i.The Colonial Period
1.关键词: America Puritanism
2.Calvinism特点: total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement,
Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints
3.Anne Bradstreet( P17 ): a Puritan poet be known as “The Muse”
4.Thomas Paine: one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man.
works: “Common Sense”“American Crisis”“The Rights of Man”“The Age of
Reason”理性时代
5.Phillip Freneau(P22): 美国文学史上的重要人物
dawning nationalism 代表人物
Poems: The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花
first modern American & the last medieval man
6.Jonathan Edwards( Calvinism )
a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening
works: “The Freedom of the Will”《自由意志论》“The Great Doctrine of
Original Sin Defended”《伟哉原罪论辩》“The Nature of True Virtue”
“American Dream”“Self-made”
7.Benjamin Franklin(puritanism)
“Poor Richard’s Almance”“autobiography”新文学形式
“18th century enlightenment”
ii.Romanticism
1.Washington Irving（1783-1859）
①titles: “the father of American literature”
“the American Goldsmith”
②works: The Sketch Book (marked the beginning of American
Romanticism and the beginning of short stories as a genre in American
literature)
Rip Van Winkle (P47—P48)
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
2.James Fenimore Cooper（1789-1851）
①One of the first writer to write American Westward movement
②“The Leatherstocking Tales” (novel)
first is “The Pioneers”
---Plot:
---theme conflict between Natty Bumppo and Judge Temple-
---character:
Natty Bumppo---innocent, simple, honest and generous, for freedom,
against civilization, wilderness is good
Judge Temple---just, reasonable, for civilization and law
③Writing style:
intriguing plot
majestic landscape descriptions
rich imagination
wooden characterization
not authentic dialect
iii.New England Transcendentalism---the culmination of American Romanticism Beginning of the Transcendentalism---1836, Nature, Emerson (1830s –the Civil War)
Features：a:emphasizing on spirit or the Over-soul；b:stressing the importance of the individual；c:offering a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.
1.Ralph Waldo Emerson：The founder of the Transcendentalist club and the
editor for a time of the journal the Dial
Works:
Nature --- “the Manifesto of American Transcen den talism” “the Bible of
New England”:
The Poet (from Nature)
The American Scholar --- “Intellectual Declaration of Independence”
2.Henry David Thoreau
Masterpiece: Walden (Failure first, success in the 20th century)
Content---a faithful record of his reflection in communicating with nature
3.Nathaniel Hawthorne
“The Scarlet Letter”
Plot(P74)
Theme:
---(general theme) evil and sin exist in human heart and will be punished
one day
moral, emotional and psychological effect of the sin on the people in general
---(specific theme) a hymn on the moral growth of the woman Hester when
sinned against
symbolism象征主义: “A”—Adultery—able—angel
“pearl”—treasure
4.Herman Melville
works: Moby Dick (1851)---little response, famous until the 20th century
Content:
---(general content) an encyclopedia of everything
---(specific content) a tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming
power in an indifferent even hostile world
5.Edgar Allan Poe
Theme: The death of beauty
Sense of loss
Works:
Poem--- “The Raven” “To Helen” “Annabel Lee”
Writing style:
Musical
Repetition of words
Paralleled structure
Melancholy atmosphere(tone)
Short story---The Fall of the House of Usher
Plot: (P112)
Theme: the fall of the house---the annihilation (disintegration) and of person
6.Emily Dickinson
Subject and theme:
①(almost one third) Death and immortality
“My life closed twice before its close”
“Because I could not stop for death”
theme: Everyone can’t live forever. Only after death can we get
immortality (immortality of soul)
“ I heard a Fly Buzz- When I died”
theme: skeptical & ambivalent about death
reluctance to death
②Love
“Wild Nights-Wild nights” (P99)
③nature (both benevolent and cruel)
“I’ll tell you how the sun rose”
④emphasis of free will and human responsibility
“To fight aloud”
“A triumph may be”
⑤soul ( conviction of her sovereignty)
“I know that He exists”
“The Brain is wider than the sky”
Theme:
influence of Transcendentalism
Human being’s mind (soul) is as divine as God
⑥beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one
“I died for beauty-but was scare”
“Tell all the truth but tell it slant” (P102)
Writing style: emotional, original, against tradition
Choice of words, verbal construction (capitalized and dash), spelling, full
of fresh images, brief, direct, plain words but not easy to read
Influence: precursor to the Imagist movement
7.Walt Whitman
Works: “Leaves of Grass”草叶集(9 editions from 1855 to 1892, Famous until
the 5th edition)
Poems in Leaves of Grass:
“Song of Myself”(most famous one)
“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” (1859)
“When Lilacs紫丁香La st in the Dooryard Bloom’d” (1865)
“O Captain My Captain!”
Writing style: free verse( no regular rhyme, but musical)
iv.过渡时期
Harriet Beecher Stowe
work: Uncle Tom’s Cabin---The greatest manifesto of American anti-slavery (最有名的反奴隶制作品)
Content: a faithful record of American black people's miserable life.
v.Realism 镀金时代Gilded Age
1.William Dean Howells豪厄尔斯
①title: “champion of literary realism in US”“first president of American
Academy of Arts and Letters”
②works:
essay--- Criticism and Fiction
novel---The Rise of Silas Lapham
Plot: P120-121
Character: Silas Lapham---common Bostonian of the late 19th century,
average America happy with his family and proud of his success in the world
Theme:
house---symbol of Lapham’s success (in material) an d aspiration for the polite society
the burning of the house---financial fall and moral rise
2.Henry James
①themes:exchanges between Americans and Europeans美国和欧洲文化
的冲突
②写作手法：a. eliminates the author and gives the reader the illusion of
being present at the scene of action让读者置身于情境中
b. without comments or explanations: Dramatize, only dramatize, is his
lesson作者只设定情境
③Three distinctive periods:
a. 1865-1882 novels
The American (1877) 美国人
The Europeans (1878) 欧洲人
The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 淑女本色贵妇的肖像
Daisy Miller(1878) 短篇小说
b.1882-1895 plays
c.1895-1990 novels
The Turn of the Screw(1898)短篇小说碧庐冤孽（螺丝在旋紧）
The Wings of the Dove (1902) 鸽之翼
The Ambassadors (1903) 大使（奉使记）
The Golden Bowl (1904) 金碗
3.Mark Twain(Local Colorism)
①Works: The Adventure of Tom Sawyer
The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn 汤姆索亚历险记的续集，海明威称赞“all modern American literature comes”
②theme: racism& slavery
intellectual& moral education
The hypocrisy of civilized” society
③real name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens
④背景: Mississippi River
vi.Naturalism(是现实主义的高级阶段)
Time: at the end of the 19th century
Subject of naturalist: detailed description of lives of the low and the abnormal, frank description of human passion and sexuality, and portrayal of men overwhelmed by nature
Theme of naturalists: pessimistic, deterministic
自然主义的起源：Emile Zola “surrounding and heredity遗传can decide one’s destiny”
写作手法：ironic讽刺, less sympathy, more serious than realism, deterministic决定论
1.Stephen Crane
①Works: (novels) Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) and The Red Badge of
Courage (1895) (short stories) “The Open Boat”
②Writing style: psychological description, visual beauty with symbols
2.Frank Norris
①works: (Novel) McTeague麦克提格(1899)首部全面展示自然主义的作品
the Octopus章鱼(best work) (1901) railway
Writing style:
rich material
fresh imagery
poetic mode of fiction
precise and exact word
(Essay of literary criticism) The Responsibilities of the Novelists (1903)
3.O. Henry(a prolific American short-story writer)多产短篇小说家
①Real name: William Porter
②The Gift of the Magi
③Writing style: short, interesting and clever plot, good-natured humor,
surprising end, keen observation of details, slang and colloquial
expressions
4.Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞
works:Sister Carrie(1990)《嘉丽妹妹》
Jennie Gerhardt (1911)《珍妮姑娘》（姐妹篇）
The Financier (1912) 《金融家》“Trilogy of Desire” (欲望三部曲) The Titan (1914)《巨头》
The Stoic(1947)《斯多葛》The "Genius" (1915) 《天才》--autobiographical novel
An American Tragedy--greatest and most successful Political commentary set
5.Jack London
Works:
---Reflection of his Involvement in the socialist movement:
The Iron Heel, The People of the Abyss
---Reflection of his belief in Darwinism:
The Call of the Wild (1903)适者生存, The Sea Wolf (1904)
---Reflection of the conflicting view :
autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1909)
vii.Modernism
Two literary periods
?1920s --- The First World War (a decade of great joy and happenings )
?1930s--- The Great Depression
1.Ezra Pound--- the founder of Imagist movement(深受中国文化的影响)
works: translations of Lipo’s poems “The River- Merchant’s Wife”翻译李白
的《长干行》
In a Station of the Metro
The apparition of these faces in the crowd ;
Petals on a wet, black bough.—Ezra Pound
2.T. S. Eliot
Poems
The Waste Land (1922)---spiritual crisis of postwar Europe, like a manifesto
of the “Lost generation”
The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock (1917)--- a poem with a notable modern
emotional color，意识流，现代主义情感色彩
3.Wallace Stevens
Basic theme: interrelationship between reality and art, power of imagination
Works: “Anecdote of the Jar”古坛轶事
4.William Carlos Williams
Works: Famous poem: Paterson 帕特森(1946–58).
Subject: everyday circumstances of life and the lives of common people.
Writing style: unusual meters and styles, easy and enjoyable to read
5.Carl Sandburg---One of The greatest poets in the “Chicago Renaissance”
---Chicago Poems
6.Robert Frost
Subject: the people and landscape of New England.
(Misconception of him as a lyric poet or as an authentic painter of local
landscape)
Theme: (universal and abstract) the complexity of human existence
Works:
poem collection：
A Boy’s Will (1913), North of Boston(1914)
New Hamphshire(1923),
Collected Poems(1930),
A Further Range(1936),
A Witness Tree(1942)
Some famous poems:
“After Apple Picking”
“Mending Wall”
“Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening”
“The Road not Taken”
“Design”
“The Wood-Pile”
Writing style:
---form
to retain traditional forms of poetry
---theme
deceptively simple (trivial subjects)
---language
lucid, easy, fluent
7.William Faulkner: one of the twentieth century’s greatest writers
---one of the southern writers (fictional Yoknapatawpha County)
---the Nobel Prize-winning novelist(1949)
---a famous short story writer
Works: 19 novels, 3volumes of short stories
?poem collection: The Marble Faun, 1924)
?Novel:The Sound and the Fury, 1929喧哗与躁动
As I Lay Dying, 1930
Light in August, 1932
Absalom, Absalom!, 1936
Go Down, Moses, 1942
?short story: “A Rose For Emily”
Theme: general human situation
Writing style: difficult and experimental
?Vivid characterization( character with great independence)
?Multiple narrators
?Story-novel (emphasis on narrative)
?Modern stream of consciousness (fragmentary and obscure)
? A variety of English
8. F. Scott Fitzgerald
work: The Great Gatsby(1925)
Themes: The decline衰落of American Dream in the 1920s
The Hollowness空虚of the upper class
Symbols: The green light
9.Ernest Hemingway
①Nick Adams, a Hemingway hero, first appears in the novel In Our Time
(1925)
②The Sun Also Rises (1926)
Jake Barnes
A Farewell to Arms (1929)
Frederick Henry & Catherine Barkley
Death in the Afternoon (1932 )
Green Hills of Africa (1935)
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)
The Old Man and the Sea (1952)
Manolin & Santiago
viii.American drama
1.Eugene O’Neil(1888 – 1953)
father of American drama
Works:
first published play, Beyond the Horizon (1920) on Broadway
The Iceman Cometh (1946)
Long Days Journey into Night (1956)：an autobiographical play and released
after O'Neill's death.
2.John Steinbeck
the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962
Famous for The Grapes of Wrath (1939), a novel widely considered to be a
20th-century classic.
美国文学简史 复习资料 2016年12月23日 目录 殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学 美国浪漫主义早期 新英格兰超验主义 美国浪漫主义后期 美国现实主义文学 美国乡土文学 美国现代诗歌 美国现代小说 美国南方文学
美国现代戏剧美国黑人文学美国华裔文学
殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学 New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, named by Captain John Smith ?Puritanism Doctrines of Puritanism：predestination（命运神定), original sin, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace Puritans left Europe for America in order to prove that they were God’s chosen people who would enjoy God’s blessings on earth and in Heaven. They felt that they were exiles under the special grace of God to establish a theocracy in the New World. Style of writing：the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest；a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible Puritans’way of Life：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter there is a good description of the Puritans’life. Main writers William Bradford Of Plymouth Plantation普利茅斯垦殖记 Thomas Paine Common Sense 常识；American Crisis美国危机；The Rights of Man人权；The Age of Reason 理性时代 Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The Wild Honeysuckle野金银花 Benjamin Franklin Autobiography富兰克林自传 Thomas Jefferson Draft the Declaration of Independence. 美国浪漫主义早期 Romanticism Background of Romanticism：Economic boom and national optimism ；Favorable literary milieu: increasing number of magazines ；Foreign influences: the Romantic Movement in Europe. Characteristics of Romanticism：
第9章地方色彩小说?马克?吐温 9.1复习笔记 I.Local Colorism（地方色彩主义） The vogue of local color fiction was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that had been gathering energy since early19th century.Local colorism as a literary trend first made its presence felt in the late1860s and early seventies.It is a variation of American literary realism. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.They concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Major local colorists are Bret Harte,Hanlin Garland, Harriet Beecher Stowe,Kate Chopin and Mark Twain. 地方色彩小说的流行是自19世纪早期以来历史和艺术力量凝聚的产物。作为一种文学潮流，地方色彩主义在19世纪60年代晚期和70年代早期初展头角。它是美国现实主义文学的一个分支。 地方色彩主义作家是怀念正在消逝的生活方式的历史家，他们记录了在他们眼前逝去的现在。他们致力于展示描述自己地方的特色，倾向于赞颂地方生活并将其理想化，但是他们又注意不失地方生活的真实色彩。主要的地方色彩主义作家包括布莱特·哈特、汉林·加兰德、哈里耶特·比彻·斯托、凯特·肖邦及马克·吐温等。 II.Mark Twain(1835-1910)（马克·吐温） 1.Life（生平） Mark Twain,pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary giant of America. He was brought up in the small town of Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River.He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school.He was successively a printer’s apprentice,a tramp printer,a silver miner,a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi,and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California.This knocking about gave him wide knowledge of humanity. With the publication of his frontier tale,he became nationally famous.His first novel The Gilded Age was an artistic failure,but it gave its name to the American of the post-bellum period.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was his masterwork.Mark Twain was essentially an affirmative writer.But toward the latter part of his life,due to some tragic events,he changed to an almost
英语期末考试----12月26日 （一）题型： 1.听力(10个短对话&2个短篇文章--10个问题) 2.阅读（3篇，其中一篇从第二册快速阅读的1--5单元中出） 3.单词（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中vocabulary&word-building） 4.完型 5.翻译（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中汉译英部分；以及3，4，6A课文中一段的段落进行英译汉） （二）单词&短语 1. I firmly believe that this agreement will be for our mutual benefit. 我坚决相信这份协议有利于我们的共同利益。 1.People have bought these houses under the illusion that their value would just keep on rise. 人们买房子是基于它们会增值这种幻象。 2.The project has been canceled by the local government for lack of public resources. 由于缺乏公共资源，当地政府取消了这个项目。 3.The clerk must have overlooked your name, because he said you were not here. 书记员一定是漏掉了你的名字，因为他说你不在这。 4.The speaker said something about the actors and then proceeded to talk
about the film. 发言人说了一些演员的事情，然后继续介绍电影。 5.Differences of opinion are often the most difficult problem to resolve. 如何处理各种不同的意见是最难解决的问题。 6.When he looked for a job, John strongly felt that there was a widespread prejudice against men over forty. 在找工作的过程中，约翰强烈的感觉到针对年过四十的男性的那种歧视。 7.Children should be encouraged to reach a compromise between what they want and what others want. 应该鼓励孩子们在他们自己和他人的所想所愿中找到折中点。 8.The discovery seems to confirm that people lived here over 100 years ago. 这个发现印证了此处一百多年前有人居住。 9.The book was first published in 1994 and was subsequently translated into fifteen languages. 这本书首次出版于1994年，而后被译成15种语言。 10.Mind your own business. My affairs have nothing to do with you. 管好你自己吧。我的事与你无关。 11.Having worked in the company for two years, Mr. Smith is now taking care for marketing and public relations. 在公司工作两年后，史密斯先生如今负责市场营销和公共关系。
第3章美国浪漫主义欧文库柏 3.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义简介） In the history of American literature, the Romantic period is one of the most important periods. It stretched from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the civil war. 美国文学中的浪漫主义时期开始于18世纪末，到南北战争爆发为止，是美国文学史上的重要阶段。 1. Background（背景） (1) A nation bursting into new life cried for literary expression. The buoyant mood of the nation and the spirit of the times seemed in some measure responsible for the spectacular outburst of romantic feeling. The literary milieu proved fertile and conductive to the imagination. Magazine appeared in ever-increasing numbers. They played an important role in facilitating literary expansion. (2) Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism. The Romantic Movement, which had flourished earlier in the century both in England
复习应考指南 共分三个部分： 一、复习应考基本要求 二、复习应考资料及其使用 三、复习应考重点范围辅导 一、复习应考基本要求本学科是中央电大开放教育本科行政管理本科的必修课，课程结业考试实行全国统一考试。 （一）考试范围见中央电大“期末复习指导”各章的考核知识点及考核要求（二）考试形式 闭卷笔试；考试时间：90 分钟 （三）试题类型 1、单项选择题 2、多项选择题 3、填空 4、名词解释 5、简答题 6、论述题 二、复习应考的资料及其使用 （一）平时作业：考试时约占30%的内容
（二）中央电大期末复习指导 （三）《行政法与行政诉讼法学习指导书》 三、特别提示及强调： （一）上述强调的三种复习资料缺一不可，共同构成期末考试内容。 （二）中央电大期末复习指导中的综合练习P19——P43 应是复习考试重点。本书P44——P62 有综合练习的部分答案。但名词解释被略。 （三）中央电大“期末复习指导“中综合练习的名词解释答案如下：（以下页码为教材页码） 一章：1、P4 2、P2 3、P10——P114、P45、P6 6 P6 7 、P68、P9 ——- 二章：1、P182、P19 - k 三章：1、P242、P263、P29 四章： 1、P30 2、P30 3、P39 4、P39 5、P39 6、P39 六章：1、 P552、P57 七章： 1、P59 八章： 1、P62 九章： 1、P68 2、P72 3、P69 4、P70 5、P70 6、P70 7、P70 8、P70 9、P7010、P76 11 、P7612、P77 十章： 1、P78 2、81 3、P82 4、P83 十一章：1、P882、P99
第19章美国戏剧 19.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American drama（美国戏剧概述） American drama began in 1916 when the Provincetown Players produced Eugene O’Neil’s first play, Bound East for Cardiff. It is true that there were no great masters in the theater comparable in stature to such major figures in fiction as Melville or James, but there had been people who did spadework for the rise of American drama in the 1920s. There was a renaissance of drama in the 1920s. American drama began the process of developing itself into a department of American literature equal in significance to both poetry and the novel. The theater of the Depression was not depressing. Like other branches of literature the drama was preoccupied with social concern. The staging of Tennessee Williams’The Glass Menagerie on Broadway in 1945 was an even of unusual significance, as it marked American drama’s coming of age. The late fifties saw a temporary decline in dramatic productions, but in the next decade, American drama picked up a good deal of fresh energy. With the passage of time there has appeared the increasingly more obvious tendency to “decentralize”from Broadway with more and more plays stages Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway. And from the end of the sixties.
American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace). American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness. Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism. Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper American Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil
A Concise History of American Literature Chapter 1 Colonial Period I.Jonathan Edwards 1.life 2.works (1)The Freedom of the Will (2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (3)The Nature of True Virtue 3.ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism (1)The spirit of revivalism (2)Regeneration of man (3)God’s presence (4)Puritan idealism II.Benjamin Franklin 1.works (1)Poor Richard’s Almanac (2)Autobiography 2.contribution (1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I.Washington Irving 1.several names attached to Irving (1)first American writer (2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3)father of American literature 2.works (1)A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3)The History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus (4)A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5)The Alhambra 3.Literary career: two parts (1)1809~1832 a.Subjects are either English or European b.Conservative love for the antique (2)1832~1859: back to US 4.style – beautiful (1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness (2)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining (3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere
财大翻译综合常耀信《美国文学简史》考研考点总结 第1章殖民地时期的美国 1.1 复习笔记 I. American Puritanism（美国清教主义） The settlement of North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. In 1620, the ship Mayflower carried about one hundred Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The first settlers in America were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons. They carried with them American Puritanism which took root in the New World and became the most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature. 英国向北美的移民活动开始于17世纪上半叶。英国于1607年在北美建立了第一个永久性海外殖民区：弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。1620年“五月花”号载运100余名移民抵达马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。很多美国早期的移民是清教徒，他们出于多种原因来到美国。他们信奉的清教主义后来在新大陆生根发芽，并对美国思想和美国文学产生了根深蒂固的影响。 1．Doctrines of Puritanism（清教主义的教义）
第22章纽约派诗人?沉思型诗歌?黑山派诗人 22.1 复习笔记 I. The New York School（纽约派诗人） 1. Features of the New York School（纽约派诗歌的特点） The so-called New York School became well known with the publication of Donald Allen’s 1960 anthology. The poets of the New York School were different in their separate pursuits, but their poetry reveals something they shared in common. (1) For one thing, they were all vehemently up against the dominant New Critical values such as the impersonal presentation of images, and tried to assert their individual poetic voice. (2) They also introduced the popular and the low features of life into their writings like popular songs, comic strip figures, and Hollywood movies. (3) Thirdly, they exhibited a huge sense of humor, offering room as their poems did for elements like the vulgar and the sentimental. (4) Finally, they experimented with Surrealism, for a while. 所谓的纽约派是随着唐纳德·艾伦1960年发表的文集而出名的。纽约派诗人的追求各异，但他们的诗歌都有相同的特点。
美国文学作者作品 Edwards: 爱德华兹 The Freedom of the Will 《论意志自由》 Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》 The Nature of True Virtue 《论真实德行的本原》 名篇：Personal Narrative 《自述》 Sinners in the hands of an Angry God 《愤怒上帝手中之罪》 Benjamin Franklin:本杰明·富兰克林 Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德年历》Autobiography 《自传》 Washington Irving:华盛顿·欧文 A History of New York《纽约外传》The Sketch Book 《见文札记》名篇：Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·温·凡克尔》 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》 James Fenimore Cooper:詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》 The Pioneer 《拓荒者》The Prairie 《大草原》 The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》 The Pathfinder《探路人》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》
Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自立》Essays 《随笔集》名篇：The American Scholar 《美国学者》（has been regarded as “American Declaration of Intellectual Independence”被誉为美国思想的独立宣言） The Poet Henry David Thoreau:亨利·戴维·梭罗 Walden 《瓦尔登湖》 Nathaniel Hawthorne:纳撒尼尔·霍桑 The Scarlet Letter《红字》 The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》 Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》 The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 The Marble Faun 《玉石神像》 Ethan Brand 《伊桑布兰德》 Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》 Dr. Heidggeger’s Experiment 《海德格博士的体验》 The Ambitions Guest 《野心勃勃的客人》 The Greast Stone Face 《巨石脸》
1. Beowulf赏析 英国现存最早、最完整的民族史诗。1反映当时部落社会的面貌。背景取自欧洲。2古Anglo-Saxon人崇拜英雄的部落文化。政治观点：“王”，权利来自武力，王权的继承还需要仁义。3历史事实+神话传说。 主人公Beowulf英勇顽强。自我牺牲精神。爱护臣民。有责任感。 简洁明快。头韵。隐喻：用复合词来比喻某种事物或现象。 2. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight赏析 传奇文学是贵族人生理想的反映，与平民百姓没有丝毫的关系。 头韵诗。2个主题：1砍头游戏检验Gawain的勇敢和信守诺言。2女主人的诱惑检验Gawain的诚实和忠贞。 以重读音节为基础的韵律。每一个stanza后面有一个只有一个重读音节的短促诗句，再加一个abab韵的4行诗节。语言朴素自然，流畅通顺。 反映出Norman征服的宗教影响：基督教成统治地位。Gawain是基督徒，拥有人的弱点。他在困境中祈求圣母玛利亚的帮助，又因死亡的威胁而背弃诺言。他身上有亚当的影子，原罪的概念。 3. Chaucer特点 “英国诗歌之父”。人文主义。现实主义。明快、诙谐。伦敦方言创作。首创heroic couplet。钟情于中世纪的文学形式。第一个用韵脚韵律诗，以重音-音节为基础的格律诗。 一方面用贵族式的理想眼光看待生活。一方面又以现实的态度思考。 1法国影响时期—2意大利影响时期—3成熟时期 强调人权，今生今世幸福快乐的权利，反对神权与禁欲主义。反对滥用宗教教义。 人物：个人与社会关系的主题。突出人物之间性格冲突和物质利益矛盾。幽默讽刺地描写了新兴资产阶级所反感的阶级出身问题。人物形象是立体的，有独特的气质和性格。 押尾韵。八音节对偶句（octosyllabic couplet），iambic pentameter的heroic couplet。 4. Canterbury T ales赏析 现实主义。但未能摆脱中世纪的偏见。 轻松、欢快 文艺复兴的先驱。人生来就有谋求世俗幸福的权利。 General Prologue+24个故事。每个故事有“小引”、“开场语”、“结束语”。 General Prologue：赞扬骑士、骑士之子、乡勇。讽刺院长嬷嬷的矫揉造作。 24个故事题材：多是关于爱情婚姻。还有揭露了宗教的压迫、僧侣的道德败坏、官吏的专横。 Iambic pentameter couplet, 即heroic couplet 5. Hamlet赏析 Shakespeare的巅峰之作。尽管讲的是丹麦故事。但反映的却是英国的事情。人文主义。对他所生活的那个时代的方方面面进行了评论。复仇悲剧。 家丑引起Hamlet对美好世界、人类善良的怀疑。个人悲剧演变成社会的悲剧，变成铲除罪恶、匡扶正义的巨大社会责任心。Hamlet的悲剧在于，他的责任是如此艰巨，自己又是日次势孤力单。他的弱点：多愁善感，疑虑重重；善于思考，贫于行动。他代表了善于思考，贫于行动的新兴资产阶级。 6. The Merchant of V enice赏析 Shylock—唯利是图，爱财如命的拜金主义者。作为犹太民族受到歧视和迫害。 Portia—人文主义者对新女性的理想 7. Francis Bacon
2019 人大英美文学初试经验分享（二外德语） 关于学校和专业选择 首先是择校，我先看了一下我们学校历年的考研情况，因为不想二战，要确保自己考上的概率较大。我们学校每年不论英语还是日语都有考上人大的，去年英语保研到人大的有四人，考上的有两人。我平时成绩不错，就决定考人大了。确定好学校之后就是选专业了，我们学校语言学和文学都学。两位考上的学姐，一个是语言学方向的，一个是英美文学方向的。我不是很确定要考哪个方向，就把两位学姐的资料都买了。在大三下学期，看了一周的胡壮麟之后，觉得有点枯燥，就决定选英美文学。 准备过程 4月左右，我买了专业课的相关书籍，搜集了经验贴。大三下学期，老师讲的是常耀信的美国文学，我就浏览了常耀信一遍，看了看吴伟仁的美国文学选读。真正准备考研是8月份，因为大三下知道成绩后心情有点失落，不知道自己考研能否坚持下来，就回家待了一段时间。 专业课 书籍： 英国文学经典选读（上下）刁克利 新编英国文学选读（上下）罗经国
英国文学史及选读（1 2）吴伟仁及其学习指南（1 2） 英国文学简史常耀信 英国文学学习指南 刘炳善《英国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解 美国文学史及选读（1 2）吴伟仁及其选读指南（1 2） 美国文学史学习指南 美国文学简史常耀信 美国文学学习指南 常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解 英美文学考点测评环球 考点经书与精炼英美文学星火 英美文学精要问答 学姐的英美文学笔记 首先要强调一下，人大真的很怀旧，真题很重要。我一共复习了三遍，第一遍一边过书一遍整理自己的笔记，不得不说这是个错误的决定，因为当时还不知道重点是什么，浪费了好多时间弄笔记。第二遍时有种豁然开朗的感觉，知道那些是重点了，就又弄了一遍笔记一边背，第三遍时继续背。二三遍时反复的背，忘记是正常的，背的次数多了就记住了。 填空：
第2章爱德华兹?富兰克林?克里夫古尔 I.Fill in the blanks. 1.In his_____Benjamin Franklin creates the image of a boy’s rise from_____to riches and demonstrates his belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work and wise management.（天津外国语学院2008研） 【答案】Autobiography,poor 【解析】富兰克林在《自传》中讲述了其白手起家、自力更生的故事，平凡却生动的讲述表明他坚信通过努力就能实现美国梦。 2.If we say Jonathan Edwards represents the upper levels of the American mind, _____represents the lower levels. 【答案】Benjamin Franklin 【解析】美国文学评论家范·威克·布鲁克斯（Van Wyck Brooks）在《美国的成年》(America’s Coming Age)中指出乔纳森·爱德华兹和本杰明·富兰克林是美国18世纪的两位重要的哲学家，他们是不同层次思想的代表。 3.Before his death,_____had gained a position as America’s first systematic philosopher. 【答案】Jonathan Edwards 【解析】乔纳森·爱德华兹（1703-1758）是美国“大觉醒”（the“Great Awakening”）