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隐喻与翻译--基于认知理论的翻译过程分析

隐喻与翻译--基于认知理论的翻译过程分析
隐喻与翻译--基于认知理论的翻译过程分析

上海大学

硕士学位论文

隐喻与翻译--基于认知理论的翻译过程分析

姓名:高海凌

申请学位级别:硕士

专业:外国语言学及应用语言学

指导教师:谢之君

20030501

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Abstract

Metaphorhasbeenunderstudyfora10ngtime.However.thetraditionalstudyofmetaphorhasbeenconfinedtothestudyofmetaphorasacommonrhetoricalmeans.Sincethe1970s.thestudy'ofmetaphorhasshowedatendency10study'

frolnvariedangles.invariedlevelsandonvariedsubjects.Althoughtherearedi懿rentopinionsonthedifferentiationbetweenmetaphormadnon.metaphorinlanguagesandtheobjectiveandwaysofstudy,anagreementonthecognitivefunctionofmetaphorhasbeenreachedamongmostresearchers.ItiSbelievedthatmetaphoriSnotonlyonekindofrhetoricalmeansbutalsoawayforhumanbeingtounderstandtheworld.“LanguageiSmetaphoricalinnaturebecausethebasicmodeofmen’sthinkingiSmetaphorical”(Lakoff,1992).Asakindofcognitivephenomenon,metaphorCanbeusedtoanNyzeandexplainthevariousphenomena

oflanguageSOastohelppeopletogainacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheintrinsicstructureoflanguage.111epurposeofthisthesisistoexploitthecognitivemechanismofmetaphortoprobeintothenatureoftranslation.TranslationiSusuallyregardedasaformconversionbetweentWOdifierentlanguagesystemsbutindeeditiSanactivecognitiveactivityofthetranslators.

Intranslationthemetaphoricalmappingandtheincompatibilitytakeplacebetweentwolanguages.Asawayofthinking,metaphorcanalsobeusedtOanalyzetheconceptualizationoftheobjectsandeventsindifierentcultures.Herethewesternmetaphoricalcognitiontheories(ConceptualMetaphorTheoryandBlendingTheoryliSintroducedtOmakepreliminaryexplorationofthethinkingprocessoftranslationinordertohelpnstogetafurtherunderstandingofthe

natureoftranslationandtheessenceofdifferenttranslationtheories.Thetranslationprocesscansimplybereferredasaprocessofunderstandingthesourcelanguageintermsofthetargetlanguage,whichisinessenceacognitiveprocessbetweentwodomains(e.g.,thesourcelanguagedomain,thetargetlanguagedomain).

Asconceptualmetaphortheory(CMT)foCHSeSoncharacterizingsuchcross.domainmappingsthatdefineanopen.endedclassofpotentialcorresDondencesacrossinferencepatterns.theWayofthinkingintranslationiS

exploredinthethesiswitllCMT.whichcontributestodiscoverthecomprehensiontranslation.However.asthephenomenaaccountedforbvCMTconsistprocessof

ofstableknowledgestructuresrepresentedinlong—termmemory,itfailstoprovideadetaileddescriptionoftheon.1ineprocessinwhichtheconceptsinsourcelanguagedomainaremappedtothatofthesourceconceptualnetwork.AnotherdefectofonlyapplyingCMTisthatitdefinesmetaphorasastrictlydirectionalphenomenonandaone-waymappingbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguageTheadvantageoftheBlendingTheoryfBT)overonlyapplyingCMTisthatBTtakasthetranslationprocessasablendingprocessthatinitiatesentrenchedmetaphorsinbothlanguagenetworksandyieldsshort—livedandnovelc()nceDtualizationstocomplementthem.Moreover,BTseekstomodelthedynamicevolutionofspeakers’on.1inerepresentations.

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Differencesbetweenconceptualmetaphortheoryandblendingtheory.such

asthedistinctnatureofdirectionalityinthetwoframeworks.mayjeadUStotreatthemascompetingtheoriesButherewewouldratherproposethalthetwoframeworksbelargelycomplementaryinrevealingthenatureoftranslation

processfortheydealwithdifferentaspectsofInetaphoricconceDtualiza廿onTheconventionalconceptualpairingsandtheone—waymappingstudiedwithinCMT

areinputstoandconstraintsonthekindsofdynamicconceptualnetworkspositedwithinBT.IfweascertainthatthefindingsofCMTandBTareconsistent.thepotentialrewardsaresignificantsinceitallowsUStounifytwostreamsofresearchintoamoregeneralandcomprehensivetreatmentoflinguisticandconceptuaiphenomena,whichwillbeofgreathelptOtheunderstandingofthetranslationprocess.Sincethesetwostreamsofresearchdealwitlldifkrentaspectsofthesamedata、itmakeseasierforUStogeneralizeacrossabroadrangeofmetaphoricexpressionsaswellaSfoCUSontheparticularsofindividualexamples.Besidesacomparativelyspecificanalysisofthefonctionofthetwotheoriesinelucidatingthenatureoftranslation、thisthesisalsodiscussessomeotherfaclots

thatalsoaffectthecognitionprocessoftranslationlikecontextandculture.

breakdownsthatoccurintranslationfromtheuncoversthereasonforthe

perspectiveofcognition.Inaddition,thecognitiontheoryisappliedtoathrough

understandingofthetranslationofpoetry.ItiSfoundthatthecognitivemechanismofmetaphorplaysanimportantroleinexplicatingthecognitionprocessintranslationandgraspingthenatureoftranslation.ItiSthereforesuggestedthatfurtherexplorationanddescriptionofthemechanismofmetaphorandthecharactersoftranslationiSneededforimprovingtheresearchonthetheoriesandthepracticeoftranslation.

Keywords:metaphor;translation;cognitivetheories;metaphoricalthinking

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IThecognitivefunctionofmetaphor

1,Thedevelopmentofthestudyofmetaphorintheworld

Thereisalonghistoryinthestudyofmetaphor.TheearliestsystematicstudyofmetaphorcanbetracedbacktotheageAristotlelivedinIntheclassicworksPoeticsandRhetoric.Aristotlehadmentionedtheconstitutingmethodandtherhetoricfunctionofmetaphor.Heposedthatmetaphorwasalanguagemediumbywhichawordwasusedtoreplaceanotherwordtoexpressthesamemeaningandthemajorfunctionofmetaphorwasmodifying.Hisdefinitionillustratestheprominentcharacterofmetaphor,accordingtowhichmanystudiesofmetaphorinthewesternculturelikeG.Lakoff’sstudyarecarriedout.AristotlealsosuggestedmatmetaphorwastheimplicitcomparisonmadeonthebasisoftherulesofanalogyThisistheoriginofthemodemComparisonTheory.Inhismindthe

personwhowasadeptatmakinguseofmetaphorwasgeniusanditwasimportantforpeopletomastertheuseofmetaphor.

However,inanotherancientGreekthinkerPlato’smind,metaphorwasiustmodificatorylanguageandavailabletoexpressfeelingbutitwasnotadequatetobeusedinscientificdebate.Ashisviewpointhadgreateriectonthewesternacademiccircles.manyofthetextbooksandbooksonliterarytheorieshadtakenmemphorasakindoffigureofspeechthatiustmodifiesotherwordsuptonov,'.TheworkcommentingonpoeticmetaphorMetaphor.theLogicofPoetryalsoadoptsPlato’sviewthoughthereareuniquecategorizationandanalysisof

metaphorinit(Brigs&Monaco.19901.Inthesameperiod.RomanscholarofrhetoricQuintilianposedthetheoryofsubstitutioninwhichmetaphorwastakenas

arhetoricphenomenonofusingonewordtoreplaceanotherword.Thesescholarswhoinsistedondifferentiatingliterallanguagefromimagelanguageandtook

metaphorasafigurativewayofwordingandphrasingheldtheopinionthatliterallanguagewastrueandofthefirstimportanceandfigurativelanguagewasderivativeandsubordinate,Nevertheless,somescholarsfoundthatthetraditionalviewaboutthestudyoflanguagephenomenawasnotavailabletoexplainmanyproblems.Inthe30softhetwentiethcentury,RichardsfirstadvancedtheInteractiontheoryofmetaphorinthePhilosop^vofRhetoric.Basedonthetheory.BlackdevelopedandperfectedtheinteractiontheorysothatitbecamethethirdofthemostinfluentialtheoriesthatexplainedmetaphorafterAristotle…scomparison

theory”andP1ato’sview.Thetheorywasformedontheviewin“constructiontheory”namedby0rtonyandMalmliinerthatsubjectsandobjectsinteractwitheachother.Themainpointofthetheoryisthatthereisnocardinaldistinctionbetweenmetaphoricalmeaningandliteralmeaningoflanguage,andthatmeaningjsnotperceiveddirectlybutiscreatedinone’smind.Thestructureofmetaphoris110lcomplex.whichcanbeaphraseorasentencewiththebasicsentenceforfn“A“口”formedbynounphraseandverbphrasewhilethecontentiScomplicatedandtherearevarietiesofmethodstoanalyzejt.Richardsf1936)namedthesubjectAas“topic”or‘。tenor’’andBas“vehicle’’or‘'ground"’andputemphasisoilthe

ShanghaiUniversib,Master’sThesis

incompatibilitybetweentheconceptsexpressedthroughtheconflictionbetweenvariedwordsandphrasesinmetaphor.BlackhaddifierentnamesforthemAsforA,hecalledit‘))rinc枷alsu6,ect”andforBhecalled“secondarysuhiect”.Thefofinercouldalsobenamedas“疗ame”andthe1atteras“thefoCUSD,themetaphor”Black’snamingwaspedestrianandyethemadegreatcontributiontothedevelopmentoftheinteractiontheorybyanalyzingtheoriginofmetaphor.As

hethought,metaphorwasaprocesstocreatenewmeaningsaswellasaresultfrom

theinterplayingofthemeaningsofthetwoitems(A,B)ofmetaphor.ItisRichardswhotriedtounderstandtheconceptsincognitivefieldandmadeananalysisofthetwoiternsofmetaphorearlier.InthePhilosop^vD,

Rhetoricf1936:93).hementioned。

“Whenpeopleusemetaphontheypultogethertheideasthat

expressDA,'OdifferentthingsmPtwoideasinterplayactivelyandthusresultinthemeaningof

metaphor...metaphorisbasicalZytheborrowingandcommunicatingofthoughtsandtheexchangeofcontexts’’

ComparedwithAristotle‘scanonicaldefinitionofmetaphorinwhich

metaphorisjustseenas“name”.Richards’proposingof“thought”inexplicatingmetaphorisasignificantprogressSincethebeginningofhisresearch,thestudyofthetwoitemsofmetaphorhadgraduallysteppedintothefieldofcognitivescienceWhenillustratingthetwoitemsofmetaphor,Kittaythoughtthatthetwoitems

weretwodomains.Asthecriticalcharacterofmetaphorwastheconversionofmeaning.itcouldbeseenasarepresentingprocessinwhichthestructureofone

contentdomainwasrepresentedbythatofanother(Kittay,1989;LinShuwu,1994).WhenLakoff(19801talkedabouttheproblemofmetaphorwithotherscholars.hesaidthatmetaphorizationwasaprocessinwhichpeopleunderstood

thestructureofoneconceptdomainintermsofthatofanother.Itmeansthatmetaphorisnotjustalanguagephenomenonbutalsoathinkingphenomenon.Intheentryof“metaphor”inOxfordInternationalLinguisticsEncyclopedia,it

andtheexplainsthatthetargetconceptdomainisafieldformetaphoricalthinking

sourceconc(:ptdomainisthefieldusedforunderstandingthetargetdomainmetaphoricallyandconceptualmetaphoristhemappingofthetwodomains.Tinesearetheanalysesofmetaphorbvdi舵rentscholars.whichshowthatthestudyofmetaphorgoesdeeper.Itillustratesthatmetaphordoesnotonlybelongtothedomainofpoeticlanguagebutisanindivisibleandireplaceablepartofthedailythinkinganddailylanguage.Asthestudyofmetaphorgoeson,manyscholarsshifledtheirconcentrationfromdescribingmetaphortoexploringtheoriginofmetaphor.Thereareavarietyofexplanationsfortheoriginofmetaphormostofwhichareofsolidphilosophicalfoundation.Amongthemthefollowingthreeonesareoftencited.

ThefirstisthesubstitutionviewcomingfromQuintilian’stheoryItexplainsthatmetaphoriSformedbyusingoneexpressiontoreplaceanotherexpressionthathasanidentical1iteralmeaning.Althoughitisapprovedbymostofthescholarsstudyingtraditionalrhetoricandliterarycritics、jthasanobviousdefectthatjtishardtodeterminetheaccurateexpression.Thesecondtheory“comparisonview’’

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comesfromAristotle’s“comparisontheory”.1n1inewithmen‘sintuitionofregarding‘■isB”as“AiscomparedtoB”.theviewdefinesmetaphorasthecomparisonofthesimilaritybetweentwothingsortheabbreviationofsimileBut1tlailstotellwhatattributesofBarecomparedtothatofA.sothatBlackheldthattheflawoftheviewwasthatitwastooobscure.The1astoneistheinteractionviewincludingtwotypesofexpressions:1)metaphoristheinteractionoftwosemanticitems;2)metaphoristheapplicationoftheassociatingmeaningofitemBjnmetaphortoiternA.Inthisview,theinteractionbetweenjternAanditernBof

metaphorcangiverisetotheproductionofsimilarityinthatitchangestheanglefromwhichpeopleusedtoobserveobjectssoastoprovideanewangletoexamineobjects.Inthatthetheoryisdevelopedbymanyscholarsandassimilatesthemeritsof“constructiontheory”.itismoreadequateandperfecttobeusedtoexplaintheoriginofmetaphor.Insomesense.scholarslikeKitcayandLakofrarealsosupportersforinteractiontheoryHowever.thewriterofMetaphorandCognitionIndurkyaputforwardthatthoughthisviewwasaprogressinelucidatingcognitive

theory,theproblemabouthowtocomprehendtherolethatcircumstanceplayedintheprocessandhowditierentconceptualstructureswereconstructedinthe

interactionremainedwhenboth血esnbjectsandobjectstookpartintheprocessactively.Indurkyaarguedagainsttheproblemwiththesuggestionthatthereweretwoelementsininteractiontheory~cognitiveagentandpracticalcircumstance.Cognitiveagentistheonecontainingconceptualnetworkandpracticalcircumstanceistheintegrationofthecollectionofsenseperceptionsandthe

cognitiverelation.Asthecognitiverelationbetweenthesubiectandtheenvironmentconnectsexperiencewithenvironment.theenvironmentisdecidedbythecognitiveagentbuttherelativeenvironmentstruttureisdecidedbythereality

Indurkya‘sillustrationhelpstosolvetheproblemintheinteractiontheory.

BythetimeRichardsandBlackdevelopedtheinteractiontheory,thelinguistJacobsonanalyzedvariousrhetoricfunetionsofmetonymyandmetaphorinthe

lightoftheachievementinthestudyofaphasiaandreachedtheconclusionthatthefunctionofpoetrywastoapplytheprincipleofsimilaritytotheselectionofwordsandthecombinationofwords.Consequentlylyricpoetryisoffenmetaphoricandepicisoftenmetonymic.YheforlTler1aysparticularemphasisonsimilarityandthelaterfocusesoncontiguity.Jacobsonthoughtthatmetaphornotmerelybelongedto

the“structure”phenomenonbutalsobelongedtothe“口rocess’’phenomenonandthemeaningandtheusageofwordswerecreatedinspeechinwhichnewword

meaningresultedfromtheinterplayingofstructurerelationandprocedure.Sincethebeginningof1970s,philosophers,psychologists,semiologistsand

evenpsychoanalystshavebeguntofollowwithinterestthestudyofmetaphor.ThereweremanveminentresearchersstudyingmetaphorinthisperiodsuchlikethesemiologistsU.EcoandPRicouer,thephilosopherJ.SearleandthelinguistG.Lakoft.In1977,RicoeurpublishedthebookTheRuleofMetaphor,whichdiscussedthecontributionoftraditionalrhetorictoandits1imitationonthestud),ofmetaphorandincludedmetaphorinthestudyingfieldofdiscoursesemanticsforthesemanticanalysisofdiscourse.Histheoryaimedatapplyingthefunctionof

ShanghaiUniversityMaster'sThe—si—s

metaphortothewordlevel.thesentence1evelandthediscourse1evel.whichheregardedastheessentialdifierenccbetweenmodemmetaphortheory'andclassicalmetaphortheoryHeacceptedthelinguistEBenveniste’sviewthataslanguagesymbolswordswerethestudyingphiectofsemioticwhileastheminimalcarriersofintactmeaningwordswerethestud,/objectsofsemanticsMetaphorisproduced

insentencesbutitsmeaningjsembodiedbyisolatedwords.Searledistinguishedsentencemeaning(ordiscoursemeaning、fromtheintentionofspeakerjnaccordancewithspeechacttheory.Heproposedthatiftheliteralmeaningofawordwasnotexplicableoneshouldsearchformetaphoricalexplanationthatrevealedtheintentionofthespeakers.SomeotherscholarsapprovedSearle’sopinionandatthesametimerevisedandsupplementedhistheory.丁L.MorganmentionedinthearticlePragmaticorMetaphorthatSearle’spropositionwastoo

obscureforitcouldnotdistinguishmetaphorsfromwrongstatements.ironiesandmanyotherindirectspeechacts.rsee0rtonyed.1993).SamuelR.LevinexpressedhiswillingnesstoacceptSearle’sdifierentiationofsentencemeaningfromtheintentionofthespeakersinhisarticleLanguage.Concept,p№r,d7协FeeDomainsOfMetaphorandyetbelievedthatitwasmorecomplicatedtounderstandthemechanismofmetaphor.Forexample.metaphorisorientationaland“Bjsa

WO扩’doesnotequalto‘卅wo∥fsB”.Searle’sdifierentiationcannotexplainthisproblem.(seeOrtonved,.1993)

ThestudyofmetaphorinEuropeandAmericareacheditsclimaxinthe1atel970sthatwascalledtheageof“metaphormania”byscholars1ikeM.Johnson.Inl977.thesymposiumon“MetaphorandThought”washeldinUrbanaChampaigninAmerica,andthereaflerthebookMetaphorandThoughtwascompiledfromtheextinguishedthesescollectedinthesymposium0neyearlater.aninternational

cross。disciplinesymposiumonthestudyofmetaphorwasheldinDaviscampusofCaliforniaUniversityandthebookCognitionandFigurativeLanguagewas

publishedafterthat.includingalltheimportantthesesinit.Afterthatacademic

meeting.Hoffman&SmithpublishedMetaphorResearchNewsletterduring1982and1983andchangeditsnametoMetaphorand跏mbolicActivity,whichmadegreatcontributiontothefurtherstudyofmetaphor.Sincethenmanyscholarshavegottheirworksonmetaphorpublished.A1lthesestudiesofmetaphorfromdif先rentperspectivesshowthatpeoplebecomemoreconsciousofthevimlrolemetaphorplaysinhuman’scognitiveandsocialactivities.

1.2Cognitivefunctionofmetaphor

Thecognitivefunctionsofmetaphorcanbeviewedfromseveralperspectives.Firstmetaphorisawaytoobservetheworldandisthebasisofhuman’sconceptualsystemBlackthoughtthatmetaphorsometimesactsasacognitivet001.Scholars1ikeSchonproposedthatmetaphorcouldprovideusanewperspectwetoperceivetheworldandanewwaytotreatthings.Ononehand,somemetaphorsformthebasisforscientifictheoriespractically.inwhichwecanseesumeelementsofreality.Ontheotherhand.metaphorformsa】?amcloJimitand

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sometimesevenperilouslytocontrolthethinkingwaywithwhich

peopleconstructtheworldtheylivein(seeOnonyed~1993).Afrequentlycitedexampleistherootmetaphor“Lifeisdjourney…thaiCallbeseeninRobertFrost’SpoemTheRoadNotTaken.whichaffectsourviewoflife.Arecentlyprevalentrootmetaphoris“info—highu,ay”,acentralconceptinthemetaphorofcomputernetwork.constructinghuman’SconceptualsystemaboutinformationserviceAsakeyconceptofhuman‘Sconceptualsystemtheserootmetaphorshaveagreateffecton

human’SdailyspeechandthewayofthinkingIn“structural

metaphors’’and。。OI。ientationalmetaphors”namedbyLakoffandJohnson.wecancometoknowhowmetaphoraffectsandcontrolshuman’SdailylifeThefollowingaresomeexamples

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Fheabovesentencescontainthestrncturaimetaphorconcept“timeisalimitedresource”andtheorientationalmetaphorconcept“happyisup”.Themetaphor“timeisa,imitedresource”iSpopularinindustrializedwesternculturebutiSnotacceptedinmanyothercultures.Insomesense,asLakoffandJohnsonthought,thenatureofthemodernizationindevelopingcountrieswastoacceptandadvocatethemetaphorconeept“time{Satimitedresource”Theorientationaimetaphorconcept“happyisup”belongstotheSO—calledpureintellectualconceptsbasedonphysicsandsocialculture,Thejntrinsicunanimityofthewholesystemdeterminesthegroundsforselectingacertaintypeoforientationalmetaphor,whichdoesnotrootinanyphysicalexperienceandculturalexperiencearbitrarilyandcailonlyworktogetherwithitsequivalentexperienceasthemechanismforunderstandingcertainconcept.LakoffandJohnsonheldtheviewthatinusuaIconditionpeopletendedtousethephysicalexperiencetoformournon—physicalexperiencelikethepsychologicalexperienceandculturalexperience,whichmightbethemostessentialexperiencesofmenForinstances.inthefollowingsentences.thefirstiSnotametaphorbutadirectexperience.Thesecondandthethirdarerespectivelyderivedfromthemetaphorconcepts‘‘socialgroupsarecontainers’’and“emotionalstatesarecontainers”.

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LakoffandJohnsonpointedoutthatnewmetaphorlinkedourrelativeexperiencesthroughavarietyofcontainingrelationsandhadaninfluenceonthewayvqeperceivedtheworld

Heremetaphorcontainsmanyconceptsandtheirspecificattributesandrex,ealssomecharactersofthingsbutitalsocoverssomeothercharactersSOthatiLcanvestthingswithnewmeaningandguidethewaywithwhichwerecognizetheworldaudmakefurtherinference.’I'hereforetheimpactofmetaDhororlhuman’S

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cognitiveactivitiesISgreat.1tisanimportantn'leanstoconstructhuman’sconceptualsystemandthroughmetaphoricalmappingwecanbuildstructuresfora

previousbnon—existingconcept.1ustasinthecaseaboutdeath.ifwe100kupondeathasakindot、departurewewillnaturallylakedeathasakindof{ourneywithltso、Ⅵ1destinationandhencewecarlthinkaboutitsultimatedestinationThemappinginmetaphorusuallyreliesupontheschemaoftheintemalrelationbelweentheoriginalthingsinone’smindandtheactualthingsAsschemataareoftensoroughthattheycanincludevariouskindsofconditionsthatmayoccur.theirselectionofparticularswillbecarriedonatdifierent1evels.Atthegenerallevel,theoptionalelementsoftheschemafortravelcontainvehicles.guiders.partners,etc,like“,堀inthefastlane”.Furthermore,bymappingwecanmakeaninferenceofthetargetdomainwiththereasoningmodelborrowedfromthesourcedomain.Forexample,ifweregardlireasajoumey,whenwecometoablindalley.wecanmaketwochoices:oneisstayingwhereweare:theotherismanagingtoarriveourdestination.Wemayalsoevaluatethethingsintargetdomainbythemethodweusetoappraisetilethingsinthesourcedomain.iustlikewhenwesay“blindalley”wehaveanegativeviewofcertainstatesinourlife

AnothercognitivefimctionofmetaphorisprovidingnewperspectivesforustoperceivethingsIntheprocessnewmeaningandnewthoughtareusuallybroughtabout.AmericanscholarBoydmadeanattempttostatethatmetaphorwas

indispensableformakinganexpositionofnewscientifictheoriesandbelievedthattherewasakindofmetaphorthatcouldcontributetotheconstructionofnew

theoryAsthedevelopmentandpropagationofnewideasoftencannotbefinished

byjustusingliterallanguage,researchersusuallyhaverecoursetometaphorto

expressnewideasAsforthestatementslike‘纠tomicstructHrefSaminiaturesolarsystem”,Boydthoughtthemetaphorcontainedinitmerelyplayedthepartof

explaining.ThoughHughG.Petrie&R.SOsblag(】981)haddifferentstatementsforthispointthe}'allagreedthatthemainfunctionofmetaphorwastohelppeople

togetaccesstonewconceptsfromthecomparativelyfamiliarmetaphorssoastograsptheirmeaningMetaphoristhebridgelinkingtheknownworldwiththeunknowiloneforpeople.RichardE.Mayerillustratedthecognitivefunctionofmetaphorfromtheperspectiveofreasoning.Inathesisdiscussing“suggestivemetaphor”.hestatedthatmetaphoricalmodelwasconducivetothedeductionoftheconceptsinnewfieldandoneshouldhavethecapacityofreasoningoutthenatureofthingsinordertosolvescientificproblems.Suggestivemetaphorcartserveasthestatementsofthefoundationoftheinference(seeOrtonyed.1993).Asinthestudyofmetaphorinpsychologicaltexts.itisclearthattheselectionofthemetaphoricalthemeisoftenrelatedtothenewtechnologyofthattime.Forexamplethecentralmetaphorofthecontemporarypsychologyiscomputers,inputs,outputs,informationretrievingsystems,etc(Gibbs,1994:176).Beforethat,psychologistsusedtousethemetaphorssuchasorganisms,nerves.spacesandsystemstodescribebrains.Therearealsoagreatamountofmetaphorsineconomicslikefnvisiblehand,free,unch.sa,./etynetgoldenparachuteandglassceiling.etc、whichexertcertaininfluenceonourunderstandingofsomeeconomic

ShanghaiUniversib'Masler’SThesis

phenomenaandtheformulationofrelevanteconomicpoliciesForthisreason.Wheelwrightf1962:】70)pointedoutthatnewcontextcanbetakenasakindnt、

perspectivethroughwhichpeoplecarlperceivetherealworldinauniqueway

ttowever,thereisonepointtobenotedthatwhilemetaphoroffersusanew+perspectivetorecognizeonething.itmayalsoconcealothercharactersofthesame

thing.InthecaseoftheSO-called“conduitmetaphors”proposedbyReddy(1978).sincepeoplelookuponlanguageasanobjectthatcanconveymeaning,itiseasy'forthemtOhaveamisunderstandingofthenatureoflanguageandthecomplexityoflanguagemeaning.Reddyfoundthattherewereover100wordsexpressingsuch‘’conduitmetaphors”asIdeas(ormeanings)areoWecls,LinguisticexpressionarecontainersandCommunicationissending,whichcouldbeseeninthefollowingsentences

aItid够culttoputmyideasintowords

b砂topackmorethoughtinto乃14’er、,vords

cItjhardtogettheiropinionacrosstohim.

Thepossibleresultofregardingwordsastheconminersofmeaningisneglectingthefactthatmeaningisdependentoncontexts.Yetsomesentencesaredifficulttounderstandwithoutcertaincontexts.Forinstance,inthesentenceWeneedalternativesourcesofenergy,itsimplicationforthepresidentofPetroleumCompanyistotallydifferentfromthatforthechairpersonofenvironmentprotectionorganization.

1.3Workingmechanismofmetaphor

mostprominentoneSthesttheWOrkingInthestudyofmetaphoriudv

mechanismofmetaphorthatiSthecoreofmetaphortheory.Levinf1977:861hadproposedthatinthetraditionaltheoriesofmetaphor“comparisontheory”couldbeusedtodepictthemechanismofthetransferringofmetaphoricalmeaning;‘‘theoryo/substitution”couldbeappliedtosupplementthef、ofinertheory;and“interactiontheory”madeitpossibleforUStounderstandthecognitiveandsemanticstructureofmetaphorNevertheless,iustascriticizedbysomescholars.thetraditionalmetaphortheoriescannotpredictbutexplainwhathashappenedand“interactiontheory”canonlyprovideframetounderstandtheformingprocessofmetaphorwithoutpropersemanticexplanation.

Infact“interactiontheory”wasfirstputforwardbytherhetoricianRichards.HisintentionofthestudyofmetaphorwastounderstandthephenomenonofmetaphorthroughcomprehendingtheworkingmechanismofmetaphorSOastohelppeopletomasterthe“greatskill'’(Poetics:1459a5)praisedbyAristotleHecriticizedAristotle’Sopinionthatmetaphorwasthepatentofgeniusandpointedoutthattheabilitytofindoutthesimilaritybetweenthingswassharedby'everybody,Inhismind,metaphorwasapervasiveprincipleoflanguageandawayofthinkingofmen.Butwhenhecriticizedtraditionalmetaphortheoryhemerely'paidattention10afeWmetaphoricalmethodsandhencetookmetaphorasakindol

fromaJanguagephenomenonandasonofreplacement.Heunderstoodmetaphor

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generalperspectiveandregardedtheprocessastheoneinwhichweperceiveandunderstandonethingintermsofanotherAs1"lesaid.themeaningofmetaphorwastheresultoftheinteractionol’theoriginalmeaningandtheintentionofthespeaker/writerThisistheembryonicformofthefaWIOHS“interactiontheory”ofmetaphor.Thej]rststepofRichards’analysisoftheworkingmechanismofmetaphoristoanalyzethestructureofmetaphor,tocreateasetoftechnicalterms

andtocheckthechaoticuseofmetaphoranditsrelatedconceptsintraditionalrhetoric.Thetwodifierentinteractingmeaningsinmetaphorareindicatedrespectivelyas“tenor”and“vehicle’’and“metaphor’‘referstothespeciallanguage

phenomenonoftheinteractionot’tenorandvehicle.Thesimilaritybetweentenorandvehicleisnamedas‘'ground'’.Neverthelessitisoftennoteasyforustofind

thegroundofmetaphor.Thoughsomepeopletendtocallthepersontheylike“sweetheart”.thereisnoactualsimilaritybetweenthetwoobjectsinanyobjectivesense.Richardsproposedthatthedifierentiationofmetaphoricalmeaningfromliteralmeaningwasnotabsolutebutrelative.thatawordcouldbebothliteralandmetaphoricalandcouldbeusedindifierentmetaphorswhileitcouldembodymanymeaningsthroughonemeaning.Inhisopinion,metaphoricalmeaningconlesfromtheinteractionoftenorandvehicleandthemeaningofvehicledecidesthatof

metaphor.Actuallyallthepeopleliveinamappingworldinwhichtheyonly

andthemetaphorsinlanguageandtheexchangingacceptwhattheyareaccorded

ofthemetaphoricalmeaningoflanguagearesuperimposedontheworld,whichisanunconsciouslyperceivedresultofmetaphor(Richards.1965:108).Richards‘metaphortheoryrevealsthatthenatureofmetaphorinianguageisthederivativeofthoughtsandbehaviors,laysemphasisonthecreatingwayandthecreatingprocessofmetaphoricalmeaningsoastolinkthemetaphoricalmeaningwithcontextsclosely.andtakesmetaphorasakindofpredicatephenomenonsothatitallowsustocomprehendthefeaturesofmetaphorinthelevelofsentence.

Howeveroneofthecriticalproblemsthathistheoryofmetaphorfailstoexplainistheresultofdifierentiating1iteralmeaningfrommetaphoricalmeaning.Asweknow,thedifferentiationoftenorfromvehicletotallyneglectsthisdistinction.InaccordancewithRichards’definitiontheonlystandardofmetaphoristhatawordcontainstwoconceptswithtenorandvehicleinteractinginit.Yetasforthewordwhosetenorandvehiclecarmotbedistinguishedfromeachother.jtmaybetemporarilyregardedasonlyhavingliteralmeaning.Thereforetherestillexiststhedistinctionbetweenliteralmeaningandmetaphoricalmeaningandyetthedistinctionisnotintheattributesofwordsbutintheinteractionoftenorandvehicle.Thusonecannotfindtheconnectionbetween1iteralmeaningandoriginalmeaning.Thesecondproblemisthatwhethertherelationbetweentenorandvehicleiscomparison.Inhistheory.theinfluenceofthedistinctionbetweentenorandvehicleontenorseemstobelargerthanthatofthesimilarity.ConsequentlyRichardsthoughtthattheeffectofmetaphorwasnotreflectedinthesimilaritybetweentenorandvehiclebutintheinteractionbetweentheirattributes.Thusthe

lastsimilaritydoesnothaveanyeffectontheexplanationofmetaphor.The

theworldproblemisconnectedwiththeontologyofmetaphor.Richardssaidthat

welivedinwasamappedworldteemedwiththewordscomingfromourdaily1ireandournatureandthattheexchangingofthewordmeaningswestudiedinthefieldofmetaphorwasimposedonapreviousunconsciousoutcomeofmetaphor.ButRichards’analysisdoesnotsolvetheproblemoftherelationbetweenmetaphorandreality.Actuallyitjustremindsusthattheconversioninthe

Dsvchoa11alvsisnotmerelyreferstotheinteractionbetweenlanguagesbutalsoindicatesthewaywe100kuponthingsandevents.

Though“interactiontheory”wasfirstputforwardbyRichards.itwasBlackwhodevelopedittobeatheoryfocusingonexplainingtheoriginofthemetaphoricalmeaningBlack‘sgoalforthestudyofmetaphorwastodescribethelogicgrammarofmetaphorandrevealedtherelationbetweenmetaphorand

human’scognitivecapacity.Hegeneralizedthecontentofhis‘‘interactiontheory’‘asibllows.Everymetaphoricalstatementhastwodistinctivewords:primarysub/ectandsecondarysu67ecl(Richards,1979)shouldbelookeduponasbelongingtoonesystem.Theeffectofmetaphorisproducedthroughtheproiectingofthe

implicativecomplex(thesystemofrelationshipsbetweendifferentobjects)thatcanbepredictedthroughsubsidiarysu皂,ect(sameassecondarysu巧ect)andis

composedbyassociatedimplication(implicativerelationship)upontheprimarysubject.Thecreatorofmetaphorselects.emphasizes,andorganizestheattributesofbasicsubjectsthroughusingthestatementsthataresimilartotheimplicativecomplexofsubsidiarysubiects.Incertaincontextofmetaphoricalstatements,theprimarysubjectinitiatesthelistener/reader’sselectionofapartoftheattributesofsubsidiarysubjectsoastoimpelhimtoconstructaseriesofimplicativecomplexthatisparalleledandcorrespondenttotheprimary‘

tandgivesrisetosimilal

changeofthesubsidiarysubject.IngeneralBlackhadmadegreatcontributionstothedevelopmentof“interactiontheory”.

First.ashethoughttheterms“tenor’’and“vehicle’’usedbyRichardswouldgiverisetochaosfortheyhadconnectionwiththeso—calledconceptsandideas,hecomposedaseriesofcomparativelyprecisetermsforthedescriptionofthestructureofmetaphoricalstatementHepointedoutthatthoughthemetaphoricalmeaningwasexpressedthroulghthewholestatement,onewasusedtofocusinghisattentiononsomewordthatwasconducivetothecreatingofmetaphor.Thereforehenamedthewordsactinginthefigurativewayinsomemetaphoricalstatementas“focus’’andtheotherwordsinthemetaphoras‘:[rame”Theadvantageofusingthetermsisthat;tavertstheimplicationofideasandthoughtssothatwecanhaveacarefulexplorationoftheinteractionbetweenthemeaningofthewholestatementandthatofthefocus

Second.Black’s“interactiontheory”clearlymarkstheboundary,betweentheclassic“theoryofsubstitution‘’and“comparisontheory"’.Hiscriticsof“fheoryofsubstitution”concentrateontheaspectthatifmetaphorisadirectexpressionusedtoreplaceavacancy,itcanbeexplainedthroughparaphrasingwithoutanyihrtherinformation.Ifjtdoesnotprovideanynewinformationfromtheaspectsotherthanitscognitivefunctiontogiveanaccountofitselt;itcanonlybetakellasanexpressionoramodifier,notametaphor.Blacktook“comparisontheor),‘asa

specialforlnof‘‘theoryofsubstitution‘’andadirectcomparisonwith’‘the073'ofsubstitution一.

Third.Blackgaveadetaileddescriptionofthemechanismof“interaction”.Theconceptsheproposedlike。。implicitcomplex”and‘'projection‘’revealedthewayandresultsoftheinteractionbetweenfocusandffame

Last.heclearlypointedoutthecognitivefunctionandcreativefunctionofmetaphorMetaphorcancreatesimilaritiessothatitprovidesanewperspectivetoperceivethings.Thusmetaphorcanbetakenasacognitivephenomenonasweltasalanguagephenomenon.Black’smetaphortheoryalsohasitsdefects.Therearesomeproblemsinthedescriptionofthestructureandtheattributesofmetaphor.Hedoesnotofferusastandardtorecognizewhatametaphoris.Actuallyhedoesnotbelievethatthereareplenaryandnecessaryconditionsfortheconstructionofmetaphor.Thereforemostoftheexamplesaboutmetaphorhediscussedareconventionalmetaphorordeadmetaphor.

11Translationasacognitiveprocess

2.1Differentthinkingontranslation

ThenatureoftranslationisamostcontroversialproblemamongscholarsThecognitionofthenatureoftranslationisreflectedinavarietyofthedefinitionsoftranslation.Thefollowingsaresomerepresentativedefinitions.Catford‘sn9651definitionfortranslationisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)

byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TLl,Herethereseemstobetwoexistingstatesoftranslation;oneissourcelanguageandtheotheristarget

1anguageItdoesnotexposethenatureoftranslationforitdoesnotmentionthesubjectandtheprocessoftranslation.EugeneNidaproposedthattranslationmeanttousethemostpertinentandnaturalequivalenttargetlanguagetoreproducetheinformationcontainedinsourcelanguagefl964).Thisdefinitiononlyspecifiesthe“equivalents”intheforinerdeftnition.Intheunderstandingofthenatureofmetaphor,WelsewentafurtherstepHesaidthattranslationwastheprocessofconvertingthesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguagethatwasmostlikelyequivalenttothefoiTner.Inthisdefinition,thereisnorigidrulebut“mostlike咖equivalent”and‘'process’’exposesthedifierencebetweenthetranslationactivityanditsresult.TheEnglishlinguistH.G.Widdowsonsaidthatdistinguishingtheresultfromtheprocesswasveryimportant.R.TBellspecifiedthreemeaningsoftranslationinhisworkTrartslationandTranslating.0BeiStranslatingwhichindicatesthetranslationprocess;thesecondisatranslationreferringtotheresultsofthetranslationprocess;thethirdistranslation,anabstractconceptincludingb()thprocessesandresults.TheseareiustasmallpartofthedefinitionssetbyforeignscholarsandinChinatherearealsomanydefinitionsoftranslationInthebeginningpartofABookofEnglish.ChinesetranslationeditedbyZhangPeiji,translationisdefinedasthelanguageactivityofusingonelanguagetoreproducetilecontentexpressedinanotherlanguageaccuratelyandcompletcly(ZhangPeiji,

—Shan—ghajUniversityMaster’sThesis

1983)Heretranslationisaspecificlanguageactivit3,thatjsdi雎rentfromother

languageactivitiesasliterary,creation.whichrevealstheessenceoftranslationtocertaindegree.Howeverjustlikesomedefinitionsgivenbyforeignscholars.itcontainssomemodifiers1ike“accurate,v”and“completely”.whichcannotshowtheessenceoftranslationactivityobjectivelyandcomprehensivelyIsraeljprofessorGideonTouryhadsaidthatthebasicideaonemustbereadytoacceptisthatbadtranslationsarefirstandforemosttranslationsbutnotsomethingcompletelydifferent(Toury、1998).Infact、theinaccurateandnon.overalltranslationisstilltranslation.nototheractivities.Justasthatpointedoutbythescholars1ikeCaiYiandWangKefei.thedefinitionshouldbedifierentiatedfromthestandardoftranslation.CaiYidefinedtranslationasconveyingtheinformationcontainedinonelanguagethroughanotherlanguage(1995).WangKefei’sdefinitionoftranslationisthattranslationistheculturalactivityinwhichtranslatorsuseonelanguagetoexpressthemeaningimpliedinanotherlanguagef1997b).Theword“translator”inWang‘sdefinitionshowsitsadvantageforwithout“translators”inthetranslationactivitythatincludesbothsubjectandobiectthesubjectoftranslationmaynotbeexpressedexplicitly.InhisTheNewTheoryandPracticeofTranslationFangMengzhigivesthedefinitionoftranslationastheprocessofconveyinginformationbetweenthesignalsvstemswithdifierentrulesincompliancewiththeneedofsocialcognition.Thepriorityofthedefinitionisthatitlooksupontranslationasaprocessandmentionsthetranslator’sroleinitthroughthephrase“inlinewiththeneedofsocialcognition‘‘sothatituncoversthenatureoftranslationtoalargerextent.

I、heabovedefinitionsa11mentiononepointthattranslationisaprocess.Actuallythetranslationprocessincludesacomprehensionprocessoftheoriginaltextsandallexpressionprocess.Sincethecomprehensionofthemeaningoftheoriginaltextshasconnectionwiththequalityoftranslation.jtisnecessaryfortranslatorstospendalotoftimethinkingoverthemeaningofwordsandsentencesandtherelationsbetweenthemTheyshouldnotonlypayattentiontotheliteralmeaningbutalsograspthemeaningimpliedinthesentencesAstheprofoundconnotationofthelanguagehasabearingontheauthors’/speakers’attitudestoandunderstandingofthesociety,itisahardandinevitableprocesstogetfamiliarwitha11thesefactorsconcerningwiththeauthors/speakersbeforetranslating.Intheunderstandingprocess,translatorsmaycomeuponvariousknowledgethatseemstobeunfamiliartothemsothatoneoftheirtasksistoleamthenewknowledgeAtier1aavingathoroughunderstandingoforiginaltexts.translatorscanembarkontheexpressingofthemeaningoforiginaltextsbytargetlanguageThisisalsoacomplexandhardprocess.

OnJuly25….1999.Nidamadeanacademicspeechonthetranslation

theoriesinNanjingNormalUniversityWhenhewasaskedwhetheritwaspossible

answerNowithoutanytoreachthegoalof“dynamicequivalence”.hegavethe

hesitationl-lepointedoutthatthiswasagoalmostpeopletriedtheirbesttogetaccesstobutwouldneverattain,whichimpliedthattherewasstillalongwayfortranslatorstogotoreachperfecttranslation.Dynamicequivalencebelongsto

ShanghaiUniversity,Master’sThesis

equivalentvaluetheoryoftranslation,Theequivalentvalueincludestheequivalenceofvarioustypesofwriting,theequivalenceofvarioussocialculturesandtheequivalenceofvariouslanguages.Hereitisclearthatitisdimculttoreachthegoalofequivalenceina11theseaspects.Henceaproblemarisesabouthowtoinakeachoicebetweenmaximumlevelo{translationandminimumleveloff,‘anslationNidamentionedinhisspeechinNanjingNormalUniversity.Thechoosingprocessisadynmnicprocesstobalancevariedequivalences.inwhichthefinalresultoftranslationcomesout.Fromtheaboveanalysis.wecanseethatthe

processofusingonelanguagetoexpressthemeaningshownbyanotherlanguagecontainstheunderstandingoftheoriginaltexts.thesocialbackgroundsof

authors/speakers.theauthors’/speakers’attitudestoandunderstandingofthe

societytheyliveinThisisjustonepartofthetranslationprocess.Aslanguageandculturecannotexistwithouleachother,1jUStgivingconsiderationtothe

conversionoflanguagesisnotenoughintranslation.Itisnecessaryfortranslators

tohavethefactorofcultureintheirmind.Theprocessingofculturalconnotationismoredi币cultthantheprocessingofwordsforitisnotasimpleprocessof

introducingthecultureofsourcelanguageintothatoftargetlanguagebutaprocessj11whichtranslationsshouldbemodifiedinlinewiththecultureoftarget1anguage

soastobeofhighreadabilitytothetargetlanguagereaders.Thisprocessincludes

capturingthefundamentalelementsinthecultureofsourcelanguage,weighingtheimportanceofthecultureinSOUrCelanguage.anddecidingwhichpartsoftheculturalconnotationsneedmodifyingandtheextenttowhichtheyshouldbemodified.Fromtheabovediscussion.wemayfindthatthetranslationofculturalconnotationatleastincludestwoprocedures;oneiscapturingculturalfactorsand

weighingitsimportanceinsourcelanguage;anotheristhinkingoverthegoaloftranslationandestimatingthecomprehensioncapabilityofthepotentialreadersto

understandtheforeignculturessoastodecidethepossibilityandnecessityofthemodificationofthesourcelanguagecultureandtheextenttobemodified,Inthetranslationprocess.translators’mentalactivitieswillgreatlyafrecttheresultsoftranslation.Asatranslator.hemusttakeboththewriters/speakersandthereaders/listenersintoconsideration.HistranslationshouldbeloyaltothemeaningimpliedinthetextsbywritersaswellasbeIegibletoavarietyofreaders.andcanbeapprovedbyreadersandcriticsinaccordancewiththetranslationstandards.Intheconversionoflanguages.atranslatordealswithtwodifierent1anguages,twodiffjrentwaysofthinkingandexpressionsproducedindifierentcultures.Insomecases.albeitknowingthatheshouldtranslatethesourcelanguageintotargetlanguagewiththeexpressionoftargetlanguage,thetranslatormaytrybutnotbeabletoescapetheinfluenceofthewayofthinkingofthelanguageheusesfrequentlyinhisdailylife.forthelanguageispervasiveinhismind.withoutwhichhecannotthinkproperly.ThisiswhywhenatranslatorwithEnglishasthe

languageheuseseverydaytranslatesEnglishintoChinesethetranslationisoftenofanEnglishcharacterandviceversa.1tjsthesamecaseinthetranslationofculturalconnotation,Despitethattranslatorshaveagoodknowledgeofthecultures

l'ugeneNida,],anguageCulture,andTranslation,foreignLanguages,1998,(2J:29。33

ShanghaiUniversityMaster‘SThesis

ot’thetwolanguages.thatthe3,cancapturea11theculturaltracesofsourcelanguageintranslationandthatthevhaveacorrectevaluationofthecomprehensioncapacityoftargetlanguagereaders,histranslationcarlnotsurvivetheinji】uenceoftheculturebe】iresjn1、hereforetranslatorsshouldbeabletOcoordinatethesefactorsintranslationSOastobeabletogiveagoodperformancetothereaderswithalltherestrictions.

2.2Theessenceoftranslationfromcognitiveperspective

Whenwegetintouchwithsomeneworunknownthings.wetendtousethosefamiliarconceptsandexpressionstodescribethemandtrytofindouttheinnerlinkbetweenthem.TheinllerlinkiSthecatalystthatbringsaboutthephenomenonofmetaphor.JustasthenatureofmetaphoriStounderstandandexperienceonething

another.thethinkingprocessofmetaDhorizationiSoreventwiththeexperienceof

theprocessinwhichpeopleunderstandordealwiththoseunfamiliar.imperceptibleandindefinableconceptswithreferencetothefamiliar,tangibleandconcreteconceptsSOastodevelopacognitivemodeloftheinterrelationbetweenvariousconcepts.ThecoreofthemetaphoricalthinkingiStogetathoroughunderstandingoftheunfamiliarthingsthroughthecomparisonbetweenthefamiliarthingsandtheunfamiliarones.AssuggestedbyLakoffandJohnson.metaphoristhebasisforhumanbeing‘Sthinking,experience,speech,behavior,andthewaywelivebv.Intheprocessoftranslation.themetaphoricalthinkingoftranslatorsistopickouttheappropriateandflexibleexpressionsfromthetargetlanguagewiththewayofmetaphoricalthinking,tocommunicatetheinformationcarriedbythesourcelanguagecreatively,andthentoimprovetheaestheticismandreadabilityofthetranslation.

IIImetaphorasacognitivemechanisminanalyzingthecognitiveprocessoftranslation

3.1Thecognitiveprocessoftranslation

3.1.1conventionaIrelationintranslation

Asaconversionbetweentwolanguages.translationjncludesthemetaphoricalmappingandconflictionbetweenthetwolanguagesandtwowaysofthinking.ThewaYofthinkingexplicatedbythemetaphortheoryiSavailabletoanalyzedifierentmetaphoricalcognitionofobjectsbetweendifierentnations.Translatorsmustfirstbefamiliarwiththesourcelanguagethatisproducedinametaphoricalway.Intheprocess.thetranslatorhastofindouttheconventionalmeaningandmetaphoricalmeaningofthelanguage.Theformeroneistheliteralmeaningofwordsandthe1atleriSobtainedthroughtranslators’understandingofthecontext,thecultureandtheintentionThekeypointinthisprocessiSthatwhetherthetargetdomainsctbythetranslatorinthecognitiveprocessjSinaccordancewiththatofthesource

ShanghaiUniversityMaster‘sThesis

languageAcommonerroremerginginthisprocessisthatthetranslatorappliestheconceptsystemofhisnativelanguagetothesourcelanguageandtherefore

getsafalsecomprehensionofit.Asthetargetdomainthatcanbeakindol’passion.knowledge.oraestheticfeelinggenerMlybearsmanyculturaltraitsinthemetaphorizationofsourcelanguage,theunderstandingofitismoredifficultandhencethetranslatorshouldbeequippedwithrelevantlanguagecompetenceandtheknowledgeofculturalbackground

Althoughthetranslatormaygraspthemetaphoricalmeaningbythinkingintheoriginallanguage,heisstillverylikelytostarttheprocessoftranslatingfrominterpretingthesurfacestructure.Atthisstage.hedoestranslationwordforwordwithreferencetothejndicationofconventionalrelationsthatcallbeobtainedbyconsultingthedictionary.Infact.themetaphoricalrelationalsoexistsinconventionalrelationsandtheonlydifferenceisthatitdevelopstobeaconventionalcognitiverelationafterhavingbeenusedforalongperiod.Conventionalrelationisakindofknowledgeembodiedthroughbuildingrelationships0ne’sunderstandingandgraspingofconventionalrelationsisanaccumulatingprocess.Thereisasystematicincreasingprocessfromgraspingthesolitaryconventionalrelationtorestoringitasastereotype(prototype),whichbecomesone’sowncognitivetool1ater.Accord【ingtothemetaphortheory.anyconventionalrelationstructureisproducedinaprocessandthe1anguagesystemisastructurebuiltbythehuman’smetaphoricalthinking.Whenitisformed.the1_elationbetweentheindicatedobjectanditselfistheconventionalrelationreference,whichisrepresentedthroughlanguageandunderstoodbylanguageusersandwhichisthestereotypeforthenationtorealizetheworld

Withanumberofsourcesfromtheculturewithwhichalanguageexists.everylanguageformsaconventionalrelation.Thisisaveryimportantmodelbywhichconventionalrelationissetupinlanguagesanddevelopedtobeanactiveconventionalpattern.CondensingtheculturalcontentintoaconceptualcategoryistheessenceoftheconventionalpaRem.Theconventionalrelationmaybedynamic.increasingordecreasingwiththedevelopmentoflanguageandculture,andanetworkmaYbeformedbetweendifferentrelations,Thepeoplewhousethesame1anguagehavedifferentunderstandingofwhichisconventionalandwhichisnon.conventional(metaphorical)duetotheirdifferentages.professionsandeducational1evels.ThisismoreobviousforthepeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesNevertheless.sincethebasicwayoflivingisthesameforal】humanbeingsanddifferentlanguagesarecommoninnatureingenerallinguistics,itispossibletocarryouttheconversionbetweendifferentlanguagesConventionalrelationcanalsoexistbetweendifierentlanguagessuchastectmologicalterms.propernouns,etc.

Whensourcelanguageandtargetlanguagearerespectivelyconventionaldescriptionoftheobjectandthisdescriptionalsoexistsbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage.itiseasiertotranslateAccordingtothemetaphortheory.thisisalypeofconversionbetweenthesimplemetaphorized

theequivalentlanguageexpressioninlanguagesystemsOneonlyhastofindout

theequivalentmetaphoricalconceptualcategory.whichisobviouswhenthetwo1roveconventionalrelationHowever.asconventionalrelationsareconstructedonthebasisofmetaphoricalrelations.arelationmayberegardedasconventionalbyonenationwhileseenasanon—conventionalrelationorevenasanovelmetaphorbyanothernation.1fatranslatordoesnotknowthemetaphoricalcognitiveprocessofsourcelanguage.itjsnecessaryforhimtohaveparticularcomprehensionofthesestereotypedlanguagetextsinsourcelanguage,(especiallyofthedifferentlanguageconceptualcategories).

3.1.2Analysisoftranslationwithprototypetheory

3.1.2.1Applicationof“familyresemblance”

Theconversionbetweenmetaphoricalconceptualcategoriesindifferentlanguagesisbasedonconceptualcategorytheory.Theprototypetheory,coreofconceptualcategorytheory.explainstheessenceofsemanticcategory,whichhas

connectionwiththerelationbetweenlanguagesignals.human’sthinkingandWhenthereferredobjectsofawordoralanguagesignalresidecognitiveobjects

inthesamecategory.theycanbeseenasbelongingtoonesemanticcategory'Rosch’sprototypetheoryshowsthatthecognitivecategoriesarebuiltinaccordancewiththeprominentprototypeinconcepts.Moreover.theboundaryofcognitivecategoryisobscureandthetypicalnessofthemembersinthecognitivecategoriesdecreasesbitbyleveluponlevel.Forexample.inEnglishrobinisthe

andostricharenon—typicalprototypeofthecategorybirdwhereaspenguin

membersofthecategory.Asforthecolorcategory.blackandwhitearethetypicalmembersandothercolorsaresuperordinateorsubordinatetotheminEnglishHowever,owingtodifferentgeographicalconditionsanddifferentthingsEnglishandChinesepeopleexperience,Chinesepeopleusuallytakeswallou’andsparrowastheprototypesofthecategorybirdandredandwhiteasthetypicalmembersofthecategorycolor.WhentranslatingthesentenceTherobinseemstowearared

familiarwithrobinsmaywanttousetheswealer.aChinesetranslatorwhoisnot

genericlevelword乌torefertoitandthenaddsomenotes.

AsshownintheresultsofMervisandRosch’stests,membersofthesame

semanticcategorydonotshareanumberofattributesinthelightofthetraditional

fieldtheorybuthavetheattributesof/ami~resemblancesuggestedbyWittgenstain,whichexplainsthatonlypartofthemembersinthecategoryshareSOFtieattributesAccordingtotheprototypetheory,thewayforaseriesofwordsandphrasestoconstituteacategorymaybeasfollows.Ahascharacter1,2,3;Bhascharacter3,4,5:Chascharacter5,6,7;Dhascharacter7,8,9.ThecategoryconcerningwiththemshouldbedeterminedbytheirrelationshipAandBareIinkedbecauseofthecharacter3:BandCarelinkedbecauseofthecharacter5;CandDare1inkedbecauseofthecharacter7.Asthereare1inksbetweenAandB,BandC.CandD,theyarelinkedtogethertoconstitutethecategoryENevertheless,ifwelookatitfromanotherangle,wemayfindthatthoughtherearesimilarities

theamongA.B,C.D,theyhavenosuchattributesthatcanbesharedbyall

membersandconstituteacategoryjustbecauseofthe加mib'resemblanceAsin

!!!!塑型坐堂鲤∑型竺型!!!型!

thecategoryvehicleinEnglish.itincludesthesubordinateslikeautomobiler()ckectrain,airplane,ship,etc,amongwhichrocketmaybeseenasaperipheralmember.1heytormacategorynotbecause

the},shareacommoncharacterbutbecause

someotthemhave

SOFtie

attributesin

connnon

such

as

automobileandtrainboth

run

on

thelandandtransferpeopleorthingsfromonedestinationtoanother

Throughanalyzingtheattributes.RoschandMervisfoundthattheprototypeofa

cognitivecategorysharewithmostofthemembersin

tbesamecategorythe

maximumcommonattributeswhilesharingasmallamountofcommonattributeswiththemembersintheadjacentcategory.Membersattheperipheryofthecategoryhavememinimumcommonattributesincommonwiththeothermembers

at

the

same

timehaving

fewattributesincommonwiththemembersofthe

adjacent

categoryAlltheseresultintheobscufityoftheboundaryofcategories

CorrespondingtothecategoryvehicleinEnglish,inChinesethereisthecategory车辆thathasthemembersas火车,汽车,摩托车,手推车,etcTheword手推车

maybelookedas

peripheralmemberofthecategory车辆foritsharessuch

few

attributes

as

havingtyresandrunning

on

theroadwiththemembersofthe

categorywhilehavingsomeattributes

as

driving吵humanforoeandusedtosend

articlessimilar

to

thatofthe

category手动工具.Buthandcart.itsmappingword

inEnglish,isnotattheperipheryofthecategoryvehicleforitsharesmanyattributeswithothermembers.InacontextlikefoIlowing.

他借了辆手推车来运行李,边推边想,“这工具还挺有用的”。

thetranslatorcannotuseThetoolisusefultointerpret这工具还挺有用的inthatasthetranslationof手推车,handcal4,doesnot

belongtothecategoryoftool

thoughinChinese手推车maybeincludedinthecategory手动工具ifextending

theboundaryofthecategory.

3.1.2.2theprocessofcategorizationintranslation

In

go

far

as

concernedwithcategory.itsfonnationcannotbeoverlooked.

Categorizationisa

processinwhichpeopletrarlsforilltheconfusedworldinto

worldwithsystematicinformationbylanguagesystem.Asconfirmedbythe

psycholinguistSchmid’s(1993)testinterview,thecategorization

processincludestwo

stages.First,peopleperceiveanobjectasawholeandfonna

gestNtprototype

ofthe

object.Afterthefirststagethatiscalledgestaltperception

or

holistic

perception.they出awdifferentattributesfromthewholeobjectThecategorization

alsoexistsintheprocessoftranslating.Beforea

translatorcornesupwiththeright

meamngot

asentenceora

passage

insource

language,hefirstgetsthegeneral

literalmeaningofeverywordandthenfinds

out

thecategoryofthewordswith

referencetotheattributesofthewordsandthecontextinwhichthewordsaDpear.

Asimilarcategorizationalso

Occurs

intheunderstandingofthetargetlanguage.As

explicatedbymetaphortheory,.

.metaphoristheinference

across

varied

ognit.ivecategoriesmappingthestructureofthesourcedomaintothetargetdomainIt

meansthattheexplanationof

one

category

iscarried

out

bytheillustrationof

anothercategory.’Fhereforepeople

can

onlymetaphorize

one

wordwithanother

afterhavingmappedtheattributesof

one

categorytoanotherone.whichisthe

sameintranslation.Forexample,whenwesay

Mark

is

fox,we

are

mappingthe

!!!!g墅坐!!塑堕竺塑堕!!堕堕

charactercunningoffoxtothatofthepersonMarklntranslation.duetotheChinesepeople’ssimilarfocusingonthecharacterof狡猾(equivalenttocunning)of狐狸,itcanbeinterpretedas马克是只狐狸.Nevertheless、sincethepeoplefromdifierentnations.culturesorevengeographicallocationsmayclassifvthesamewordintodifierentcategories,thetranslatorcannotmatchthetwowordsfrONdifferentlanguagesin1inewiththeirsuperficialmeaningandhastotakeintoconsiderationthecategoriestheybelongto.JustasinthesentenceMoneyisalens'

familiartoEnglishpeople.itisjnacamera.sincecameraand1ensareequipments

easyforthemtofindoutthe1inkbetweenthetwocategories.Theirknowledgeat、

cameracanrecordandreflectobjectsphotographingtellsthemthe1ensofa

obiectively.Thustheymayinfert}lat{ustasalenscarlreflectanobjectobiectively.moneycanreflectaperson’snaturethroughhowpeopledealwithit.Butsincecameraand1ensarenotcommonandhandyforChinesepeopleitjsdi硒cultforthemtomaptheattributesofthecategory照相器材tothatofthecategory金钱.Whentranslatingit,theyhavetorefertotheknowledgeofcamera,findoutwhatitismetaphorizedas,andthengetthemetaphoricalmeaning金钱反映真实.Sincethereisnonecessaryornaturalmatching(renderedbythetraditionalclassicalcategorytheory)betweenanytwocategoriesofmetaphoricalconcepts,metaphorhaslongbeentreatedasanabnormallanguagephenomenon.contraryto

andobjectivereality.ForexampleinthesentenceHeisdsurgeon.heandlogic

surgeonbothhavethecharacter[+human】uponwhichobjectivelogicconnectionisbuiltbetweenthem.ButinthesentenceManfsathin航n窟reed,thereisnotypicalcharacterusedasthebasisfortheconnectionbetweenthem。Accordingtotheprototypetheory,theattributesofcategoryareacquiredthroughbodilyexperience.whichincludetypicaloneandnon.typicaloneaswellasfoCUS.10cated

Manisathin衍ngreedisbasedontheoneandperiphery—locatedone.Thesentence

non—typicalattributesofreedsuchasweakwhilecoveringitstypicalcharacter.CategorizationisanimportantwayformentoclassifythingsandforillconceptsSOastounderstandtheworldandchangeit.Thebasicruleforitistotakedifferentthingsasthesameone.However.therearesomedifierencesbetweenthecategorizationanditsimplicationsofwordsusedbydifierentnations.Generallyspeaking,thedesignationcategoriesofthethingssharingthebasicfeaturesindifferentnationsareessentiallysimilarjust1iker口加一雨,pⅢ一倾盆大雨YetthisdoesnotmeanthatthereisiustimmobiletranslatablerelationbetweenthereferencecategoriesofthethingssharingthebasicfeaturesForinstance.the1inesofDuMu’spoem清明时节雨纷纷,路上行人欲断魂istranslatedas/tdrizzlesanddrizzlesonthisPureBrightnessDay,lyeelheavyatheart,awayfareronmyjourneyIfhere雨纷纷weretranslatedasrain向Ilsandfalls.itwouldbewordfOrwordtranslation.Nevertheless、itistranslatedasitdrizztesanddrizzles.inwhichthecategoriesofthewordsarechangedbutitexpressesthefeelinginthisdrizzlingsituationmoreaccurately.Whileseendynamically.thecharacterof雨

of纷纷issalientIfawordcategoryisjustcomposedofagainstthebackground

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willbeeasyfortranslatorstodotheworkjustbymatchingthewordsofdifferent

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翻译中的隐喻性认知概要

上海科技翻译 ShanghaiJournalofTranslatorsforScienceandT echnology2001No.3 翻译中的隐喻性认知 谢之君(上海大学外国语学院,上海200436) [摘要]翻译不仅是语言形式的转换,更是译者积极的思维认知活动。研究翻译思维有助于更深刻地理 解和认识翻译过程、翻译理论、翻译方法等。,为翻译思维研究提供一个新的视角。 [关键词]翻译思维;隐喻;认知 [中图分类号]HA]100026141(2001)0320001206 1难点之一就是人类的基本思维方式的确定以及和思维与语言的关系问题。本文试图运用西方隐喻性认知的理论,进行翻译思维过程的初步探讨。 2认知隐喻的基本观点及运作机制2.1基本观点 翻译从表面上看就是在两种不同的语言体系之间进行形式转换,而在形式转换的背后,却存在着极其复杂的认知活动。这项活动是通过认知主体即译者自身来完成的。 翻译以语言为载体,而语言符号又是思维的载体。符号转换是外在的、表面的;思维转换是内在的,深层的。 翻译过程简单来说可归纳为原语的理解和目的语的表达。原语符号是固定的、不可变更的言语组合,所以,理解是认知主体通过原语的言语符号逆向还原其表征对 象(包括所指、情感等意义);目的语则先是以其体系性存在于译者的大脑中,在原语表征对象的制约下作适当调节选择后化为具体言语符号,结果是不稳定的、可变的,所以,直接表达的不再是原语符号,而是认知主体在理解思维过程中所获得的所指 意义和相关信息。 这是一个翻译过程,也是一个认知的过程。在任何一个环节上,翻译主体的认知能 力和思维取向都起着举足轻重的作用。揭示翻译规律,确立翻译标准,评判翻译优劣,我们很有必要将研究的目光转向翻译主体认知思维规律上来。 然而,揭示翻译思维规律并非易事。其中 七十年代以来,隐喻一直是西方语言学家、哲学家和心理学家的热门话题,至今方 兴未艾。虽然在语言层面隐喻与非隐喻的划分上以及研究的目的、途径上,学者见仁见智,有所不同,但在隐喻的认知功能上基本取得

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学号:127142008112606015 成绩:__________________ 西安翻译学院 高职高专毕业论文 题目:浅论英汉隐喻的比较与翻译 作者:朱悦 指导教师 _____刘莹____ 专业班级 08级商务英语6班 院系 ___外国语学院___ 完成日期 __2010年11月__

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_月亮_隐喻翻译研究_边立红

第10卷第3期湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版) V ol.10 No.3 2009年6月Journal of Hunan Agricultural University (Social Sciences) Jun.2009 “月亮”隐喻翻译研究 边立红,傅煊翔 (长沙理工大学外国语学院,湖南长沙410076) 摘要:隐喻作为一种修辞手段具有厚重的民族文化底蕴,作为一种思维方式反映了人类思维的普遍规律。通过对比汉英两种语言中有关“月亮”隐喻的思想基础和文化内涵,分析“月亮”隐喻在文学作品中的种种翻译形式,指出作为共同文化符号的隐喻翻译一方面应坚持文化特殊性原则,着力保持隐喻符号包含的民族文化特色,另一方面坚持文化普遍性原则,探讨隐喻可译性的文化基础。 关键词:月亮;隐喻思维;汉语;英语;文化内涵;民族文化 中图分类号:H159 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2013(2009)03-0096-05 On the Translation of “Moon” Metaphors BIAN Li-hong,FU Xuan-Xiang (School of Foreign Languages,Changsha University of Science & Technology,Changsha 410076,China) Abstract: Metaphor,as a rhetorical device,is endowed with abundantly cultural connotations of a nation,but as a way of thinking it gives a reflection of the universal features of the human society. After an analysis of the semantic associations of moon metaphors and their cultural connotations both in Chinese and English,and a comparative study of the translation strategies of “Moon” metaphors in literary works,it can be concluded that for metaphor translation as a universal cultural code the translator should hold a national position and aim to give a plentiful expression of the cultural information of the original version,and he should also hold a universal cultural position to explore the basis for translatability between different cultures. Key words: moon;metaphoric thinking;Chinese;English;cultural connotations;national culture 月亮是人类最熟悉的自然现象,也是人类有史以来一直期望理解的自然事物。千百年来,人们激发自己的想象力,探索月亮的神秘空间,从人类社会早期有关月亮的神话传说和月亮文化现实所关涉的心理感应中吸取灵感,通过多种修辞方式,例如,比喻、拟人、类比、转喻等,积累了丰富的有关“月”的隐喻表达形式,赋予了“月”极其深厚的文化内涵。月亮是中外文学中出现频率很高的题材之一,也是反映民族独特的审美理念、文化概念差异和哲学思维最突出的现象之一。笔者拟通过对比中西文化中有关“月”的隐喻及其文化内涵,分析“月亮”隐喻在文学作品中的翻译形式。指出作为共同文化符号的隐喻翻译,要求译者一方面针对隐喻的文化内蕴展开分析,根据其目的采用恰当的翻译方法,以最大限度保留其民族文化独特性,同时译者还须坚持文化普遍性原则,探讨异质文化间互译的基础,这种“和而不同”的翻译原则有利于保持文化间的平等交流与共融发展[1]。 一、隐喻与文化 隐喻作为一种修辞手段,最常见的表达形式是明喻和暗喻。亚里斯多德认为明喻是暗喻的扩充形式,两者的构成都是基于两类不同事物之间的相似性,或是形状上、色彩上的相近,或是情景上的相似,或是思维过程之间的重叠。近年来隐喻研究者逐渐超越其语言层面,将其视为一种文化现象,心理现象,哲学现象,甚至政治现象。美国认知语言学大师莱可夫认为,隐喻是人们认知客观世界的重要手段,是人们赖以生存的基础,其形成是人们的心理过程和社会文化客观现实相互作用的结果。基于事物之间的联系方式和它们投射到人们头脑中的思维过程的相关与相似,认知语言学将类比、转喻、通感、拟人等修辞形式都置于它的隐喻研究之中。季广茂将隐喻置于文化诗学 收稿日期:2008-12-27 基金项目:湖南省教育厅资助项目(07C128) 作者简介:边立红(1966-),女,河南孟县人,副教授,研究方向:翻译理论与实践。

英汉翻译论文

英汉翻译论文 浅析隐喻的英汉翻译 【摘要】说明在翻译实践这一特殊形式的跨文化交际中如何有效地解读隐喻。 【关键词】隐喻理解;翻译 一、引言 隐喻翻译是一项以语言为载体的跨文化交际活动,也是将一种语言所承载的信息传递 到另一种语言中去的主体性交往行为。它以“理解”为核心,语言为基础,融社会批判理论、普通语用学、社会进化理论为统一构架。 二、隐喻的解读 隐喻是一种语言使用现象,在“词典中找不到隐喻”。从现代隐喻学观点来看,隐喻 现象应在形式上搭配异常,在语义上类属不同,逻辑错位,从而产生了语义冲突,而当听 者对冲突产生回应时,便生成了隐喻的意义,即理解了某一隐喻式言语。对于隐喻的运作 机制,有人曾作过这样描述:“隐喻涉及两个不同领域范畴的概念,隐喻意义的产生是两 个概念之间相互作用的结果。这一相互作用通过映射的方式进行。在映射过程中,属于某 一领域的相关概念和结构被转移到另一领域,最终形成一种经过合成的新的概念结构,即 隐喻意义。而这一映射和整合过程的基础是两个领域在某些方面的相似性。”这无疑表明 对隐喻的理解需要双重划分。 隐喻的理解过程应由两部分组成:隐喻的辨认和隐喻意义的推断。事实上这就是一个 由一级理解进人二级理解的过程。举一个人们常提到的例子“The tongue is a fire”来说,从表述层理解一级理解,"tongue”被美国传统词典这样定义:"the fleshy,movable, muscular organ, attached in most vertebrates to the floor of the mouth, that is principal organ of taste,important organ of speech"。我们可以认 为舌头作为人体的一个重要器官,首先具有与绝大多数脊椎动物一样的味觉和辅助咀嚼及 吞食的功能,除此之外,还是具有言说能力的人的重要语言器官。以这个基本意义为中心,tongue一词背后形成了一个庞大的意义集合:它可以指形状像舌头的东西,例如tongue of flame火舌,guiding tongue铁路导向尖轨,switch tong开关铜片,而hold one’s tongue keep si lent, lose one’s tongue lose the capacity to speak, as from shock中指人的言说行为和言说能力。这一言语行为中的另一个关键词fire,在美国传统 词典里可以义;" a rapid, persistent chemical change that releases heat and light and is accompanied与flame”。同样,在它背后的意义集合中可以找到诸如,cooking fire炊火,forest fire森林火灾,wild fire野火等火的具体形态。也可以发 现其它意义,如The boy is full of fire这男孩非常热情兴奋,He was under fire for mismanagement因管理不善而受到责难。

认知隐喻及其翻译

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是一种语言现象,更是一种认知现象,是人类一种基本的思维、认知和概念化方式。(Ungerer & Schmid,1996;蓝纯,1999) 2.1 认知隐喻产生及其特点 隐喻是一种认知方式,从人类产生之日起,人们就不断地感受和认知我们赖以生存的世界,当人们对某些事物的关联经过长时间的感知后,就会在大脑中形成一种对这种关联的抽象的认知模式,这就是认知语言学上所说的意象图式。意象图式形成之后,人们才可能据此造出词项或义项来。如人对自己身体的认识应该是比较早的,认识了自己的身体以后再利用对自己身体的认识来认识其他的事物是很自然的,因此,人类在给树的各部分命名时就会有树冠、树身的概念,在给山的各部分命名时也就有了山顶、山头、山腰、山脚的说法。因此,认知隐喻在产生以前,语言中并没有表示这个概念的词语,在很大程度上,它的产生是为了填补词汇空缺。 隐喻有如下特点:(1)规约性:有些隐喻已经石化了,或者已经变成了死喻;(2)系统性:目标域和源域紧密相连,隐喻可扩张,隐喻都有自己的内部逻辑;(3)非对称性:为了在两个概念之间建立起相似点,隐喻不可能在两个概念之间建立对称性的比较;(4)抽象性:典型的隐喻总是使用具体的源域来描述一个抽象的目标域。(Saeed,1997) 2.2 认知隐喻与修辞隐喻

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