Unit 1 The Power of Language
Text A Critical Reading
批判性地阅读（翻译）
批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。批判性阅读是积极阅读。它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。
考虑写作背景。你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。
质疑作者的论点。不要轻信作品的表面意思。在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作。
与同主题文章进行比较。查看该作者的文章与其他作者关于同一主题的文章是否有一致性。如果存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。
分析作者提出的假设。假设是作者认为具有正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者才能提出论点。很多时候作者的假设并没有直接说明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发现这些假设。一旦发现某一假设，你必须判断这一假设是否合理。
鉴别文章出处。鉴别时要确保文章出处真实可信。例如，如果文章是关于物理学里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。此外还要确保出处具有相关性。如果文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是相关出处。最后，如果作者写的是某个主题当前的情形，那就要确保出处来源也是当前最新的。例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，那么爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期进行的研究可能就不适合作出处了。
甄别作者可能带有的偏见。有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党人或民主党人迥然而异。作者所写的内容很可能反映其带有偏见的立场。阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的可能性。也就是说，要对文章内容“半信半疑”。
成为一名批判性阅读者，你的思路会不断拓宽，观点会更加合理。
Exercises I Checking your comprehension
1、【正确答案】B
【答案解析】此题为句意理解题。由文中第一段Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying 可知，非文学类作品的批评性阅读是要提出自己的观点和摆明自己的态度，选项B,即提出自己的观点，最为恰当。答案为B。
2、【正确答案】A
【答案解析】此题为句意理解题。由文中第三段第三句，Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made 可知，选项A符合文中意思，即你在接受作者的观点之前，要确信有足够的论据支持作者的论点。答案为A。
3、【正确答案】D
【答案解析】此题为句意理解题。由文中第四段末句，If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies 可知，选项D最符合原文，即如果文章中有不一致的观点时，你要仔细阅读并检查作者所提出的支持其论点的论证。答案为D。
4、【正确答案】A
【答案解析】此题为细节题。由文中第六段第三句, Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics 可知，如果文章讲的是关于物理学的突破时，爱因斯坦就是相关的例子。答案为A。
5、【正确答案】C
【答案解析】此题为文章大意总结题。由课文最后一段结束句，By being a critical reader, you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate 可知，课文结束说通过做一名有判断力的读者，你会变得见多识广，也能使你的观点更恰当，所以选项C最符合课文的意思。答案为C。
Exercise II
Section A Building your vocabulary
1、【正确答案】consistent
【答案解析】be consistent with…固定短语，意为“与……相符“。其中be动词are后面应该是表语形容词consistent，而consistency 是名词形式。答案为consistent。
2、【正确答案】statement
【答案解析】statement，名词，说明、表态，而state 表示“陈述”时是动词，做名词解时是“国家，现状”的意思。答案为statement。
3、【正确答案】reflect
【答案解析】译文：此统计数据反映了人们消费习惯方面的变化。这里句子缺少的是谓语动
词，而reflection是名词。reflect，动词，显示、表明。答案为reflect。
4、【正确答案】invalid
【答案解析】译文：我担心你的驾驶执照在东欧无效。invalid 是valid 的反义词，意为“无效的”。答案为invalid。
5、【正确答案】considerably
【答案解析】译文：二十五美元比他原来估计的多多了。considerably，副词，很，非常，相当多地。答案为considerably。
6、【正确答案】comparison
【答案解析】译文：直接对比两种语言是不可能的。这里空格处的单词是主语中心词，主语中心词不能是动词。comparison, 名词，表示“比较，对比”；compare 是其动词形式。答案为comparison。
Section B
1、【正确答案】credible
【答案解析】句意：我的意见是，没有反对他的可信的证据。这里against sb.指的是反对某人。形容词credible 意为可信的。答案为credible。
2、【正确答案】identify
【答案解析】句意：甚至最小的小婴儿都可以通过声音来识别辨认出他的母亲。本空缺少谓语动词，identify 意为辨认，辨识，符合题意。答案为identify。
3、【正确答案】assumption
【答案解析】句意：人们容易根据你的外表做出一些假设。本空缺少宾语，应选用名词。assumption为名词，意为假设、假定，符合题意。答案为assumption。
4、【正确答案】represents
【答案解析】句意：这篇新闻报道描述了我们学校目前的状况。其中represent，动词，描述、表现，此处要注意时态。答案为represents。
5、【正确答案】evaluated
【答案解析】句意：每年，每一位员工的表现每年都会被评估一次。注意此句子中的被动语态，员工绩效被评估，所以动词evaluate 应为被动式evaluated。答案为evaluated。
6、【正确答案】appropriate
【答案解析】句意：我们需要确保他们所接受的教育适合他们的需求。appropriate 是形容词，指的是“合适的”。答案为appropriate。
Section C
1、【正确答案】to
【答案解析】译文：表格的那一部分是针对英国公民的，和你没关系。apply to，固定搭配，应用，使用。答案为to。
2、【正确答案】forth
【答案解析】译文：争议之所以产生，是因为要修改该项运动的一些规则。put forth，固定搭配，提出，产生。答案为forth。
3、【正确答案】into
【答案解析】take...into account ，固定搭配，考虑到，顾及。答案为into。
4、【正确答案】in
【答案解析】译文：在俄罗斯事务方面，他被公认为是一个专家。答案为in。
5、【正确答案】with
【答案解析】compare...with…为固定搭配，把……和……做对比，比较。答案为with。
6、【正确答案】to
【答案解析】be relevant to，固定搭配，有关的，相关的。答案为to。
Unit 1 Text B
The Language of Confidence
1、自信的语言
语言能影响我们的大脑。掌握语言就能在很大程度上掌握我们的生活和命运。将语言发挥到极致可以极大地改善我们的生活质量，这一点至关重要
再短的单词也能对我们的潜意识产生深远的影响。我们的潜意识就像一个孩子，分不清真实发生的事和自己想象的事。它渴望取悦，乐意听从你给它的任何命令，而你是有意还是无意地做这些完全取决于你。
2、“尽力”
这是一个简单的词，却能对我们产生不简单的影响。如果有人说“我会尽力做这件事的”，你知道他其实并不打算全心全意做这件事，甚至可能根本不会去做。你有多少次在谈论对于你非常重要的事时使用了“尽力”这个词?你是否说过“我会尽力做到更加自信”、“我会尽力去做这件事”或者“我会尽力去呼喊”?
想一件你想完成的事情，然后用两种不同的方式对自己说。首先说“我会尽力去做……”，然后注意你会有什么感受。再对自己说“我要做……”，然后看你又会有什么感受。
后一种方式给你的感受要比前一种好，不是吗?它给你一种坚定感，一种事情一定会完成的
感觉。听听你身边的人怎么说，如果他们说他们会尽力，看看事情最后是不是完成了。从你的词典里删除“尽力”这个词，看看你的生活会如何改善。
3、“不能”
这又是一个简单却影响巨大的词。它让我们失去力量，让我们感到脆弱与无助，让我们的自尊心受到伤害。它限制了我们无限的才能，扼杀了我们的创造力。把这个词从你内心的词典里擦去吧，换一个让你感到伟大的词。
不要说你“不能”，为什么不换一个别的说法，比如“我选择……”或者“我选择不……”。使用这些词能让你恢复力量，掌控自己的生活。
一些词语或许看似简单、微不足道，却能对我们产生深刻而持久的影响。掌握你的语言能让你获得力量去实现你渴望的生活。
你使用过哪些让你失去力量的词? 列出你常用的这类词，然后在旁边写出它们的替代词。让这些替代词不仅使你对自己感觉良好，而且使你对生活、对正在做的事情感觉无限美好吧!
链接→电影《铁娘子The Iron Lady》
Watch your thoughts, for they become words.
Watch your words, for they become actions.
Watch your actions, for they become habits.
Watch your habits, for they become your character.
Watch your character, for it becomes your destiny.
What we think, we become.
积思成言。积言成行。积行成习。积习成性。积性成命。思想决定人生的高度。
EXERCISES I Check Your Comprehension
Section A
1、【正确答案】Y
【答案解析】判断的根据在课文第一段第三句，it is important to use the language in the best way possible in order to dramatically improve our quality of life. 答案为Y。
2、【正确答案】NG
【答案解析】判断的根据在课文第二段末句，It is eager to please and willing to carry out any commands that you give it ---whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you.由此可知，题干中without using a word 文中未提及。答案为NG。
3、【正确答案】Y
【答案解析】文中第三段提到they are not going to be putting their whole heart into it, and may not even do it at all. 答案为Y。
4、【正确答案】N
【答案解析】文章通篇都是说try和can't 等这些小词对我们生活的负面影响，即想要让我们过得好一些，就不要在日常生活中使用它们。即本句话有误。答案为N。
5、【正确答案】Y
【答案解析】文中说，some small words disempower us和these alternative words make you feel fabulous，也就是说we can use a word that makes us feel great to help us feel powerful. 答案为Y。
6、【正确答案】N
【答案解析】文中说，这些小词对我们有深刻而持久的影响，和help us do everything we want 表达的含义差距很远。答案为N。
Section B
1、【正确答案】Mastering our language
【答案解析】课文第一段第二句给出了相关信息：Mastering our language... and our destinies，由此我们可以总结出题干的答案应为mastering our language，注意首字母大写。答案为Mastering our language。
2、【正确答案】our subconscious mind
【答案解析】第二段首句说到Even the smallest of words can have the deepest... mind，这句话是说甚至是最小的那些单词也会对我们的潜意识产生深刻的影响。因此与题干含义相吻合。答案为our subconscious mind。
3、【正确答案】determination
【答案解析】文章第四段列举了I'll try to和I'll do的例子来说明两者的区别。紧接着下一段指出后者给你一种determination的感觉，即有决心完成此事。答案为determination。
4、【正确答案】the power
【答案解析】文中说，using words like this allows you to take back your power…其中take back your power 中的take back与题干中的regain意思相同。答案为the power。
5、【正确答案】live whatever life you desire
【答案解析】倒数第二段最后一句指出Mastering your language…you desire,与题干含义相符。答案为live whatever life you desire.
6、【正确答案】alternatives
【答案解析】最后一段指出Make a list of words you…can use，意为请列一个清单，写出你常使用的单词，然后在它们旁边写出你可以用来替换掉它们的单词。所以本题应填入alternatives。答案为alternatives。
IV Writing
Section A
1、【正确答案】When dipped in mustard, Sam said, the sausage was excellent.
【答案解析】此句中，状语从句的动词dip是被动式，这个动作的逻样主语是sausage，不是Sam，这不符合语法规则，修改时，可以将Sam said改成插入语就可以了。答案为When dipped in mustard, Sam said, the sausage was excellent.
2、【正确答案】A Frenchman murdered two wives because he didn't like their cooking.
【答案解析】英语中两个句子不能简单地并排在一起构成一个比较复杂的句子，它们通常需要用表达它们之间关系的连词连接在一起。很显然，本题表达的是原因关系。答案为 A Frenchman murdered two wives because he didn't like their cooking.
3、【正确答案】Annie's dress was old, faded, and wrinkled.
【答案解析】英语讲究句子平衡，这种平衡就包括如果表语不只一个，那么几个表语的结构要相同。此句中，old和faded 是两个形容词，而it had wrinkles 是句子，这样是不可以的。修改时只要把句子表语改成形容词就可以了。it had wrinkles的意思是“裙子有褶子”, wrinkled 这个形容词就可以表达这个意思。答案为Annie's dress was old，faded, and wrinkled.
4、【正确答案】The need for the jobs will make us develop our industries, but the jobs will cause environmental problems.
【答案解析】此题中，第二句的主语it指代的是前面提到的the need for jobs, the need for jobs 的中心词是need，可以按句子意思，导致环境问题的是jobs，而不是need。而且，原句的两个句子之间是转折关系，所以修改时，我们用转折连词将它们连在一起。答案为The need for the jobs will make us develop our industries, but the jobs will cause environmental problems.
5、【正确答案】My new running shoes, which cost more than a hundred dollars, fell apart during the marathon.
【答案解析】这个句子是典型的定语从句与先行词分家导致的意思不清，原句中which cost more than a hundred dollars 花了一百多块，位于marathon 马拉松后面，做marathon 的定语从句，显然是不符合句子意思的。修改时只要把这个定语从句和它的中心词shoes放在一起就可以了。答案为My new running shoes, which cost more than a hundred dollars, fell apart during the marathon.
Section B
【正确答案】Mr. Randolph was born in Florida.
The march featured the Reverend Martin Luther King's unforgettable "I Have a Dream" speech.
【答案解析】本段文字的结构很清楚，主题句是第一句Philip Randolph led confrontations with three very popular presidents 。其他句子分别说了他与这三位总统之间的对抗性行为。（1）Mr. Randolph was born in Florida 句子的前后讲的是他与第一位总统President Roosevelt之间的事情，显然，这句话在这里是多余。（2）最后一句讲此次对抗让马丁·路德·金的演讲《我有一个梦》声名远播。在这篇短短的文章中牵扯进这个不合适，它没有提到Mr. Randolph，也没有说此事的过程或结果。
自考英语二怎么学 自考英语二怎么学 1 英语(二)词汇记忆方法 英语二词汇要求达到3800词，词组750.有的同学问是不是就只要背下册书的词汇就行了，回答是不够的，肯定是不够的，因为词汇没有说只考下册，上册也要背。但是有人说我短期内怎么记住这些大量的词汇呢?大家词汇学习第一个应该是有一定的时间，因为有的同学说一个星期或者两个星期教给你方法能够记住几千，他这个方法有点儿像变魔术，不太现实，我觉得词汇是一个积累。因为从心理学角度来讲学词汇有两个方向，一个方向是要把词汇学习的时候印象深刻，一个词能够像串葡萄似的串出一串来，比如同义词、反义词、近义词，应该把有关联的词相互记忆。第二，词汇一定得重复，从心理学角度学词必须这样。 2 英语(二)学习重点 英语是一种语言，任何语言都是由词和句子构成的，所以光会了词，不会把这些词组成句子是不行的，因此怎么组成句子呢?得知道组成句子的规则，还有一些习惯用法，你必须要了解这种语言的文化，所以说学英语光学词是不行的，因此是除了学词以外还得学词的用法以及文化，习惯用法就是一种文化，死背根本记不住。为什么记不住?背的这个词应该是灵活的，怎么灵活呢?这个词首先要知道词性是什么，做个句子，学了一个词不会做句子造一个短语，还要大声的念，李阳疯狂英语为什么风靡全国，就是要把词大声地念出来，这样从耳朵里能够听进去的，对大脑的刺激比眼睛里看见的要强得多，所以学习词汇的一个技巧要大声念，要组一个词或者组一个短语，这样记忆比光看两遍、写几遍要好得多。
3 英语(二)考前冲刺方法 最好的方法应该是做冲刺的题目，所谓冲刺的题目就是要做一些题目跟考试的真题一样的，每一部分都是给自己做测试，做模拟题，比如要设定时间是2个半小时，考试是2个半小时，你就要用2个 半小时做模拟卷然后做考试题，因为考试的真题都有答案，最后对 一下答案看得多少分。 4 英语(二)考试如何安排考场时间 考试时间安排，总有最后的翻译题来不及做的这种情况，所以我跟大家讲主观性题目，我刚才说了有30%，一定要留出足够的时间，至少三分之一的时间来做。有一部分比较难的，就像完形填空，那 个只有10分，但是有大部分同学在那儿花的时间太多了，完形填空 一段文章是比较难的，把10个空填进去，如果耗费了很多时间不值得。因为完形填空一般的同学语法知识比较差的话，做不好这道题。但是像第一个题目词汇结构题，如果有一定的语法知识这道题应该 是可以拿到分的。再有阅读理解题，也是30分，有的同学最后来不 及把文章仔细看，就随便乱选了很容易选错，所以把三分之一的时 间一定要留给阅读理解，还有三分之一的时间留给主观性题目就是 翻译题。 注意事项 备考英语(二)最大的资本就是课本，考生最少要留一个月时间，把课文从头到尾复习一遍，力求吃透课本知识。 重复学习法当感到知识已经掌握得的差不多的时候，再重复学一次。这一次也许会获得更深的印象和更多的体会。 换位思考法在自学中，不要老是把你自己当成是“学生”，处于被动地位，而要不断的把自己摆放到“先生”的位置上，采取主动，产生不同的想法来。
2005年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语（二）试卷及答案 （课程代码：00015） PART ONE （50 POINTS） Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure (10 points, 1 point for each item) 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 1.Would’t you rather your child ______ successful with his study and won the scholarship? A. became B. become C. would become D. becomes 2. Although Tom is satisfied with his academic achievement, he wonders _______will happen to his family life. A. it B. that C. what D. this 3. We hope that all the measures against sandstorms, ________ was put forward by the committee, will be considered seriously at the meeting . A. while B. after C. since D. as 4. We cannot leave this tough job to a person_________. A. who nobody has confidence B. in whom nobody has confidence C. for whom nobody has confidence D. who everyone has confidence of 5. You are the best for the job _____ you apply your mind to it . A. until B. if only C. in case D. unless 6.Hey, leave _____!I hate people touching my hair. A. behind B. out C. off D. over 7.I thought the problem of water shortage would ________ at the meeting but nobody mentioned it. A. come up B. come up to C. come over D. come to 8.Mr.Smith , can I ________ you for a minute? I’d like to hear your opinion on this issue. A. say a word with B. have words with C. mention a word with D. have a word with 9.There is a deadlock (僵局) in the discussion when neither side gives ________ to the over . A. a way B. way C. the way D. its way 10. This type of desk and chair can be adjusted ________ the height of students at different ages. A. with B. for C. to D. in Ⅱ.Cloze Test (10 points, 1 point for each item) 下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 For over a hundred years Japan has consistently spent large sums of money and considerable human resources in an effort to obtain technology. Her ability to negotiate __11___ by the fact most of the technology she wanted was no commercial secrets. Japan’s __12__ has also been strengthened by the fact that her internal market was large, so that __13__ to this market could be offered to multinational companies as an attraction to them to grant licenses. Besides, Japan’s work force was disciplined, so it was capable __14__ applying the information it acquired. Finally, American and European companies, who were __15__ licensers, felt that the
Unit 1 The Power of Language Text A Pre-reading Questions 1.Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading? 2.What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically? Critical Reading Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying ,and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader. 批判性阅读 批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。批判性阅读是积极阅读。它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。 Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author. 考虑写作背景。你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。 Question assertion s made by the author. Don’t accept what is written at face value. Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made. Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support. Also, look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities. 质疑作者的论点。不要轻信作品的表面意思。在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够
Unit 1 ·The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. 决策的目的是为了建立并达到组织的目的和目的。 ·Managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 管理者经常必须对未来的情况做出最佳的猜测，尽管不存侥幸。 ·For managers，every decision has constraints based on policies，procedures，laws，precedents，and the like. 对于管理者来说，每次决策都是受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等因素的制约。 ·But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. 但是这种简化倾向会他们对于其他的可选项视而不见。 ·Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best—that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 决策者们必须有办法决定数个可选项中哪一个是最好的—哪一个对组织目标的实现起作用最大。 ·Different individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals，the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. ·Because different individuals frequently have different ideas
2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二) 试卷 (课程代码00015) 本试卷共8页。满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。 考生答题注意事项： 1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2.第一、二部分在“选择题答题区”作答。必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡的相应代码涂黑。 3.第三一七部分在“非选择题答题区”作答。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。 第一部分：阅读判断(第l～l0题，每题l分，共10分) 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该旬提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。
第二部分：阅渎选择(第11～15题，每题2分，共l0分) 阅渎下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳 选项，并在答题卡相应位置上将该项涂黑。
第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子(第16～25题，每题l分，共10分)阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的2项测试任务：(1)从第l6～20题后所给的6个选项中为第1～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)从第21～25题后所给的6个选 项中选择5个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。请将正确选项的字母写在答题卡上。
第四部分：填句补文(第26～30题，每题2分，共10分) 下面的短文有5处空自，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容 将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌，请将正确选项的字母写在答题卡上。
Lesson One Twelve Things l Wish They Taught at School Carl Sagan Learning Guide 俗话说：“活到老，学到老。”人的一生就是不断学习、不断丰富和充实自己的过程。青少年阶段， 尤其是中学阶段，无疑是学习的最佳时期。中学教育的重点应放在什么地方？美国著名科学家和科普 作家萨根批评中学只抓各个学科具体内容的做法，他认为中学要注重对青少年的宏观教育，使他们建 立起唯物的世界观和宇宙观，使他们能够正确对待自己，关心周围的世界——人类生存的环境和自己 的地球同胞。 1. I attended junior and senior high school, public institutions in New York and New Jersey, just after the Second World War. It seems a long time ago. ① The facilities and the skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time.Since then, I've learned a great deal. One of the most important things I've learned is how much there is to learn, ② and how much I don't yet know.③ Sometimes I think how grateful I would be today if I had learned more back then about what really matters. In some respects that education was terribly narrow; the only thing I ever heard in school about Napoleon was that the United States made the Louisiana Purchase from him. ④(On a planet where some 95% of the inhabitants are not Americans, the only history that was thought worth teaching was American history. ) In spelling, grammar, the fundamentals of math, and other vital subjects, my teachers did a pretty good job. But there's so much else I wish 2.Perhaps all the deficiencies have since been rectified. It seems to me there are many things (often more a matter of attitude and perception than the simple memorization of facts) that the schools should teach — things
Unit,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,Text,,,,,A,,,,,,,,,,怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者 “学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。” 大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。 语言学习不同于其他学习。许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。 语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。” 然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢,,,,,语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。 首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。他们都努力从错误中学习。 成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。他们找到（说）这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的。对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。 最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。 你是什么样的语言学习者,,,,,如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地，主动地，目的明确地学习。另一方面，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些技巧。 Unit,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,Text,,,,,B,,,,,,,,,,语,,,,,言 当我们想告诉别人我们想什么时，我们不但可以借助于词语，还可以用其他表达方法。比如，当我们想说“是”时，我们有时会上下点头，而当我们想说“不”,,,,,时，我们会左右摇头。那些既听不见也不会说话的人（也就是聋哑人）借助于手势相互交谈。那些彼些不懂对方语言的人也用这种方式交谈。下面这个故事就说明了人们有时是怎样借助于手势进行交谈的。
大学英语自学教程(上) 01-A. How to be a successful language learner? “Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!” Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields. Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“Practice speaking the language every day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don’t translate-try to think in the new language.”“Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.” But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes. Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the
高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）试卷及答案 （课程代码：00015） PART ONE （50 POINTS） Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure (10 points, 1 point for each item) 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 1.Would’t you rather your child ______ successful with his study and won the scholarship? A. became B. become C. would become D. becomes 2. Although Tom is satisfied with his academic achievement, he wonders _______will happen to his family life. A. it B. that C. what D. this 3. We hope that all the measures against sandstorms, ________ was put forward by the committee, will be considered seriously at the meeting . A. while B. after C. since D. as 4. We cannot leave this tough job to a person_________. A. who nobody has confidence B. in whom nobody has confidence C. for whom nobody has confidence D. who everyone has confidence of 5. You are the best for the job _____ you apply your mind to it . A. until B. if only C. in case D. unless 6.Hey, leave _____!I hate people touching my hair. A. behind B. out C. off D. over 7.I thought the problem of water shortage would ________ at the meeting but nobody mentioned it. A. come up B. come up to C. come over D. come to 8.Mr.Smith , can I ________ you for a minute? I’d like to hear your opinion on this issue. A. say a word with B. have words with C. mention a word with D. have a word with 9.There is a deadlock (僵局) in the discussion when neither side gives ________ to the over . A. a way B. way C. the way D. its way 10. This type of desk and chair can be adjusted ________ the height of students at different ages. A. with B. for C. to D. in Ⅱ.Cloze Test (10 points, 1 point for each item) 下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 For over a hundred years Japan has consistently spent large sums of money and considerable human resources in an effort to obtain technology. Her ability to negotiate __11___ by the fact most of the technology she wanted was no commercial secrets. Japan’s __12__ has also been strengthened by the fact that her internal market was large, so that __13__ to this market could be offered to multinational companies as an attraction to them to grant licenses. Besides, Japan’s work force
Unit 2 Mistakes to Success A Famous Quote Success is going from failure to failure without losing your enthusiasm. ---- Winston Churchill Winston Churchill（1874-1965）, British Conservative politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the century, he served as Prime Minister twice. He is the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Text A Split Milk Pre-reading Questions: 1. Did you make any mistakes on your way to success? Give some example. 2. Do you believe that making mistakes is a necessary ingredient for success? Explain. Have heard of the story about spilt milk? Well, we all know there is no use crying over spilt milk. But this story is different. I would hope all parents would respond in this manner. I recently heard a story about a famous research scientist who had made several very important medical breakthroughs. He was interviewed by a newspaper reporter who asked him why he was so much more creative than the average person; what set him so far apart from others? He responded that, in his opinion, it all came from an experience with his mother that occurred when he was about two years old. He had been trying to remove a bottle of milk from the refrigerator when he lost his grip on the slippery bottle and it fell, spilling its contents all over the kitchen floor –a veritable sea of milk! When his mother came into the kitchen, instead of yelling at him, giving him a lecture, or punishing him, she said, “Robert, what a great and wonderful mess you have made! I have rarely seen such a huge puddle of milk. Well, the damage has already been done. Would you like to get down and play in the milk for a few minutes bef ore we clean it up?” Indeed, he did. After a few minutes, his mother said, “You know, Robert, whenever you make a mess like this, eventually you have to clean it up and
Unit One What Is a Decision ? 何为决策? A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 决策是一种选择，来自可以获得的、任择其一的行动步骤。作决策的意图是要确立和实现机构的目标和目的。作决策的原因是有问题存在、目标和目的不正确、或者有某种东西妨碍目标或目的的实现。 Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions . Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious. 因此，作决策的过程对管理人员来说至关重要。管理者所做的每件事几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有些人认为管理过程就是作决策。尽管管理者不能
Unit 2 （山东省自考英语）Text A Caught Between Two Cultures 夹在两种文化之间 I was born and raised in Hong Kong. 我是土生土长的香港人。 For the past six years I’ve been living in the United States． 六年来一直生活在美国， I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. 是一家大百货商店的女售货员。 Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about．目前我正经历人生中一段痛苦，自己也很难讲述。 A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit． 几个月前，我回香港探亲， It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States． 这也是我到美国后第一次回家探亲。 I was eager to see my parents，my brothers and sisters，and my friends． 我期待着见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。 I really got a shock when I arrived． 到达时，我确实大吃一惊。 Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago． 香港已经不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。 Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize parts of it． 这儿发生了巨大的变化，一些地方都认不出来了。 My elementary school was gone． 我读书的那所小学已经不复存在。 The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings． 曾经住过的那条街上的房子已被拆掉，代之而起的是办公大楼。 The shock from the physical changes in the city，however，was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’home． 但是，我到了父母亲家里不久，就发现了一些令我想不通的问题，情感上也受到了挫伤。与之相比，香港外观上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。 My family greeted me warmly when I arrived． 我的家人热情地迎接我回家。 While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor，the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life in the United States． 我母亲忙着备饭为我接风，家里其余的人迫不及待地问我在美国的生活。 I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after，but then I began to feel that something was wrong．