动词时态和语态导学案
【基础知识·归纳】
一、动词的时态
动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态。动作和状态的发生有一定的时间和表现方式，这就是英语中动词的时态。英语动词的时态主要由动词的不同形式来表示。英语动词的时态有十六种，现
般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、，其余的时态相对用得较少。本章重点介绍8种基本时态的用法，同时也简单介绍另外8种时态的用法。
1. 一般现在时
一般现在时除主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词要加s或es外，一律用动词原形。其疑问句和否定句要借助助动词do或does来实现（be和have除外）。
(1) 一般现在时表现在
①表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语every day, usually, always, often, sometimes, on Sunday等连用。
I go to school at 6 every morning. 每天早上我七点去上学。
He often goes to the cinema. 他经常去看电影。
②表示现在(或经常性)的情况或状态
Mother is ill. 母亲病了。
We need a lot of money. 我们需要一大笔钱。
③表示现在的能力、特征、职业等
He sings well. 他唱歌唱得好。
Mr. Smith teaches French. 史密斯先生教法语。
④表示客观真理、科学事实、格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在。
Summer follows spring. 春去夏来。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
The earth turns around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
【特别提示】此种用法即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
我在小学就学过地球是围绕太阳转的。
⑤表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态
Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了！There goes the bell. 铃响了。
How hard it snows! 雪下得真大！
(2) 一般现在时表将来
①当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时，时间、条件、方式及让步状语从句必须用一般现在时表将来。
I’ll write to her when I have time.我有空会给她写信。
Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。
If we hurry, we may catch the bus. 如果我们赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车。
Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。
②在the more…the more …(越……越……) 句型中，前者通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，因为前者相当于条件状语从句。
The harder you study, the better results you will get. 你学习越努力，成绩就会越好。
③在make sure(弄清楚)，make certain(弄清楚)，take care(注意，当心)，be careful(注意，当心)，mind(注意)，watch(注意)后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
Make certain what time the train goes.务必弄清火车发车时间。
Take care that it does not occur again. 注意别再发生这样的事。
Watch that the baby doesn’t go near the heater.注意别让宝宝接近加热器。
【特别提示】在it doesn’t matter, I don’t care, I don’t mind等结构(以及类似结构)后的名词性从句也通常用一般现在表示将来意义。
It doesn’t matter where we go on holiday.我们去哪儿度假都行。
Does it matter who goes first? 谁先去这有关系吗？
I don’t care whether we win or lose.我不在乎我们是赢还是输。
④表示按计划或时间表将要发生的动作，通常有表示将来的时间状语。
The plane takes off at 11:30 and arrives in Shanghai at l:20. 飞机十一点半起飞，一点二十分抵达上海。
【特别提示】只限于少数动词能这样用，如 begin, start, end, finish, stop, go, come, leave, sail, arrive, return, close, open 等。
3. 一般现在时表过去
(1) 故事性读物中戏剧性的描绘（用一般现在时可给人以历历在目的印象）。
They threatened to shoot, but the marchers could not be stopped. The unarmed workers
press on and on.他们威胁着要开枪，却没法挡住游行者，手无寸铁的工人们不断向前逼进。
The crowd swarms around the gateway, excitement grows as the pop star appears.
人群聚集在大门口，当那位通俗歌星出现时，众人情绪高涨。
(2) 用在报纸标题或小说章节的标题中
Earthquake kills over 100,000 people地震使10万人丧生
PEACE TALKS FAIL 和谈失败
Ⅶ Go to Bristol 第七章去布里斯托尔途中
【特别提示】情节已经发生而用一般现在时，可使标题生动。
2. 一般过去时
一般过去时用动词的过去式构成，即一般是在动词原形后加ed。
(1) 一般过去时表示过去
①表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day 等连用。
He bought the computer five years ago. 这电脑是他五年前买的。
It was then a small fishing village.那时它只是一个小渔村。
②表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作
We often played together when we were children.我们小时候常在一起玩。
【特别提示】表过去习惯性的动词，也可用used to或would。
He used to go to work by bus. 他过去常乘公共汽车去上班。
(2) 一般过去时表示现在
①在宾语从句中，由于时态呼应的关系，可用一般过去时表示现在。
I didn’t know you were here.我不知道你在这儿。(were实际上指现在)
I didn’t know you were so busy．我没想到你这么忙。(were实际上指现在)
②用于某些特殊结构中表示现在
It’s time we started.我们该动身了。
I wish I knew his name. 要是我知道他的名字就好了。
I’d rather you lived closer to us. 我希望你能住得离我们近点。
If I had the money now I’d buy a car.假若我现在有钱，我就买辆小汽车。
【特别提示】有些动词的过去时，如：expect, hope, intend, plan, wanted 等一般过去时，后接不定式的完成时；或它们的过去完成时接不定式的一般式，都可表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望。
I hoped to have been invited to his wedding party. /I had hoped to be invited to his wedding ceremony.
我本希望他来邀请我参加他的婚礼。
I intended to have joined their games./I had intended to join their games. 我本打算参加他们的比赛。
3. 一般将来时
(1) 一般将来时的基本用法
一般将来时的基本用法是表示单纯的将来事实，由“will / shall +动词原形”构成(英语英语中第一人称可用shall，美国英语中一律都用will)。常用时间副词tomorrow, soon或短语next year / week / month, in a few days, in the future, sometime 等做状语。
I think she will pass the exam. 我想他考试会及格的。
We shall have a lot of rain next month. 下个月将下很多雨。
(2) 表示将来时间的常见方法
英语中除了“will /shall+动词原形”表示将来时态外，还可以有以下多种方法：
① be going to+动词原形
主要表示已经计划或安排好了的事情，也可表示有迹象表明肯定要发生的事情。
We are not going to stay there long. 我们不准备在那里多待。
I’m afraid they’re going to lose the game.恐怕他们会赛输。
Look, it’s going to rain.瞧，要下雨了。
【特别提示】be going to 后接动词go和come时，通常直接改用其进行时态。
Where is he going to go? / Where is he going? 他打算到哪里去？
② be to+动词原形
主要表示一种常规性的活动或注定要做的事情；有时也表示命令、禁止或可能性。
Who is to clean the classroom today? 今天该谁打扫教室了？
Tell him he’s not to be back late.告诉他不准迟回。
【特别提示】这与不定式作表语不同：My idea is to go there today.
我的意思是今天就去那里。
③be about to+动词原形
主要表示就要做或正好要做的事情。往往暗含一种时间上的巧合，因此，句子不能再用时间状语。
He is about to leave. 他即将要离开。Sit down, everyone. The film is about to start. 大家坐好，电影马上就要开发始了。
【特别提示】be on the point of加动词的-ing形式，表示“就要”做某事，也不能与表示将来的时间状语连用。Look! They’re on the point of starting!看！他们就要开始了！
④be due to+动词原形
主要表示按计划或时间表将要发生某事。
He is due to leave very soon. 他很快就要离开。
His book is due to be published in October. 他的书计划10月份出版。
⑤现在进行时(即be＋现在分词)
主要表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。这个句型中动词主要是瞬间动词：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等。
The students are leaving on Sunday. 学生们星期日出发。
The dog is dying. 那条狗要死了。
Hurry up. The shop is closing. 快点，商店就要关门了。
⑥一般现在时
表示一种严格按照计划进行的动作。比方说，上课、飞机起飞、火车离站等。
The train leaves at 7:25 this evening. 火车今晚7:25分开。
Don’t hurry. The meeting starts at a quarte r past eight. 不要匆忙，回忆八点过一刻开始。
The bus goes back at four thirty. 汽车四点返回。
4. 过去将来时
(1) 过去将来时的基本用法
过去将来时由“would+动词原形”构成，
主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的事情(尤其用于宾语从句中)。
He told us he would help us. 他告诉我们他会帮助我们。
I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble. 我知道当我们陷入困境时它会帮助我们。
(2) 过去将来时的常见表示方法
除“would+动词原形”外，过去将来时还有以下常见表达方式（可参考一般将来时）。
①用was/were going to表示
表示过去某时准备做某事。
He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. 他告诉我说他要参加那次会议。
I was going to leave when he came in. 他进来时我正要离开。
【特别提示】was going to在一定的上下文中有时可表示过去未曾实现的想法或打算。
She was going to attend the concert last night, but she was too busy. 她昨晚本想去听音乐会的，但她太忙了。
②用was/were about+不定式表示
表示在过去看来正要做某事。
I was just about to go to bed when he came to see me. 我正要睡觉，他来看我了。
③用于was/were due to表示
表示定于过去某时将要做某事。
They were due t o leave at ten o’clock.他们定于十点出发。
④用“was(were)+不定式”表示
表示定于过去某时将要做某事。
He was to meet her at 10 on the street. 他约定和她10点钟在街上见面。
【特别提示】若表示过去没有实现(或被取消)的计划，则用was (were) to+动词完成式。
We were to have left at 6 last night. 我们本来计划昨晚6点离开的。
5. 现在进行时
现在进行时由 am/is/are 加现在分词构成。
(1) 现在进行时的基本用法
现在进行时主要表示说话时刻正在进行的动作、不断重复的动作或目前这个阶段(不一定是说话时刻)正在进行的动作。
We’re having a meeting.我们在开会。(说话时正在进行的动作)
He is teaching in a middle school. 他在一所中学教书。(目前阶段在进行的动作)
(2) 现在进行时表将来
现在进行时表将来，主要表示按计划或安排要发生的动作。
I’m leaving tomorrow.我明天走。
They’re getti ng married next month. 他们下个月结婚。
【特别提示】用现在进行时表示将来，其计划性较强，并往往暗示一种意图；而一般现在时表示将来，则其客观性较强，即通常被视为客观事实，多指按时刻表或规定要发生的情况。
I’m not going out this evening.今晚我不准备出去。
What time does the train leave? 火车什么时候开?
(3) 现在进行时表示感色彩
现在进行时有时可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩，通常与 always, forever, constantly, continually 等副词连用。比较：
She’s always helping people.她老是帮助别人。(表赞扬)
She always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。(陈述一个事实)
The boy is constantly lying. 这孩子老是撒谎。(表示厌恶)
The boy often lies. 这孩子常撒谎。(指出缺点)
(4) 动词be的现在进行时
主要用于表示一时的表现或暂时存在的状态。比较：
He is foolish. 他很傻。(生性如此)
He is being foolish. 他显得很傻。(指一时的表现，并非总是如此)
He is friendly. 他很友好。(长期如此)
He is being friendly. 他显得很友好。(指暂时的表现，而且不一定真诚)
【特别提示】
“be+形容词”用于现在进行时时，其中的形容词通常只能是angry, careful, careless, clever, foolish, stupid, kind, friendly, brave, rude, polite等动态形容词，而big, tall, beautiful 等静态形容词不能这样用的。
6. 过去进行时
过去进行时由was/were 加现在分词构成。
(1) 过去进行的基本用法
过去进行时主要表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作。
We were expecting you yesterday. 我们昨天一直在等你。
He was playing while I was studying. 我在做功课时他在玩。
(2) 过去进行时表示现在
用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。
I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。
We were hoping you would stay with us. 我们很希望你能跟我们住在一起。
How much did you want to spend, sir? 先生，您打算花多少钱？
【特别提示】一般过去时也有类似用法，但比较而言，用过去进行时显得更客气，更不肯定。
(3) 过去进行时表示感情色彩
与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩，也通常与 always, forever, continually等副词连用。
They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。
The boy was continually asking questions. 这个男孩子老是问东问西的。
(4) 动词be的过去进行时
动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。比较：
He was friendly. 他很友好。(指过去长期如此)
He was being friendly. 他当时显得很友好。(指当时一时的表现)
(5) 表示某个短暂性动作发生的背景
如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间短的用一般过去时，表达新的信息。
I was reading the newspaper when the doorbell rang. 我正在看报，突然门铃响了。
Jim burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner. 吉姆做饭时把手烫了。
(6) 过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
①过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续，而一般过去时表示动作的完成。
He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在写作文。(不一定写完)
He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚写了一篇作文。(已经写完)
②表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般过去时，但通常不用于进行时。
I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。
③一般过去时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用，表示“过去经常性、习惯性的动作”；而过去进行时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用，表示动作的重复，常带有感情的色彩。
He always got up at six. 他过去总是六点起床。
He was always thinking of his work. 他总是一心想到工作。
7. 现在完成时
现在完成时由“have / has + 过去分词”构成。
(1) 现在完成时的基本用法
①现在完成时表示影响
该用法表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成，并且这个过去发生并完成的动作对现在有影响或结果，同时说话者强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果。
He has left the city. 他已离开这个城市。(结果：他不在这个城市)
Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗户打破了。(结果：窗户仍破着)
Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了吗?(结果：你知道它在哪里吗?)
②现在完成时表示持续
该用法表示一个过去发生的动作并未在过去完成，而是一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续下去(也可能到此结束)。
I have lived for ten years. 我在这儿住了十年了。
We have studied here since 2003. 我们自2003年来就在这儿读书了。
The temperature has stayed hot this week. 这星期天气一直很热。
③现在完成时表示重复
即表示从过去某个时间直到现在的这个时间范围内不断重复发生的动作或情况，并且这个不断重复的动作
有可能继续下去，也有可能到现在就结束。
How often have you seen her? 你隔多少见她一次?
My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父亲一向骑车上班。
④现在完成时表示将来
同一般现在时可以表示将来一样，现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将来。
I’ll wait until he has written his letter.我愿等到他把信写完。
When you have rested, I’ll show you the garden.等你休息好之后，我领你看我们的花园。
【特别提示】1. 非持续性动词go, come, leave, borrow, buy, die, join的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用，若要接用时间段状语，则应换成相应的持续动词或状态动词。
He has left. 他走了。
He has been away for an hour. 他走了一个小时了。
Can I borrow that book? 我可以借那本书吗?
How long can I keep the book? 这本书我可借多久？
2. 非持续性动词的否定完成时可与时间段状语连用。
He has not borrowed the book since then. 从此以后，他再也没有借这本书了。
(2) 与现在完成时连用的常用词语和结构
能与现在完成时连用词语很多，如副词just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等。
【特别提示】完成时的肯定式常用already，而否定式和疑问句常用yet，但若already用于疑问句时，表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。如：
Have you read it already? 你就看完了？
① since(自从)
不管用作介词、连词还是副词，句子(主句)谓语通常都与现在完成时连用。
I haven’t seen her since last week.自上周以来我一直未见过她。
Where have you been since I last saw? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?
【特别提示】有时可用其他时态的情况。
1. 对于某些表示状态(如 seem 等)的动词，或因语义等方面的原因，有时可能用一般现在时比较现在完成时更合适。
It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。
2. 若不是指从过去持续到现在，而是指从较远的过去持续到在一个较近的过去，则用过去完成时。Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday.
他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西)
3. 表示时间长度时，通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时。
It’s ten years since he left here.他离开这儿已10年了。
② so far(到目前为止)
So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。
We haven’t had any trouble so far.到目前为止，我们还没有遇到任何麻烦。
③ in/for/during the past/last … years(在过去……年中)
In the past two years I’ve seen him li ttle. 过去两年我很少见到他。
I have been here (for) the last/past month. 最近一个月里我都在这儿。
【特别提示】在一定的上下文里，若是以过去时间为起点，也可用过去完成时。
④ up to/until now(到现在为止)
Up to now, the work has been easy. 到现在为止这工作还算容易。
I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到现在为止我还没有听到他一点音信。⑤ This/That/It is /will be the first/ second …/last time that…(第几次……)
It’s the first time I’ve come here.这是我第一次来这儿。
Don’t forget, it’ll be the first time I’ve spoken in public.别忘了，这是我第一次在公共场合发言。
⑥This/That/It is + the +形容词最高级+名词+that…句型中。
That’s the most interestin g book that I’ve ever read.这是我看过的最有意思的书。
(3) have been to 和have gone to
两者均可后接地点，前者表示去过某地，通常可与表示次数的状语连用；后者表示到某地去了，强调说话的当时去某地的人不在场。比较：
He has been to Paris three times. 他去过巴黎三次。
He has gone to Paris. 他去巴黎了。(即现在不在这儿)
8. 过去完成时
过去完成时由“had + 过去分词”构成。
(1) 过去完成时的基本用法
过去完成时与现在完成时相似，也有“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法，所不同的是，过去完成时将时间推移到过去某一时间之前，即所谓的“过去的过去”。具体地说，它既可表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作，也可表示从一个较早的过去持续一个较迟的过去的动作。
He had left when I arrived. 当我到达时他已经离开。
By six o’clock he had worked twelve hours.到6点钟时他就已工作了12小时。
(2) 如何正确运用过去完成时
正确运用过去完成时最重要的是要正确理解“过去的过去”。“过去的过去”是一个相对时间，即它相对于一个过去时间而言，并在其过去。这种相对的“过去的过去”有时通过一定的时间副词(状语)体现出来，有时则可能是通过一定的上下文来体现：。
I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丢失的表。
The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋子里很安静，大家都睡觉了。
【特别提示】有些通常与现在完成时连用的词语，由于在一定的语境中，谓语动作移到了“过去的过去”，也应用过去完成时。
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday.
他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西)
(3) 过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法与打算
过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的想法和打算，通常连用的动词是 want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等。
I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来，但有事就没有来。
I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想发言，但时间不允许。
We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didn’t.我们本想你来看我们的，但你没有来。
9. 将来进行时
将来进行时包括现在将来进行时和过去将来进行时。
(1) 现在将来进行时
现在将来进行时由 will be doing 构成。
①将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。
Don’t phone me between 5 and 6. We’ll be having dinner then.五点至六点之间不要给我打电话，那时我们在吃饭。When I get home, my wife will probably be watching television. 当我到家时，我太太可能正在看电视。
②表示按计划或安排要发生的动作
I will be seeing you next week. 我下个星期来看你。
I’ll be taking my holidays soon. 不久我将度假了。
We shall be going to London next week. 下周我们要去伦敦。
③将来进行时表示委婉语气
Will you be having some tea? 喝点茶吧。
Will you be needing anything else?
你还需要什么吗？
(2) 过去将来进行时
过去将来进行时由 would be doing 构成。表示在以过去某一时间来看在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。主要用于宾语从句、同位语从句、状语从句中。
He said that he would be waiting for me outside.他说他会在外面等我。
He told us that he would be having a meeting tomorrow.他告诉我们他明天将在开会。
10. 将来完成时
将来完成时可分为现在将来完成时和过去将来完成时。
(1) 现在将来完成时
表示到将来某个时间为止势必会完成或预计要完成的动作，由“will/shall + have +过去分词”构成。When we get there，she’ll have gone to work. 我们到那里时她会已上班去了。
On Monday he’ll have been in Britain for three years. 到星期一，他在英国就满三年了。
(2) 过去将来完成时
过去将来完成时表示在过去看来将来某时会已经完成的动作，它由“would + have + 过去分词”构成。She said she’d have finished her exams by then.她说那时她会已经考完试了。
He knew by the time he arrived she would have gone home. 他知道他到时她会已经回家。
11. 完成进行时
完成进行时分为现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。
(1) 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“have/has been+现在分词”构成。
①表示现在以前这一段时间里一直在正进行的动作，这动作可能仍在进行，也可能已停止。
It has been raining since last Sunday. 自上周星期日以来就一直在下雨。
He’s been watching television a ll day. 他看了一天电视了。
②现在完成进行时有时表示根据直接或间接的证据得出的结论。
She is very tired. She’s been typing letters all day.她很累了，她整天都在打信件。
Her eyes are red. She has been crying. 她眼睛红了。她一直在哭。
【特别提示】现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
1. 现在完成时可以表示一个已经完成的动作，而现在完成进行时则表示一个正在进行的动作。
I have read the book. 我读过这本书。
I have been reading the book. 我一直在读这本书。
2. 现在完成进行时通常用来谈论较短暂的动作或情况，若要谈论时间延续较长的动作或情况或永久性情况，则通常用现在完成时。
He has lived in Paris. 他(一直)住在巴黎。
He has been living in Paris. 他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暂时性)
(2) 过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时由“had been+现在分词”构成，因此无人称变化。
过去完成进行时表示持续到过去某时的一个动作(可算是现在完成进行时的过去式)。
The ground was wet. It had been raining. 地是湿的。此前一直在下雨。At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽车来了，我已等了半小时。
She was out of breath. She had been running. 她气喘吁吁，她一直在跑来着。
12. 将来完成进行时
将来完成进行时分为现在将来完成进行时和过去将来进行完成时。
(1) 现在将来完成进行时
由“will / shall have been+现在分词”构成。
①表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间，至于是否继续下去，要视上下文而定。
She will have been having treatment all her life. 她将终生受到治疗。
By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years.到今年年底他当演员就满30年了。
②表示一种经常性反复进行的持续性动作。
By the end of this month he will have been climbing mountains for twenty years. 到了这个月底他登山就满20年了。(2) 过去完成进行时
过去将来完成进行时由“would have been + 现在分词”构成。表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间。动作是否继续下去，由上下文决定。
He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years.
他说到了春季学期末，他就学了三年英语了。
【特别提示】在间接引语中，将来完成进行时通常要改为过去将来完成进行时。
I know by this time next week you’ll have been working here for 30 years.
→I knew by that time he would have been working there for 30 years.
13. 时态的呼应
时态的呼应也叫时态的一致，是指在复合句中，某些从句（主要是宾语从句等名词性从句）的时态常受主句时态的影响，因而要注意主从句两部分的时态呼应。
(1) 主句是现在时态或将来时时，从句可以用任何所需要的时态。
He says his father is/was/will be a teacher. 他说他父亲是（过去是，将来要做）一个教师。
They will tell you that they are living/lived/will live/have lived in shanghai.
他们会告诉你他们正住在上海/在上海住过/将住在上海/一直住在上海。
(2) 主句是过去时态时，从句的时态要注意下列几点：
①从句与主句动作同时发生，从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时。
I thought he studied hard. 我认为他学习努力。
He told me his son was watching TV. 他告诉我他儿子在看电视。
②从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句须用过去将来时。
He said he would post the letter. 他说他将要寄这封信。
They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他们不知道什么时候去参观长城。
③从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句须用过去完成时。
He said he had posted the letter。他说已经把信发了。
They asked me whether I had been there before. 他们问我以前去没去过那里。
(3) 时态呼应的几个注意事项
①如果从句有具体的过去时间状语，尽管从句动作发生在主句动作之前，有时仍用一般过去时。
She told me her brother died in 1960. 她告诉我她哥哥1960年去世的。
They said they checked everything yesterday. 他们说昨天他们全部检查过了。
②从句说的是一般真理或客观事实，即使主句用过去时态，从句仍用一般现在时。
The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round. 老师告诉学生们地球是圆的。
Somebody told me you are a writer. 有人告诉我你是个作家。
③除了宾语从句外，其他名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）一般也要遵守这种时态呼应的规律。而状语从句和定语从句则是根据本身意思的需要选用适当的时态。
He saw the boy whose mother is our teacher. 他见过那个他妈妈是我们老师的男孩。
It was not so hot yesterday as it is today. 昨天没有今天这样热。
二、动词的语态
英语的语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。决定动词用主动语态还是被动语态主要看动词和主语的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者，也就是说它们是主动关系，此时动词用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，也就是说它们是被动关系，此时动词则用被动语态。
Everybody respects him. 大家都尊敬他。 (主动语态)
He is respected by everybody. 他受到大家的尊敬。(被动语态)
1. 被动语态的构成
We are given a lot of homework to do. 我们有很多作业要做。
They were given a warm send-off. 他们受到热烈的欢送。
I think we are being followed. 我想有人在跟踪我们。
They told me that the case was being investigated. 他们告诉我案子正在调查。
The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已找到了。
He asked if Mary had been sent to hospital. 他问玛丽是否已被送进医院。
Check carefully, so any mistakes will be caught. 仔细检查一遍，把所有错误都找出来。
He knew he would be punished for it. 他知道他会为此受到惩罚。
(2) 否定式是在其构成形式中的第一个助动词后加not，或用简略形式。
The children are not allowed to play on the grass. 孩子们不允许在草地上玩耍。
(3) 一般疑问式是将第一个助动词到主语前；特殊疑问句句式是“疑问词+一般疑问式”。对主语进行提问的特殊疑问句，助动词不能提到主语前。
Haven’t your problem been solved?你的问题难道还没有被解决掉吗？
When will the work be finished?这项工作什么时候能完成？
What will be done next? 下一步要做什么？
2. 主动语态变被动语态
(1) 基本方法
将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，将主动谓语变为被动谓语(be+过去分词)，将主动语态的主语变为by短语(在被动句中用作状语)。
He stole our money. → Our money was stolen by him.
【特别提示】1. 若不强调动词执行者，被动语态中的by短语通常可以省略。
The house was built in 1978. 这座房子是1978年建的。
2. 在转变语态时，要注意保持两种语态时态的一致性。
The students will study the problem. →The problem will be studied by the students.
A friend of ours is repairing the roof. →The roof is being repaired by a fri end of ours.
(2) 双宾动词的被动语态
双宾动词即指带双宾语的动词，它们在变为被动语态时，有以下两种情形值得注意：①有些双宾动词(如award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tell等)在变为被动语态时，既可把间接宾语(指人)变为被动语态的主语，而把直接宾语(指事物)保留下来(称为保留宾语)，也可把直接宾语(指事物)变为被动语态的主语，而把间接宾语改为介词to 或for引起的状语(到底用to还是for，与所搭配的动词有关)。比较：
He gave her some money. 他给她一些钱。→ She was given some money. / Some money was given to him.
He bought her a watch. 他给她买了一快表。→ A watch was bought for her. / She was bought a watch.
②有些双宾动词(如bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write等)通常用直接宾语(指事物)作被动语态的主语，而将间接宾语用作保留宾语(其前根据情况用介词to或for)。
Father made me a doll. → A doll was made for me.
He wrote her a letter. → A letter was written to her.
③有些双宾动词(如answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spare等)通常用间接宾语(指人)作被动语态的主语，而将直接宾语用作保留宾语。
He answered me that question. → I was answered that question by him.
(3) 含有情态动词的被动语态
若主动语态中谓语含有情态动词，在相应的被动语态中通常应保留该情态动词，其结构为“情态动词+be(或be的适当形式)+过去分词”。
Everyone must know this. →This must be known by everyone.
请看以下带情态动词被动句实例：
She may have been sent to work elsewhere. 她可能被派到别处工作去了。
The environment should be improved. 环境应当改善。
The second point needn’t be discussed today.第二点今天不必讨论。
(4) 短语动词的被动语态
“动词＋介词或副词”构成的短语动词，以及“动词＋名词＋介词”构成的短语动词，在被动语态中不要漏掉后面的介词或副词。
Good use is made of the library. 这图书馆的利用率很高。
A man who is much talked about is always very attractive. 被人谈论多的人经常是很有吸引力的人。
Many interesting experiments are carried out in our laboratory. 我们实验室做了许多有趣的实验。
3. 非谓语动词的被动语态
(1) 不定式的被动语态
由“to be+过去分词”构成。
He needs to be taken care of. 他需要人照顾。
It’s better to be prepared than unprepared.有准备比没有准备好。
【特别提示】有时用不定式的完成体被动式(to have been+过去分词)。
I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我。
(2) 现在分词的被动语态
由“being+过去分词”构成。
Being protected by a wall, he felt quite safe. 有一堵墙保护，他感到很安全。
He was seen being taken away by the police. 有人看见他被警察带走了。
【特别提示】有时用现在分词的完成体被动式(having been+过去分词)。
Having been invited to speak, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow.因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。
(3) 动名词的被动语态
由“being+过去分词”构成。
She likes being looked at. 她喜欢被人瞧。
This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。
(4) 过去分词没有被动式
但过去分词本身可以表示被动意义。
The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。
4. 不用于被动语态的情形
(1) 不及物动词没有被动语态
因为不及物动词没有宾语，所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语，故不能用于被动语态。
A fire broke out during the night. 夜间发生了火灾。
Use this money when the need arises. 有需要时就使用这笔钱。
【特别提示】值得注意的是，有些英语中的不及物动词，译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的，很容易出错，这类动词有：take place(发生)，happen(发生)，come about(发生)，break out(爆发)，appear(出现)，disappear(消失)，last(持续)，arise(出现，发生)等。
(2) 某些静态动词不用于被动语态
英语有些静态动词(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用于被动语态，如以下各句均不能变为被动语态。
My shoes don’t fit me.我的鞋不合适。
The young man lacks experience. 这个年轻人缺乏经验。
The hall holds 1000 people. 大厅可容纳1000人。
(3) 宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态
由于相互代词和反身代词通常不能用作主语，所以当它们用作动词宾语时，句子不能转换成被动语态。We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。
He could see himself in the mirror. 他在镜子中可以看到自己。
5. 关于“get＋过去分词”
英语被动语态通常由“助动词be+过去分词”构成，有时也可用“get+过去分词”构成。常见的搭配有get arrested, get caught, get confused, get delayed, get divorced, get dressed, get drowned, get drunk, get elected, get engaged, get hit, get killed, get lost, get married, get stuck等。
James got beaten last night. 詹姆斯昨晚被打了。
How did that window get opened? 那个窗户是如何打开的？
Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour. 大城市的清洁女工通常按小时计酬。
【特别提示】总的说来，用get构成的被动语态不如用be构成的被动语态常见，尤其是在含有施动者的by短语时，用get构成被动语态更是少见。不过有时用be+过去分词构成被动语态构成误解时，人们可能会选get+过去分词来避免这种误解。
The window was broken. 窗户破了(表状态)。/ 窗户被打破了(表动作)
The window got broken. 窗户被打破了(表动作)
6. 动词用主动表被动的五种情形
(1)某些连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动，因为连系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。
Your idea sounds a good one. 你的想法听起来很好。
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证实是错的。
(2)当open, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。The door won’t shut.这门关不上。
The supermarket doors shut automatically. 超级市场的门是自动关的。
【特别提示】该用法的不及物动词通常与can’t, won’t等连用，注意它与用被动语态含义不同。The window won’t shut.这窗户关不上。(说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了)
The window won’t be shut.这窗户将不用关上。(窗户本身没问题，只是不用关)
有时可能用主动和被动形式均可，只是强调重点稍有不同。
Suddenly the door opened. 突然门开了。(不强调动作执行者)
The door was suddenly opened. 门突然被打开了。(强调动作执行者)
(3)当read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。
The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。
The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。
This cheese doesn’t cut easily. It’s too soft.这乳酪不容易切，太软了。
This shirt will wear very long. 这衬衫可以穿很久。
【特别提示】该用法通常与well, easily, slowly, quickly等副词连用，并且在用于以上意思时通常不宜直接使用被动语态形式。不过在某些特殊情况下也可用被动语态，只是含义稍有不同(用主动形式表示主语的属性，用被动形式表示动作执行者所执行的动作)。
The sentences read clearly. 这些句子读起来很清楚。(即这句子没有歧义)
The sentences are read clearly. 这些句子被读得很清楚。(指读的人读得好)
另外，以上用法有时也可能用于进行时态。
The vegetables are cooking. 蔬菜正在煮着。
Is the book selling well? 这书销售情况如何?
(4) 某些表示开始和结束的动词(begin, start, finish, end等)，当主语为事物且不强调动作的执行者时，可用主动语态表示被动意义。
When does the concert begin? 音乐会什么时候开始？
The play ended at ten o’clock.戏10点钟结束。
(5) 有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。
Where is the new film showing? 这部电影在哪里放映?
My skirt caught on a nail. 我的裙子被钉子钩住了。
Soon the house filled with people. 很快房子就挤满了人。
7. 两类被动句型的转换
英语中有一种主动句可以转换成两种被动句型，它们通常是一些表示客观说明的句子。
People believed that she is honest.
→ It’s believed that she is honest.
→ She is believed to be honest.
大家相信她是诚实的。
比较上面两类被动句型可以发现，一类是“it + be + 过去分词+ that从句”，另一类则是“主语+be+过去分词+不定式”(其中的“主语”为前一类句型中that从句中的主语)，通常可用于这两类被动句型的动词有assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand等，比较(同时注意其中时态和动词形式的变化)：
It’s expected that he will come soon. / He is expected to come soon.预计他很快就会来。
It’s expected that he has come. / He is expected to have come. 估计他会已经来了。
It’s known that is a good singer. / He is known to be a good singer.大家知道他是位优秀的歌手。
It’s known that was a good singer. / He is known to have been a good singer.大家知道他曾是位优秀的歌手。
【易混疑难·探究】
一、现在进行时与一般现在时的区别
1. 现在进行时强调目前正在进行的动作，而一般现在时强调经常性或习惯性的动作。
I’m reading a story now. 我在看一个故事。(目前正在干的事情)
I read stories in my spare time. 我有空时看故事。(经常性的行为)
2. 现在进行时强调现阶段一直在进行的动作，而一般现在时只表动作的重复，而不表示动作的持续。
What are you doing these days? 这几天你在干什么？
They are learning English in the summer holiday. 他们暑假在学英语。
They read English every day. 他们每天读英语。
They play volleyball every Sunday. 他们每周星期天都打排球。
3. 表示短促动作的动词(如jump, knock, beat, pick, skip等)的进行时，表示动作的重复。
The girls are jumping over there. 女孩子们在那边跳。
His heart is beating fast. 他的心脏跳得很快。
4. 某些表示希望或想法的动词(如hope, wonder, want等)的进行时可以表示委婉客气。
I’m wondering whether you can help us now. 我不知道你现在能否给我们帮一忙。
I’m hoping that you will succeed. 我在希望你成功呢。
二、现在完成时与其他时态的区别
1. 现在完成时与一般过去时
现在完成时强调动作的结果或对现在的影响，属于现在时的范畴；一般过去时强调动作所发生的时间，属于过去时的范畴。因此，过去时需跟过去时间连用或有表过去时间的上下文连用，而现在完成时不能与过去时间连用。
I’ve lived here for ten years.我在这里住了10年。(现在仍住这儿)
I lived here for ten years. 我在这里住过10年。(现在不住这儿了)
He has bought a house. 他买了一栋房子。(现在已拥有这房子)
He bought a house ten years ago. 他10年前买了一栋房子。(现在是否仍拥这房子不清楚)
2. 现在完成时与现在进行时
现在完成时强调动作持续到现在或刚结束；而现在进行时只强调目前的动作或状态。
They have talked for about two hours.
他们谈了大约两个小时。(强调动作的持续)
They are talking. 他们在谈话。(强调目前的动作)
三、三种将来时表示法的比较
1.“will / shall＋动词原形”与“be going to＋动词原形”
两者均可表示将来时间和意图，两者有时可换用。但有时有差别：
(1) 若是强调某个意图是经过事先考虑好的，则通常要用be going to；若是表示某个意图没有经过事先考虑，而是在说话的当时才临时想到的，则通常用will。比较：
—Ann is in hospital.安住院了。
—Oh, really? I didn’t know. I’ll go and visit her.啊，真的吗？我还不知道。我要去看看她。(临时想法，不能用be going to)
—Ann is in hospital.安住院了。
—Yes, I know. I’m going to visit her tomorrow.我知道，我打算明天去看看她。” (事先考虑的意图，不能用will) (2) 若是有迹象表明要发生某事，通常只用be going to，不用will。
Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain.看那些乌云，要下雨了。
(3) 带有时间或条件状语从句的主句通常不宜用be going to，而用will。
When he comes back, I will tell him the news. 他回来时我就告诉他这个消息。
If he comes back, I will tell him the news. 他若回来我就告诉他这个消息。
【特别提示】在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型中，陈述句中只能用will或情态动词加动词原形。
Work hard, and you will pass the exam.
努力学习，你就会通过考试。
2. “be going to+动词原形”与“现在进行时”
(1) be going to主要表示主观想法或意图，而现在进行进表示将来则主要已经强调作出的安排。比较：
I’m going to wash the car if I have time.若有时间我想洗洗车。(主观想法)
I’m picking you up at 6; don’t forget.我6点钟来接你，不要忘了。(已作出的安排)
(2) 但是当要表示主观无法控制的预测时，通常要用be going to，不能用现在进行时态。
It’s going to snow before long.不久会下雪。
Things are going to get better soon. 情况很快就会好起来。
(3) 当表示坚持要(不要)某人做某事时，两者均可用。
She’s taking/going to take that medicine whether he likes it or not. 不管她喜欢不喜欢，她都得吃那药。
You’re not wearing/going to wear that skirt to school. 你不可以穿那条裙子去上学。
3. “be going to+动词原形”与“be to+动词原形”
两者均可表示按计划或安排要发生的动作，有时可互换(但be to比be going to正式)。
Where are we going to stay tonight? 我们今晚住哪里？
I’m (going ) t o play tennis this afternoon. 我打算今天下午打网球。
另外，be going to 还可表示预测，即根据已有迹象预测将要发生的动作，此时不能用be to。
Look, it’s going to rain.看，要下雨了。
四、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
从用法上说，一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时则表示过去某一时间以前(即过去的过去)发生的动作或存在的状态。但有时某个动作虽然发生在“过去的过去”，但却也可用一般过去时。
1. 当几个过去的动作用and, then, but等连接，且按照动作发生的先后顺序表达时，几个动作均可用一般过去。
I bought a radio but lost it. 我买了一部收音机，但丢了。
He stood up, took his coat and went out. 他站起身来，拿起外套，然后就出去了。
2. 由after, before, as soon as 等连词引导时间状语从句，由于这些连词已经清楚地表明了主从句谓语动词的先后顺序，所以对于先发生的动作也可用一般过去时表示。
I told them the news after you (had) left. 你走后我把这消息告诉了他们。
As soon as I (had) put the phone down it rang again. 我刚把电话一放下，它又响了。
3. 在一定的语境中，表示过去未曾实现想法或打算的过去完成时也可用一般过去时表示。
He hoped to come with us, but he was too busy. 他本想同我们一起来的，但他太忙了。
I thought I could go, but I can’t.我原认为我能去，但我(现在)去不了。
【特别提示】若没有明确的语境，则宜用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法，否则可能有歧义，如说I hoped to pass the examination. 它只表明过去想通过考试，但并未说明通过与否。如说 I had hoped to pass the examination，则表示过去想通过考试，但实际上未通过。不过在过去式后接不定式的完成式也可明确表示过去未曾实现的想法，如 I hoped to have passed the examination。
五、过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别
动词“be+过去分词”这一结构既可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构。这两种结构主要的区别是：被动语态强调动作，系表结构强调状态。我们还可以通过以下方法来判断：
1. 从形式上来看
被动语态往往接by施动者，而系表结构往往有固定的搭配，如be joined to, be connected with, be separated from, be covered with, be interested in, be surprised at, be satisfied with, be concerned about等。
We were surprised at the unexpected news. 听到这个意外消息，我们感到惊讶。(系表结构) 【特别提示】句中有“by+人”时，多用被动语态；而“by+物”时，多属系表结构。
The house was surrounded by the police. 这房子被警察包围了。(被动语态)
The house was surrounded by trees. 这房子四周都是树。(系表结构，表示静止的状态)
2. 从时态上来看
被动语态的be时态要与动作发生的时间一致；而系表结构的be只有一般时或完成时，表示目前或过去的性质或状态。
This window was broken by Kate yesterday.这窗户是凯特昨天打破的。 (被动语态)
This glass is broken. 这块玻璃是破的。(系表结构，指目前的状态)
3. 从句中的状语来看
过去分词前有well, very, quite等副词修饰的是系表结构；若句中有时间、方式或目的状语时，一般为被动语态。
The play is well written. 这剧本写得很好。(系表结构)
The play was written with great care. 这剧本是非常用心地写出来的。(被动语态，有方式状语)
4. 被动语态中的过去分词必须是及物动词，而系表结构中的过去分词可以是gone, fallen, risen等不及动词。My pen is gone. 我的钢笔不见了。
The sun is risen. 太阳升起来了。
上面两句是系表结构，而不是被动语态。
【解题方法·点拨】
方法1时间状语提示法
动词特定的时态常常与特定的时间状语联系在一起，如：由now, at present可知用一般现在时或现在进行时；由this time yesterday可知用过去进行时；由so far, in the past three years, till now 可知要用完成时等等。除了上述时间状语提示时态外，某些副词也有这种作用，如：often, always, usually, never, seldom等表示经常性、习惯性动作，应用一般现在时或一般过去时。
1. In order to find the missing child, villagers _______ all they can over the past five hours.
A. did
B. do
C. had done
D. have been doing
【解析】句意：为了找到那名失踪儿童，在过去的五个小时里村民们做了他们所能做的一切事情。根据时间状语over the past five hours可知，应该使用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。A项是一般过去时，B项是一般现在时，C项是过去完成时，都不符合题意。故选D。
2. (2012·湖南·27) “The moment ________ soon,” he thought to himself, waiting nervously.
A. came
B. has come
C. was coming
D. is coming
【解析】句意：“这一刻就要来到了”，他自思自忖，紧张地等待着。由句中的soon及选项可知本题考查进行时态表将来。且谓语动词come用于直接引语中，故用现在进行时表将来。D项为现在进行时，符合题意。A项为一般过去时；B项为现在完成时；C项为过去进行时。故选D。方法2 固定句型法
在英语中，不少句型与一些动词在时态的运用方面都存在着特定的对应关系，如(1) 在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型中，陈述句中用will表示的一般将来时；(2) 在This/That/It is the second time that…句型中用现在完成时，若is改为was，就用过去完成时；(3) 在no sooner…than…和hardly…when…句型中，前面常用过去完成时，when/than后的句子用一般过去时；(4) was/were about to do…when…或was/were do ing…when…或was/were on the point of doing…when…句型中，when分句的谓语动词用一般过时；(5) 在一个含有时间状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主从句的谓语动词都是过去发生的动作，一般来说，表示短暂性动作的动词用一般过去时，表示持续性动作的动词用过去进行时等等。1. Close the door of fear behind you, and you _______ the door of faith open before you. A. saw
B. have seen
C. will see
D. are seeing
【解析】句意：关上通往恐惧的门之后，你会很快地看到信心的大门。固定句式do sth. and you will “做某事，就会……”。C项为一般将来时，符合题意。A项为一般过去时；B项为现在完成时；D项为现在进行时。故选C。
2. — When did the computer crash?
— This morning, while I _______ the reading materials downloaded from some websites.
A. have sorted
B. was sorting
C. am sorting
D. had sorted
【解析】句意：“电脑什么时候瘫痪的?”“今天上午，当时我正在整理从一些网站上下载的阅读材料”。根据语境可知while引导的时间状语从句谓语动词要用进行时态，又因为是“今天上午”，故用过去进行时。故选B。
方法3 上下文语境推测法
在绝大多数情况下，动词的时态是由上下文来决定的，原因是题中没有出现明确的时间状语，这就要求我们从句子前后的意思推测和判断出时间点。做此类试题时一方面要熟记各种时态的适用范围，另一方面要求我们注意上下文的提示。
1.— Kevin, you look worried. Anything wrong?—Well, I _______ a test and I’m waiting for the result.
A. will take
B. took
C. had taken
D. take
【解析】句意：“Kevin，你看起来很着急。有什么事吗?”“嗯，我刚参加了一场考试，正在等结果”。由句意“我正在等结果”可知，参加考试是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时。will take 是一般将来时；took是一般过去时；had taken是过去完成时，表示的是发生在过去某个动作之前的动作；take是一般现在时。故选B。
2. “Life is like walking in the snow”, Granny used to say,“because every step _______.”
A. has shown
B. is showing
C. shows
D. showed
【解析】句意：祖母过去经常说：“人生就像在雪地里行走，因为每一步都能显现出来”。根据Life is like walking in the snow可知，后半句应用一般现在时，来表示这一客观事实。所以选C。方法4 动作判断法
对于被动语态来说，试题主要是让大家能够找出谓语动词的执行者或承受者，这就要根据句子的意思进行判断，然后根据句子中的时间状语，作出正确的选择。
1. After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it ______.A. was decorated B. had decorated C. had been decorating D. was being decorated
【解析】句意：放学后我们去阅览室读书，结果被告知阅览室正在装修。由句子的谓语动词went 可知，动作发生在过去，而装修正在进行，it指代the reading-room，与动词decorate是动宾关系，故需要使用被动语态，所以应该使用过去进行时的被动语态，故选D项。
2. Don’t worry. The hard work that you do now ________ later in life.
A. will be repaid
B. was being repaid
C. has been repaid
D. was repaid
【解析】句意：不要担心。你现在做的艰苦的工作会在以后的生活中得到回报。由句意可知应用一般将来时，且艰苦的工作应该是被回报，故用动词的一般将来时的被动语态。A项为一般将来时的被动语态，符合题意。
【典题精练】
强化训练
用所给动词的正确形式填空
1. Remember to send me a photo to us next time you ________（write）to me.
2. I first met Tom 10 years ago. He ________（work）in a radio factory at that time.
3.—Have you finished the report?
—No. I __________（do）it all this week.
4. I know Mr. Brown; we __________（introduce）to each other at an international conference.
5. Don’t bother to look for my dictionary; it __________（turn up）some day.
6. The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They __________（cook）too long.
7. Jim talked for about half an hour yesterday. Never ______ I _______ him talk so much.（hear）
8. _________（leave）it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
9.—Each of the students, working hard at their lessons, __________（read）the book.
—So have I.
10.—I’m sorry, but there’s no smoking on this flight.
—Oh, I __________（know）that. Sorry, I won’t again.
Keys:
1. write
2. was working
3. have been doing
4. were introduced
5. will turn up
6. had been cooked
7. had, heard
8. Leave
9. has read 10. didn’t kn ow
能力挑战
选择最佳答案
1. — Do you miss your parent far away?
— Yes, very much. They _______ the hometown for over two years.
A. left
B. have left
C. were away from
D. have been away from
1. 【解析】选D。由时间状语for over two years可知，用现在完成时，且动词用延续性的，故选D。
2.—Where is your father?
—He_________ Australia and he ________ Sydney for two weeks.
A. has been to; has been in
B. has gone to; has been in
C. has been in; has been to
D. has gone to; has been to
2.【解析】选B。句意：他到澳大利亚去了，并且在悉尼呆了两个周了。have gone to到某地去了；have been in+地点表示“一直在某地……”。
3. －_______ you _______ Jeremy Shu-How Lin?
－Yes. The once-nameless young man became a basketball hero suddenly.
A. Did; hear
B. Do; listen to
C. Have; heard of
D. Have; listened to
3.【解析】选C。根据语境：你……过林书豪吗？是的，一个很不出名的年轻人突然成了篮球健将，可见是“听说”，不是“听”或“听见”，所以是询问别人的“经历”，表示过去的事对现在造成的影响和结果，所以用hear of的完成时，所以选择答案C。
4. －I called you this morning, but nobody answered it.
－Oh, we _____ some running in the park.A. are doing B. were doing C. have done D. did 4.【解析】选B。由上句语境“今天早上我给你打电话，但是没人接”可知是说的过去，原因是“那时我正在公园里跑步”，所以用过去进行时，所以选择答案B。
5. — Where is your brother? — He has gone to Beijing. He _______ back in three days.
A. will come
B. comes
C. has come
D. came
5.【解析】选A。由时间状语in three days可知，本句为一般将来时。故选A。
6. — Is Jack in the classroom now? — No, he ________ football on the playground.
A. plays
B. played
C. is playing
D. was playing
6.【解析】选C。由上文句意“现在杰克在教室里做什么？”可知，问的是现在正在做的事情。故用现在进行时。选C。
7. — What does your mother do to keep healthy, Tim?— She usually ________.
A. swim
B. swims
C. is swimming
D. to swim
7.【解析】选B。句意：“Tim，你母亲做什么来保持健康？”“她通常游泳”。根据句意和副词usually 可知本题应用一般现在时，故选B。
8. As the curtain ______, the famous singer came out. The fans ______ and screamed with excitement.
A. was raised; rose
B. had been raised; were raised
C. rose; were raised
D. had risen; raised
8.【解析】选A。句意：当幕布升起的时候，著名的歌唱家出场了。粉丝们起身并兴奋地尖叫起来。主语为the curtain，故此空应该用被动语态；第二句中的主语为The fans，rise表示“站起来”，此空应该用主动语态，故答案为A。
9. —Do you like reading books?—Yes. Each of us ________ to do more reading in and after class.
A. are encouraged
B. encourage
C. is encouraged
D. is encouraging
9.【解析】选C。根据语境可知此处表示“我们每个人被鼓励”，each做主语，谓语动词用单数形式，故选C.
10. In the past few years, thousands of films _______ all over the world.
A. have produced
B. have been produced
C. are producing
D. are being produced
10.【解析】选B。根据句意“在过去的几年里，上千部的电影在全世界制造出来”，句子的主语是films电影，属于物，也就是动作的承受者，所以要用被动语态。另外，根据时间状语in the past few years，从过去到现在，所以要用完成时态，所以选择答案B，要用完成时态的被动语态。
经典真题
1. Food supplies in the flood-stricken area _______. We must act immediately before there’s none left.
A. have run out
B. are running out
C. have been run out
D. are being run out
1.【解析】选B。句意：供应洪灾地区的食物快用完了。我们必须在用完之前立刻采取行动。run out是不及物动词，不能用于被动语态，排除C、D；由第二句中的before there’s none left可知，run out是将要发生的动作，应用将来时。are running out是进行时，可以表将来，故选B。
2. I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers ______ before my eyes. A. swim B. swum C. swam D. had swum
2.【解析】选C。句意：一下午我都在做数学题，所以我眼前全是数字。根据句意和and前面的时态可知，swim这一动作发生在had been working之后，所以要用一般过去时。
3.— I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me?
— Sorry, I ________ the piano for years.
A. don’t play
B. wasn’t playing
C. haven’t played
D. hadn’t played
3.【解析】选C。句意：“我记得在大学的时候你是个才华横溢的钢琴家。你能给我弹奏一曲吗?”“抱歉，我已经好多年没弹钢琴了”。由语境可知，不弹钢琴这个动作应该是由过去延续到现在，符合现在完成时的用法，故C项正确。
4. After Jack had sent some e-mails, he ________ working on his project.
A. had started
B. has started
C. started
D. starts
4.【解析】选C。句意：杰克发送了一些电子邮件后，开始着手他的工程。after引导时间状语从句，意为“在……之后”，从句的动作发生在主句之前。在本题中，从句用了过去完成时，因此主句谓语动词应该用一般过去时，故选C。
5. The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers ________.
A. will leave
B. are leaving
C. have left
D. were leaving
5.【解析】选D。句意：听说他信任的两个工人要离开，经理很忧虑。leave意为“离开”，是表示趋向的动词，用在将来时中可用be leaving来表示；再根据was concerned可知用过去将来时，故选D。
6. Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, _______ some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. A. keeps B. keep C. have kept D. had kept
6.【解析】选A。句意：沃尔玛是美国最大的连锁超市之一，它的一些商店从周一至周六二十四小时营业。keep在此处意为“使，使得”。根据句意可知，此句是表示一般客观情况，应该使用一般现在时，由于主语是Walmart可知谓语应该用单数，故选择A项。
7.— Did you ask Sophia for help?
— I _______need to — I managed perfectly well on my own.
A. wouldn’t
B. don’t
C. didn’t
D. won’t
7.【解析】选C。句意：“你向索菲娅求助了吗?”“我不必求助于她，我自己已经做得很好了”。该语境中，问句和答语都表示过去时间，谈论的是过去发生的事，所以用一般过去时。故选C。
8. The manager _________ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.
A. has told
B. is telling
C. has been telling
D. will have told
8.【解析】选C。句意：自从上午9点经理就一直在告诉工人如何改善这一方案。此处用现在完成时还是现在完成进行时的关键就是动作是否仍然在进行，如果已经完成，选A；如果仍然在进行，选C。从语境看，动作应该是仍在进行中。故选C。
9. By the time you have finished this book, your meal ________ cold.
A. gets
B. has got
C. will get
D. is getting
9.【解析】选C。句意：到你读完这本书的时候，你的饭菜就会凉了。by the time引导的是时间状语从句，从句中用的是现在完成时，说明主句的动作是发生在将来的，故主句应用将来时。10. George said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he ________.A. wouldn’t B. didn’t C. hasn’t D. hadn’t
10.【解析】选B。句意：George说过他第二天要来学校看我，但他没来。由句意可知，此处是指发生在过去的动作，应用一般过去时的助动词didn’t；wouldn’t是过去将来时的助动词；hasn’t 是现在完成时的助动词，表示与现在有关的动作；hadn’t是过去完成时的助动词，表示“过去的过去”。
11. — Have you heard about that fire in the market?— Yes, fortunately no one ________.
A. hurt
B. was hurt
C. has hurt
D. had been hurt
11.【解析】选B。句意：“你听说市场上的那场火灾了吗?”“是的，幸运地是，没有人受伤”。谓语动词hurt和主语no one之间是动宾关系，应用被动语态；此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时。而had been hurt是过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”。过去完成时都有一个表示过去的动作或介词短语作为“过去”的“参照物”。
12. Our friendship _________ quickly over the weeks that followed.
A. had developed
B. was developing
C. would develop
D. developed
12.【解析】选D。句意：我们的友谊在随后的几周里飞速地发展。由that followed可知，此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时。had developed是过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”；was developing是过去进行时，表示在过去某个时间正在进行的动作；would develop是过去将来时，表示过去将要发生的事情。
13.— Look! Somebody _________ the sofa.—Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it.
A. is cleaning
B. was cleaning
C. has cleaned
D. had cleaned 13.【解析】选C。句意：“你瞧!有人擦了沙发。”“哦，不是我，我没擦”。从答语来看，是一般过去时态，说明“沙发已经擦过了”，故用现在完成时表示影响和结果。A项表示“现在正在擦”；B项表示“过去正在擦”；C项表示“已经擦了”；D项是过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”。
14. —Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon?
—I’m sorry, but by then I ________ to Beijing. How about five?
A. fly
B. will fly
C. will be flying
D. am flying
14.【解析】选C。句意：“今天下午两点钟我给你回电话好吗?”“不好意思，两点的时候我正在飞往北京的路上”。五点钟怎么样?根据语境，两人谈论的是将来的事情。题干中关键词为by then，故应用将来进行时态。
15. I feel so excited! At this time tomorrow morning I _________ to Shanghai.
A. will be flying
B. will fly
C. have been flying
D. have flown
15.【解析】选A。句意：我太兴奋了!明天早上这个时候我就将飞往上海了。题干中的at this time tomorrow morning给出了时态的提示，要用将来进行时。A项为将来进行时，符合题意。
16. The letters for the boss __________ on his desk but he didn’t read them until three days later. A. were put B. was put C. put D. has put
16.【解析】选A。句意：写给老板的那些信件放在他桌子上了，但直到三天之后他才看。根据句意可知题干叙述的是过去的事情，并且主语the letters与put之间存在动宾关系，所以要用一般过去时的被动语态，选A。
17.The three of us _________ around Europe for about a month last summer.
A. travelled
B. have traveled
C. had travelled
D. travel
17.【解析】选A。句意：去年夏天，我们三人在欧洲旅行了大约一个月。根据时间状语last summer 可知要用一般过去时，故选A。
18. Peter had intended to take a job in business, but ________ that plan after the unpleasant experience in Canada in 2010.
A. had abandoned
B. abandoned
C. abandon
D. will abandon
18.【解析】选B。句意：彼得本打算从事商务工作。但是，2010年在加拿大的那次不愉快的经历后他放弃了那个计划。根据句意可知abandon“放弃”这个动作已发生，故用一般过去时。
19. — Alvin, are you coming with us?—I’d love to, but something unexpected _________.
A. has come up
B. was coming up
C. had come up
D. would come up
19.【解析】选A。句意：“阿尔文，你和我们一块来吗?”“我愿意，但是发生了意想不到的事”。has come up为现在完成时，表示过去的动作对现在造成影响；was coming up表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作；had come up为过去完成时，表示过去某一时间之前已完成的动作；would come up表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作。根据语境“我愿意，但是发生了意想不到的事”导致了我没去，强调对现在的影响。故选A。
20. The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he ________.
A. has started
B. starts
C. started
D. will start
20.【解析】选C。句意：总统希望当他卸任时人们能够比他上任时更为富有。when引导的时间状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时，首先排除D项。根据句意，总统上任(start)发生在卸任(quit)之前，应用一般过去式，因此答案为C。
略谈高三英语专项复习:动词时态英语动词有16种时态，但是常见的只有9种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。 (一)一般现在时 (1)表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或现阶段的习惯。常用的状语有：often, sometimes, usually, every day等。如：class begins at 8 o’ clock every morning. (2)表示不受时间限制的客观事实或普遍真理。lighttravels faster than sound，the earth moves around the sun，表示格言或警句中。 pride goes before a fall，骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：columbus proved that tlie earth is round，， (3)表示按照计划、规定要发生的动作，句中都带有时间状语：(只限于是go,nome，leave，start,begin，stop，return,open，close等开始或移动意义的词。)his plane leaves at 10：00， (4)在含时间和条件状语从句的复合句中。the momenthe arrives，i’ll tell him about it. (5)在含宾语从句的复合句中。the children were told inthe physics class that the moon moves round the sun， (6)图片说明、电影说明、解说戏剧内容及场景。
高考英语语法一轮复习──动词的时态和语态 一、现在时 1. 一般现在时：基本结构：do / does / be (am/is/are) 用法： (1) 表示现在的习惯动作、状态。 (2) 表示客观规律、真理；特征、性格等。 (3) 用于标题，小说、剧本、图片等中的情节介绍。 (4) 用于时间、条件、让步状从中，表将来。 (5) 表示按计划、规定的时间发生的动作，如时刻表等。仅限于come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 等趋向动词。 (6) 用于一些完全倒装句，表示进行意义。 2. 现在进行时：基本结构：be(am/is/are) doing; 用法： (1) 表示现在、现阶段正在发生、进行的动作。 (2) 表示按计划或已安排好的事情，只限于go, come, leave, arrive, start, return, stay, sail, fly 等动词。 (3) 与always, forever, constantly, continually等副词连用，表示反复出现的习惯性动作，往往含有赞赏或 厌恶的感情色彩。 注意：1. 表示感觉、心理、结果性的动词一般不用于进行时。 2. 常见表进行的副词、介短：in progress in operation on show 3. 现在完成时：基本结构：have/has done 用法： (1) 过去发生且结束，但对现在造成影响。 (2) 过去发生且持续到现在。 (3) 在以下两个句型中，其从句要求用现在完成时： It (This) is the first (last, second, third) time that… It (This) is the best (worst, most interesting,…) + n. + that… 4.现在完成进行时：基本结构：have/has been doing… 用法：表示某动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。 巩固练习： 1. I’ve won a holiday for two days to Florida. I ________ my mum. A. am taking B. have taken C. will have taken D. take 2. Because farmland ________ quickly, the government is considering solving the problem. A. is being lost B. is lost C. is losing D. loses 3. John and I ________ friends for 8 years. We first got to know each other at a party. But we ________ each other a couple of times before that. A. had been; have been B. have been; have been C. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen 4. Dad will come to see me when I ________ the training course. A. will have finished B. will finish C. are finishing D. Finish 5. —Did he notice you enter the room? —I don’t think so. He ________ to the radio with his eyes shut. A. listened B. was listening C. has listened D. had listened 6. We ________ our new neighbors yet, so we don’t know their names. A. don’t meet B. won’t meet C. haven’t met D. hadn’t met 7. I have to go to work by taxi because my car ________ at the garage. A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. be repaired
高考英语语法知识点专题复习—时态及语态 时态及语态---基础篇 一．被动语态的时态： 1. 一般现在时的被动语态：am /is/ are +动词的过去分词 2. 一般过去时的被动语态：was /were +动词的过去分词 3. 一般将来时的被动语态：will be +动词的过去分词 4. 现在进行时的被动语态：am /is /are +being +动词的过去分词 5. 现在完成时的被动语态：have /has +been +动词的过去分词 6. 情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+ be +动词的过去分词 二．主动语态变被动语态的变法： 口诀：宾变主，主变宾，谓变be done , 时不变，数格必须随被变。 备注： 1. 主动、被动的时态要一致。 2. 主动、被动的句式要一致。 3. 变成的被动语态的主语与谓语在单复数上保持一致。 三．特殊情况的被动语态： 1. 带双宾语的被动语态： 动词+ sb(间宾) +sth(直宾) 口诀：如遇双宾语，一般变间宾，若把直宾变，to /for 间宾连。 1). give/pass /show 与介词to 搭配。 give sb sth —— sb +be given sth 或sth +be given +to sb .
2). buy/make/cook 与介词for 搭配。 buy sb sth —— sb +be bought + sth 或sth +be bought +for sb He gave me a book I ______ ______ a book by him. A book ____ ____ _____ me by him . My mother made me a cake . I ____ _____ a cake by my mother A cake ____ ____ ____ me by my mother . 2. 带省to 的不定式作宾补的被动语态：动词+ sb + do sth . 口诀：感使动词真叫怪，to来to去记心怀，主动语态to离去，被动语态to回来。动词：make / let /have /see /hear /feel /watch make sb do sth ----sb + be +made +to do sth The boss made the workers work all day The workers ____ ____ ____ work all day by the boss. 3. 在see /hear /notice /keep +sb +doing sth 句型中变被动语态时，doing不变。 I heard Tom singing just now Tom _____ _____ _____ by me just now . 4. 以动词短语作谓语的主动语态变被动语态时，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。We should take care of the old . The old should ______ _____ _____ _____ . 四．注意事项： 1. 有些及物动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态： last, have, own …..belong to, suit…fine, 2. 不及物动词是没有被动语态： happen, take place, appear, hold (容纳)
1. Please do me a favor — ______ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight. A. to invite B. inviting C. invite D. invited 2. —I called you last night，but nobody answered. —Oh，I usually________ off my cell phone by 8:00 pm. A. switched B. have switched C. switch D. had switched 3. I _________ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year. A. will play B. have played C. played D. play 4. The house belongs to my aunt but she D. doesn’t live 5. The father as well as his three children skating on the frozen river every Sunday A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going 6. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _____ the Pacific, and we met no storms. A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called 7. In many parts of the world, tea ________ milk mild and sugar. A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served 8 The fact that so many people still smoke in public places ___ that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking. A. suggest B. suggests C. suggested D. suggesting 9. Around two o’clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat ______ us. A. bothers B. had bothered C. would bother D. bothered 10. The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building _______now. A. remains B. is remained C. is remaining D. has been remained 11. Look at the pride on Tom’s face. He_______ to have been praised by the manager just now. A. seemed B. seems C. had seemed D. is seeming 12. In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the "r" sounds at the end of the words . A. are dropped B. Drop C. are being dropped D. have dropped 13. —Do you have any problems if you —Well， A. offer C. are offered D. will be offered 14. The wet weather will continue tomorrow，when a cold front A. is expected C. expects D. will be expected 15. —How long do you want me to heat the oil? —Heat it till it ________ to smoke. A. would begin B. begins C. will begin D. began 16. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people ___to eat more fruit and vegetables. A. persuade B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded 17. — When will you come to see me, Dad? — I will go to see you when you the training course. A. will have finished B. will finish C. are finishing D. finish 18. Come and see me whenever _______. A. you are convenient B. you will be convenient C. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient
高考英语复习动词时态练习题 1、 The violin will have to be tuned before it _____. A. is played B. should play C. plays D. is being played 2、 By the time you arrive in London, we _____ in Europe for two weeks. A. had stayed B. shall stay C. will have stayed D. have been staying 3、I ___ with some friends until I find a flat. A. am living B. live C. have lived D. will have lived 4、All the preparations for the task _____, and we’re ready to start. A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed 5、 I thought I ____ the door, but it is still open A. had closed B. was closing C. have closed D. would close 6、You ____ television. Why not do something more active? A. always watch B. are always watching C. have always watched D. have always been watching 7、---It seems that she is thinking about something. ---Yes, she cannot remember what key she ____ to her computer. A .set B. has set C. had set D. sets 8、 ---Why weren’t you at the meeting? ---I ____ an important visitor from the UK in my office. A. expected B. had been expecting C. was expecting D. had expected 9、I have no idea what ____ while I was asleep. A. has happened B. was happened C. had happened D. happened 10、 --Have you moved into the new house? --Not yet, the rooms _____. A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. have been painting 11、 You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 12、---I'm sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 13、 --- Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets. --- You ______ something. A. have left B. are always leaving C. are leaving D. always left 14、 --- I ______ so busily recently that I ______ no time to help you with your math. --- That’s OK. I can manage it by myself. A. have been working; have B. have worked; had C. am working; will have D. had been working; had had 15、Remember to send me a photo of us next time you ______ to me. A. are writing B. will write C. has written D. write 16、 He ______ at the meeting, but his heart attack prevented him. A. will speak B. is going to speak C. had to speak D. was going to speak 17、 I ____ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play sinc e the New Year. A. will play B. have played C. played D. play 18、 I can guess you were in a hurry. You _____ your sweater inside out. A. had worn B. wore C. were wearing D. are wearing 19、 The traffic in our city is already good and it ______ even better. A. gets B. got C. has got D. is getting 20、 --- Where do you think ______ he ______ the computer? --- Sorry. I have no idea. A. has; bought B. 不填; bought C. did; buy D. 不填; buys 高考英语被动语态专项练习 一、选择题（2×15=30分） ( )1._____ a new library _____ in our school last year? A. Is; built B. Was; built C. Does; build D. Did ; build ( )2. An accident ____ on this road last week. A. has been happened B. was happened C. is happened D. happened ( )3.Cotton（棉花） ____ in the southeast of China. A. is grown B. are grown C. grows D. grow ( )4.So far, the moon ____ by man already. A. is visited B. will be visited C. has been visited D. was visited ( )5.A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall next week. A. is given B. has been given C. will be given D. gives ( )6.How many trees ____ this year? A. are planted B. will plant C. have been planted D. planted ( )7.A lot of things ____ by people to save the little girl now. A. are doing B. are being done C. has been done D. will be done ( )8.--When ___ this kind of computers______? --Last year. A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used ( )9.The Great Wall ____ all over the world. A. knows B. knew C. is known D. was known ( )10.Who _____ this book _____? A. did; written B. was; written by C. did; written D. was; written ( )11.A story _____ by Granny yesterday. A. was told us B. was told to us C. is told us D. told us ( )12.The monkey was seen _____ off the tree. A. jump B. jumps C. jumped D. to jump ( )13.The school bag ___ behind the chair. A. puts B. can be put C. can be putted D. can put ( )14.Older people ____ well. A. looks after B. must be looked after C. must look after D. looked after ( )15.Our teacher ______ carefully. A. should be listened to B. should be listen C. be listened D. is listened 二、用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空。（1×20=20分）(请注意时态和语态两个方面噢) 1.It's said(据说) that the long bridge______________（build）in two months． 2.Where to have the meeting ______________ （discuss）now． 3.Which language _______the most widely_______（speak）in the world？ 4.The lost boy_____________（not find）so far． https://www.doczj.com/doc/93334501.html,st year a large number of trees______________（cut）down． 6. The students _____ often _____(tell) to take care of their desks and chairs. 7. The old man is ill. He ______ (must send) to the hospital. 8. Vegetables, eggs and fruits_________ (sell) in this shop. 9. What _______ knives ______ (make) of ? They_______________(make) of metal(金属) and wood. 10. Can the magazine ___took_____ (take) out of the library? 11. The room _____________ (clean) by me every day. 12. The stars can’t _____________ (see) in the daytime. 13. Some flowers _______________ (water) by Li Ming already. 14. This kind of shoes __________ (sell) well. 15. How long _____ your uncle ______(be) in the city? 16. The food _____________ (smell) delicious. 17. Look! Someone __________(dance). 三、按要求改写下列句子，一空一词。（1×30=30分） 1.Is tea grown in South China？（改为主动语态） _______ people _________ tea in South China？ 2.I am given a birthday present by my parents every year．（同义句转换） A birthday present _______ _______ _______ _______by my parents every year． 3.The work is going to be finished in two days. (对划线提问) How_______ _______ the work going to be finished ? 4. The children will sing an English song. (改为被动语态) An English song ______ ______ _______ by the children. 5. You needn't do it now. (改为被动语态) It ______ ________ ________ by you now. 6. People use metal for making machines. (改为被动语态) Metal ________ _________ _______making machines. 7. He made me do that for him. (改为被动语态) I ______ ________ ________ ______ that for him. 8.They are watching the football match. The football match _______ _______ _______ by them. 9.Did they build a bridge here a year ago? (改为被动语态) __________ a bridge ____________ here by them a year ago? 10.They have sold out the light green dresses. (改为被动语态) The light green dresses ________ _________ ___________ out. 11.We call the game “Lianliankan”. (改为被动语态) The game _______ ________ “Lianliankan” by us. 四、根据所给汉语完成句子，一空一词。 (1×10=10分) ①The new bike __is____ ___given___ _to____ _____ （买给我）by my parents as a present last week． ②_______ your mobile phone _______ _______ ________（是国产的吗）？ ③The whole mountain is _________ _________ (覆盖) the snow. 五、下列各句均有一处错误，请找出并改正过来。（10分） ①I have a lot of homework to be done tonight． ____________ ②Is your history teacher listened carefully in class？ ____________ ③Lei Feng's name remembered by all Chinese people． ____________ ④The music is sounded beautiful. ____________ ⑤By who was this new educational CD-ROM designed ? ____________ 高中英语情态动词练习 1. He ______ you more help, even though he was very busy. A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give 2. Jenny______ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind. A. must B. should C. need D. would 3. . -Could I borrow your dictionary? -Yes, of course you_________ A. might B. will C. can D. should 4. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ______ for her. A. had to write it out B. must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out 5. —Shall I tell John about it? —No, you ______ . I've told him already. A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't 6. ─There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. ─ It______ a comfortable journey. A. can't be B. shouldn't be C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been 7. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack______ be here at any moment. A. must B. need C. should D. can 8. .When he was there, he______ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day. A. would B. should C. had better D. might 9. .Sir, you _____ be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only. A. oughtn't to B. can't C. won't D. needn't 10. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ______ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to 11. --When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. --They _____be ready by 12:00. A. can B. should C. might D. need 12. .--I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
高考英语——动词的时态和语态（专项练习题） 单句语法填空 1．We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our differences unite，rather than ________ (divide) us. 2．Silk ________(become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC. 3．When the time came to make the final decision for a course，I decided to apply for the one that ________(reflect) my interest. 4．More efforts，as reported，________(make)in the years ahead to accelerate the supply－side structural reform. 5．Dashan，who ________ (learn)crosstalk，the Chinese comedic tradition，for decades，wants to mix it up with the Western stand－up tradition. 6．When walking down the street，I came across David，whom I ________ (see) for years. 7．Two years ago，while Cathy ________ (watch) the Olympics，a dream came into her sweet little head—to be a swimmer. 8．Jack ________(work)in the lab when the power cut occurred. 9.I ________(read)half of the English novel，and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend. 10．The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ________ (reward)success in the end. 11．—Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for? —The new Star Wars.We ________ (wait)here for more than two hours. 12．Secret codes keep messages private.Banks，companies，and government agencies use secret codes in doing business，especially when information ________ (send)by computer. 13．People in this area are in fact French citizens because it________(be) a colony of the French Republic since 1946.
高考常考动词时态语态 考点透析 HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】
高考常考动词时态语态考点透析 知识清单 1.熟知九种基本时态的构成； 2. 九种基本时态的用法及重点； 3. 一般过去时态与现在时态用法上的侧重点； 4. 被动语态的基本形式； 5. 被动语态中特殊情况； 6. 与时态相关的固定句式结构。 学情分析 考生在动词时态和语态的学习过程中存在着以下几点问题： 1.考生对于时态的基本类型不能熟练掌握； 2. 不规则动词的过去式及过去分词形式不清楚； 3. 句子中的主被动意识淡； 4. 被动语态的基本形式，不能准确使用被动语态； 5. 在使用时态时，全凭所谓的语感去判断，写出来的句子中时态混乱，没有时态观念，没有章法可言。 动词时态语态的基本结构及用法(以动词do为例) 一般时 进行时((be doing)
完成时(have done) 现在完成进行时 巧记·速记 进行时，be doing，动词前是助词“be”, “现在”要用“am/is/are”，“过去”要变“was/were”，“将来”则是“will/shall be”；动词后加“ing”，巧记结构做题易。
完成时，have done，动词前是助词“have”，“现在”要用“ha s/have”，“过去”勿忘变“had”；动词要用过去分词，这点千万别忘记。 现在完成进行时，“现在完成+进行”，一人身兼两人职。 考点一一般现在时态(do/does) 1表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象。 As is known to us, the sun ____(rise) in the east and ___(set) in the west. 2表示习惯性、经常性的动作或经常存在的状态,时间状语有always, often, usually, sometimes, every day/year, on Sundays, once a week。 Some senior 3 students ___(got) up at 5：20 every day including Sunday. 3在时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时态表将来。 If city noises _________(not, keep) from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard. 4表示按时刻表、计划规定要发生的动作，常见的动词有： come, go, leave, begin, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。 The plane _____(take) off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday. [典例1][2015·四川成都一诊]It's probable that the rocket ________ (date) from about 2,000 years ago in China. [典例2][2015·北京东城区期末]_____________________________________，we will carry out the plan next week. (完成句子) 除非你有不同意见，否则我们下周就执行该计划了。 考点二一般过去时态(did) 1表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用时间比较具体yesterday (morning), two years ago, last night/year, in 1990, in the past, the day before yesterday, the other day)或上下文语境有暗示，或由于地点的转变而导致同一个动作用过去时态。
动词时态语态 汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中常考的或较常用的有10种，而且重点测试完成时态。要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。 1、一般现在时；主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理；按照计划安排好了将要发生的动作（一般指时刻表）等。 He usua lly goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun. Guangzhou is situated in the south of China. 考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided. If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon. 考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。 考点四：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句用一般现在时。 The harder you study, the better results you will get. 2、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。 We are having English class. The house is being built these days. The little boy is always making trouble. 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Look out when you are crossing the street. Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning. 考点二：表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。 Marry is leaving on Friday. 3、现在完成时 表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语： （1）非延续动作：动作发生在过去，对现在有影响。（2）延续性动作：动作和状态的持续。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语： 考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点 They have lived in Beijing for five years. They have lived in Beijing since 1995. 考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ? 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。