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Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine – Levels of Evidence (March 2009)

Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine – Levels of Evidence (March 2009)
Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine – Levels of Evidence (March 2009)

Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine –Levels of Evidence (March 2009)

What are we to do when the irresistible force of the need to offer clinical advice meets with the immovable object of flawed evidence? All we can do is our best: give the advice, but alert the advisees to the flaws in the evidence on which it is based.

The CEBM …Levels of Evidence 1′ document sets out one approach to systematising this process for different question types.

(For definitions of terms used see our glossary)

Produced by Bob Phillips, Chris Ball, Dave Sackett, Doug Badenoch, Sharon Straus, Brian Haynes, Martin Dawes since November 1998. Updated by Jeremy Howick March 2009.

Notes

Users can add a minus-sign “-” to denote the level of that fails to provide a conclusive answer because:

?EITHER a single result with a wide Confidence Interval

?OR a Systematic Review with troublesome heterogeneity.

Such evidence is inconclusive, and therefore can only generate Grade D recommendations.

Grades of Recommendation

“Extrapolations” are where data is used in a situation that has potentially clinically important differences than the original study situation.

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Module2 Me,My family and friends Unit1 My friends 生词: fat thin tall short boy girl 音标: e [e] ten pen 语法: He?s/She?s... --Is he/she...? --Yes,he/she is. No,he/she isn?t. Unit 2 My family 生词: grandfather grandmother father mother brother sister me 音标: i [ai] kite bicycle 语法: --Who?s he/she? --He?s/She?s... Unit3 About me 生词: eye nose hair ear mouth 音标: i [ i ] pig pink 语法: My...is/are...

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