item Test Description Test requirement Test procedure
4.1 Insulation
Resistance 1000 M?. minimum. EIA 364-21
Insulation Resistance The object of this test
procedure is to detail a standard method to
assess the insulation resistance of USB
connectors. This test procedure is used to
determine the resistance offered by the
insulation materials and the various seals of a
connector to a DC potential tending to
produce a leakage of current through or on the
surface of these members.
Product NO：
Product Description USB A&B TYPE RECEPTACLE
REVISION DATE SHEET
NO APPROVED BY CHECKED BY MADE BY A/0 2008.3.7 1/4 Vicky Xian Phoebe Jiang Jasmine Li DOCUMENT NO USB-04-004
4.2Dielectric
Withstanding
Voltage The dielectric must
Withstand500V AC for one
minute at sea level.
EIA 364-20
The object of this test procedure is to
detail a test method to prove that a USB
connector can operate safely at its rated
voltage and withstand momentary
over-potentials due to switching,surges,
and/or other similar phenomena.
4.3Low Level
Contact
Resistance 30mΩ. maximum When
measured at 20 mV
maximum open circuit at 100
mA. Mated test contacts
must be in a connector
housing.
EIA 364-23
The object of this test is to detail a
standard method to measure the electrical
resistance across a pair of mated contacts
such that the insulating films, if present,
will not be broken or asperity melting will
not occur.
4.4Contact
Current
Rating 1.5 A at 500V AC minimum
when measured at an
ambient temperature of 25
°C. With power applied to the
contacts,the .T must not
exceed +30 °C at any point in
the USB connector under
test.
EIA 364-70 — Method B
The object of this test procedure is to
detail a standard method to assess the
current carrying capacity of mated USB
connector contacts.
4.5Contact
Capacitance 2 pF maximum unmated per
contact.
EIA 364-30
The object of this test is to detail a
standard method to determine the
capacitance between conductive
elements of a USB connector.
4.6Insertion
Force 3.75 maximum at
amaximum rate of 12.5
mm(0.492”) per minute.
EIA 364-13
The object of this test is to detail a
standard method for determining the
mechanical forces required for inserting a
USB connector.
4.7Extraction
Force 1.02kgf minimum at a
maximum rate of 12.5
mm(0.492”) per minute.
EIA 364-13
The object of this test is to detail a
standard method for determining the
mechanical forces required for extracting
a USB connector.
Product NO：
Product Description USB A&B TYPE RECEPTACLE
REVISION DATE SHEET
NO APPROVED BY CHECKED BY MADE BY A/0 2008.3.7 2/4 Vicky Xian Phoebe Jiang Jasmine Li DOCUMENT NO USB-04-004
4.8Durability1,500 insertion/extraction
Cycles at a maximum rate of
200 cycles per hour. EIA 364-09
The object of this test procedure is to detail a uniform test method for determining the effects caused by subjecting a USB connector to the conditioning action of insertion and extraction, simulating the expected life of the connectors. Durability cycling with a gauge is intended only to produce mechanical stress. Durability performed with mating components is intended to produce both mechanical and wear stress.
4.9Random
Vibration No discontinuities of 1 s or
longer duration when mated
USB connectors are
subjected to 5.35 Gs RMS.
15 minutes in each of three
mutually perpendicular
planes.
EIA 364-28
Test Condition V Test Letter A This test
procedure is applicable to USB
connectors that may, in service, be
subjected to conditions involving vibration.
Whether a USB connector has to function
during vibration or merely to survive
conditions of vibration should be clearly
stated by the detailed product
specification. In either case, the relevant
specification should always prescribe the
acceptable performance tolerances.
4.10Thermal
Shock 10 cycles –55 °C and +85
°C.
The USB connectors under
test
must be mated.
EIA 364-32
Test Condition I The object of this test is to
determine the resistance of a USB
connector to exposure at extremes of high
and low temperatures and to the shock of
alternate exposures to these extremes,
simulating the worst case conditions for
storage, transportation, and application.
4.11Humidity Life168 hours minimum (seven
complete cycles). The USB
connectors under test must
be
tested in accordance with
EIA
364-31.EIA 364-31
Test Condition A Method III The object of this test procedure is to detail a standard test method for the evaluation of the properties of materials used in USB connectors as they are influenced by the effects of high humidity and heat.
Product NO：
Product Description USB A&B TYPE RECEPTACLE
REVISION DATE SHEET
NO APPROVED BY CHECKED BY MADE BY A/0 2008.3.7 3/4
4.12Solderability USB contact solder tails must
pass 95% coverage after one
hour steam aging as
specified
in Category 2.EIA 364-52
The object of this test procedure is To detail a uniform test method for determining USB connector solderability. The test procedure contained herein utilizes the solder dip technique. It is not intended to test or evaluate solder cup, solder eyelet, other hand-soldered type, or SMT type terminations.
4.13Flammability The manufacturer will require
its thermoplastic resin vendor
to supply a detailed C of C
with each resin shipment.
The C of C shall clearly show
the resin’s UL listing number,
lot number,date code, etc. UL 94 V-0
This procedure is to ensure thermoplastic resin compliance to UL flammability standards.
Product NO：
Product Description USB A&B TYPE RECEPTACLE
REVISION DATE SHEET
NO APPROVED BY CHECKED BY MADE BY A/0 2008.3.7 4/4 Vicky Xian Phoebe Jiang Jasmine Li DOCUMENT NO USB-04-004
新世纪商务英语综合教程第二册课文译文 第一单元语言的事务和商务的语言 课文一 以其它手段建立的世界帝国 汪滢陈俐丽译 它无处不在。它是约3.8亿人的母语，还是约占此人数三分之二人的第二语言。全世界有10亿人在学习它，约占世界人口三分之一的人或多或少会接触到它。预计到2050年，全世界半数人会近乎精通它。它是全球化时代的语言——国际商务、政治和外交等活动使用它，也是计算机和互联网的通用语言。你能在科特迪瓦的海报上看到它，能在东京的流行歌曲中听到它，还能在金边的官方文件中读到它。《德国之声》电台用它播放节目，法国商学院用它授课，玻利维亚的内阁会议用它作为交流媒介。的确，这种在14世纪的英格兰只有“下等人”才说的语言取得了长足的发展进步，如今已经成为世界的语言。 为什么会这样？原因不在于英语好学。诚然，英语单词词性简单，但是动词变化不规律，语法怪异，拼写和发音之间的对应简直是噩梦。由于传播十分广泛，英语衍生出众多的版本，有些独特的表达连英语为“母语”的人们也难以相互理解。 英语的来源甚广，包括罗曼语、日耳曼语、挪威语、凯尔特语等等，因此它必定会杂乱无章，但正是这种灵活性在使它变得庞杂的同时，也变得更加强大。提到新词，英语几乎毫不阻拦地接纳。每年出版商都会推出包含大量新词的新字典。例如，过往十年里不仅出现了很多网络用语、计算机用语、手机用语（如“浏览器”、“下载”、“发短信”等），还诞生了大量青少年俚语（如“赞”、“正”、“残”、“酷”、“杯具”）。虽然一些守旧者强烈反对，但这些都被英语欣然接纳。 英语母语者也并非一直对自己语言的这种放任态度毫不在意。18世纪便有三位作家——约瑟夫·爱迪生（《旁观者周刊》的创立者）、丹尼尔·笛福（《鲁滨逊漂流记》的作者）以及约翰森·斯威夫特（《格列佛游记》的作者）希望建立一个委员会来规范英语。 所幸，自由贸易的原则占了上风。一种语言的成败并不取决于它的内在品质，“而全在于说这种语言的人拥有多大权力。” 英语随时代发展，到19世纪它已蔓延到日不落帝国的各个角落，自那以后它开始成为全球的语言。 英语的发展不仅见于其在英国殖民地的广泛应用，还体现在它在遥远国度的用途。例如，1940年，德国和日本协商建立反对英美的同盟，这两国的外交大臣交流时使用的便是英语。然而，不论英语如何地海纳百川，它日后的成功要归功于美国这个英语国家作为世界巨头的崛起，这其中也存在导致摩擦的重大原因。 英语成为全球通用的语言，其好处在于便利各国人民相互交流、进行商务往来。然而，语言不仅是国与国之间对话交流的媒介，还是文化和身份的宝库。在很多国家，英语日益显现出压倒性势头，将要破坏或摧毁当地的文化，有时甚至在英国也有如此令人悲叹的情景，目前横扫世界的语言叫做英语，但承载它的确是美国文化。 英国人对此倒没什么怨言。虽然有一些人对这些词语的消亡感到遗憾，如“bullet-proof waistcoat”演变成“bullet-proof vest”（均为“防弹背心”的意思）、每句话开头都加“hopefully （希望如此）”，完成时态彻底消亡，以及“presently”的意思从“尽快”变成了“目前”，
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新世纪商务英语综合教程第一册课文译文 第一单元万维网 课文一 有互联网必有路 增加社会交流之商业指导 丹奈斯·J. 德沃 张筱霖译 凯瑟琳·吉诺伊是波士顿 Swift Media 网络社区的合作创始人之一，她的饮食、起居、呼吸都浸泡在网络2.0中。不仅她最新的商业公司依靠网络2.0召集会议，几乎她所有的新办公司都依靠各种网络工具来运行。她有五位全职雇员，如今她已经非常熟练老到地使用她的博客、wiki、合作工具以及其他林林种种免费或低费用网络服务。 “网络2.0的吸引力在于，它能让小企业主找到通往市场的途径，而过去小企业主几乎没有门径。”凯瑟琳·吉诺伊对《电子商务时报》的记者如是说。 目前，她的网络应用“组合”包括如下内容： ●一个wiki，用来协调位于波士顿、衣达荷和乌克兰的程序员工作； ●Basecamp，一个基于网络的项目管理工具（大约每月40美元） ●Highrise，用来追踪与他人的联系与活动（与https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d7494550.html,的小型网络版类似） ●一组 Google(Nastag:GOOG)工具（例如, Google Docs 工作表，用于发博文的Google Notebook，Google AdWords 关键词搜索） 有时她甚至通过Facebook和LinkedIn 与客户作交流，她也是Twitter微博和https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d7494550.html,等社交网络的粉丝。 关于宠物狗的博客 吉诺伊曾用网络2.0帮助过一位从事宠物狗养殖的朋友，这位朋友的生意渐渐下滑，而其竞争者熟知技术门道，他们的品牌则广为传播。吉诺伊只不过帮朋友建了个博客，并在Google AdWords上登记了合适的关键词，朋友的生意马上兴旺起来。 吉诺伊说，她的策略并非是一时兴起、简简单单建个博客。“任何小企业主都可以把博客用作网上营销工具，但是，要与Google AdWords结合起来才能推动访客流量的增加。许多职场专业人士都把Google AdWords与在线服务管理结合起来，于是利润猛增。” 策划细节是值得的。“建博客轻而易举，但是创造一个足以让你的企业施展影响的环境，就不那么容易。”比尔·瑞利，微软的中小企业营销处长也这样认为。“你的种种努力须源自你的核心商业需要，而且要与细化、具体的策略紧紧保持一致。” 大池塘里的小鱼 瑞利认为，在主动接近潜在顾客方面，网络2.0业已把小企业放在了一个有利的竞争位置。她对电子商务报的记者说，“这些小企业主较早应用网络工具，已经把握了方向盘。这是因为网络2.0令他们的营销业务花费不多，却达到了所需规模，而这在网络2.0出现前根本不可能。
Adjustable bed 可调床 Air bed 气床 Anti-slip strip for stairs （儿童床）防滑楼梯打击扶手Antique furniture 古式家具 Antique reproduction furniture 仿古家具 Armchair 扶手椅 B Baby crib 婴儿床 Backless wall-unit 不设背板的壁橱 Bamboo furniture 竹家具 Banqueting chair 宴会椅 Barstool 吧椅 Bathroom accessories 浴室配套装置 Bathroom combination 浴室组合柜 Bathroom consoles 浴室多用架 Bathroom furniture 浴室家具 Bathroom vanity 浴室盥洗台 Batten door 板条门 Bed base床架，床套 Bed base set 成套床架 Bedroom suite 卧室系列家具 Bedstead 床架 Bentwood furniture 曲木家具 Beside table 床头柜 Birch door 桦木门 Board-room and conference table 会议桌Bookcase 书柜 Bookshelf 书架 Built-in kitchen 配套厨房家具 Bunk 双层床 Bunk bed 双层床 C Cabin bed 儿童多功能床 Cabin furniture for ships 船用家具 Canopy bed 带天篷的床，四柱床 CD-video storage cabinet边音响组合柜 Chair with castors 脚轮椅 Changing table 可调桌 Chest of drawers 多屉橱柜 Child cot 童床 Children’s bed 儿童床 Children’s bedroom suite 儿童卧房系列家具Children’s chair 儿童椅 CKD(complete knock down) 整体拆装式家具Clothes rail 挂衣杆 Cocktail cabinet 吧柜，酒柜 Cocktail table 鸡尾酒桌 Coffee table 茶几，咖啡桌 Combine-unit 组合柜 Composite furniture 复合家具 Console 小桌 Console table （装在墙上的）蜗形腿台桌 Contract furniture 订做家具，承建家具 Contract programmes 订做家具 Corner sofa suite 拐角扶杆 Cot 童床（婴儿床） Couch 长沙发椅 Cupboard 橱柜Cupboard wall unit for flat 套房衣柜 Curtain 窗帘，挂帘 Customized furniture 订做家具 D Decorative lighting 装饰灯具 Dining room furniture 餐厅家具 Dining room set 起居室配套家具 Dining table 餐桌 Divan 长沙发，沙发床 Dividing wall and fitted wall unit 隔墙板及系列DIY furniture 自装式家具 Double-bed 双人床 Double function sofa-bed 双人沙发床Double sided mirror 双面镜 Draughtsman chair 吧椅 Drawer 抽屉 Dressing table 梳妆台 E Easy chair 轻便椅 End table 茶几 Entrance hall furniture 门厅家具 Exterior door户外门 F Filing cabinet 文件柜 Fireplace壁炉 Fitment 固定家具 Fitting 家居用品 Flap 翻门 Flower stand 花架 Flush door 平面门，全板门 Folding chair 折叠椅 Folding furniture 折叠家具 Folk furniture 民间家具 Foot-stool 踏脚凳 Framed mirror 带框镜子 French-type furniture 模式家具 French cabinet 法式桌椅弯脚 French door 玻璃门 Function sofa多功能沙发椅 Furniture for bedrooms 卧室家具 Furniture for public premises 公共场所家具 G Game table 玩具桌 Gate-leg table折叠桌 Glass cabinet 玻璃陈设柜 Glass case玻璃陈设柜 Glass unit and container 玻璃容器制品Glazed door 玻璃门 H Hall furniture 厅房家具 Hat and coat stand 衣帽架 Headboard 床头 Heirloom quality furniture 祖传家具 High bed 儿童高脚床（不带屉柜） High chair 高脚椅 Highback executive chair 高背办公椅 Home furniture 家庭家具，民用家具 Home office furniture 家庭办公家具 Hotel furniture 酒店家具 Household furniture 家庭家具
1. 检验证书用来表明商品是否符合合同条款。 2. 有时，在合同中有必要订立一个罚金条款，以防万一出现未交货、迟交货、或迟开信用证等一方违约的情况。 3. 当发生不可抗力时，援引不可抗力条款的一方必须在规定期限内及时通知另一方。 4. 裁决指仲裁庭做出的决定。 5. 仲裁协定或合同中的仲裁条款应写明仲裁费用由谁承担。 6. In this case, who is to bear the losses? 7. A force majeure clause should also be specified in the sales contract. 8. Any claim by the buyer regarding the goods shall be filed within thirty days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination. 9. If you want to file a claim, you should give us a survey report issued by an inspection agency approved by us. 10. I’ll ty pe a clean contract and we can sign it this afternoon. 1. 在信用证支付方式下指望银行付款，而非进口方付款的能力或意愿，但出口方只有遵从信用证的所有条款，才能得到货款。 2. 银行开出信用证就意味着该银行要承担在合适的汇票和单据被出示后付款的责任。 3. 受益人即信用证中所指定的有权接受货款的人，即出口商。 4. 在这一步骤中，买方应填写申请表，包括品名、质量、数量、单价、总值、贸易术语、付款时间、包装、装运期限等。通常买方还应该明确信用证的有效期。 5. 通常，信用证应在装运日期前至少15天内到达卖方，以留出充足的时间进行审核，必要时进行修改，并安排装运。 6. 如果修改通知书涉及两个以上条款，相关各方只能按照惯例全部接受或全部拒绝，而不能只接受其中的一部分，而拒绝其他部分。 7. Wang Ling found that all its clauses were all right except the shipment validity when checking the L/C. 8. As stipulated in the contract, the buyer should open a letter of credit in favor of the seller 30 days before the month of shipment. 9. The letter of credit has been opened in your favor. 10. Generally, the letter of credit specifies the beneficiary’s name, description of goods, quantity, unit price, total amou nt, ports of loading and destination, trade terms, payment terms, shipping documents, shipment validity, negotiation validity, etc. 1. 在中国，由国家质量监督检验检疫总局来主管全国进出口商品的检验工作。 2. 未经检验合格，《种类表》中的进口商品不准销售、使用， 出口商品不准出口。 3. 应注意不同检验证书的有效期不同，如果检验证书到期，商品就需要重新报验。 4. 商检机构应当在对外贸易合同约定的索赔期限内完成检验，并签发检验证书。 5. 对这批货物进行30%的抽样检查所得的检验报告是最终的，对双方都有约束力。 6. What’s the time limit for the reinspection? 7. The reinspection fee should be borne by the seller. 8. These goods are not allowed to pass the customs without legal inspection. 9. The buyer is entitled to reinspect the goods upon their arrival even though inspection has been made before shipment. 10. Whose survey report will be taken as final if we find any shortage? Unit 12 1. 运输代理行是运输领域的专家，了解各种最新的运输方式及其相关运费。 2. 运费按以公吨为单位的重量（重量吨）来计算，这种方式用“W ”表示。运费也可以按尺码吨来计算，用“M ”表示。 3. 对于贵重物品，按商品估价的一定百分比收取从价运费，这种方式用“Ad V al.”表示。 4. 航空运费的性质是运费只适用于从一机场到另一机场（单程），且只是运费，不包括其他额外费用， 如报关和仓储费用等。 5. 规定滞期费和速遣费的目的是为了促进装卸任务的及时完成。 6. 提单代表货物的所有权。 7. The freight is roughly based on weight and destination. 8. As we are in urgent need of the goods, please ship the goods immediately upon receipt of the L/C. 9. Under FOB, instead of the seller, it is the buyer who will arrange for the shipping space. 10. We await your shipping instructions. Unit 9 Unit 10 Unit 11
Unit1 1. Truly, the tongue spoken back in the 1300s only by the "low people" of England has come a long way. Paraphrase: Indeed, the language spoken as early as 1300s by the native people in England has developed for a long time 2. But however accommodating English might be the real reason for the latter day triumph of English is the triumph of the English-speaking United States as a world power. Paraphrase:Adaptable, as English might be, the English owes its success to the victory of the English-speaking United States as a world power. 3. As the 20th century drew on, however, and English continued to encroach, French was driven on to the defensive. Paraphrase:As the 20th century was approaching, and English kept on expanding beyond limits, French was put in a cornered position, having to fight for protection. 4. In India some people see English as an oppressive legacy of colonialism that should be exterminated. Paraphrase:India was once regarded as the Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire. People in India would think the English language reminds them of the period of colonialism, which should be wiped out. 5. But for many peoples the triumph of English is the defeat, if not outright destruction, of their own language. Paraphrase:But for many peoples, the success or the wide spread of English means the defeat, perhaps even a complete extinction, of their own language. 6. Thus the triumph of English not only destroys the tongues of others; it also isolates native English-speakers from the literature, history and ideas of other peoples. Paraphrase:Therefore, the success of English not only defeats other languages, but separates native English speakers from the literature, history and ideas of other ethnic groups.
国际商务英语函电答案【篇一：世纪商务英语外贸函电(第二版)课后习题答案】 letter 1.at, of, with, in, for letter 2.from, into, with, of, to p40 https://www.doczj.com/doc/8d7494550.html,rming, interesting, dealing, sample, details, quality, prices, applied, items, inquiry unit 3 p55 letter 1.from, for, by, with, on letter 2.with, in, of, in, from p56 2.referring, established, cost, quality, opinion, responsibility, part, satisfied, information, decision unit 4 p71 letter 1. to, of, at, in, by letter 2.with, in, with, for, with p73 2.advertisement, leading, interested, details, dealers, line, market, replying, over, item unit 5 p88 letter 1.for, with, at, by, to letter 2.for, for, by, at, by/under p89 2.inquiring, quotation, receipt, subject, confirmation, discount, catalogue, brochure, separate, appreciate unit 6 p105 letter 1.of, on, in, with, to letter 2.of, in, by, for, at p106 2.offer, regret, price, sold, level, difference, transaction, counter-offer, samples, acceptance unit 7 p122 letter 1.to, of, of, in, for,
东莞市立迪电子科技有限公司 制 作：杜永锋 审 核： 日 期：2011.4.14波 峰 焊 治 具 制 作 规 格 书 文件编号：WI-A-021 版 本：A/0
序言 随着工业的发展为了能够更有效的提高生产效率，减轻员工劳动强度和作业难度，提高产品的品质，就需要一种“治具”来辅助作业了。 治具又分工装治具、检测治具两种，前者用于机械加工、焊接加工、装配等工艺便于加工、满足精度的需要而设计的一种工装夹具；后者为检测使用，因为有些机械尺寸不便于测量，其形状复杂，只好设计专门的检测块或者检测用的针对某一种产品而设计检具，比方塞规、环规等一些规则的检具，但有些是不规则的就必须专门设计一种检具来测量它的尺寸。 治具在控制方面已由前期机械控制进入机械和电气控制相结合的时代，治具也被越来越多的被设计成能够自动化控制，其科技含量也越来越高，对设计人员要求不但有机械方面的知识，同时也要有电控方面的知识。 治具在制作材料方面前期的木质、塑胶板材被合金、新型复合材料所取代，治具的机构日益简单灵活，便于操作。 治具在设计方面已由前期的二维图纸发展成三维立体图像，在治具制作前期就可以模拟治具的使用，为人体工程学分析做了基础，以此不断改进治具。 治具的标准化治具零部件的标准化日益成熟，加快了治具产业的发展。工业设备标准化为治具标准化提供了有利的保证。 治具的类型已经多样化 ICT治具、SMT治具，功能治具、工装治具、工装夹具、贴合机、运送压合机、LCD显示幕贴膜机，压胶机，进水口切料机，测变型治具、按键贴膜治具、按键检测机具，探针检测治具，量测治具、吸盘印刷治具、气动压合点胶治具，自动排片机等等。 为了促进公司治具制作的标准化，特于2011年针对公司目前生产治具分大类制作治具制作规格书，通过治具制作规格书明确治具用途、原材料选择、制作流程、制作工艺、检验标准等。通过文件化的规范使公司治具的制作经验得以传承，好的方法得以推广。 由于本人经验有限文件制作过程中难免有错误请大家不吝赐教，万分感激。 谢谢! Johe.du 2011-4-14 目录： 1.定义 (1) 2.范围 (1) 3.内容 (1)
Unit 9 职场 Background Knowledge I. Career Career is a term defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as an individual’s ―course or progress through life (or a distinct portion of life)‖. As of 2006, the word usually only pertains to one’s remunerative work (and sometimes also formal education). A career is traditionally seen as a course of successive situations that make up a person's worklife. One can have a sporting career or a musical career without being a professional athlete or musician, but most frequently "career" in the 20th century referenced the series of jobs or positions by which one earned one's money. It tended to look only at the past. As the idea of personal choice and self direction picks up in the 21st century, aided by the power of the Internet and the increased acceptance of people having multiple kinds of work, the idea of a career is shifting from a closed set of achievements, like a chronological résumé of past jobs, to a defined set of pursuits looking forward. In its broadest sense, career refers to an individual’s work and life roles over their lifespan. In the relatively static societies before modernism, many workers would often inherit or take up a single lifelong position (a place or role) in the workforce, and the concept of an unfolding career had little or no meaning. With the spread during the Enlightenment of the idea of progress and of the habits of individualist self-betterment, careers became possible, if not expected. II. Career Assessment Career Assessments are tests that come in a variety of forms and rely on both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Career Assessments can help individuals identify and better articulate their unique interests, values, and skills. Career counselors, executive coaches, career development centers, and outplacement companies often administer career assessments to help individuals focus their search on careers that closely match their unique personal profile. Career counseling advisors assess people's interests, personality, values and skills, and also help them explore career options and research graduate and professional schools. Career counseling provides one-on-one or group professional assistance in exploration and decision making tasks related to choosing a major/occupation, transitioning into the world of work or further professional training. The field is vast and includes career placement, career planning, learning strategies and student development. By the late 20th century a plethora of choices (especially in the range of potential professions) and more widespread education had allowed it to become fashionable to plan (or design) a career: in this respect the careers of the career counsellor and of the career advisor have grown up. It is also not uncommon for adults in the late 20th/early 21st centuries to have dual or multiple careers, either sequentially or concurrently. Thus, professional identities have
新世纪商务英语第二版阅读教程2：叶兴国unit13答案Unit13 Part I Background Information 《国富论》总结了近代初期各国资本主义发展的经验，并在批刘吸收了当时有关重要经济理论的基础上，就整个国民经济运动过程作了较系统、较明白的描述。本书不但对英国资本主义的发展产生了重大的促进作用，且对世界资本主义的发展来说，恐怕也没有任何其他一-部资产阶级的经济学著作曾产生那么广泛的影响。难怪当时有些资产阶级学者把它奉为至宝。《国富论》在今日之意义主要表现在以下两点:首先，承认人在经济生活中的利已性是搞市场经济的前视。其次，亚当，斯密在(国富论)中提出的依革“看不见的手”管理经济尽量减少政府干预的思想对每个国家的经济改革有重要的指导意义。 Part II Notes to the Texts Text A of the Natural Progress of Opulence 1. The Wealth of Nations:中文译名为《国富论》或《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》，为影响世界历史进程的10部书之-，影响人类文化进程的100部经典之一，对中国近代社会影响最大的经济学译著。这是一部将经济学、政治理论、哲学、历史和经济实践活动奇妙结合在一起的书，作者亚当.斯密是英国著名古典政治经济学家、哲学家，被誉为现代西方经济学之父。 2. Adam Smith: 亚当.斯密(1723- -1790)，著名经济学家，经济学的主要创立者。1723年，亚当.斯密出生于苏格兰法夫郡的魁克卡迪，青年时最早就读于格拉斯哥大学，后转人牛津大学。1750年到1764年亚当.斯密在格拉斯哥大学担任逻辑学和道德学教授,于1759年出版了第一本著作《道德情操论》，并因此确立了他在知识界的地位。此后，亚当.斯密在1766年开始着手《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》(简称《国富论》)的写作，1773年基本完稿，后又经3年润色，直至1776年3月出版。此书的出版不仅在英国本土产生了重大影响，而且在欧洲和美洲也引起了大众的广泛讨论。因此，亚当.斯密被认为是“现代经济学之父”和“自由企业的保护神”。 3. The great commerce of every civilised society is that carried on between the inhabitants of the town and those of the country. It consists in the exchange of rude for manufactured produce, either immediately, or by the intervention of money, or of some sort of paper which represents money.文明社会的重要商业,就是都市居民农村居民通商。这种商业，有的是以原生产物与制造品直接交换，有的是以货币或纸币做媒介交换。 4. The town, in which there neither is nor can be any reproduction of substances, may very properly be said to gain its whole wealth and subsistence from the country. We must not, however, upon this account, image that the gain of the town is the loss of the country. 不再生产亦不能再生产生活资料的都市，其全部财富和全部生活资料都可说是得自农村。但我们不要根据这点，就说都市的利得即是农村的损失。 5.他们有相互的利害关系。这里,分工的结果，像其他方面的分工一样,对双方从事各种职业的居民都有利益。 6.按照事物的本性，生活资料必先于便利品和奢侈品，所以，生产前者的产业，亦必先
1. F In ter nati onal trade is only the excha nge of goods betwee n n ati ons. 2. T Countries trade with each other partly because of cost advantages. 3. T Trade means countries can provide a wider variety of products for their consumers 4. T International trade can greatly expand the market, which enables the suppliers to take advantage of economies of scale. 5. T Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for international trade.Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for intern ati onal trade 6. T Still in some cases, political reas ons can outweigh econo mic con siderati ons betwee n cou ntries. 7. T When we provide shipp ing in sura nee service for foreig ners, it can be see n as an example of in visible trade. 8. F Trade surplus means that a country ' s imports exceed its exports. 9. T Tariff and quotas are the examples of trade barriers. 10. T A duty levied on a specific shipme nt can be an import, a protective and a compou nd duty at the same time. 1. _________ is the reas on why in ter nati onal trade first bega n. a. Un eve n distributi on of resources c. Econo mic ben efit b. Patter n of dema nd d. Comparative adva ntage 2. If one cou ntry concen trates on the producti on of the goods in which it has a comparative adva ntage, and produces more tha n it can use, the n it will sell the left to other cou ntries. This reas on for in ter nati onal trade is called . a. econo mies of scale c. specializati on b. variety of style d. patter ns of dema nd 3. The producti on cost will decrease if the goods are produced on a large scale. This is called _________ . a. econo mies of scale c. specializati on b. variety of style d. patter ns of dema nd 4. The followi ngs are the special problems for in ter nati onal trade except for _______ . a. using foreig n lan guages and foreign currency c. having risks b. under foreign laws, customs and regulations d. numerous cultural differe nces 5. _________ refers to an excha nge of services, labor or other non-physical goods betwee n cou ntries. a. In visible trade c. I nternatio nal trade b. Visible trade d. Bala nee of trade 6. I nvisible trade con sists of the followi ng items except for _________ . a. tran sport services across n ati onal borders c. in sura nee services across n ati onal borders b. foreig n tourist expe nses d. product excha nge across n ati onal borders 7. _________ is the differe nee betwee n the value of the goods and services that a cou ntry exports and the value of the goods and services that it imports . a. Trade balanee c. Trade deficit b. Trade surplus d. Trade barrier 8. Each country has to earn __________ to pay for imports. a. money c. cash b. foreign exchange d. currency 9. _________ is collected according to physical quantity. a. Revenue tariff c. Specific duty b. Protection tariff d. Alter native duty 10. Which is not the example of trade barriers? __________ a. Tariffs c. Import duties b. Quotas d. In come tax 1. 国际贸易intern ati onal trade 2. 比较优势comparative adva ntage 3. 规模经济econo mies of scale 4. 经济增长econo mic growth 5. 夕卜汇foreign currency 6. 有形贸易visible trade 7. 无形贸易in visible trade 8. 贸易差额bala nee of trade 9. 贸易顺差trade surplus 10. 贸易逆差trade deficit 11. 贸易壁垒trade barrier 12. 非关税壁垒.non-tariff barrier 13. 财政关税revenue tariff