浙江工业大学教科学院
毕业设计外文资料翻译
设计题目：日产5000吨新型干法水泥生产
线生料车间工艺设计
学生姓名：
学号：200621600111
专业：建筑材料与工程
外文出处：《中国水泥》2003年第9期指导教师：李振明
2009年2月25 日
Thoughts on the Current Cement Industry Development According to the analysis of cement capacity and its relations with macro economy running index, the main reasons for the present rapid development of cement capacity the rapid development of economy and the shot up of whole society fixed asset investment．According to the present speed of economy development, cement still enjoys a potential increased, So here has not been all overall excessive popularity of cement industry．The best way to prevent low level repeated construction is top remote the development of new dry—process cement as well as try to get rid of blindness．
During the ninth “five—year plan” period，Chinese cement output increased from 475．61 million ton of the year 1995 to 597 million of the year 2000，with a average yearly increase of 25 million ton and a yearly increase rate 4.5％.During the tenth“ five—year plan” period, the government keeps adopting the policy of promoting domestic demand，the national economy keeps a constant rapid healthy development and cement output increases rapidly． In 2001，the whole country’s cement output reached 661．04 million ton with an increase rate of 10．7％ compared to that of the year 2000．In 2002，it reached to 0．725 billion ton with a net increase volume of 64 million ton and an increase rate of 9．2％ compared to that of the year 2001．From January to July of this year，cement production keeps a strong increase trend and increased 15．6％ compared with the same time last year．Is cement industry at a normal increase speed? Is cement industry development over popular? These have become the focus for all aspects．
1. Market demand is the sole criterion of the reasonable increase speed of cement capacity
The nature of cement decides its usual duration of three months． As a result， cement consumption and its output have a good accordance with little import．In recent years，the production—sales rate of cement keeps around 94％一97％．
As an investment production， cement has a main consumption market in industry， construction industry，housing，roads building，basic establishment construction and some building materials such as cement products．The criterion to decide whether cement industry development is over popular is to see whether the development of its capacity meets its consumption or in other words，meets its market demand．
Historical data shows that the increase speed and structure of GDP and whole society fixed asset investment and the living conditions of people decide the development speed of many industries such as construction industry and real estate industry． The changes of cement consumption have close relations with the changes of these factors．
1.1 Cement consumption volume and GDP increase
In recent years，the development of Chinese national economy has come into a rapid increase period and GDP enjoys an obvious speed up development．During this period，Chinese cement consumption enjoys a cycle fluctuation accordingly．
Cement consumption increases and decreases by a certain margin with the rapid increase and decrease of GDP．but with an obvious delay．However，when GDP changes steadily with an increase a rate of about 10％,the changes of cement consumption do not have obvious relations with the changes of the increase rate of GDP． The changes of cement consumption are related not only to the increase of GDP but also to the structure of economy development．
1.2 Cement consumption volume and the increase of fixed asset investment From the ninth“ five—year p1an"，Chinese who1e society fixed asset investment has increased rapidly．During the ninth“ five—year plan” period，fixed asset investment enjoyed a yearly increase rate of
10.46％．After the entry to the tenth“ five—year plan” period, it has an average increase rate of 14.56％．The yearly gross investment volume was 2780 billion Yuan during the ninth“ five—year plan” period while
it reached to 4020 billion Yuan in the year 2002 with a yearly increase volume of 1240 billon Yuan and an increase rate of 24.6％.
Data show that the increase of cement consumption results mainly from the drive from fixed asset investment．The increase of cement consumption an d that of fixed asset investment have close relations． That is，cement consumption has a definite increase according to the increase of fixed asset investment and the increase margin is regulated by market．
1.3 Cement consumption volume and the development speed of secondary industry
After the analysis of the structure of fixed asset investment，we can find that secondary industry (including industry，construction industry，cement products and so on)is the main content of fixed asset investment and main force of cement consumption．
The increase volume of cement consumption obviously changes with the changes of secondary industry increase speed，which fully indicates secondary industry’s promotion on gross cement consumption．
1.4 Construction industry investment and gross cement consumption volume Construction industry is the main market for cement consumption． Gross cement consumption volume increases together with the increase of gross construction industry product， or the increase of construction industry investment．
1.5 The relations between real estate industry investment and gross cement consumption
Real estate industry is a new industry that has risen suddenly in recent years and appears a powerful development trend． In the first two years of the tenth“five- year plan”period，the average increase rate of real estate investment reached 24.6％．The real estate investment nearly four timed that of the ninth“ five—year plan” period and increased by
6.4％．In the year 2002．real estate investment reached 773．6 billion Yuan．which increased by 84.2％ compared to the yearly investment of 382
billion Yuan in the ninth“ five—year plan” period． The real estate industry investment has strongly driven the increase of gross cement consumption volume．
The data indicate that real estate investment and cement consumption increase volume are closely linked to each other． In recent years， the increase of real estate investment has been one of the main drives of the increase of gross cement consumption volume．
1.6 As a investment product, cement especially is closely linked to the income of citizens in a well-of society．
Cement consumption index is closely linked to the citizen income increase．Especially， the index changes with the changes of citizen consume structure．That is，the larger the housing investment proportion of the citizen income，the more citizen income index impacts cement consumption．The relations between the increases of gross cement consumption volume and of citizen income index reflect a good market allocation of cement resources．
The data in the above figure and tables indicate as follows：
(1)What mainly impact the gross cement consumption volume is the development speed of whole society fixed asset investment， construction industry investment and gross real estate industry investment volume，which is the comprehensive reflection of market allocation of cement resources．In recent years，the rapid development of cement productivity is the natural result of rapid increase of whole society fixed asset investment volume，especially the result great increase of basic establishment， secondary industry， construction industry and real estate industry．
(2)The increase of gross cement consumption volume has close relations with people， especially citizen income index increase． The increase of citizen income drives the gross consumption of cement．
(3)According to the analysis of the change regulation of investment，
consumption and gross cement consumption in the latest twelve years economy development， the temporary cement capacity development speed keeps a coordinate relationship with this co untry’s economy development spe ed an d gross market demand for cement． Especially，there has not been any non—coordination in its relations with fixed asset investment，construction industry，real estate investment increase margin and the development speed of secondary industry．The increase speed of cement production is norma1． It is normal that in a short period there can be a small fluctuation between cement capacity and price． This is the reflection of market allocation of resources and its final result is to adjust cement capacity and price better to the requirement of market．
思考当前水泥工业发展
据分析，水泥能力以及它与宏观经济运行指数，主要原因是目前快速发展的水泥能力的迅速发展，经济和上升的全社会固定资产投资。按照目前的速度，经济发展，水泥仍然享有一个潜在的增长，因此在这里，过多的水泥工业没有得到全面普及。防止低水平重复建设的最佳途径是最大程度地发展新型干法水泥以及努力摆脱这方面的黑暗。
在第九个“五年计划”期间，我国水泥产量从1995年的47561.00万吨至2000年的59700.00万顿，以平均每年增加2500万吨的速度，每年增长4.5 ％。在第十个“五年计划”期间，政府继续采取政策，促进国内需求，保持国民经济持续快速健康发展，水泥产量迅速增加。2001年，全国水泥产量达到66104.00万吨，与2000年相比增加率为10.7 ％。2002年，达到7.25亿吨，净增量64万吨，和2001年相比增长速度为9.2 ％。从今年1月至7月，水泥生产保持了强劲的增长趋势，与去年同期相比增加了15.6 ％。水泥行业是在一个正常的增长速度？是水泥工业发展的受欢迎？这些已经成为所有方面关注的问题。
1. 市场需求的唯一标准是水泥能力的合理增长速度
水泥的性质决定其持续时间通常为3个月。因此，水泥消费量和产量有很好的根据是小进口。近年来，水泥生产和销售率保持在94％-97％。作为一个投资产品，水泥的主要消费市场在工业、建筑工业、住房、道路建设、基础设施建设和一些
建筑材料，如水泥产品。
作为一个投资产品，水泥的主要消费市场在工业，建筑工业，住房，道路建设，基础设施建设和一些建筑材料，如水泥产物的标准来决定是否是水泥工业发展的受欢迎程度，看是否发展其能力满足其消费或者换句话说，满足市场需求。
历史数据表明，增长速度和结构，国内生产总值和全社会固定资产投资和人民的生活条件决定的发展速度，许多行业，如建筑业和房地产业。陈氏水电站的水泥消费有密切的关系改变这些因素。
1.1水泥消费量和国内生产总值增加失明
在最近几年的发展，我国国民经济已进入快速增长时期，国内生产总值有着明显加快.在此期间，我国水泥消费享有周期波动。水泥消费量增加和减少的有一定程度的迅速增加和减少的国内生产总值。但明显带有延迟. 然而，国内生产总值变化稳步增加，增长率约为10 ％，水泥消费的变化没有明显关系的变化，国内生产总值的增长速度。变化水泥消费不仅涉及国内生产总值的增加，而且对经济结构的发展。
1.2水泥消费量和增加固定资产投资
第九个“五年计划”，中国的整个社会固定资产投资迅速增加。在第九个“五年计划”期间，固定资产投资每年增加享有率10.46 ％。后进入第十个“五年计划”期间，它的平均增长率14.56 ％。年度总投资量27800.0亿元在第九个“五年计划”期间虽然达到40200.0亿人民币， 2002年，以每年增加量1240年亿元，增加率为24.6 ％。
数据表明，水泥消费量增加主要是由于硬盘固定资产投资。增加水泥消费和固定资产投资有着密切的关系。也就是说，水泥消费量增加有一定的根据是增加固定资产投资和增加利润受市场。
1.3水泥消费量和发展速度，第二产业
在结构分析固定资产投资，我们可以发现，第二产业（包括工业，建筑工业，水泥制品等）是主要内容的固定资产投资和主要力量的水泥消费。
增加水泥消费量的明显变化，充分表明第二产业的促进水泥消费总值。
1.4建筑行业的投资和消费量总值水泥
建筑业的主要市场水泥消费.清单的变化，建筑行业的投资增加，水泥消费量增加。总消费量的增加水泥一起增加总值的建造业的产品，或增加了建筑行业的投资。
1.5之间的关系房地产业投资和消费总值水泥
房地产行业是一个新的行业已上升突然近年来出现了强大的发展趋势。在头两年内，第十届“五年计划”期间，平均增长速度的房地产投资达到24.6 ％。在房地产投资近四年时间，在第九届“五年计划”期间增加了6.4 ％。去年2002，实际房地产投资达到7736.00亿元. 增加了84.2 ％相比，每年投资382亿元，第九届“五年计划”时期。房地产行业投资的大力推动增加总值的水泥消费量。
数据表明，房地产投资，水泥消费量增加有密切的相互关联。近年来，增加了房地产投资一直是主要的驱动器增加总值的水泥消费量。
1.6作为一个投资产品，水泥尤其是密切相关的收入的公民，在一个很好的社会。水泥消费指数与公民收入增加是密切相关的。特别是，该指数的变化，市民消费结构。也就是说，大的住房投资比例的公民的收入，更多的公民收入指数的影响水泥消费。水泥的增加总值消费量和公民收入指数之间关系反映了良好的市场配置水泥资源。
上述数字和数据说明如下：
（ 1 ）什么影响主要水泥消费量的发展速度的全社会固定资产投资，建筑业投资和房地产行业总投资额，这是全面反映了市场配置水泥资源. 近年来，快速发展的水泥生产力的自然结果迅速增加，全社会固定资产投资额，尤其是大量增加的结果基本建立，第二产业，建筑业和房地产业。
（ 2 ）增加总值的水泥消费量有着密切关系的人，特别是公民的收入指数增加。增加公民收入驱动器的总消费量的水泥。
（ 3 ）根据分析变化规律的投资，消费和水泥消费总值的最新十二年经济发展的情况下，临时水泥能力的发展速度保持了协调关系，临时水泥能力的发展速度保持了协调关系，这个国家的经济发展速度和总市场的水泥需求。特别是，没有任何非协调关系，固定资产投资，建筑业，房地产投资增长幅度和发展速度的二次工业革命. 提高水泥生产的速度是正常的。这在短期内就不可能有一个小水泥能力之间波动和价格是正常的。这是反映了市场配置资源，其最终结果是调整水泥能力和价格的要求，更好的市场。
2 The Analysis of Current Cement Industry
2.1 Uprising overall situation of current cement industry
Current cement industry realizes co-increase of production and benefit，and has entered its uprising track．Since its reversing from lose to benefit，the enterprises’ benefit has been rebounding．Cement enterprises gained 500 million Yuan in 2000； 3.05 billion Yuan in 200l：4.65 billion Yuan in 2002． In cement market．Cement enterprises keep high production—sales rate：99.4％ in 2001，101％ in 2002．It is also delighted that large sized enterprises has realized profit of 2.79 billion Yuan，covering 91％ of the overall sector’s profit in 2001，and their profit reached 3.84 billion Yuan．covering 82.6％ of the total profit of this sector.
Those statistics show that current cement market realizes its function of assigning cement resources in accordance to the supply—demand development，and keeps the stability of cement market price．Since 1993 cement price has been fluctuating，but overall cement industry has realized its reverse from lose to benefit， production—sales rate has kept over 98％ ,and the whole sector maintains robust growth．The main reason of this situation is that the cost reduction brought about by the technology growth，for example，new dry process cement’s unit production has been reduced by 50％．
2.2 The improved technology of new dry process cement equipment optimizes the cement sector’s structu re
Since China enters its Fifth—Ten Year Project phase，new dry process cement technology has sped up，and the cement industry structure has optimized． New dry process cement production covers 10％ to 15％ of the total cement production． It is even more delighted that new dry process cement equipment and craftsmanship have improved．Also， it has basically realized that large—sized equipment can be produced in China， which proves the competitiveness of China’s cement industry．Production investment of per ton clinker has been reduced from 800-1200 Yuan to 200-300 Yuan，which
can possess the capability to compete with shaft kiln investment．The cost of clinker in a great number of large-sized enterprises can be lower than that of the shaft kiln cement．
The development of new dry process cement is favored by government support， market demand，diversified investment，and enterprise independence．
2．3 Competitive shaft kiln enterprises begin to
transform into new dry process
Currently，a large scale of enterprises of shaft kiln enterprise has transformed to develop new dry process．In 2002，51 production lines have been taken into operation in China，among which 27 are transformed from shaft kiln enterprises．It’s prove that cement industry’s limitation and restructure embraced market principle．
2．4 The average production scale of cement enterprises is enlarged．The total sum of domestic cement enterprises has reduced from more than 8000 to 4700 plus．
The average production scale of cement industry has reached to 200 thousand tons from 60 thousand tons．Meanwhile，the number of large—sized enterprises in China has been increased．The total production of 9 cement groups supported by the National Tenth-Five Year
Project was 32.6 million tons．covering 4.7％ of national total production．In 2002，the total annual production of those 9 cement groups exceeded 62 million， covering 7.5％ of the total domestic production capacity and 50％ of national new dry process production capacity．All in all，China’s cement industry enjoys healthy development，and the development of new dry process cement is brought about by the restructure of cement industry，and market—driven investment． No sign of overheated competition exists in China．
3 The Trend and Risk of Cement Industry
3．1 The development space Of China cement industry
The report of 16th Session of China’s Communist Party pointed out that China will keep 7％ GDP growth by 2020． Currently，investment is the main factor of economic growth an d cement increase． It is concluded，by 2005，domestic cement consumption volume will keep steady growth．Experts predict that if fixed asset investment maintains 10％～12％growth in the last three years of the Tenth-Five Year Program Period，domestic cement consumption will increase 30～46 million tons， annual increase speed will keep 4．2％～6.3％，as well，domestic consumption is expected to increase 53～69 million tons with annual increase of 7.2％～9％．
3.2 New dry process cement is the most effective method to solve the problem of restructuring the cement industry
Current cement production capacity develops harmoniously with the total demand of consumption market．With the development of China’s economic development， cement sector has great potentia1．This means that shaft kiln，the backward processing method，still has certain market space．That’s why shaft kiln keeps its annual 30 million tons production．New dry process cement is characterized by its matured technology，spared investment，lower cost，less energy—consumption， higher quality and benefits and so on． So to say， new dry process cement has great developing capacity．
So to conclude，the best way to satisfy market demand，adjust sector structure and develop China’s cement industry is to seize the opportunity of supporting the development of new process cement． It will not cause overheated investment，but will curb the backward technology， speed up the adjustment of cement sector， as well as reduce energy consumption an d improve environment protection． Otherwise，China will lose the opportunity in the new cycle of cement industry’s restructure．
3.3 The Risk Analysis of New Dry Process Cement
(1)Investment risk
Here follows investment source analysis of the 51 lines of new dry process cement in Q002．and 132 lines of new dry process established and to be established．
An amount of 9.22 billion Yuan was invested in building 51 production lines in 2002，which were capable of producing 35.9 million tons of cement．The project is competitive，considering its low level of investment marked by 255 Yuan per ton．
An analysis of the capital source shows that among the expenses of the projects completed，43.23％ (3.98 billion Yuan)was from bank loans，36.23％(3.39 billion Yuan)from capital raised by the enterprises and 15.4％ (1420 million Yuan)from overseas investment．Funds other than bank loans constitute 56.77％ 0f the total, among which 53％ (27 programs)of the total programs were from private and foreign enterprises． Funds raised by enterprises are the main component of the construction capital，as shown in the fact that 70％～95％ of the total funds were raised by the enterprises themselves．Among the programs scheduled to start from 2002 to 2004，52.76％ will be funded by bank loans and 41.8％ by
enterprise-raised capita1.63.94％of the cement programs of state-owned and state stock-holding enterprises will be funded by bank loans，to which attention must be paid because the capital would be at risk of incompetent project．
To sum up，considering the financial risks borne by the state，to develop the new dry process cement is not quite a venture．
(2)Resources risk
China is abundant in limestone deposits．The limestone reserves as a whole can meet the needs of the current production and future development of our country．But the situation of some cement projects under construction shows that certain enterprises are blind in their construction．Some enterprises started programs recklessly despite the fact that there is little limestone deposits around．Little importance was attached to mine resources by some
shaft kiln enterprises which planned to build large-scale new dry process cement production lines and some private cement enterprises. Production lines were built before capital was invested to prove up deposits and build the transportation system． Such backward construction method is bound to cause severe waste of capital and resources and will also cripple the steady production of the enterprises．To summarize，efforts must be paid to guide and regulate the conduct of the enterprises，otherwise risks of the resources will loom because of their blind exploitation an d utilization．(3)Environment risk
Impact on the environment must be attached great importance to in the planning of new dry process cement projects．Environment will be polluted and scenery will be damaged if cement factories are built near famous scenic spots and big cities．Severe economic loss will be caused if large—scale cement projects are terminated or moved．Some cement projects funded by private enterprises were built without strict examination and approval，resulting in the fact that some factories were built near famous scenic spots，causing great environmental risks．
To conclude， blind exploitation and construction is the major problem in the current development of China’s cement industry， which is proved by the fact that some local governments and enterprises started programs(some were very backward)blindly without consideration of the conditions of the market， technique， resources， capital，production scale， environment and their own competitive ability．Once market demand varies．these enterprises will face the problem of difficult operation because of the incompetence of their projects．Such cases will result in waste of capital an d resources， environmental pollution，and even the increase of bad loans in the banks，thus destabilizing the market． Although causes of these blind and low-level construction of repeated projects differ，great attention must be paid and importance must be attached to the problem．These problems must not be solved simplistically an d
abruptly． but through economic and legal means and with the assistance of the local governments after thorough and comprehensive analysis．
4 Essentials of Current Macroeconomic Control
4.1 Strengthen the guide of the industrial policy
Industrial an d social investment to the cement industry must be guided appropriately with efforts paid to accelerate the establishing an d publicizing of the trade program， through revising and improving conditions of market access and technical standard and timely publicizing of the investment information
4．2 Accelerate the development of new dry process cement
Development of the new dry process cement must be accelerated． Any construction program that complies with the state industrial policy an d requirement of the economic scale should be encouraged ,provided it is adequate in resources ,qualified in environmental protection requirement ,with confined investor ,guaranteed capital and the conditions to the build factory satisfied .examination and approval procedure of the project must be simplified and filed in document .for the project financed by the state and must be examined and approved by the government ,it is advised to only carry our the examination and approval of its project feasibility report.
2现行水泥工业的分析
2.1当前水泥工业的全面发展局势
当前水泥工业共同实现并提高生产和效益，并已进入了起义的轨道。自从它的变化由失去到受益，企业的效益已反弹。在2000年，水泥企业获得5亿元；2001年是30.5亿元；2002年是46.5亿元。在水泥市场.水泥企业保持较高的生产销售率：在2001为99.4 ％，2002年达到101 ％。另外值得高兴的是，大型企业实现利润2.79亿元，在2001年覆盖总体部门的利润的91％，其利润达到38.4亿元，覆盖了这一部门总利润的82.6 ％。
这些统计数字表明，目前的水泥市场要实现其职能，分配水泥资源应按照供
需发展，保持水泥市场价格的稳定。自1993年以来，水泥价格一直起伏不定，但总体水泥工业已实现了从失去到受益的扭转，生产、销售率一直保持在98 ％以上，整个行业保持强劲的增长势头。这种情况的主要的原因是，降低成本所带来的技术发展，例如，新型干法水泥的单位生产成本已减少了50 ％。
2.2技术改进的新型干法水泥设备，优化了水泥行业的结构
由于我国进入了第五个年度项目阶段，新型干法水泥技术已经加快，水泥行业的结构已经得到优化。新型干法水泥生产覆盖了水泥生产总量的10％至15％。更值得高兴的是，新型干法水泥设备和工艺已经得到了改进。此外，人们已经基本认识到，大型设备在我国就可以生产，这证明我国水泥工业的竞争力。生产投资每吨熟料已从800-1200元减至200-300元，这便于维持企业能力与立窑投资。熟料的成本在很多大型企业可低于立窑水泥。
发展新型干法水泥是深受政府支持、市场需求、多元化的投资，也可体现企业的独立性。
2.3竞争立窑企业开始转化成新的干法
目前，大型企业的机立窑企业改造版已经开发新的干燥过程。在2002年，51个生产线已经实行到行动中，其中27个是机立窑企业。这证明，水泥工业的限制和调整拥抱市场的原则。
2.4水泥企业的平均生产规模正在扩大
国内水泥企业总和已从8000多减少到4700家。水泥行业的平均生产规模已经从60万吨达到200万吨。与此同时，一些大型企业的在华生产总量已经增加，有9家水泥集团的生产总量得到《国家环境保护“十五”计划》的支持。
项目在3260万吨，占全国生产总量的4.7 ％。2002年，这些水泥集团每年的总生产超过6200万美元，包括7.5 ％的国内总生产能力和50 ％的国家新型干法生产能力。总之，我国水泥工业得到健康发展，发展新型干法水泥所带来的水泥工业结构调整，并以市场为导向的投资。可是没有迹象表明在国内存在着过热的竞争。
3水泥工业的发展趋势和风险
3.1我国水泥工业的发展空间
第16届会议中国共产党在报告指出，到2020年，我国将保持7％的国内生产总值的增长。目前，投资是经济增长和水泥增加的主要因素。这就是说，到2005
年，国内水泥消费量将继续稳步增长。
专家预测，如果固定资产投资在过去三年的十五计划期间保持10％?12％的增长，国内水泥消费量将增加30?46万吨，年均增长速度将保持4.2％?6.3 ％，同时，国内消费预计将增加53?69万吨，年均增长7.2％?9 ％。
3.2新型干法水泥是解决调整水泥工业结构带来的问题最有效的方法
目前的水泥生产能力的发展与消费总需求的市场保持和谐。随着我国经济发展，水泥行业具有很大的潜力。这意味着，立窑这种落后的处理方法，仍然有一定的市场空间。这就是为什么立窑保持其年度3000万吨的生产量。新型干法水泥的特点是其成熟的技术，不惜投资，降低成本，减少能源消耗，更高的质量和效益等。
新型干法水泥的特点是其成熟的技术，不惜投资，降低成本，减少能源消耗，追求更高的质量和效益等。所以说，新型干法水泥有很大的发展能力。
所以可以说，最好的方式是抓住机遇，以满足市场需求，调整行业结构和发展我国水泥工业，支持发展新的水泥进程。它不会导致投资过热，但将限制技术落后，加快调整水泥行业，以及减少能源消耗和改善对于环境的保护，否则，中国将失去在新一轮水泥工业结构调整中的机会。
3.3分析新型干法水泥的风险
（ 1 ）投资风险
这里投资来源分析如下， 51线的新型干法水泥Q002，以及设立的132线新型干法并将要建立。
投资数额92.2亿元于2002年建设51条生产线，这能够产生3590万吨水泥。考虑到其投资水平低的特点该项目的竞争力为255元每吨。分析表明，资金来源之间的开支项目完成后，43.23％（3.98亿元人民币）是从银行贷款， 36.23 ％（3.39亿元人民币）的资本由企业提供和15.4％（1420万元）由海外投资。基金以外的其他银行贷款是总额的56.77 ％，其中53 ％（27个项目）的总计划是由私人和外国企业提供。企业筹集的资金是建设资金的主要组成部分，事实上，资金总额的70 ％? 95 ％由企业自身提出。在项目计划中，从2002年2004年,52.76 ％的经费将通过银行贷款，41.8 ％的资金企业提出。63.94 ％的国有及国有股份制企业的水泥项目的资金将通过银行贷款，对此必须注意，因为不称职的项目的资本也将处于危险之中。
总之，考虑到金融风险由国家承担，发展新型干法水泥并无风险。
（ 2 ）资源的风险
我国拥有丰富的石灰石矿藏。我们的国家的石灰石储量整体能满足当前生产和未来的发展。但是，有些水泥项目的建设情况表明，某些企业是盲目开始计划建设的企业，还有一些企业鲁莽开始计划，尽管事实上附近很少有石灰石矿。小有重视矿产资源的一些立窑企业计划建设大型新型干法水泥生产线及部分私营水泥企业。生产线建成之前的资本投资是探明存款和建设交通运输系统。这种落后的施工方法必然造成严重的资金和资源浪费，也将破坏生产企业的稳定。总之，必须付出努力，以指导和规范企业的行为，否则资源的风险将出现，因为他们的盲目开采和利用。
（ 3 ）环境风险
在规划的新型干法水泥项目时，对环境的影响必须高度重视。如果水泥厂建在风景点和大城市附近，环境将被污染，景观将被破坏。如果大规模的水泥项目为此终止或转移，将造成严重的经济损失。一些民营企业所资助的水泥项目建立没有经过严格的审批，造成的事实是，某些工厂建立在名的风景名胜区附近，造成重大环境风险。
总之，盲目的开发与建设的主要问题是在我国水泥工业目前的发展，这证明了一个事实，即一些地方政府和企业盲目开始计划（一些非常落后）而不考虑条件、市场、技术、资源、资本、生产规模，环境和自己的竞争能力。一旦市场需求不同，这些企业将面临行动困难的问题，因为他们对项目的无能。这样的情况下会导致资本和资源的浪费，污染环境，甚至增加了不良的银行贷款，从而破坏市场。虽然造成这些盲目和低水平重复建设项目的原因不同，但必须十分地注意，必须重视这一问题。这些问题不能得到简单和快速的解决，而是在通过经济手段和法律手段，并协助当地政府后，进行彻底和全面的分析。
4当前宏观调控的要点
4.1加强产业政策的指导
工业和社会对水泥工业的投资必须遵循适当付出的原则，以加速建立和宣传贸易程序，通过修订和完善市场进入条件和技术标准，并及时公布投资信息。
4.2加快发展新型干法水泥
必须加快发展新型干法水泥，任何符合国家产业政策和要求的经济规模的建
设项目应该得到鼓励，为他们提供足够的资源，合格的环保要求，而对于于投资者，必须保证资金和条件来建立满意工厂。审查和审批项目的程序和提交的文件必须简化，其项目的经费由国家提供的，政府必须审议和批准，这只是向我们审批其项目可行性研究报告。
景德镇陶瓷学院 毕业设计(论文)有关外文翻 译 院系：机械电子工程学院 专业：自动化 姓名：肖骞 学号： 201010320116 指导教师：万军 完成时间： 2014.5.8 说明
1、将与课题有关的专业外文翻译成中文是毕业设计（论文）中的一个不可缺少的环节。此环节是培养学生阅读专业外文和检验学生专业外文阅读能力的一个重要环节。通过此环节进一步提高学生阅读专业外文的能力以及使用外文资料为毕业设计服务，并为今后科研工作打下扎实的基础。 2、要求学生查阅与课题相关的外文文献3篇以上作为课题参考文献，并将其中1篇（不少于3000字）的外文翻译成中文。中文的排版按后面格式进行填写。外文内容是否与课题有关由指导教师把关，外文原文附在后面。 3、指导教师应将此外文翻译格式文件电子版拷给所指导的学生，统一按照此排版格式进行填写，完成后打印出来。 4、请将封面、译文与外文原文装订成册。 5、此环节在开题后毕业设计完成前完成。 6、指导教师应从查阅的外文文献与课题紧密相关性、翻译的准确性、是否通顺以及格式是否规范等方面去进行评价。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日
TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402 TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402 DSP CONTROLLERS The TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features. The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for: ◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades. ◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to ROM-based devices. Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming. All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter
2014届应用化学制药方向《毕业设计任务书》 设计人： 设计题目： 设计目的：设计的目的是把选定的实验室的的小试工艺放大到规模化大生产的相应条件，在选择中设计出最合理、最经济的生产工艺流程，做出物料和能量衡算；根据产品的档次，筛选出合适的设备；按GMP规范要求设计车间工艺平面图；估算生产成本，最终使该制药企业得以按预定的设计期望顺利投入生产。 设计规范：《中华人民共和国药典（2010版）》、《药品注册管理办法（局令第28号）》、《医药工业洁净厂房设计规范（GB50457--2008）》、《药品生产质量管理规范（2010年版）》等。 设计内容： 1.处方设计 （1）查阅文献，详细列出药物的临床用途、理化性质、稳定性和生物学特性（天然药物罗列指标性成分的生物学特性）等信息（天然药物提取物还需列药物浸膏的性状信息）。说明这些信息对选择剂型的指导意义。 药物的理化性质信息至少包括：溶解度和pKa、粒径（天然药物浸膏的过筛目数）、晶型、吸湿性、脂水分配系数（天然药物浸膏列指标性成分的脂水分配系数）、pH-稳定性关系。 稳定性包括：药物（或天然药物的指标性成分）对光、湿、热的稳定性。 生物学特性包括：药物（或天然药物的指标性成分）在人体内的吸收、分布、代谢、排泄等。 （2）处方的筛选与优化 列出选定处方的处方全部组成及各原辅料的用量。处方组成应包括：原料药、全部辅料、包装材料或容器。 原料药、全部辅料、包装材料或容器应通过对比分析，选择固定的供应商。 说明处方筛选过程，并结合药物的临床用途、理化性质、稳定性和生物学特性及辅料的理化性质、稳定性和生物学特性等信息，说明所选定处方的合理性及存在的问题。 说明处方优化的过程及理由。 处方的筛选与优化的原则：根据临床用途及给药途径慎重选择，尽量优化处方，做到处方与生产工艺为最佳匹配、有利于设备选型与生产工艺验证。
Mechatronics Electrical machinery and electronics, also known as the integration of science, English as Mechatronics, it is by English mechanics of the first half of Mechanics and Electronics of the latter part of a combination of Electronics. Mechatronics 1971, first appeared in Japanese magazine, "Machine Design" on the supplement, with the mechanical-electrical integration of the rapid development of technology, electromechanical integration, the concept was widely accepted and we have universal application. With the rapid development of computer technology and extensive application of mechatronics technology unprecedented development. Mechatronics present technology, mechanical and micro-electronics technology is closely a set of technologies, the development of his machine has been cold humane, intelligent. Specific mechanical and electrical integration technologies, including the following: (1) mechanical engineering machinery and technology is the basis of mechatronics, mechanical technology, focused on how to adapt to mechanical and electrical integration technologies, the use of other high and new technology to update the concept, the realization of the structure, materials, the performance changes to meet the needs to reduce weight, reduce the size and improve accuracy, increase the stiffness and improving the performance requirements. Mechatronic systems in the manufacturing process, the classical theory and technology of mechanical computer-aided technology should help, while the use of artificial intelligence and expert systems, the formation of a new generation of mechanical manufacturing technology. (2) Computer and Information Technology Which information exchange, access, computing, judge and decision-making, artificial intelligence techniques, expert system technology, neural networks are computer information processing technology. (3) System Technology System technology that is the concept of the overall application of related technology organizations, from the perspective of the overall objectives and systems will be interconnected into the overall number of functional units, system interface technology is an important aspect of technology, it is an organic part of the realization of system guarantee connectivity.
自动化制造系统与PLC关系 控制工程随着时间的演变。过去的人们主要致力于控制方面研究。最近电力已被应用于控制,早期电气控制是基于继电器的。这些继电器使其可以在没有机械开关的情况下被开动和关闭。这是通常使用继电器进行简单的逻辑控制的方法。低成本计算机的发展带来了新的革命,可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)出现于70年代,它已成为制造控制的最常见选择。PLC的功能受到越来越多的工厂欢迎并可能作为主要控制手段再今后的一段时间内。而这其中绝大部分原因是因为PLC 它的优点很多。 1.1梯形逻辑 梯形逻辑编程法是主要的PLC编程方法。正如之前所说,梯形逻辑已发展到模仿继电器逻辑。通过选择简单的梯形逻辑编程法,培训工程师和商人所需要的金钱极大的减少。现代控制系统仍然包括继电器,但这些都是很少的逻辑使用。字母a继电器是一个简单的装置,它使用一个磁场来控制开关,如图图1.1。当电压作用于输入线圈产生的磁场,产生电流领域。拉起磁场的金属开关,再实现它的接触和联系,关闭开关。 图1.1 简单的布局和继电器电路图 继电器的工作方式,让一个电源开关关闭另一(通常是高电流)电源,同时保持他们孤立。一个简单的例子,控制继电器应用,见图 1.2。在这方面,左边第一个接力是通常使得系统关闭,并允许电流流动,直到电压加到输入端甲,第二个中继器通常是开放的,不会允许目前的速度,目前的输入二是流经前两个继电器
然后电流流通过在第三继电器线圈,并关闭输出 C.此电路的开关会通常应用在制定阶梯逻辑形式。这可以被解释为将C逻辑作用,如果A关闭B合上的话。 图1.2一个简单的继电器控制器 图1.2中的例子没有显示整个控制系统,只有逻辑。当我们考虑一个PLC 有输入,输出,和逻辑。图1.3显示的更全面。这里有两个按钮的输入。我们可以想像激活24V直流在PLC继电器线圈的输入。反过来驱动器是一个输出继电器,开关115伏交流电,结果打开了一盏灯。请注意,在实际情况下PLC的输入继电器,常常又是输出继电器。PLC梯形图逻辑其实一种计算机程序,用户可以输入和更改它。注意,两个输入的推按钮常开,但里面的PLC梯形图逻辑有一个常开触点,和一个常闭触点。在PLC梯形逻辑图不需要匹配输入或输出。许多初学者会被抓住这点试图使阶梯逻辑匹配它的输入类型。 图1.3继电器PLC的简图 许多继电器也有多个输出(抛出),这允许输出继电器可以同时输入。图1.4所示的电路是一个例子,它是在电路里称为印章。此电路的电流流过两个电路的分支,通过接触标签A或B的输入端,B只相对乙输出。如果B是关闭的,而A 是通电,那么B将打开。如果B打开,然后输入,B将打开。打开后,乙在输出,乙将不会关闭。 图1.4电路 1.2编程
第一章文献综述 1.1苯酐简述 苯酐，全称为邻苯二甲酸酐（Phthalic Anhydride）,常温下为一种白色针状结晶（工业苯酐为白色片状晶体），易燃，在沸点以下易升华，有特殊轻微的刺激性气味。苯酐能引起人们呼吸器官的过敏性症状，苯酐的粉尘或蒸汽对皮肤、眼睛及呼吸道有刺激作用，特别对潮湿的组织刺激更大。苯酐主要用于生产PVC 增塑剂、不饱和聚酯、醇酸树脂以及染料、涂料、农药、医药和仪器添加剂、食用糖精等，是一种重要的有机化工原料。在PVC 生产中，增塑剂最大用量已超过50％，随着塑料工业的快速发展，使苯酐的需求随之增长，推动了国内外苯酐生产的快速发展。 最早的苯酐生产始于1872 年，当时德国BASF 公司以萘为原料，铬酸氧化生产苯酐，后又改用发烟硫酸氧化生产苯酐，但收率极低，仅有15%。自1917 年世界开始以氧化钒为催化剂，用萘生产苯酐后，苯酐的生产逐步走向工业化、规模化，并先后形成了萘法、邻法两种比较成熟的工艺[1]。 1.2苯酐的性质[2] 苯酐，常温下为一种白色针状结晶（工业苯酐为白色片状晶体），易燃，在沸点以下易升华，有特殊轻微的刺激性气味。 分子式C8H4O3，相对密度1.527(4.0℃)，熔点131.6℃，沸点295℃（升华），闪点（开杯）151.7℃，燃点584℃。 微溶于热水和乙醚，溶于乙醇、苯和吡啶。 1.3苯酐的合成方法比较及选取 1.3.1合成苯酐的主要工艺路线 1.3.1.1 萘法[1] 1.3.1.1.1反应原理 萘与空气在催化剂作用下气相氧化生成苯酐。
+O O O 2 V 2O 5 CO 2O H 29/2++2 2 1.3.1.1.2 工艺流程 空气经净化、压缩预热后进入流化床反应器底部，喷入液体萘，萘汽化后与空气混合，通过流化状态的催化剂层，发生放热反应生成苯酐。反应器内装有列管冷却器，用水为热载体移出反应热。反应气体经三级旋风分离器，把气体携带的催化剂分离下来后，进入液体冷凝器，有40%－60%的粗苯酐以液态冷凝下来，气体再进入切换冷凝器（ 又称热融箱）进一步分离粗苯酐，粗苯酐经预分解后进行精馏得到苯酐成品。尾气经洗涤后排放，洗涤液用水稀释后排放或送去进行催化焚烧。 1.3.1.2邻法 1.3.1.2.1 反应原理[1] 邻二甲苯与空气在催化剂作用下气相氧化生成苯酐。 CH 3 CH 3 +3O 2 3O O O H 225 + 1.3.1. 2.2 工艺流程 过滤、净化后的空气经过压缩，预热后与汽化的邻二甲苯混合进入固定床反应器进行放热反应，反应管外用循环的熔盐移出反应热并维持反应温度，熔盐所
普通钻床改造为多轴钻床 目前，我国中、小型企业的产品质量和生产效率都需要有一个新的提高, 但是加工手段却远远不能满足需要, 许多中小型企业都结合自己的实际对设备的技术状态进行改进，通过强化自身, 以求自我发展普通钻床为单轴机床，但安装上多轴箱就会成为多轴的钻床，改造成多轴钻床后，能大大地缩短加工时间，提高生产效率。 多轴加工应用：据统计，一般在车间中普通机床的平均切削时间很少超过全部工作时间的15%。其余时间是看图、装卸工件、调换刀具、操作机床、测量以及清除铁屑等等。使用 数控机床虽然能提高85%，但购置费用大。某些情况下，即使生产率高，但加工相同的零件，其成本不一定比普通机床低。故必须更多地缩短加工时间。不同的加工方法有不同的特点，就钻削加工而言，多轴加工是一种通过少量投资来提高生产率的有效措施。 多轴加工优势：虽然不可调式多轴头在自动线中早有应用，但只局限于大批量生产。即使采用可调式多轴头扩大了使用范围，仍然远不能满足批量小、孔型复杂的要求。尤其随着工业的发展，大型复杂的多轴加工更是引人注目。例如原子能发电站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有15000个“ 20孔，若以摇臂钻床加工，单单钻孔与锪沉头孔就要842.5小时，另外还要 划线工时151.1 小时。但若以数控八轴落地钻床加工，钻锪孔只要171.6 小时，划线也简单，只要1.9 小时。因此，利用数控控制的二个坐标轴，使刀具正确地对准加工位置，结合多轴加工不但可以扩大加工范围，而且在提高精度的基础上还能大大地提高工效，迅速地制造出原来不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油机30 种箱形与杆形零件的2000 多个钻孔操作中，有40%可以在自动更换主轴箱机床中用二轴、三轴或四轴多轴头加工，平均可减少20%的加工时间。1975年法国巴黎机床展览会也反映了多轴加工的使用愈来愈多这一趋势。 多轴加工的设备：多轴加工是在一次进给中同时加工许多孔或同时在许多相同或不同工件上各加工一个
文献出处：Bedard J C, Hoitash R, et al. The development of the enterprise risk management theory [J]. Contemporary Accounting Research, 2014, 30(4): 64-95. （声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。） 原文 The development of the enterprise risk management theory Bedard J C, Hoitash R Abstract Enterprise risk management as an important field of risk management disciplines, in more than 50 years of development process of the implementation of dispersing from multiple areas of research to the integration of comprehensive risk management framework evolution, the theory of risk management and internal audit and control theory are two major theoretical sources of risk management theory has experienced from the traditional risk management, financial volatility to the development of the enterprise risk management, risk management and internal audit and control theory went through the internal accounting control and internal control integrated framework to the evolution of enterprise risk management, the development of the theory of the above two points to the direction of the enterprise risk management, finally realizes the integration development, enterprise risk management theory to become an important part of enterprise management is indispensable. Keywords: enterprise risk management, internal audit the internal control 1 The first theory source, evolution of the theory of risk management "Risk management" as a kind of operation and management idea, has a long history: thousands of years ago in the west have "don't put all eggs in one basket" the proverb, the ancient Chinese famous "product valley hunger" allusions and "yicang ("
1、 外文原文 A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer Th e si ng le -ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui t a r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tury [1]. Th es e to w typ e s of a rc hi te ctu r e ar e fo un d i n s in gl e -ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he sp l it p ro gr am /d ata me mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A-1, o th ers fo ll ow t he p h il os op hy , wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al -p ur po se co m pu te rs a nd m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, of ma ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n be tw ee n p ro gram a n d da ta m em or y a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re, sh ow n in F i g.3-5A -2. In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e -chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s c h ar ac te ri ze d b y th e i nc or po ra tio n o f al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce , as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A -3. Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type Fig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computer Program memory Data memory CPU Input& Output unit memory CPU Input& Output unit
目录 第1章绪论 (8) 1.1产品介绍 (8) 1.2、生产工艺 (8) 1.2.1一步法工艺 (11) 1.2.2二步法工艺 (11) 1.3、主要原材料 (12) 第2章初步工艺流程设计 (12) 2.1 工艺流程框图： (13) 2.2工艺流程： (14) 第3章物料衡算 (14) 3.1 计算条件与数据理： (15) 3.2 原料用量计算： (15) 3.3 缩合工段物料衡算： (16) 3.3.1 一次反应： (16) 3.3.3回收过量环氧氯丙烷： (18) 4.3.4 环氧树脂收集： (19) 第4章热量衡算 (19) 4.1对溶解釜进行热量衡算：............................ 错误！未定义书签。 4.2对反应釜进行热量衡算：............................ 错误！未定义书签。 4.2.1冷却阶段：.................................. 错误！未定义书签。 4.2.2反应阶段：.................................. 错误！未定义书签。 4.2.3.回流脱水阶段：.............................. 错误！未定义书签。 4.3对蒸发器进行热量衡算：........................ 错误！未定义书签。 4.3.1脱苯所需热量衡算：.......................... 错误！未定义书签。 4.3.2脱苯用冷凝器冷却水用量计算：................ 错误！未定义书签。 5.3 其它设备的选型................................... 错误！未定义书签。第5章设备选型....................................... 错误！未定义书签。 5.1溶解釜的设计...................................... 错误！未定义书签。 5.1.1选材：...................................... 错误！未定义书签。 5.1.2 确定参数：.................................. 错误！未定义书签。 5.1.3计算筒体厚度：.............................. 错误！未定义书签。 5.1.4计算封头厚度：.............................. 错误！未定义书签。 5.1.5校核筒体和封头的水压试验强度：.............. 错误！未定义书签。 5.1.6夹套的设计：................................ 错误！未定义书签。 5.1.7搅拌器的设计：.............................. 错误！未定义书签。 5.2反应釜的设计：................................ 错误！未定义书签。 5.2.1选材：...................................... 错误！未定义书签。 5.2.2确定参数：.................................. 错误！未定义书签。 5.2.3计算筒体厚度：.............................. 错误！未定义书签。
附录1 中文名称：机械加工中心英文名称：machining center 其他名称：自动换刀数控机床 定义：能自动更换工具，对一次装夹的工件进行多工序加工的数控机床。机械加工中心,简称cnc，是由机械设备与数控系统组成的使用于加工复杂形状工件的高效率自动化机床。加工中心又叫电脑锣。加工中心备有刀库，具有自动换刀功能，是对工件一次装夹后进行多工序加工的数控机床。加工中心是高度机电一体化的产品，工件装夹后，数控系统能控制机床按不同工序自动选择、更换刀具、自动对刀、自动改变主轴转速、进给量等，可连续完成钻、镗、铣、铰、攻丝等多种工序，因而大大减少了工件装夹时间、测量和机床调整等辅助工序时间，对加工形状比较复杂，精度要求较高，品种更换频繁的零件具有良好的经济效果。按控制轴数可分为：（1）三轴加工中心 （2）四轴加工中心 （3）五轴加工中心。 项目二机械加工中心设备技术分类加工中心的品种、规格较多，这里仅从结构上对其作一分类。 一、立式加工中心指主轴轴线为垂直状态设置的加工中心。其结构形式多为固定立柱式，工作台为长方形，无分度回转功能，适合加工盘、套、板类零件。一般具有三个直线运动坐标，并可在工作台上安装一个水平轴的数控回转台，用以加工螺旋线零件。立式加工中心装夹工件方便，便于操作，易于观察加工情况，但加工时切屑不易排除，且受立柱高度和换刀装置的限制，不能加工太高的零件。立式加工中心的结构简单，占地面积小，价格相对较低，应用广泛。 二、卧式加工中心指主轴轴线为水平状态设置的加工中心。通常都带有可进行分度回转运动的工作台。卧式加工中心一般都具有三个至五个运动坐标，常见的是三个直线运动坐标加一个回转运动坐标，它能够使工件在一次装夹后完成除安装面和顶面以外的其余四个面的加工，最适合加工箱体类零件。卧式加工中心调试程序及试切时不便观察，加工时不便监视，零件装夹和测量不方便，但加工时排屑容易，对加工有利。与立式加工中心相比，卧式加工中心的结构复杂，占地面积大，价格也较高。
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 工具大全 建议收藏 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译： google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用
吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在g oogle里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译： CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）： 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华
电气工程与自动化学院 本科毕业设计专业翻译资料（中文读书报告） 学生姓名：王超杰 专业班级：自动化12-06班 学号：311208002219 2016 年 6 月11 日
原文： Design of Combustible Gas Detection system using Wireless Transmission Technology Shijiazhuang Universities of Economics, Hebei, China zkzhlp@https://www.doczj.com/doc/8118740244.html, Keywords:TGS813, AT89S52, DS18B20, nRF905, TC35i Abstract.The detection device of combustible gas are designed in the presented work,using wireless transceiver and GSM network.The system realize the wireless transmission of the gas concentration,and also can send alarm information to user’s mobile when an exception occurs. The system consists of two parts: a master and slave. The function of the slave is to collect data, process data and transffer the data to the master.The taskof the master is to receive data and display it by LED. The signal acquisition is completed by sensor TGS813 and A/D converter TLC2543. The wireless transmission is achieved through wireless transceiver nRF905. Since the accuracy of the sensor is affected by the environment,using DS18B20 to achieve temperature compensation. And with wireless communication module TC35i and GSM network platform, we can send the alarm information to user’s mobile promptly. Introduction Gas detection is widely used in petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, family, shopping malls, gas stations and other places. Currently, how to monitor the hazardous gas fast and accurately are the important issues. Although the gas detection technology is relatively mature, but most products has many shortcomings, such as single function, operating complex, bulky, expensive and low sensitivity. Wireless communication technology applied to the gas monitoring field, can resolve the problem of remote monitoring in special environment, such as high temperature, low temperature, toxic gas.and unable to wiring . In the presented work, the combustible gas detectoris fully functional (with wireless transceiver), simple, small size, low cost, and has high sensitivity. The equipment can greatly improve the system's detection capability and accuracy with temperature compensation algorithm, and also can send alarm information to the user's mobile phone promptly through the GSM network. System design The system consists of two parts as shown in Figure 1. Fig. 1 Overall system block diagram
固体制剂车间工艺设计毕业论文 1设计依据及设计围 1.1设计依据 1.1.1设计任务 课题名称：布洛芬剂车间工艺设计 生产规模：年产片剂（奥美沙坦酯）6.5亿片 1.1.2设计规和标准 1.药品生产质量管理规（2010年修订，国家食品药品监督管理局颁发） 2.药品生产质量管理规实施指南（2010年版，中国化学制药工业协会） 3.医药工业厂房洁净设计规，GB50457-2008 4.洁净厂房设计规，GB 50073-2001 5.建筑设计防火规，GB/T50016-2006（2006年版） 6.设计规和标准建筑设计防火规，GB/T50016-2006（2006年版） 7.爆炸和火灾危险环境电力装置设计规，GB50058-1992 8.工业企业设计卫生标准，GBZ 1-2010 1.2设计围 本设计参照《医药建筑项目初步设计容及深度的规定》、《车间装置设计》；及校本科生毕业小设计总体要求。 此次设计的围限于片剂车间围的工艺设计及对辅助设施、公用工程等提出设计条件，包括相关的生产设备、车间布置设计、带控制点的工艺流程设计，同时对空调通风、
照明、洁净设施、生产制度、生产方式、土建、环保等在的一些非工艺工程提出要求。
2设计原则及指导思想 2.1设计原则 2.1.1医药工业洁净厂房设计规 1.工艺布局应按生产流程的要求，做到布置合理，紧凑，有利生产操作，并能保证对生产过程进行有效的管理。 2.工艺布局要防止人流、物流之间的混杂和交叉污染，并符合下列基本要求： a分别设置人员和物料进出生产区的通道，极易造成污染的物料(如部分原辅料，生产中废弃物等)，必要时可设置专用入口，洁净厂房的物料传递路线尽量要短。 b人员和物料进入洁净生产区应有各自的净化用室和设施。净化用室的设置要求与生产区的空气洁净度级别相适应。 c生产操作区应只设置必要的工艺设备和设施。用于生产、贮存的区域不得用作非本区域工作人员的通道。 3.在满足工艺条件的前提下，为了提高净化效果，节约能源，有空气洁净度要求按下列要求布置： a空气洁净度高的房间或区域宜布置在人员最少达到的地方，并宜靠近空调机房。 b不同空气洁净度级别的房间或区域宜按空气洁净度级别高低有及外布置。 c空气洁净度相同的房间或区域宜相对集中。 d不同空气洁净度房间之间相互联系应有防止污染措施，如气闸室或传递窗（柜）等。 4.洁净厂房应设置与生产规模相适应的原辅材料、半成品、成品存放区域，且尽可能靠近与其相联系的生产区域，减少运输过程中的混杂与污染。存放区域应安排试验区，