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常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(15-20章)【圣才出品】

常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(15-20章)【圣才出品】
常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(15-20章)【圣才出品】

第15章南方文艺复兴?威廉姆?福克纳

15.1复习笔记

I.The Southern Renaissance(南方文艺复兴)

1.Historical background(历史背景)

The American south has been a unique region all along.There was the historically significant conflict between the Hamiltonian north and the Jeffersonian south.For a long time after the Civil War,the agricultural south remained subordinate to industrial north,and there existed a glaring gap in culture and way of thinking between the two parts of the country.Measures were taken to develop the south;economic improvements slowly came about.Although the south remained conservative,but there appeared a visible sign of change in literature,and there are efforts to reassess the past and the present and do self-searching.

美国南方一直是一个独特的地区。哈米尔顿式南方与杰斐逊式北方之间存在具有重大历史意义的冲突。美国内战后相当长的时间内,农业式的南方仍然从属于工业化的北方。美国这两个地区之间在文化和思维方式上存在显著的差距。国家采取措施以促进南方发展,其经济方面缓慢地取得了进展。尽管南方仍旧保守,在文学方面却出现了变革的迹象,人们努力重新评估过去和现在,并且进行自我探索。

2.Major writers of the South Renaissance(南方文艺复兴主要作家)

Ellen Glasgow,with her series of novels set in Virginia,focused more on the future rather than keeping casting a backward glance.She wrote in her novels,such as Virginia and Barren Ground,the builders of the future of Virginia.She made her unique contribution to the emergence of William Faulkner.

Faulkner is the most important figure in the constellation of the Southern Renaissance writers.His19novels and numerous short stories,all relating to the south,form a profound scrutiny of the problems with which the south has been beleaguered.Faulkner struggled to add to the American renaissance of the1920s and helped usher in a whole new group of southern authors of the1930s such as Katherine Anne Porter,Eudora Welty,and Carson McCullers.

The postwar period has seen a number of younger writers keeping up the southern tradition: Flannery O’Connor,William Styron

埃伦·格拉斯高的一系列小说以弗吉尼亚为背景,她更多地关注将来而不是不停地回顾

往事。她在其小说如,《弗吉尼亚》和《不毛之地》中描写了弗吉尼亚未来的建设者。她为威廉姆·福克纳的出现做出了独有的贡献。

福克纳是南方文艺复兴中最重要的作家。他的19部长篇小说和众多短篇小说都与南方息息相关。这些作品详细考察了南方所面临的困境。福克纳竭力为20年代南方文艺复兴做出了贡献,并且引领了30年代一群新的南方作家。如凯瑟琳·安·波特,尤多拉·韦尔蒂和卡森·麦卡勒斯。

二战后出现了许多保持南方文学传统的作家,如弗兰纳里·奥康纳,威廉姆·史泰伦,沃克·珀西等。这些作家保持了南方主题的连续性,使得南方主题活跃在人们的视线中。II.William Faulkner(1897-1962)(威廉姆·福克纳)

1.Life(生平)

Faulkner was born into a Southern family with a fairly long tradition.The town of Oxford where he was brought up became the model for his fictional Jefferson.His own family history found its way into his novels.He joined the Royal Flying Corps in Canada and still under training when the war was over.He returned to the United States,attended the University of Mississippi for a year,and supported himself with a variety of odd jobs.His first two novels were not very promising.But Sartoris(1929)revealed Faulkner’s fuller development as a writer.His next book, The Sound and the Fury,was definitely the mature work of a major work.In the following years, his major works appeared one after another.In1946,Malcoim Cowley edited The Viking Portable Faulkner with a generous introduction of his works.Faulkner became the center of critical attention.Faulkner won the Nobel Price for literature in1949.

福克纳出生于一个历史悠久的南方家庭。他在牛津镇长大,该镇后来成为其小说中虚构的杰斐逊镇的原型。他的家族史也被写进了他的小说中。一战早期他曾在加拿大参加英国陆军航空队,训练未完一战就已结束了。回国后他在密西西比大学就读一年,后做过多种杂工。他的前两部小说并未引起注意,而1929年出版的《沙特里斯》却表现出其创作已渐臻成熟。他的下一部《喧哗与骚动》是一部较为成熟的作品。而后,他的主要作品陆续出版。1946年文学批评家马尔科姆·考利编辑了他的作品选集《福克纳读本》,并详细介绍他的著作。福

克纳成为文学批评界的焦点。福克纳于1949年获得诺贝尔文学奖。

2.Subject matter(创作题材)

Faulkner wrote altogether19novels and three volumes of short stories.Here the Deep South is delineated in as minute as possible.Faulkner’s works have been termed the Yoknapatawpha saga in which he writes about the histories of a number of southern aristocratic families.In the very rise of these family fortunes,Faulkner sees their inevitable fall because they have displaced the Indians and enslaved the black race,thus putting a curse upon the land.When the same story of the tragic rise and fall recurs in one novel after another,it assumes symbolic proportion.It becomes clear that what Faulkner is talking about concerns not merely the American south but the human situation in general.The spiritual deterioration which characterizes modern life stems directly from the loss of love and want of emotional response.

福克纳共创作了19部长篇小说和3本短篇小说集。在这些作品里,福克纳极为细致地刻画了美国南方。福克纳的作品被称为“约克纳帕特发世家小说”。在这些作品里福克纳描写了许多南方贵族的家族史。在这些家族发迹时福克纳就预示到他们必然的衰落。因为他们剥夺了印第安人的土地,奴役了黑人,受到了诅咒。当悲壮的兴衰史在一部部小说中不断呈现时,它就具有了象征性的意义。很显然,福克纳想要表达的不仅仅涉及美国南方,也包括整个人类的生活状况。现代生活中精神的堕落直接源于缺乏爱和情感上的回应。

3.Characteristics of Faulkner’s writings(写作特点)

Faulkner was daring formal experimentalist.He evolved his literary strategies so as to be better able to communicate his idea.

(1)Characterization was,to Faulkner,the essential medium to reveal the multifaceted nature of man.He allowed the characters to enjoy a maximum degree of autonomy and independence.There are quite a few devices by means of which the autonomy of the characters is ensured.One of the most important is authorial transcendence by employing a fallible narrator or multiple narrators.

(2)Faulkner is a difficult writer.There are a lot of interior monologues;the modern stream of consciousness technique is frequently and skillfully used.Words are often run together,with no capitalization and no proper punctuation.Sentences are not always clearly indicated;many long ones are pushed together in peculiar ways.The pronouns often cause irritating perplexity.

(3)His prose ranges from colloquial,regional dialects to highly charged courtroom rhetoric, covering a variety of“registers”of the English language.

(4)Faulkner’s power of imagination are great.Rooting his works in the Deep South,he manages to create a literary milieu of his own through which he tries to transcend the limits of

succeeds eventually in elevating a simple,true story of human life on to the plane of an elaborate mythology.

福克纳在形式上大胆地进行创新实验,他不断发展文学策略以更好地表达他的观点。

(1)福克纳极重视人物的塑造,这是他表现人的多面性的关键所在。他给予角色最大程度的自主和独立。他运用了一些手法以保证人物的独立性。其中最重要的是“作者的超脱”,这通过不可靠的叙事者和多位叙事者的手法实现。

(2)要读懂福克纳是很吃力的事。他的作品里有很多的内心独白。现代意识流技巧频繁恰当地运用。单词常挤到一块,没有大写和标点符号。句子意义指代不明,长句子奇怪地堆积到一起。代词的使用加重了其文章的复杂性。

(3)他的作品里包含日常口语,地方方言,又有规范的文学语言,涵盖了英语语言的多个语域。

(4)福克纳的想象力异常丰富。他把作品植根于美国南部历史,创造出一种独特的文学氛围,最终超越具体的人或事的局限而触及普遍性的问题。他的小说逐步向神话的境界移动,把人生的简单却真实的故事提高到神话的高度。

4.Major works(主要作品)

The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》

Soldier’s Pay《士兵的报酬》

Mosquitoes《蚊群》

Sartoris《沙特里斯》

Sound and Fury《喧哗与骚动》

Sanctuary《圣殿》

Light in August《八月之光》

Absalom,Absalom!《押沙龙,押沙龙!》

Go Down,Moses《去吧,摩西》

“A Rose for Emily”《献给艾米丽的玫瑰花》

The Unvanquished《不败者》

Knight’s Gambit《马弃兵》

As I Lay Dying《我弥留之际》

The Wild Palms《野棕榈》

Requiem for a Nun《修女安魂曲》

The Hamlet《村子》

5.Analysis of major work(主要作品分析)

◆The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》

The title is from Shakespeare’s Macbeth“a tale/Told by an idiot,full of sound and fury,/ Signifying nothing.”There is enough despair and nihilism but not much love and emotion in this sad story of The Compsons.

It is a story of deterioration from the past to the present.The past is idealized to form a striking contrast with the loveless present.There is in the book an acute feeling of nostalgia toward the happy past.Quentin’s suicide offers an example of a complete negation of the present In a sense,Quentin’s value system may represent Faulkner’s own idea of an ideal way of life,that of an antebellum society.Benjy’s section dramatizes the theme of loss from the very beginning of the story.The triumph of rationalism over feeling and compassion is best illustrated in the sterile and loveless individual Jason.

标题选自莎士比亚的《麦克白》“人生如痴人说梦,充满着喧哗与躁动,却没有任何意义。”在康普生一家悲剧性的故事里没有爱与情感,弥漫着绝望情绪和虚无主义。

故事讲述了从过去到现在的堕落。过去被人为地理想化了,与现在的冷酷无情形成了强烈的对比。书中充满了强烈的怀旧之情。昆丁的自杀表现了对现在的完全否定。在某种意义上,昆丁的价值体系代表了福克纳本人关于理想生活方式——即战前的社会——的看法。

班吉的部分从故事一开始就渲染了“失去”这一主题。在自私自利的杰生的身上,我们看到理性战胜了情感与同情之心。

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美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.

History And Anthology of American Literature (6) 附:作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图,附:一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2.威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3.约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4.罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5.安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2.詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1

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