当前位置:文档之家› 有关食品安全的翻译教案资料

有关食品安全的翻译教案资料

有关食品安全的翻译教案资料
有关食品安全的翻译教案资料

1. 食品安全与食品在消费环节(由消费者摄入)食源性危害的存在有关。由于食品链的任何阶段均可能引入食品安全危害,必需对整个食品链进行充分的控制。因此,食品安全必须通过食品链中所有参与方的共同努力来保证。

为了确保食品链每个环节所有相关的食品危害均得到识别和充分控制,整个食品链进行的沟通必不可少。因此,组织与其在食品链中的上游和下游的组织之间均需要进行沟通。尤其对于已确定的危害和采取的控制措施,应与顾客和供方进行沟通,这将有助于明确顾客和供方的要求(如在可行性、需求和对终产品的影响方面)。

Food safety is related to the presence of food-borne hazards in food at the point of consumption (intake by the consumer). As the introduction of food safety hazards can occur at any stage of the food chain, adequate control throughout the food chain is essential. Thus, food safety is ensured through the combined efforts of all the parties participating in the food chain.

Communication along the food chain is essential to ensure that all relevant food safety hazards are identified and adequately controlled at each step within the food chain. This implies communication between organizations both upstream and downstream in the food chain. Communication with customers and suppliers about identified hazards and control measures will assist in clarifying customer and supplier requirements (e.g. with regard to the feasibility and need for these requirements and their impact on the end product).

2. 民以食为天。食品是人类赖以生存和发展的最基本的物质条件。

我国目前的食品安全监管较发达国家而言,起步较缓、问题较多,造成我国食品安全问题屡禁不绝的重要原因还是在于我国食品安全缺乏完整的保障体系。我们认为,在今后较长的一段时间里,我国应当把在整体上建立我国食品安全的保障体系作为食品安全工作重点和战略目标来实现。

一、基本建立和逐步完善我国食品安全法律体系

二、建立和完善统一协调、权责明晰的食品安全监管体系

三、建立较为完善的食品安全应急处理体系

四、完善统一全面的食品安全标准和检验检测体系

五、建立和完善我国食品安全风险评估评价体系

六、初步建立我国食品安全信用体系

七、提高安全意识

Hunger breeds discontent. Food is a human existence and development of the most basic material conditions.

At present, China's food safety control, the more developed countries, starting a more moderate, more problems, resulting in China's food safety problems Lvjinbujue an important reason for

China's food safety lies with the lack of a complete security system. We believe that the next longer period of time, our country as a whole should be the establishment of China's food safety system to protect food safety as a priority and to achieve strategic objectives.

First, the basic set up and gradually improve China's food safety law

Second, the establishment and improvement of coordination, clear responsibilities of food safety monitoring system

Third, the establishment of a more comprehensive food safety system to deal with emergency

Fourth, improve the comprehensive reunification of the food safety standards and inspection system

Fifth, the establishment and improvement of China's food safety risk assessment evaluation system

Sixth, the initial establishment of China's food safety credit system

3. Filler in Animal Feed Is Open Secret in China

在中国动物食品中加添加剂已是公开的秘密

By DA VID BARBOZA and ALEXEI BARRIONUEVO报道

ZHANGQIU, China, April 28 — As American food safety regulators head to China to investigate how a chemical made from coal found its way into pet food that killed dogs and cats in the United States, workers in this heavily polluted northern city openly admit that the substance is routinely added to animal feed as a fake protein.

4月28日,章丘,中国------美国食品安全检查官员前往中国,调查一种从煤炭中提取的化学物质是怎么样进入到宠物饲料中的。这种宠物食品已经导致美国的许多宠物猫狗死亡。

For years, producers of animal feed all over China have secretly supplemented their feed with the substance, called melamine, a cheap additive that looks like protein in tests, even though it does not provide any nutritional benefits, according to melamine scrap traders and agricultural workers here.

这个重度污染的北方城市的工人们公开承认这种物质是作为一种假冒蛋白质例行加入到动物食品中。几年来,全中国的动物食品生产者一直秘密地把这种叫三聚氰胺的物质添加到他们生产的食品中。这种物质是很便宜的添加剂,味道象蛋白质,按照三聚氰胺供货商和这儿的民工的说法,这种物质不含任何营养成份。

“Many companies buy melamine scrap to make animal feed, such as fish feed,” said Ji Denghui, general manager of the Fujian Sanming Dinghui Chemical Company, which sells melamine. “I don’t know if there’s a regulation on it. Probably not. No law or regula tion(规章)says ‘don’t do it,’so everyone’s doing it. The laws in China are like that, aren’t they? If there’s no

accident, there won’t be any regulation.”

“许多公司购买三聚氰胺用来制造动物食品,比如鱼饲料”,纪登辉,福建三明Dinghui化学公司经理(该公司销售三聚氰胺)说:“我不知道是否有关于三聚氰胺的法规,可能没有。没有法律或法规说‘不要这么做’,因此每个人都这么干。法律在中国就是这样,不是吗?如果没有意外,将不会有任何法规”。

Melamine is at the center of a recall of 60 million packages of pet food, after the chemical was found in wheat gluten(麦麸)linked this month to the deaths of at least 16 pets in the United States.

这种化学制品被发现在麦麸中,联系到这个月美国至少16只宠物的死亡,6千万包宠物食品被召回,三聚氰胺是主因。

No one knows exactly how melamine (which is not believed to be particularly toxic) became so fatal in pet food, but its presence in any form of American food is illegal.

没人正确地知道三聚氰胺(人们不认为它是特殊有毒的物质)在宠物食品中是怎样致命的,但是,它在美国任何一种形式的食品中存在都是非法的。

The link to China has set off concerns among critics of the Food and Drug Administration that ingredients in pet food as well as human food, which are increasingly coming from abroad, are not being adequately screened.

美国食品和药品治理局对关于中国的这起事件表示担忧,批评家认为人类食用的食品与宠物食品的配方是一样的,而且目前正以增长态势从国外进口至美国,但这些产品并没有得到严格的筛选和检验。

“They have fewer people inspecting product at the ports than ever before,” says Caroline Smith DeWaal, the director of food safety for the Center for Science in the Public Interest in Washington. “Until China gets programs in place to verify the safety of their products, they need to be inspected by U.S. inspectors. This open-door policy on food ingredients is an open invitation for an attack on the food supply, either intentional or unintentional.”

卡洛琳史密斯,食品安全中心主任,日前在华盛顿大众营养科学健康中心的会议上指出:“.港口的检验人员比以往的任何时候少了许多。”“当中国按照程序把他们的产品提交检验,需要由美国的检验人员验证食品的安全性。对食品添加剂的这一开放政策是对食品供应的一种公然攻击,不论是故意或非故意.

Now, with evidence mounting that the tainted wheat gluten came from China, American regulators have been granted permission to visit the region to conduct inspections of food treatment facilities.

现在,有证据显示,在抽检的小麦谷朊粉来自中国,美国监管机构已经获准前往该地区进行检查食品的处理设施。

The Food and Drug Administration has already banned imports of wheat gluten from China after it received more than 14,000 reports of pets believed to have been sickened by packaged food. And last week, the agency opened a criminal investigation in the case and searched the offices of at least one pet food supplier.

FDA已禁止进口来自中国的谷朊粉,FDA已接获超过14,000报告认为,宠物的病因是由这种包装食品引起的。上周,该机构开设了案件调查小组,并搜查他的办公室至少有一宠物食品供应。

The Department of Agriculture has also stepped in. On Thursday, the agency ordered more than 6,000 hogs to be quarantined or slaughtered after some of the pet food ingredients laced with melamine were accidentally sent to hog(猪)farms in eight states, including California.

农业部也加强力度调查此事,周二,含有三聚氰胺的宠物饲料被误送到包括美国加州在内的8个国家,.该机构对超过6000头猪被隔离或宰杀。

Scientists are now trying to determine whether melamine could be harmful to humans.

科学家们正试图证实三聚氰胺可能对人体健康有害.

The pet food case is also putting China’s agricultural exports under greater scrutiny(彻查)because the country has had a terrible food safety record.

宠物食品案件使得中国的农产品出口受到更严格的审议,因为该国曾有过可怕食品安全记录.

In recent years, for instance, China’s food safety scandals have involved everything from fake baby milk formulas and soy sauce made from human hair to instances where cuttlefish were soaked in calligraphy ink to improve their color and eels were fed contraceptive pills to make them grow long and slim.

近年来,中国食品安全的丑闻不断,例如婴儿奶粉掺假事件,人的头发制成酱油,鱿鱼浸泡在书法油墨,以改善其颜色,鳗鱼用避孕药喂养以刺激生长等等。

For its part, Chinese officials dispute any suggestion that melamine from the country could have killed pets. But regulators here on Friday banned the use of melamine in vegetable proteins made for export or for use in domestic food supplies.

中国政府官员就来自中国的三聚氰胺可以杀死宠物提出异议,但监管机构在周五禁止使用三聚氰胺的植物蛋白用于出口,或用于国内粮食供应。

Yet what is clear from visiting this region of northeast China is that for years melamine has been quietly mixed into Chinese animal feed and then sold to unsuspecting farmers as protein-rich pig, poultry(家禽)and fish feed.

但有一点很清晰,从中国东北的调查看来,三聚氰胺多年来一直在被混在动物饲料中,然后出售给毫无戒心的农民作为猪、家禽和鱼的一种富含蛋白质的饲料。

Many animal feed operators here advertise on the Internet, seeking to purchase melamine scrap. The Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company, one of the companies that American regulators named as having shipped melamine-tainted wheat gluten to the United States, had posted such a notice on the Internet last March.

许多宠物饲料公司在互联网上发布广告求购三聚氰胺废料,被美国监管机构称为具有生产含有三聚氰胺谷朊粉的徐州安营生物技术开发公司的公司就是其中之一。

Here at the Shandong Mingshui Great Chemical Group factory, huge boiler vats are turning coal into melamine, which is then used to create plastics and fertilizer.

山东明水大化集团的工厂,庞大的锅炉正把煤转化成三聚青胺,,用来制造塑胶和化肥。

But the leftover melamine scrap, golf ball-size chunks of white rock, is sometimes being sold to local agricultural entrepreneurs,who say they mix a powdered form of the scrap into animal feed to deceive those who raise animals into thinking they are buying feed that is high in protein.

但是这些三聚氰胺的边角料,一种像高尔夫球大小的大块白色石头,有时就卖给当地的农业企业家,据说他们就是把这些边角料磨成粉末,变成饲料给欺骗那些饲养户,声称他们所买的饲料是富含高蛋白的.

Just saves money if you add melamine scrap,” said the manager of an animal feed factory here.

一个宠物饲料厂的经理说,这只是为了节约成本。

Last Friday here in Zhangqiu, a fast-growing industrial city southeast of Beijing, two animal feed producers explained in great detail how they purchase low-grade wheat, corn, soybean or other proteins and then mix in small portions of nitrogen-rich melamine scrap, whose chemical properties help the feed register an inflated protein level.

上周五,在章丘,中国北京东南方向的一个快速增长的工业城市,两个动物饲料生产者详细地解释了他们如何购买劣质小麦,玉米大豆或其他蛋白质,然后拌少量的富含三聚氰胺废料的化学物质,帮助饲料膨胀。

Melamine is the new scam of choice, they say, because urea another nitrogen-rich chemical — is illegal for use in pig and poultry feed and can be easily detected in China as well as in the United States.

三聚氰胺是新的骗局,他们说,由于含有尿素氮的化学品是禁止在猪和家禽饲料中使用的,无论在中国或者是美国,都很轻易被检测出来。

企业物流外包外文翻译文献

企业物流外包外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 物流外包——确保一个组织竞争优势的一种手段 摘要 物流方式表明将交付供应链中的独立单位整合成一个统一的系统的目标,完成结果所需的时间和资源的损失降到最小的材料和信息流动的直接管理。 一个最新方法的实施为公司的物流管理提供更多的成效,这个方法就是外包。物流外包带来诸多好处,如:减少库存、减少订单的交货时间、提高运输质

量、扩大生产的灵活性、降低生产成本和加速资金周转等。这保证了较低的生产成本和更好的质量交付,这是一个决定性的竞争优势。物流外包的应用有利于资源的合理配置,这是公司拥有的独特的竞争优势。 因此,物流外包将作为一种手段应用于公司的物流运输中,以确保一个组织的竞争优势。 关键词:外包,物流,供应商 1.简介 竞争优势,与不断增长的全球化和创新,开始逐渐失去其创意和新的竞争优势,在前端的灵活性,订单到交货时间减少,可靠的高质量的交付,和选择的机会。在竞争领域,厂家的能力加入其生产过程和系统的规划与个人消费者的喜好,将是一个的决定性的因素。只有通过建立灵活的生产管理系统,与个别客户订单问题的解决方案才是可能的。企业为什么要搞物流外包?它的紧迫性在哪里?物流外包与传统意义上的外委、外协有何本质区别?我们的企业离物流外包还远吗?这不仅是理论界要回答的问题,更是企业界应认真思考的问题。谈到物流外包必定涉及供应链和第三方的发展,涉及到现代物流的发展方向,更涉及企业的核心竞争力。理论界对这一点的认识显得有些浮躁,而企业对此的认识比较滞后。目前大多数企业守候在自营物流那片天地,真正搞物流外包的不到20%,并且不规范、不系统。尽管现在物流炒得很热,但企业对物流外包重要性的认识依然很浅。调查表明,湖南有82%的企业对现代物流的认识模糊,大多把货物运输或货代等同于现代物流;有54%的企业至今未有发展物流的计划或设想,更没有把重构内部供应链和发展物流外包提上议事日程,看来还需要更多的示范、引导,更多的宣传、培训和更多的市场培育。 首先,它需要的新的或最新的概念,如CFM(以客户为中心的制造),SCM(供应链管理),基于相同的概念作为企业资源规划(ERP),客户关系管理技术,生产管理的实施(客户关系管理)等,也将要求供应处理,物流中介机构的互动为基础的生产和有效的分配同步。 其次,它在微观和宏观层面上是一个必要的优化运输系统。复杂的运输基础设施的发展是基于标准化的商品,货物,运输方式,装卸货物,交货速度,拓宽道路和铁路网络,完善的售后服务维修。 第三,信息交流起着越来越重要的作用。工业企业在信息领域的互动,使信息可以以正确的形式被查阅,在合适的时间,通过正确的当局和真实类型,防止

物流成本的管理和控制外文翻译

Why do Internet commerce firms incorporate logistics service providers in their distribution channels?: The role of transaction costs and network strength Abstract The Internet has redefined information-sharing boundaries in distribution channels and opened new avenues for managing logistics services. In the process, firms have started to incorporate new service providers in their commercial interactions with customers over the Internet. This paper studies conceptually and empirically why Internet commerce firms (ICFs) have established relationships with these providers. Focusing on logistics services in outbound distribution channels, we rely on transaction cost theory to reveal that low levels of asset specificity and uncertainty drive Internet commerce firms to establish these relationships. Moreover, we apply strategic network theory to show that Internet commerce firms seek these providers because they offer access to relationship networks that bundle many complementary logistics services. In addition, logistics service providers make these services available across new and existing relationships between the Internet commerce firms, their customers, and their vendors. 1. Introduction The growth of electronic commerce has driven Internet commerce firms (ICFs) –retailers and other organizations that market products over the Web – to increasingly share market demand data with other firms so as to enrich the order fulfillment services they offer to customers (Frohlich and Westbrook, 2002). Along these efforts, ICFs have started seeking logistics service providers to tap into resources and skills that could improve their fulfillment capabilities (Dutta and Segev, 1999). These logistics service providers are not simply variants of transportation companies, and as such, they are not to be confused with what are known nowadays as third party logistics (3PL) firms. They offer logistics services, of course, but they could also enable ICFs to leverage other distribution parties’ logistical resources and skills in order to fulfill their customer orders more

食品安全国内外文献综述

国内外文献综述 食品安全是一个与人类生存密切相关的问题,它涉及到资源配置与环境保护、需求的满足与社会福利的改善以及社会稳定等方面,也是农业持续发展的重要环节。不同时期由于食品安全所面临的主要问题不同,研究的侧重点也不相同。本章通过对食品安全相关文献的回顾与比较,以掌握对这一问题的研究脉络。 国外研究文献综述 食品安全问题的提出 食品安全是一个不断发展的概念。国外对食品安全问题的认识经历了一个由侧重食品数量安全(food Sedcurity)到侧重食品质量安全的转变过程。1974年,联合国粮农组织(FAO)等机构举行的世界粮食会议上,将食品安全定义为:所有人在任何情况下都能获得维持健康的生存所必需的足够食物。1983年,FAO前总干事爱德华·萨乌马将食品安全最终目标解释为确保 所有人在任何时候既能买得到又能买得起他们所需要的基本食品。这一概念主要强调了一国的食品供给数量能否满足人口的基本需要,并且更关注社会弱势人群(如穷人、妇女和儿童等)的食品可获得性,以避免和减少饥荒和营养不良现象的发生,因而与缓解和消除贫困问题之间存在着紧密联系。1984年,世界卫生组织(WHO)在题为《品安全在卫生和发展中的作用》的文件中,把“食品安全”与“食品卫生”作为同意语,定义为:“生产、加工、储存、分配和制作食品过程中确保食品安全可靠,有益于健康并且适合人消费的种种必要条件和措施”。1996年,WHO在《加强国家级食品安全性计划指南》中,对食品安全与食品卫生这两个概念进行了区别,其中食品安全被解释为“对食品按其原定用途进行制作和或食用时不会使消费者受害的一种担保”,食品卫生则指“为确保食品安全性和适合性在食物链的所有阶段必须采取的一切条件和措施”。 食品安全规制主体 食品安全规制的主体主要有规制机构、企业、用户(消费者)和非政府机构。针对消费者在食品安全规制中的作用,不同学者有不同观点: May Aung(2004)在研究中表明,所有国家必须考虑消费者利益,使消费者能够参加培训、决策以及国家食品安全系统的发展、调整和实施活动; AndrewFearne,JulieA.Caswell和Spence Henson(2007)的研究表明:根据各国食品安全形势、食品行业特征、消费者消费行为模式的不同,各国对食品行业的规制模式也有很大差异。Geoffrey podger(2005)的研究表明世界各国大致形成了两种食品安全规制机构设立模式,即以美国为代表的多部门共同负责的模式和以澳大利亚和新西兰为代表的由一个独

物流规划中英文对照外文翻译文献

物流规划中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

设施规划 引言 设施规划在过去的十年间已经被赋予了全新的意义。在过去,设施规划一般被认为是一门科学。而在当今竞争激烈的全球市场,设施规划成为了一种策略。政府、教育机构和企业已经不再单独相互竞争,现在这些实体或企业将彼此联合为合作企业、组织协会,并最终合成为供应链,将客户纳入到整个供应链过程以保持竞争力。 这些年来设施规划问题一直是一个热门话题。尽管它已拥有很悠久的历史,但在目前的出版物、会议以及研究中,设施规划仍是最受欢迎的科目之一。设施规划的处理已经从清单式或者菜单式的方法发展到了高度复杂的数学建模。在本文中,我们使用了一个实用的设施规划方法,其利用了实证以及同时包含传统和现代概念的分析方法。值得提及的是,在本文中拥有很广泛的设施规划应用示例。例如,这本书的内容可以适用于一个新医院,一个装配部门,一个已有的仓库,或者一个机场的行李部的规划。无论问题是发生在医院、生产工厂、配送中心、机场、零售商店、学校、银行、还是办公室或者这些设施的任何部分;无论是在一个发达国家的现代化设施还是在一个发展中国家的过时设施中,本文给出的材料在进行规划时都非常有用。重要的是要认识到现代设施规划中将设施当作是一个动态的实体,一个成功的设施规划方案的关键因素是其适应性以及适合全新应用的能力。 设施规划的定义 当今的设施规划必须能够帮助组织实现供应链的优越性。实现供应链的优越性是一个有六个步骤、或者说六个等级的过程。一如既往,这些步骤与优越性、可见性、协同性、综合性、敏捷性等联系在一起。 当一家公司最大化供应链的各个功能(采购-制造-运输-储存-销售),个体部门(如金融、市场营销、销售、采购、信息技术、研发、生产、分配和人力资源等部门)的目标就是要成为公司最好的部门。组织的有效性不是重点,每个组

第三方物流外文文献(原文与翻译)

我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步,第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因,并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流;精益物流战略;价值链联盟;虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来,我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强,在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此,对第三方物流的研究,对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨,并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大,具体表现在以下几个方面: 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发,其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的,尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业,本身的规模就很小,国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候,国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时,国外的物流组织能力非常强大,例如德国一家第三方物流公司,公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家,那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力,而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船,多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面:我国承诺所有的服务行业,在经过合理过渡期后,取消大部分外国股权限制,不限制外国服务供应商进入

包装设计外文翻译文献

包装设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)

包装对食品发展的影响 消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的,包括沟通的可取性,可接受性,健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合,传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者,例如新鲜包装/准备,冷藏,冷冻,超高温无菌,消毒(灭菌),烘干产品。 食物的最重要的质量属性之一,是它的味道,其影响人类的感官知觉,即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性,也可能受到影响,包括颜色,质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料,添加剂,加工和包装的方法,而且其预期的货架寿命(保质期)过程中遇到的运输和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中,食品生产商,零售商和供应商;和质量审核供应商有着显著的提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。 保质期的一个定义是:在规定的贮存温度条件下产品保持其质量和安全性的时间。在保质期内,产品的生产企业对该产品质量符合有关标准或明示担保的质量条件负责,销售者可以放心销售这些产品,消费者可以安全使用。 保质期不是识别食物等产品是否变质的唯一标准,可能由于存放方式,环境等变化物质的过早变质。所以食物等尽量在保质期未到期就及时食用。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。

包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息,在许多情况下,使用的包装和/或产品,包括事实信息如重量,体积,配料,制造商的细节,营养价值,烹饪和开放的指示,除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字,有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息,同时,许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性会是视觉发现的一个问题,这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性,这些措施包括易于接入和开放,处置和处理,产品的知名度,再密封性能,微波加热性,延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势,伴随着更加苛刻的年轻消费者,他们将要求和期望改进包装的功能,如方便包开启(百货配送研究所,IGD)。 对零售商而言存在有一个高的成本,供应和服务的货架体系。没有储备足够的产品品种或及时补充库存,特别是副食品,如鲜牛奶,可能导致客户不满和流失到竞争对手的商店,这正需要保证产品供应。现代化的配送和包装系统,允许消费者在购买食品时,他们希望在他们想任何时间地点都能享用。近几年消费者的选择已在急剧扩大。例如在英国,20世纪60年代和90年代之间在一般超市的产品线的数量从2000年左右上升到超过18000人(INCPEN)。 自20世纪70年代以来,食品卫生和安全问题已成为日益重要的关注和选择食物的驱动力。媒体所关注的一系列问题,如使用化学添

第三方物流问题战略外文翻译文献

第三方物流问题战略外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步,第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因,并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。【关键词】第三方物流;精益物流战略;价值链联盟;虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来,我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等

环节控制能力不强,在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此,对第三方物流的研究,对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨,并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2 我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大,具体表现在以下几个方面: 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发,其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的,尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业,本身的规模就很小,国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候,国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时,国外的物流组织能力非常强大,例如德国一家第三方物流公司,公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家,那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力,而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船,多少辆车。 3、我国加入 WTO 后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面:我国承诺所有的服务行业,在经过合理过渡期后,取消大部分外国股权限制,不限制外国服务供应商进入目前的市场,不限制所有服务行业的现有市场准入和活动。同时在辅助分销的服务方面也作出了类似的承诺。这些方面的限制将在以后 3—4 年内逐步取消,在此期间,国外的服务供应商可以建立百分之百的全资拥有的分支机构或经营机构,国内物流服务业将直面国际竞争。 (二)资源浪费严重,第三方物流效率不高。 从微观上看,由于受计划经济体制的影响,长期以来许多企业,尤其是国有企业走的是“大而全”、“小而全”的路子,它们拥有自己的仓库、车队、甚至远洋船队,造成物流过程的大量浪费,具体表现为仓库的闲置,物流业经营分散,组织化程度低,横向联合薄弱。而能够提供一体化、现代化、专业化、准时化、高效服务的第三方物流企业则很少。从宏观上看第三方物流未能跟上经

连锁超市物流中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 摘要:自从―一万村‖市场项目开展以来,连锁超市就开始在农村地区发展起来。物流和分配是连锁超市运作过程中的纽带,在超市的平稳运作中起到重要作用。本土超市涌现出的很多问题,现在逐渐成为超市发展的瓶颈。在这篇论文中,作者将会分析现今存在于中国农村超市的物流和分配方面的问题,然后提供一些相应策略解决这个问题。 关键词:农村地区,货品分配,策略规划,物流,连锁超市。 1 介绍 自从―一万村‖市场项目开展以来,连锁超市作为一个新的运作系统及销售模式,开始在广阔的农村地区发展。这些连锁超市带领农民提高消费水平、缩小城乡差异、提升农村地区和农村市场现代流通的发展。连锁超市在农民中很受欢迎。然而,物流和分配是连锁超市的核心,却仍非常薄弱。分配的优势是超市运作成本、利润及相关合伙人附加利润的关键。在当前经济危机的形势下,解决农村超市物流及分配方面的问题,对农村市场的发展、经济的发展以及建设一个社会主义新农村都非常关键。 1.1农村连锁超市物流及分配的一些概念和特点

分配是一个经济活动,是企业家基于消费者需求,用最有效的方式在分配中心或其它地点储存货物,并且把这些货物运送到在合理经济框架内的其他客户。它包含购买、储存、分类、货物处理、递送及其它活动。它是一个物流活动的方式,结合了特别的、完整的业务流程。在农村地区,农民和农产品独特,所以,与城市物流分配相比,有着一些不同的特点。 1.2农村地区的主要物流和分配问题 A.低均匀分布率和高运作成本 根据商务部调查,自从―一万村‖市场项目开展以来,农村连锁超市的覆盖率已经达到超过60%,但是分配率却只有40%。这个数字不仅低于国内连锁超市60%的平均运送率,也大大低于国外连锁超市高于80%的运送率。均匀分配有利于统一采购。商店不能得益于连锁。这就会导致高物流成本。 B.不合理的物流和分配模式,导致信息读取效率不高 最近,农村连锁超市的物流和分配渠道主要由分配中心、农产品和供应市场合作社、第三方物流和分配系统组成。事实上,这三种分配方式也同样面临着高物流成本的问题。许多连锁超市没有建立自己的分配中心,因而不能满足分配服务的需求。即使一些连锁超市建立了自己的分配中心,也仍然存在很大问题。大多数农村超市规模较小,缺少建立分配中心的资金,因此,一些分配中心不能满足超市分配的需求。农村连锁商店分布较广,单个的连锁超市分配还是比较有限。收入比分配中心的建立和运作成本还要低。 C.分配中心的延后建立、低下技术水平、低分配水平 农村连锁超市的分配中心改造和扩大都是基于原来的仓库,这并不能满足连锁超市的服务需求。这些分配中心只能用来当仓库、储存及运输,缺少了深层的货品加工容量、信息加工以及反馈功能。这些基础设施不够,也缺少了机械化的检测、加工、冰冻、冷藏、包装及其它设备。电脑信息管理系统也远远不够,导致了不能及时进行与供应商、总部以及分部的数据交换。很难有效地管理物流信息,所以所有功能的协作及整合程度仍然非常低。 D.不充分的信息共享系统 农村连锁超市的信息系统构建是相对落后的。电子订货系统、电子数据互换系统以及增值网络系统都还没有使用。决策和信息管理系统也远远不够。很难在

食品安全翻译

食品安全学摘要翻译 Author: Malik, Ashok Kumar; Blasco, Cristina; Pico, Yolanda Source:Journal of chromatography. A. 2010 June 18. 1217(25) p. 4018-4040. Subject Headings:food contamination. chemical residues. liquid chromatography. mass spectrometry. food safety. food analysis. drug residues. antibiotic residues. toxins. pesticide residues. literature reviews. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in food safety The use of powerful mass spectrometric detectors in combination with liquid chromatography has played a vital role to solve many problems related to food safety. but not restricted to the analysis of food contaminants within the food safety area, this review is focused on providing an insight into this field. The basic legislation in different parts of the world is discussed with a focus on the situation within the European Union (EU) and why it favors the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).Main attention in this review is on the achievements that have been possible because of the latest advances and novelties in mass spectrometry and how these progresses have influenced the best control of food allowing an increase in the food safety and quality standards. Emphasis is given to the potential and pitfalls of the different LC-MS approaches as well as in its possibilities to address current hot issues in food safety, such as the development of large-scale multi-residue methods and the identification of non-target and unknown https://www.doczj.com/doc/8f17782840.html,st but not least, future perspectives and potential directions are also outlined highlighting prospects and achievements. 译文: 液相色谱- 质谱联用技术在食品安全中的应用 高效液相色谱结合质量光谱探测器联合使用,在解决食品安全有关的问题中起到了至关重要的作用。本文重点研究的是液相色谱-质谱联用技术在食品安全领域内对食品污染物进行高效、精确分析提供的技术保障,实际上因为这项技术具有极其广泛的适应性,所以不仅限于此。包括欧洲联盟(欧盟)在内的世界不同地区的基本法律都在关注着利用液相色谱-质谱联用技术的实际应用(LC-MS)。本文主要关注的是在质谱分析方面最新的进展和取得的成就,因为这些进展均是关于在不断变化的食品安全与质量标准的前提下如何控制影响食物的因素。需要强调的是不同的LC-MS方法以及它解决当前热点问题时暴露出的潜在能力与陷阱,例如大型的多残留分析方法的开发和非目标物或未知化合物的鉴别。最后前景展望和潜力的方向部分还概述了突出的前景和成就。

物流管理第三方物流毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译文献 我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步,第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因,并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流;精益物流战略;价值链联盟;虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来,我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强,在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此,对第三方物流的研究,对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨,并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大,具体表现在以下几个方面: 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发,其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的,尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业,本身的规模就很小,国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候,国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时,国外的物流组织能力非常强大,例如德国一家第三方物流公司,公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家,那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力

物流成本控制中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文翻译 原文 Logistics costs and controlling Abstract Logistic costs are defined differently in companies. In many cases, the reported logistic costs of companies even within the same business differ more than justified by their operations. Some companies do not count interest and depreciation on inventories as logistic costs. Others include the distribution costs of their suppliers or the purchasing costs. In some cases, even the purchase value of the procured goods is included in the logistic costs (Baumgarten et al. 1993; Gudehus and Kotzab 2004; Weber 2002). Logistic costs are defined differently in companies. In many cases, the reported logistic costs of companies even within the same business differ more than justified by their operations. Some companies do not count interest and depreciation on inventories as logistic costs. Others include the distribution costs of their suppliers or the purchasing costs. In some cases, even the purchase value of the procured goods is included in the logistic costs (Baumgarten et al. 1993; Gudehus and Kotzab 2004; Weber 2002).

食品安全与营养外文翻译文献

文献信息 文献标题:Viewpoint: Future of food safety and nutrition - Seeking win-wins, coping with trade-offs(观点:食品安全与营养的未来——追求双赢,权衡利弊) 文献作者:Mylona K, Maragkoudakis P, Miko L, et al. 文献出处:《Food Policy》,2018,74:143-146. 字数统计:英文2741单词,15243字符;中文5057汉字 外文文献 Viewpoint: Future of food safety and nutrition - Seeking win-wins, coping with trade-offs Abstract The possible implications of global trends such as climate change and resource scarcity on food security are high on the political agendas. While the food sufficiency aspect of food security takes centre-stage, the future of food safety and nutritional quality of diets often seems to be taken for granted. This paper builds on the results of a foresight study on EU food safety and nutrition towards 2050 to discuss potential future points of tension for food policy. Increasing food production while using fewer resources and reducing food waste while ensuring food safety are just two examples. Innovation at different levels in the food system will be needed to address future challenges. Fast technology uptake and the launch of new food-related products can put pressure on the ability to deliver timely risk assessments, the scope of which might also need to cover other legitimate factors. Future food policies need to be more sensitive to impacts on food safety and nutrition and health aspects. A holistic food systems approach must be taken to identify and discuss in advance possible tensions and trade-offs and to address them upfront in a systematic and transparent manner. Keywords:Food safety; Nutrition; Foresight; Challenges; Preparedness;

第三方物流成本中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译 The application of third party logistics to implement the Just-In-Time system with minimum cost under a global environment Abstract The integration of the Just-In-Time (JIT) system with supply chain management has been attracting more and more attention recently. Within the processes of the JIT system, the upstream manufacturer is required to deliver products using smaller delivery lot sizes, at a higher delivery frequency. For the upstream manufacturer who adopts sea transportation to deliver products, a collaborative third party logistics (3PL) can act as an interface between the upstream manufacturer and the downstream partner so that the products can be delivered globally at a lower cost to meet the JIT needs of the downstream partner. In this study, a quantitative JIT cost model

关于食品安全的英语精品作文带翻译.doc

关于食品安全的英语作文带翻译 食品安全的英语作文【篇一】: Food, is indispensable to human things. Someone said the food and human, human beings cannot leave food. If there is no food, human will not survive. As people living standard unceasing enhancement, our food is more and more rich, all kinds of food, no matter what, what flavor, but also beautiful and delicious. But some merchants to obtain greater profits, by hook or by crook, with some poor quality raw materials, produce many unqualified products, put many additives, synthetic pigment, some even have carcinogenic substances, such as Sudan red and white block and so on, bring great harm to people's physical health. In some of the roadside stalls, there are a lot of food is not very sanitary. Though, so I can smell the smell of food, let a person feel very want to eat, but, in the food, there are a lot of junk ingredients. Dad once told me that these food stalls, some is cooking oil in the oil, some is bad food, have a plenty of 3 without the product, and bacteria, and even with infectious germs, endanger human body health. In order to improve the food quality, ensure food safety, the rising national food standards, and implement the market access system, requirements, origin, date, indicate on the food packaging standards, composition and so on. So, the food is good or bad, with the national standard, can identify completely.

物流配送外文翻译文献

物流配送外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文: Logistics distribution 1. INTRODUCTION Logistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to the right place at the right time for the least cost. Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditional

manufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions. Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking was the emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition. Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of both a cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage. The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by. China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growth over the past three years. Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the rest of the world. As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the global consumer brands have established operations there. In particular in the automobile industry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, Toyota, General Motors, V olkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers. Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011, China is expected to surpass Japan to become the world’s second largest auto market. In order to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed. Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment. China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure. This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies. Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most global OEMs, is an emergent consideration in China. Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise in the joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management experiences and methods from the OEMs. All these factors increase the difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers. 2. The overall development of foreign distribution Overview 2.1 The United States of modern logistics development

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档