学校代码：11517
学号：201011002240
HENAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
文献翻译
题目人力资源管理
学生姓名许耀辉
专业班级信息与计算科学1042班
学号201011002240
系（部）理学院
指导教师(职称)董西广(讲师)
完成时间2014 年 3 月3 日
人力资源管理
Lacroix M
Pirotte A
摘要：人力资源管理在企业管理中占据着重要的地位，针对传统人工管理数据可能出现的数据冗余、信息丢失、效率低下等问题，传统的人工管理数据已经严重制约着企业的发展，企业急于需找一种新的人力资源管理方式去促进企业顺应时代的发展，本文论述日本企业人力资源管理方式并与欧美发达国家的人力资源管理方式进行对比，分析两个国家人力资源管理方式的优缺点。
关键词：人力资源/日本企业管理方式/欧美企业管理方式
日本企业人力资源监督制约的管理主要从两个方面来讲：第一，来自交叉持股的交叉持股企业，如果执行力较差或者企业的经营者负担不起，这些企业经营的大股东们就会批评他们，与之同时督促他们改变他们的工作方式直到解除企业的管理者.另一个重要的监督是体现在一些主要的银行，这些主要的银行是在特殊的情形下监督企业经营者：在好绩效的企业，企业的运营是正常的，这些银行就不会去干涉，但是当绩效显现较差时，这些银行也可以说是是大的股东，董事会就会代替管理者.企业交叉持股和主要的银行持股体制，控股的唯一目的是使股民稳定，相互支持和控制，而不是获得高的股息和奖金，因此，买卖股票是不容易的，换手率低时，股市市场对管理者产生微乎其微的影响，股市市场的合并在日本仍是稀少的，使企业管理的市场机制的有效性的外部限制不复存在。
在日本，在外部市场方面与英国和美国相比还相对于不发达，加上儒家文化的影响，家族企业的特征比较的明显，并且管理人才也是一个长的工作，终身雇佣制是一般的做法，企业的相对移动率相对较少，企业管理者主要是从企业的内部提拔的（除了那些工作以外低水平），所以好的管理者更愿意去冒那些风险较低的。升职最好的机遇是追求个人行动企业的发展，在日本，行动企业经常会招聘更多的突出的中高水平管理人员，在升职和酬劳方面，幂级数在工资和晋升系统的应用，随着职员工龄的增加伴随着企业增加工资和提高职员工作环境，而对于这个系统通过给职员能力和力量的做法与增加工资和晋升如出一撤，迄今为止那些相同年龄和工龄相同的人来说，工资是没有区别的。日本企业比较重视企业管理人才的发展，很多企业都有他们自己
的培训中心，然而与美国不同的是在通才方面的培训。
在德国采取的是人力资源培训的“双轨”发展模式（也就是年轻人在学校和企业学习的同时还进行培训），德国在人力资源开发一个主要的特征：培训系统和模式重视理论和实践相结合的特征，训练系统的改革越成功则就业系统就越完善。
另外，德国企业比较看重服务人员（包括各级管理人员）继续教育和在培训。德国公司团体和灵活的培训方法对于员工而言是多样的，效率高的。培训使用的好处，培训内容的观点，一种自适应培训的工作，从有工作转移到培训，职业培训，晋升，专业培训和公司各级培训经理。培训的专业人士，以至于他们可以经常组织研讨会去研究问题，交换意见，组织短期课程，目的，方向，实践很强。培训对于企业的管理方法经常处于不同的水平，企业高级管理主要依赖他们自己，组织一个比较好的环境网站去实施讨论和交换意见，而对于中层管理人员而言大多数采取的是全职培训的方法，在培训中心学习，在线经理经常类型的教育和培训推广模式。使用这个激励机制而且可以使公司更容易发现人才，这是因为这一层的员工直接组织产品和公司的活动，他们有重要的且不可替代的作用。
股权结构是想成不同管理模式的决定因素。
公司所有权结构是形成不同公司经营管理人才管理模式的决定因素。由于公司所有权结构存在差异，进而形成不同的公司管理人才管理模式。
美国公司所有权极为分散，法人治理中缺乏强有力的股东通过董事会监督企业经营者，董事会和监事会往往流于形式、实际控制权容易转移到经理人手中。为此美国建立了发达的资本市场和完善的公司法律法规，从外部有效地抑制了经营者的机会主义行为。同时，分散的公司所有权为股票市场的并购提供了方便，使得市场的监督成为最主要的外部监督机制。日本公司以法人相互持股为主要特征，所有权集中或者相对集中，内部监控管理将发挥重要的作用，而通过股票市场并购监督企业经营者的难度加大。
那么，公司所有权结构的差异是如何形成的呢？最新的研究表明，公司所有权结构不完全是竞争性市场所形成的结果，美国和日本公司所有权结构的差异是由于各国不同的法律规定，经济惯例等历史路径差异所造成的。例如，美国禁止商业银行利用存款持有股票，反垄断法律严格限制公司相互持股。日本公司则允许商业银行持有不超过公司5％的股票，对相互持股公司的关联交易限制较松等等。因此，我们在选择经营管理人才管理模式时，要考虑整体的制度环境，考虑历史造成的现状，考虑所有
权集中度。所以，在市场体制不够健全，法制法规建设不够完善的情况下，公司的外部市场型管理模式效果极可能不佳；对于集中度比较高的大型国有企业，加强内部监管与治理十分重要。
英美模式的效果分析
英美模式的内部管理有其合理性。董事会与经营者各尽其职，有利于经营者集中精力，搞好经营，有利用保持经营者的工作热情和创新力，促使公司得以发展。但是，与此同时，英美公司内部管理也存在比较明显的问题。美英外部市场型管理模式需要解决的问题是如何在保持经营者工作激情的同时，对由于缺乏足够的监督机制而发生的大公司高层经理人员玩忽职守和谋取私利的问题进行控制。进入20世纪80年代以来，这一问题在英美表现得日益突出。特别是2002年美国安然、世通、施乐等公司丑闻的纷纷曝光，使凭借市场信誉机制来保证的财务信息的真实性和独立董事的独立性受到了怀疑，英美模式中的监督缺陷进一步显现。因此，在英美，对董事会的改进、引入独立董事及如何发挥外部董事的实质性作用已成为人们关注的焦点。
英美的外部市场型管理人才管理模式，是建立在较为健全的市场机制和法规体系基础之上的，其对公司及经营管理层的监督约束效果较好。但它也存在着以下缺陷:高度分散的股权结构造成了经营者的短期行为，损害企业的长期利益和发展；公司股权的高度流动性使英美公司资本结构的稳定性差，经理人员更换过于频繁；公司收购在很多时候不利于经理人员积极性的发挥。
英美管理模式下，经理人市场发达，企业经营管理人才的薪酬与贡献和市场紧密挂钩，报酬方式比较丰富，这使得英美管理模式下的薪酬制度的激励效果较好，能充分地调动管理人员的积极性。然而，美国企业高提拔、高奖励、高刺激的管理方式在一定程度上也带来负面影响。短期行为现象甚为严重，许多年轻人工作不到一年就更换了五、六次工作，这种现象打乱了公司的长期培训计划，影响了公司发展战略的实施。而且随着收入差距的不断加大，普通员工的流失率也在节节攀升，公司的经营效率必然会受到不同程度的影响。还有，任意的就业政策也给许多员工带来了严重的不安全感，降低了他们对企业的忠诚度；劳资对抗、决策权的过度集中也显示出较大的弊病。
德日模式的效果分析
德日模式的内部管理效果较好。在这一模式下，银行一般是公司的大股东，由于银行在监控方面具有获取公司生产经营信息的天然优势，使得公司股东的监控作用得
以较好发挥，对企业经营管理层的监督约束效果较好。另外，由于公司的核心股东——银行是一个安定的股东，注重长期投资，因而管理层能受到长期激励，有利于较好地实现公司的长远发展。
德日管理模式下，在晋升与报酬方面，一般实行年功序列工资、晋升制度，伴随员工年龄和工作年限的增长，企业为员工增加工资和提高职位等级。劳资关系的全面合作也增强了员工的安全感和归属感，提高了员工对企业的忠诚度。一般来说，日本模式在技术变化不大的行业，如制造业，则具有相对较强的优势。然而，这一制度也使得许多日本公司机构臃肿，人浮于事，效率低下；另外，由于这一制度在增加工资和晋级上没有按照员工的能力或实力给予差别，对于那些同等年龄和工作年限一样的员工，工资就没有差别，也使得优秀人才很难脱颖而出，被压抑和浪费的现象极为普遍。此外，激励手段的单一，特别是收入差别的缩小严重影响和压制了企业经理阶层的积极性和创造性。
两种企业经营管理人才管理模式的发展态势
从企业管理人才管理模式发展的趋势来看，随着经济全球化的发展，各国在公司管理方面相互学习，相互借鉴，各种企业管理人才管理模式也在不断发展变化，并主要呈现出以下主要特点: 美英管理模式开始借鉴德日管理模式,重视内部监管和长期激励。
德日模式表现出来的优势在于，银行和企业集团控股方式有利于鼓励企业着眼于长期发展；而英美以股市为主的资本市场则容易导致经营者更倾向于采取短期行为，为了获得短期投资回报而失去了企业的长远机会。为此，英、美等国公司开始重视长期激励，改变企业经营者短期行为和企业员工的短期雇佣方式，更加重视调动职工的积极性。
20世纪80年代以来，英美逐渐放松对金融系统的管制。特别是1999年美国通过《1999年金融服务现代化法案》，结束了商业银行、证券、保险的分业经营与分业监管的局面。1986年，英国伦敦证券交易所首先实施了重大改革，允许非会员可以取得会员100％的所有权，这等于允许商业银行直接参与证券业务。放松管制将使银行在监控公司方面的作用有所提高。
美英管理模式下的报酬方式在不断丰富
为了避免传统薪酬体系所带来的各种弊端，以技能为基础的薪酬制度已经成为美国企业薪酬改革的一种潮流。这种薪酬体系是根据员工所掌握的技能付给酬劳，而不
是根据他们在特定时间所从事的工作而付给酬劳。这种以“投入”(包括知识、技能和能力)为衡量依据的薪酬制度，有利于鼓励员工自觉掌握新的工作技能和知识，进行企业创新。另外，可变薪酬体系和非货币薪酬体系也在不断采用和发展。
德日管理模式逐渐弱化内部直接控制，开始加强外部市场监控
从80年代以来，随着证券市场的发展和企业自我积累能力的增强，直接融资在日德企业资金来源中的增加，使企业对银行贷款的依赖性减弱，公司负债率则呈下降趋势，从而弱化了银行对企业的控制，日德公司股权结构集中的趋势开始减弱，市场“外部监控”的作用正在加强。
德日管理模式下的传统雇佣、选拔方式正在发生变化
在日本，年薪制、浮动奖金的增加等“成果主义人力资源管理制度”特征日益明显，“雇佣的流动化、合同雇员的扩大”的倾向进一步加强，对企业运营成本影响大的“福利制度、养老制度改革”的发展大方向不容质疑。
在日本，随着员工的劳动价值观的多样化，劳动者自立意识的高涨，及解雇现象增加等雇佣关系的调整，员工与企业的共同意识和一体感逐渐丧失。再加上劳动市场的流动性增加，以终身雇佣为前提的雇佣方式正在不断松动和变化。从目前的实际情况来看，许多日本企业已经取消了终生雇佣制，年功序列制也逐渐被打破。原有的“按部就班、内部提拔”的规则也发生了重大变化。所以有人说，日本企业人事制度的“三大支柱”慢慢地倒下了两根。
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Human Resource Management
Lacroix M
Pirotte A
Japanese business management personnel of the supervision and restraint mainly from two aspects: first, the holding company from the cross-shareholdings, if a poor performance or business operators can not afford, the major shareholder of the business operators will be for criticism, and urge them to improve their work, until the removal of the operator; Another important oversight from the main bank. Main bank monitoring the way of business management under specific circumstances: in the good performance of the company, the enterprise is operating normally, the main banks do not intervene, but when the poor performance of the company to display and control power. Main bank can be major shareholders, the Board replace the managers. Cross-shareholdings in the company and the main bank holding system, the holding sole purpose is to make shareholders stabilization, mutual support and control, rather than to get a higher dividend and bonus. Therefore, the stock is not easily shot, turnover rate is low, the stock market and therefore have little effect on managers. Mergers on the stock market, Japan is also rare, making the market mechanism of the business management of the effectiveness of the external constraint is not.
In Japan, due to external market is relatively underdeveloped in terms of British and American, plus the influence by Confucian culture, corporate family characteristics significantly, and management talent is also a longer period of employment, the general practice of lifelong employment system, the relative mobility between enterprises much less. Enterprise managers are mainly promoted from within the enterprise (in addition to the lowest level of job outside), so good management is more willing to risk is low,
more opportunities for advancement in the pursuit of individual M-enterprise development, enterprises in Japan, M-enterprise often gathered many of the more outstanding middle-level management personnel. In the promotion and remuneration, the implementation of power series in wages, promotion system, with employees working years of age and growth of enterprises to increase wages and improve employee job level.
For this system there is no increase in wages and promotion by giving employees the ability or strength difference, so for those who like the same age and length of service of employees, wages there would be no difference. Japanese companies attach great importance to the development of enterprise training management personnel, many companies have their own training centers and training are. However, different from Japanese companies and the United States, more emphasis on generalist training.
In Germany, the "dual track" development of human resources training model (that is, young people in schools and businesses at the same time education and training), Germany on human resources development, a major feature. German training system and mode of this study with the same highlights and a combination of theory and practice characteristics, the more successful resolution of the training system and employment system interface.
In addition, German companies attach great importance to the service personnel (including managers at all levels) for continuing education and retraining. Germany's business community and flexible training methods for employees, diversity, efficiency, the kind of training on the use of which benefit. Content from the training point of view, a new adaptive training of workers, have jobs diverted to training, job training, promotion, professional training and corporate training managers at all levels.
The training of professionals so that they are often taken to study problems with organizing seminars, exchanges, organizing short courses, the purpose, direction, practical, very strong. Training for enterprise management approach often taken at different levels. Senior management of enterprises rely mainly on the self, organize them into a condition of good environmental sites, conduct discussions and exchange; of middle managers, most of the way to full-time training, to the training center to learn; on line managers, often type of education and training to promotion mode,
with the incentive mechanism is also easy to find talent from which companies, because this layer of workers who directly organize production and business activities, the status of important and irreplaceable role.
Ownership structure is the formation of the determinants of different management models.
Different ownership structure is the formation of the company management talent management company the deciding factor. Differences in the ownership structure of the company, thus the formation of different companies and management talent management.Widely dispersed ownership of U.S. companies, the lack of strong corporate governance by shareholders in the supervisory board of business by the board of directors and the supervisory board often a mere formality, the actual control easily transferred to the hands of managers. To this end the United States established a well-developed capital markets and sound corporate laws and regulations, effectively inhibited from outside the opportunistic behavior of managers. Meanwhile, the dispersed ownership of the company's acquisition of the stock market provides a convenient, making the market supervision as the most important external oversight mechanisms. Corporate cross-shareholdings by Japanese companies as the main features of the concentration of ownership, or the relative concentration of the internal control management will play an important role, and supervision of enterprises through the acquisition of the stock market operators more difficult.
So, the company is how differences in ownership structure formed? The latest research shows that ownership structure is not entirely the formation of a competitive market outcome, the U.S. and Japanese companies of different ownership structure is due to different national laws, economic practices and other historical path caused by the difference. For example, the United States banned the use of deposits held by commercial banks, stocks, mutual antitrust laws strictly limit the holding company. Japanese companies allow commercial banks to hold less than 5% of the company's stock, the association of the mutual holding company looser trading restrictions and so on.
Therefore, we select the operation and management talent management mode, to consider the overall system environment, consider the situation resulting from the history, consider the ownership concentration. Therefore, in the market system is not perfect, not perfect laws and regulations under construction, the company's external market-based management model is likely to result poor; for the relatively high concentration of large state-owned enterprises, strengthen internal control and governance is very important.
The effects of two management
The effect of Anglo-American model
Anglo-American model of the internal management of its rationality. Board of Directors and managers do their job, is conducive to the operator to concentrate, improve management, use of the work of the operators to maintain enthusiasm and innovation, prompted the company to develop. However, at the same time, Anglo American also obvious internal management problems. British external market-based management need to address the question of how the operators work to keep the passion in the same time, the lack of adequate monitoring mechanisms and of a great dereliction of duty and senior managers to control the issue for personal gain. Beginning of the 20th century, 80 years, this issue may become increasingly prominent in the Anglo-American performance. In particular, in 2002 Enron, WorldCom, Xerox and other corporate scandals have exposed the credibility with the market mechanism to ensure the authenticity of financial information and the independence of independent directors was suspect in the supervision of Anglo-American model more apparent defects . Therefore, in the Anglo-American, on board the improvement, the introduction of independent directors and outside directors on how to play a substantive role has become a focus of attention.
External market-oriented Anglo-American management talent management model is built on a more sound market mechanism and legal system based on its management of the company and operate better supervision and restraint. But it also has the following shortcomings: the highly fragmented ownership structure resulted in the operator's short-term, long-term damage to business interests and development; the high mobility of the company's equity capital structure so that the stability of Anglo-American difference, managers replaced too frequently; acquisition in many cases not conducive to the managers of their initiative.
Anglo-American management model, manager market development, business management personnel remuneration are closely linked with the contributions and the market, pay way more diverse, which makes under American management incentive compensation system better able to fully mobilize the management staff initiative. However, the U.S. corporate high-promoted, high-reward, high-stimulated management to some extent also be adversely affected. Very serious short-term phenomenon, many young people to work less
than a year to replace the five or six times the work, this phenomenon is upset the company's long-term training programs of the company's development strategy. And with the increasing income gap, the general staff turnover rate is also climbing, the company's operating efficiency will certainly be different degrees. Also, any number of staff employment policies also brought serious insecurity, lowered their loyalty to the enterprise; labor confrontation, the excessive concentration of decision-making power also showed a larger ills.
Effect of German and Japanese models
German-Japanese model is better internal management. In this mode, the banks in general is the company's largest shareholder, the bank has access to the company in control of information production and management of natural advantages, making the monitoring role of shareholders to better play, supervision and management of the business was better than bound good. In addition, because the company's core shareholders - the shareholders of Bank is a stable, long-term investment focus, which can be subject to long-term incentive management is conducive to better achieve the company's long-term development.
German-Japanese management model, in promotion and compensation in general, the implementation of power series in wages, promotion system, with employees working years of age and growth of enterprises to increase wages and improve employee job level. Labor relations and comprehensive cooperation have strengthened the staff's sense of security and sense of belonging, improve staff-to-business loyalty. In general, little change in the Japanese model in the technical industries such as manufacturing, while a relatively strong advantage. However, this system also led many Japanese companies are overstaffed and inefficient; addition, because this system there is no increase in wages and promotion by giving employees the ability or strength difference, for those who like the same age and length of service of staff , there is no difference in wages, but also makes difficult to stand out talents, was repressed and wasted a common phenomenon. In addition, the incentives of a single, particularly serious impact on narrowing income gap and the suppression of the enterprise manager's enthusiasm and creativity classes.
Both business management personnel management development trend
From the development of management talent management trends, with the development of economic globalization, countries in corporate governance of mutual learning, mutual learning, a variety of management talent management is also evolving, and the main show the following main Features:
United States and Britain began to learn German and Japanese management model management, attention to internal control and long-term incentive.
German-Japanese model shown has the advantage, banks and Enterprise Group Holdings in ways that favor long-term development to encourage enterprises to focus on; and Anglo-American capital markets to stock-based operators can easily lead to more inclined to take short-term, in order to obtain short-term return on investment lost the long-term business opportunities. To this end, Britain and the United States companies starting to focus on long-term incentive to change business in the short term behavior and short-term employment means employees pay more attention to mobilizing the enthusiasm of employees.80 years since the 20th century, the gradual relaxation of British and American control of the financial system. In particular the United States through 1999, "Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999", the end of the commercial banks, securities and insurance sub-sector management and separate supervision of the situation. In 1986, the implementation of the London Stock Exchange, the first major reform to allow non-members can obtain 100% ownership of membership, which is equal to allow commercial banks to participate directly in the securities business. Deregulation will allow the bank's role in monitoring the company increased.
Under British management approach continues to pay rich
Traditional pay system in order to avoid all the disadvantages brought to skills-based pay system has become a U.S. corporate trend of pay reform. This salary system is based on the skills of employees are paid according to master, rather than the specific time they are engaged in paid work and reward. This kind of "investment" (including knowledge, skills and abilities) for the measurement based pay system will help encourage employees to consciously acquire new work skills and knowledge for enterprise innovation. In addition, the variable pay system and the non-monetary compensation system is constantly
being used and developed.
The gradual weakening of German and Japanese management model within the direct control of the external market began to strengthen monitoring
From the 80's, along with the development of securities markets and enterprise self-accumulation capabilities, direct financing business in Japan, Germany, the increase in funding to enable enterprises to reduced dependence on bank loans, corporate debt rate decreased to weakening the banks control of the business, Japan, Germany, the trend of concentration of share ownership structure began to weaken, the market "external monitor" role is being strengthened.
Germany and Japan the traditional management mode of employment, selection methods are changing
In Japan, the annual salary system, variable pay increases and other "human resources management system for Performance" feature has become increasingly evident, "the flow of employment, the expansion of contract employees," the tendency to further strengthen the cost-impact on the business operations of the "welfare system pension reform, "the general direction of development can not be questioned.
In Japan, staff work with the values of diversity, employee self-conscious high, and dismissal of the phenomenon of increase in the employment relationship and other adjustments, employees and business sense of the common sense and progressive loss of one. Coupled with the increased mobility of the labor market to the premise of lifetime employment means employment is constantly loosening and changes. From the current actual situation, many Japanese companies have canceled the lifetime employment system, on Merits gradually being broken. The original "step by step, the internal promotion," the rules have changed. So someone said, Japanese companies and personnel system "three pillars" of the two slowly fall.
REFFERENCE
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南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月
Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
外文资料译文及原文 Java Java I/O 系统 对编程语言的设计者来说，创建一套好的输入输出(I/O)系统，是一项难度极高的任务。 这一点可以从解决方案的数量之多上看出端倪。这个问题难就难在它要面对的可能性太多了。不仅是因为有那么多I/O的源和目地(文件，控制台，网络连接等等)，而且还有很多方法(顺序的『sequential』，随机的『random-access』，缓存的『buffered』，二进制的『binary』，字符方式的『character』，行的『by lines』，字的『by words』，等等)。 Java类库的设计者们用"创建很多类"的办法来解决这个问题。坦率地说Java I/O系统的类实在是太多了，以至于初看起来会把人吓着（但是，具有讽刺意味的是，这种设计实际上是限制了类的爆炸性增长）。此外，Java在1.0版之后又对其I/O类库作了重大的修改，原先是面向byte的，现在又补充了面向Unicode字符的类库。为了提高性能，完善功能，JDK 1.4又加了一个nio(意思是"new I/O"。这个名字会用上很多年)。这么以来，如果你想对Java的I/O 类库有个全面了解，并且做到运用自如，你就得先学习大量的类。此外，了解 I/O类库的演化的历史也是相当重要的。可能你的第一反应是"别拿什么历史来烦我了，告诉我怎么用就可以了！"但问题是，如果你对这段历史一无所知，很快就会被一些有用或是没用的类给搞糊涂了。
本章会介绍Java标准类库中的各种I/O类，及其使用方法。 File 类 在介绍直接从流里读写数据的类之前，我们先介绍一下处理文件和目录的类。 File类有一个极具欺骗性的名字；或许你会认为这是一个关于文件的类，但它不是。你可以用它来表示某个文件的名字，也可以用它来表示目录里一组文件的名字。如果它表示的是一组文件，那么你还可以用list( )方法来进行查询，让它会返回String数组。由于元素数量是固定的，因此数组会比容器更好一些。如果你想要获取另一个目录的清单，再建一个File对象就是了。实际上，叫它"FilePath"可能会更好一些。下面我们举例说明怎样使用这个类及其相关的FilenameFilter接口。 目录列表器 假设你想看看这个目录。有两个办法。一是不带参数调用list( )。它返回的是File对象所含内容的完整清单。但是，如果你要的是一个"限制性列表(restricted list)"的话——比方说，你想看看所有扩展名为.java的文件——那么你就得使用"目录过滤器"了。这是一个专门负责挑选显示File对象的内容的类。 下面就是源代码。看看，用了java.utils.Arrays.sort( )和11章的AlphabeticComparator之后，我们没费吹灰之力就对结果作了排序(按字母顺序)： //: c12:DirList.java // Displays directory listing using regular expressions. // {Args: "D.*\.java"} import java.io.*; import java.util.*; import java.util.regex.*; import com.bruceeckel.util.*; public class DirList { public static void main(String[] args) { File path = new File("."); String[] list; if(args.length == 0) list = path.list(); else list = path.list(new DirFilter(args[0])); Arrays.sort(list, new AlphabeticComparator());
文献综述怎么写 1) 什么是文献综述? 文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。 2) 文献综述的写作要求 1、文献综述的格式 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言，要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义，综述的范围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。前言一般200-300字为宜，不宜超过500字。 正文，是综述的重点，写法上没有固定的格式，只要能较好地表达综合的内容，作者可创造性采用诸多形式。正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分，通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据，进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。当然，作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。正文部分可根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。 小结，是结综述正文部分作扼要的总结，作者应对各种观点进行综合评价，提出自己的看法，指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。内容单纯的综述也可不写小结。 参考文献，是综述的重要组成部分。一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。对综述类论文参考文献的数量不同杂志有不同的要求，一般以30条以内为宜，以最近3-5年内的最新文献为主。 2、文献综述规定 1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。 2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇，且文献搜集要客观全面 3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。 4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。 5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号[ ]括起来置于引用词的右上角。 6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。不能混淆作者与文献的观点。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径，针对性强。 7. 文献综述不少于3000字。 3、注意事项 ⒈搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。 ⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。 ⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。引用文献不过多。文献综述的作者引用间接文献的现象时有所见。如果综述作者从他人引用的参考文献转引过来，这些文献在他人
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
Java and the Internet If Java is, in fact, yet another computer programming language, you may question why it is so important and why it is being promoted as a revolutionary step in computer programming. The answer isn’t immediately obvious if you’re coming from a traditional programming perspective. Although Java is very useful for solving traditional stand-alone programming problems, it is also important because it will solve programming problems on the World Wide Web. 1.Client-side programming The Web’s in itial server-browser design provided for interactive content, but the interactivity was completely provided by the server. The server produced static pages for the client browser, which would simply interpret and display them. Basic HTML contains simple mechanisms for data gathering: text-entry boxes, check boxes, radio boxes, lists and drop-down lists, as well as a button that can only be programmed to reset the data on the form or “submit” the data on the form back to the server. This submission passes through the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) provided on all Web servers. The text within the submission tells CGI what to do with it. The most common action is to run a program located on the server in a directory that’s typically called “cgi-bin.” (If you watch the address window at the top of your browser when you push a button on a Web page, you can sometimes see “cgi-bin” within all the gobbledygook there.) These programs can be written in most languages. Perl is a common choice because it is designed for text manipulation and is interpreted, so it can be installed on any server regardless of processor or operating system. Many powerful Web sites today are built strictly on CGI, and you can in fact do nearly anything with it. However, Web sites built on CGI programs can rapidly become overly complicated to maintain, and there is also the problem of response time. The response of a CGI program depends on how much data must
Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
中文翻译 基于Java技术的Web应用设计模型的比较研究 来源：School of Computer Science and Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia 作者：Budi Kurniawan and Jingling Xue 摘要 Servlet技术是在建立可扩展性Web应用中被应用最广泛的技术。在运用JAVA技术开发Web应用中有四种模型,分别是:Model 1、Model 2、Struts和JavaServer Faces JSF。Model 1使用一连串的JSP页面，Model 2采用了模型，视图，控制器MVC模式。Struts是一个采用了Model 2设计模型的框架，JSF是一种支持ready-to-use组件来进行快速Web应用开发的新技术。Model 1对于中等和大型的应用来说很难维护，所以不推荐使用。本文通过利用Model 2、Struts和JSF这三种模型分别构建三个不同版本的在线商店应用程序来比较和评价这三种模型在应用程序开发和性能上的差异。 1.绪论 当今Web应用是一种展现动态内容的最普遍的方式。构建Web应用有许多种方法，其中最流行的是Servlet技术。这种技术的流行是因为它比CGI、PHP等其他技术更具优越性。然而Servlet对于开发来说还是麻烦的，因为它在传送HTML 标签时需要程序员将他们组合成为一个字符串对象，再将这个对象传给浏览器。同样的，对于输出的一个很小的改动也要求Servlet被重新编译。基于这个原因SUN 公司发明了JavaServer Pages JSP技术。JSP允许HTML标签和Java代码混合在
Technique summary on the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel Abstract.This paper discusses in length the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel. The diversion tunnel lies on the left side of the dam. Its main task is to diverse the water so that the construction on the dam can be fulfilled successfully. On one hand, it tells us how to build the plane (two-dimensional) control network and how to conduct the horizontal displacement; on the other hand, it tells us how to set up the vertical control network and how to carry out the vertical displacement. Keywords:diversion tunnel, high side-slope, deformation monitoring, Horizontal displacement, vertical displacement 1 Introduction to the diversion tunnel The diversion tunnel and its related projects lies on the opposite side of the underground workplace, namely, the left bank of the Shuibuya Valley. Its natural slope is 255 meters high, consisting of soft rocks and hard rocks. The geological structure is so complicated. Specifically speaking, the slope contains two parts, with the above part hard and the below part soft; meanwhile, it also contains lots of fissures. To protect the worker’s safety during the construction period, it is quite necessary to carry out the rigorous monitoring towards the high side-slope. 2 Coordinate system (1)Beijing Geodetic Coordinate System, 1954; (2)Wusong Altitude system, 1956; (3)Gauss projection 3° Zone; (4)Central Meridian 111°. 3 Introdution to deformation of Structures When the structure is being constructed and in use, so many factors will cause five phenomena, such as: structure subsidence, structure displacement, structure oblique and structure fissure etc. These factors mainly include: the uneven geological component of the foundation, the difference of the physical attribute of the soil, the rigid deformation of the soil, the change in the underground water, the change of the atmospheric temperature, the self
第一篇： 航空博物馆与航空展示公园 巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基 飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素，并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。在此基本形态上进一步发展，如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机，生成了一座巨大的建筑。其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成，却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。这个机翼宽大通透，向各个方向开敞。它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面，使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性，并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。 新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区，并与历史体验建立联系。从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重，旧的道路得到了完善，朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台，为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器，如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。 The first passage: Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition park Bartiomiej Kislelewski The idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form and arrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset