动名词的特征和常见考点
动名词(doing) ==名词
动名词顾名思义就是动词的名词形式。或是名词化的”动词”.它既有动词的意思同时有具有名词的性质。也就是说名词可以做的句子成分，动名词就可以（主语，宾语，表语，定语）。
Eg: I enjoy swimming. 【宾语】
Swimming is fun. 【主语】
This is a swimming pool.
=a pool for swimming【定语】
a swimming boy= a boy who is swimming
My favourite sport is swimming.【表语】
==Swimming is my favourite sport.【主语】
doing
主动形式
被动形式
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
动名词和现在分词在形式上只是拼写一样。但在句中所起的作用却截然不同。The film is exciting. 【分词】
My favourite sport is swimming.【动名词】
==Swimming is my favourite sport
(“My favourite sport”=” swimming”)
sleeping cars =cars for sleeping表目的
sleeping boys=boys who are sleeping
1. 做主语和表语：动名词做主语、表语通常表示一般、习惯性的或抽象的行为；不定式做主语、表语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作行为。在有些结构时两者区别不大。
Eg: Swimming is fun.
My job is teaching English.
[例题]
1). It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. ____ the answers ready will be of great help.
A. To have had
B. Having had
C. Have
D. Having
【D】
2). The president would attend the meeting himself,_____ gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A. The president would attend
B. The president to attend
C. The president attended
D. The president’s attending
【D】
3) How about the two of us ___ a walk down the garden?
A. to take
B. take
C. taking
D. will take
【C】
* 动名词的动作发出者如何表示？
① Would you mind my/me opening the window?
② I can’t imagine my best friend/my best friend’s laughing at my work.
I suggest Tom/tom’s coming early.
I suggest that he should come early.
The president’s attending the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
That the president attended the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
It is dangerous for children to swim alone.
I open the door to come in.
I open the door for them to come in.
不定式的逻辑主语用for 引出
It was a great deal of encouragement to them for the president to attend the meeting himself.
2. 作宾语：常跟动名词做宾语的动词和短语有：avoid, understand, appreciate, enjoy, imagine, mind, admit, practise, suggest, consider(考虑), delay, keep, allow, permit, forbid, look forward to , can’t help（情不自禁） ,be/get /become used to(习惯于) , devote… to , lead to
[例题]
4). It is difficult to imagine his ___ the decision without any consideration.
A. accept
B. accepting
C. to accept
D. accepted
【B】
5). I can’t stand ___ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ___ talking while she works.
A.working; stopping
B. to work; stopping
C. working; to stop
D. to work; to stop
【C】
动名词常见考点：
①动名词的实质就是名词化的动词。同时可以带有自己的宾语和状语。
eg: Dancing is fun.
My job is teaching English.
I like teaching English in Class 15/16.
②动名词的变形
eg: He denied having been there.
I remember being taken to Beijing as a small boy.
③动名词的逻辑主语
eg: Would you mind my/me opening the window?
I suggest his/him taking Mike’s place.
④动名词的否定形式 (sb’s) not doing
eg: Tom was sorry for his not coming on time.
⑤ remember to do/ doing
※ forget/try/stop/mean/regret/can’t help
⑥有关动名词一些重点句型或结构
“见目标”
【例题】注意非谓语三步走：结构；主被动；时态
1. I really can’t understand ___ her like that.
A. you treat
B. you to treat
C. why treat
D. you treating
2. Little Jim should love ___ to the theater this evening.
A. to be taken
B. to take
C. being taken
D. taking
3. The host held the party without ___Tom.
A. invited
B. had invited
C. inviting
D. being invited
4. Tom came to the party without ___ by the host.
A. invited
B. inviting
C. having invited
D. being invited
5. Tom was very unhappy for ___ to the party.
A. having not been invited
B. not having invited
C. having not invited
D. not having been invited
6. Our monitor suggested ___ a discussion of this subject.
A. to have
B. should have
C. have
D. having
7. We think the film is ____.
A. worth to see
B. worthy of seeing
C. worth seeing
D. worthy to see
8. ---- Let’s have a break.
----Not now, I don’t want ____ yet.
A. to stop study
B. stopping to studying
C. to stop studying
D. stopping studying
9. ----You should say sorry to your brother.
---- Yes, I regret ____ with him.
A. quarreling
B. quarrelled
C. to quarrel
D. to have quarrelled
10. The sick woman needs ____ after.
A. looking
B. to look
C. being looked
D. to be looked
11. ----What do you think made Jim so happy？
----_____ by his teacher.
A. praising
B. Praised
C. Praise
D. Being praised
E. As he was praised
12. Mary has been ____ her job but she hasn’t decided yet.
A. considering changing
B. considered changing
C. considering to change
D. considered to have changed
13. Cai lun was considered ____ paper the first in the world.
A. inventing
B. having invented
C. to invent
D. to have invented
14. ---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh, I forgot ___.
A. turning it off
B. turn it off
C. to turn it off
D. having turned it off
15. They now regret ___ so soon.
A. get
B. getting
C. to get
D. to have got
16. I am sorry for ____ ahead of time.
A. letting you not know
B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not
D. letting not you know
17. The day I have been looking forward to is ____.
A. coming
B. is coming
C. was coming
D. came
18. The day I looked forward to ____ at last.
A. coming
B. is coming
C. was coming
D. came
19. That day I looked forward to ____ , but I was too busy.
A. coming
B. is coming
C. was coming
D. came
20. He has always insisted on ___ Dr Turner instead of Mr Turner.
A. he should be called
B. he is called
C. his called
D. his being called
21. While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ___ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade
B. persuading
C. being persuaded
D. persuade
22. She can’t help ___ the house because she’s busy making cakes.
A. to clean
B. cleaning
C. cleaned
D. being cleaned
23. What worried the child most was ___ to visit his mother in hospital.
A. his not allowing
B. his not being allowed
C. his being not alloweds
D. having not been allowed
Answers: 1---5 D A C D D 6---10 D C C A A/D 11---15 D A D C B 16---20 B A D A D 21--23 C A B
常见动名词、分词的习惯用法总结 使用-ing分词的几种情况 1）在进行时态中。如： .He is watching TV in the room. 2）在there be结构中。 如：There is a boy swimming in the river. 3）在have fun/problems结构中。We have fun learning English this term. They had problems getting to the top of the mountain. 4）在介词后面。如：Thanks for helping me. What /How about doing sth? 5.）在以下结构中 1.feel like doing sth想要做某事； 2.stop doing sth 停止做某事（原来的事） 3.forget doing sth 忘记做过某事； 4.go on doing sth 继续做某事（原来的事）； 5.remember doing sth 记得做过某事； 6.like doing sth 喜欢做某事； 7.find /see/hear/watch sb doing发现/看到/听到/观看某人做 8.try doing sth 试着做某事 9.prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事； 10.mind doing sth 介意做某事； 11.miss doing sth错过做某事； 12.practice doing sth 练习做某事； 13.be busy doing sth 忙于做某 14.can't help doing sth禁不住做某事；15waste time/money doin浪费时间/金钱做 16.keep sb.doing让…始终/一直做… 17.stop sb.(from)doing阻止某人做某事 18.prefer doing B to doing B=like A better than A喜欢做A更喜欢做B 19.“do some +doing”短语 如：do some shopping/do some washing/do some reading/do some practicing/do some cleaning/do some speaking 23．“go doing”短语去做某事（主要指文娱活动等） 如：go shopping/go fishing/go swimming/go hiking/go skating/go camping/go skiing （滑雪/go boating /go hunting (打猎) 24enjoy doing sth 喜欢做某事 25 finish doing sth；完成做某事； 26、need doing sth 需要做某事 27、have a hard/difficult time doing sth做 某事有困难have problem doing sth 28、spend some time doing sth花费时间做 某事 .注意动词的过去分词的常见搭配: 1、I feel(am/was) excited/ surprised/ amazed/interested/tired/pleased/worried 2、Keep…closed/ 3、a boy called/named Tom 常见动词不定式词组、句型用法总结 .固定用法(非谓语动词)： 以下是带to的动词不定式常见搭配 ★希望做某事hope to do sth. ★决定做某事decide to do sth. ★同意做某事agree to do sth. ★需要某人做某事need to do sth. ★使用某物做某事use sth to do sth ★迫不及待做某事can’t wait to do ★准备做某事get/be ready to do ★尽力/努力做某事try to do sth ★计划做某事plan to do sth. ★不得不have to do ★轮流做某事take one’s turns to do sth. ★拒绝做某事refuse to do sth. ★告诉某人做某事tell sb. to do sth. ★请某人做某事ask sb. to do sth. ★希望某人做某事wish sb. to do sth. ★想要某人做某事want /would like sb. to do sth. ★同意某人做某事agree sb. to do sth. ★教某人做某事teach sb. to do sth. ★喜欢/想要某人做某事like sb. to do sth .★帮助某人做某事help sb. to do sth/help sb.do ★encourage sb to do 鼓励某人做 ★It’s one’s turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事 例:It your turn to clean the blackboard. ★It’s time(for sb.) to do sth.是某人做 某事时候了例句 It’s time for me to go home. ★It’s +adj. for/of sb. to do sth. 对于 某人来说做某事是……（当adj.是表 示性格、品德的形容词时用of） 例It is easy for me to learn it well. It is very kind/foolish/nice of you to do so. ★It takes sb. sometime to do sth. 某人做某事花了某时间例It takes me an hour to get to school by bike. ★too+adj./adv. to do sth.太…..而不能 例: He was to angry to say a word. ★find/think/feel it +adj. to do sth.发现/认为 /感到做某事是… I find/think/feel it hard to learn English well. ★序数词+to do 第…..个做某事 例句:Who is the first to get there? ★我不知/忘记了怎么办。 I didn't know/forgot what to do. ★忘记要做某事forget to do sth 记住要做某事remember to do sth 例句:Don’t forget/Remember to turn off the lights when you left the room离开房间时不 要忘记/记住关灯 ★be+adj+to do sth 例句:I am very sorry to hear that. I am ready to help others. I am happy/pleased/glad to meet you. 顺口溜： 本领最多不定式，主表定补宾和状； 样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢； 大家千万要小心，有时它把句型改； 作主语时用it，自己在后把身藏； 七个感官三使役，宾补要把to甩开； 疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当； 逻辑主语不定式，不定式前加for sb.； to前not是否定，各种用法区别开。 以下是不带to的动词不定式(即动词 原形)的常见用法 ★let sb. do sth让某人做某事 ★make do sth使得某人做某事 ★hear do sth do sth听见某人做某事 ★see do sth do sth看见某人做某事 ★why not 或why don’t you +动 词原形？为什么不….?（表示建议） 例:Why not/Why don’t you take a walk? ★某人+had better( not)do 某人最好(不)做 某事 ★情态动词can/may /must /should+ 动词 原形包括情态动词的否定形式+动词原形 ★助动词do/does/did/will/would在构成疑 问句或者构成否定句即don’t /doesn’t /didn’t /will not /would not+ 动词原形 ★be going to + 动词原形（表示 “即将”“打算”做某事）
The Gerund Seeing (see) is believing. Having solved (solve) this difficult question made her very happy. Being invited (invite) to the party is a great honor. Having been defeated (defeat) by such a weak team made the players very upset. 1. 定义： 动名词是英语动词的一种非谓语形式。动名词的构成：动词加上ing 构成。顾名思义，动名词有双重功能。它既有名词的特点---可作句子的主语，动词和介词的宾语；也有动词的特点---可以有自己的宾语和状语。 First, exchange a “Hello” or “Hi” with the foreigner, but at the same time, pay close attention and see if he feels like chatting. That’s the cue for you to stop moving on. Making small talk can be one of life’s pleasures. 2. 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语。 1) 作主语 ①直接位于句首做主语。 . _____D_____ clean is a safeguard against disease. A. To be keeping B. Kept C. Keep D. Keeping 读书是一种艺术。 Reading is an art. 爬山是真有趣。 Climbing mountains is really fun . ②动名词作主语，除了放在句首，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于 句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如： It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。 It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 注：动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较 动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较： Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much.
过去分词作状语 一．过去分词作状语的基本用法： 过去分词作状语主要是说明谓语动作发生的背景或条件；表示原因、时间、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。过去分词可置于主句前，也可置于主句后，用逗号与主句隔开。 1. 原因状语 Choked by the heavy smoke, he could hardly breathe. 他被浓烟呛了，几乎不能呼吸了。 Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。Frightened by the n oise in the night, the girl didn’t dare to sleep in her room. 受到夜晚响声的惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间。 2. 时间状语 Left to itself in the room, the baby began to cry.当被孤独地留在房间里时，婴儿哭了起来。 Asked why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty. 当被问及这件事时，班长说这是他的职责。 Approached in the dark, the lights looked lonely and purposeless. 在黑暗中走近时。那些电灯显得孤单而无意义。 3. 条件状语 Seen in this aspect, the matter isn’t as serious as people generally suppose. 如果从这个角度看，问题并不像人们一般预料的那样`严重。 Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。 Given better attention, the accident could have been avoided. 要是多加注意，那次事故就能避免了。 Watered more, these cabbages could have grown better. 如果多浇点水，这些大白菜还可以长的得更好。 Compared with you, we still have a long way to go. 和你相比，我们还有很大的差距。 4. 方式或伴随状语 Surrounded by his students, the professor sat there cheerfully. 那位教授在学生的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。 He stood there silently, moved to tears. 他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。The old man went into the room, supported by his wife. 那位老人在妻子的搀扶下,走进了房间。 5. 让步状语 Beaten by the police and sent to jail, Gandi created the principle of nonviolent resistance. 尽管受警察的殴打，被投入监狱，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。Defeated again, he didn’t lose heart. 尽管再次被击败，但他没有灰心。
高中化学常考的100个知识点总结 高中化学必修一 1、混合物的分离 ①过滤：固体(不溶)和液体的分离。 ②蒸发：固体(可溶)和液体分离。 ③蒸馏：沸点不同的液体混合物的分离。 ④分液：互不相溶的液体混合物。 ⑤萃取：利用混合物中一种溶质在互不相溶的溶剂里溶解性的不同，用一种溶剂把溶质从它与另一种溶剂所组成的溶液中提取出来。 2、粗盐的提纯 （1）粗盐的成分：主要是NaCl，还含有MgCl2、CaCl2、Na2SO4、泥沙等杂质（2）步骤： ①将粗盐溶解后过滤； ②在过滤后得到粗盐溶液中加过量试剂BaCl2(除SO42－)、Na2CO3(除Ca2＋、过量的Ba2＋)、NaOH(除Mg2＋)溶液后过滤； ③得到滤液加盐酸(除过量的CO32－、OH－)调pH=7得到NaCl溶液； ④蒸发、结晶得到精盐。 加试剂顺序关键： Na2CO3在BaCl2之后； 盐酸放最后。 (3) 蒸馏装置注意事项： ①加热烧瓶要垫上石棉网； ②温度计的水银球应位于蒸馏烧瓶的支管口处； ③加碎瓷片的目的是防止暴沸；
④冷凝水由下口进，上口出。 (4) 从碘水中提取碘的实验时，选用萃取剂应符合原则： ①被萃取的物质在萃取剂溶解度比在原溶剂中的大得多； ②萃取剂与原溶液溶剂互不相溶; ③萃取剂不能与被萃取的物质反应。 3、离子的检验： ①SO42－：先加稀盐酸，再加BaCl2溶液有白色沉淀，原溶液中一定含有SO42－。Ba2＋＋SO42－＝BaSO4↓ ②Cl－（用AgNO3溶液、稀硝酸检验）加AgNO3溶液有白色沉淀生成，再加稀硝酸沉淀不溶解，原溶液中一定含有Cl－；或先加稀硝酸酸化，再加AgNO3溶液，如有白色沉淀生成，则原溶液中一定含有Cl－。Ag＋＋Cl－＝AgCl↓。 ③CO32－：（用BaCl2溶液、稀盐酸检验）先加BaCl2溶液生成白色沉淀，再加稀盐酸，沉淀溶解，并生成无色无味、能使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体，则原溶液中一定含有CO32－。 4、5个新的化学符号及关系
第二部分考点透析 1.概述 动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种，由动词加-ing构成，它具有动词和名词的性质。有动词的性质意味着其可以有自己的宾语和状语等成分；有名词的性质意味着其可以在句子中充当主语，宾语，定语，定语等。 2. 构成 主动形式被动形式否定式一般式doing being done not doing 完成式having done having been done not having done 复合结构Sb’s / his/my…doing Sb’s / his/my…being done Sb’s / his/my…not doing 2.1 动名词的一般式 2.1.1动名词的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。 Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 2.1.2 动名词的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。 I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。 He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。 2.2动名词的完成式 动名词的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。 注意： 在现代英语中，作宾语的动名词的完成式可用一般式来代替。 I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.) We remembered seeing the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film. )
过去分词用法归纳-标准化文件发布号：（9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
过去分词用法归纳 Mar 7, 2011 过去分词主要表示被动，可表示发生在过去，所以叫过去分词。也可以无时间概念，只表示被动。过去分词用法：状语、定语、补语、表语。 一．状语 情况 1：表“被动”的状语从句可简化成过去分词做状语。表示条件、时间、让步的连词可保留，如if, when, although。表原因的不保留，如because 等。 1) He won’t go to the party tomorrow, if he is not invited. He won’t go to the party, if not invited. 2) When she was asked about her age, she kept silent. When asked about her age, she kept silent. 3) Once it is formed, a bad habit is hard to kick. Once formed, a bad habit is hard to kick. 进一步练习: 1) If it is seen from the mountain, the city looks more beautiful. Seen from the mountain, the city looks more beautiful. 2) If it is heated to 100 degrees Centigrade, water boils. Heated to 100 degrees Centigrade, water boils. 3) The problems, if they are not solved properly, will seriously affect the relations of nations. The problems, if not solved properly, will seriously affect the relations of nations. 4) Although he was warned of the danger, the boy still went skating on the ice. 2
高考化学必考知识点总结 高考化学必考知识点总结(一) 金属性金属原子在气态时失去电子能力强弱(需要吸收能量)的性质 金属活动性金属原子在水溶液中失去电子能力强弱的性质 ☆注：金属性与金属活动性并非同一概念，两者有时表示为不一致，如Cu和Zn：金属性是：Cu Zn，而金属活动性是：Zn Cu。 1.在一定条件下金属单质与水反应的难易程度和剧烈程度。一般情况下，与水反应越容易、越剧烈，其金属性越强。 2.常温下与同浓度酸反应的难易程度和剧烈程度。一般情况下，与酸反应越容易、越剧烈，其金属性越强。 3.依据最高价氧化物的水化物碱性的强弱。碱性越强，其元素的金属性越强。 4.依据金属单质与盐溶液之间的置换反应。一般是活泼金属置换不活泼金属。但是ⅠA族和ⅡA族的金属在与盐溶液反应时，通常是先与水反应生成对应的强碱和氢气，然后强碱再可能与盐发生复分解反应。 5.依据金属活动性顺序表(极少数例外)。 6.依据元素周期表。同周期中，从左向右，随着核电荷数的增加，金属性逐渐减弱;同主族中，由上而下，随着核电荷数的增加，金属性逐渐增强。 7.依据原电池中的电极名称。做负极材料的金属性强于做正极材料的金属性。 8.依据电解池中阳离子的放电(得电子，氧化性)顺序。优先
放电的阳离子，其元素的金属性弱。 9.气态金属原子在失去电子变成稳定结构时所消耗的能量越少，其金属性越强。 高考化学必考知识点总结(二) (1)、浓盐酸被二氧化锰氧化(实验室制氯气) (2)、盐酸、氯化钠等分别与硝酸银溶液的反应(盐酸及氯化物溶液的检验;溴化物、碘化物的检验) (3)、盐酸与碱反应 (4)、盐酸与碱性氧化物反应 (5)、盐酸与锌等活泼金属反应 (6)、盐酸与弱酸盐如碳酸钠、硫化亚铁反应 (7)、盐酸与苯酚钠溶液反应 (8)、稀盐酸与漂白粉反应 (9)、氯化氢与乙烯加成反应 (10)、氯化氢与乙炔加成反应(制聚氯乙烯) (11)、漂白粉与空气中的二氧化碳反应(说明碳酸酸性强于HClO) (12)、HF、HCl、HBr、HI酸性的比较(HF为弱酸，HCl、HBr、HI为强酸，且酸性依次增强) (13)、用于人工降雨的物质有哪些?(干冰、AgI) 高考化学必考知识点总结(三) 1、有色气体：F2(淡黄绿色)、Cl2(黄绿色)、Br2(g)(红棕色)、I2(g)(紫红色，固体
常见动词不定式词组、句型用法总结 .固定用法(非谓语动词)：以下是带to的动词不定式常见搭配 ★希望做某事hope to do sth. ★决定做某事decide to do sth. ★同意做某事agree to do sth. ★需要某人做某事need to do sth. ★使用某物做某事use sth to do sth ★迫不及待做某事can’t wait to do ★准备做某事get/be ready to do ★尽力/努力做某事try to do sth ★计划做某事plan to do sth. ★不得不have to do sth ★轮流做某事take one’s turns to do sth. ★拒绝做某事refuse to do sth. ★告诉某人做某事tell sb. to do sth. ★请某人做某事ask sb. to do sth. ★希望某人做某事wish sb. to do sth. ★想要某人做某事want /would like sb.to do sth. ★同意某人做某事agree sb. to do sth. ★教某人做某事teach sb.to do sth. ★喜欢/想要某人做某事like sb.to do sth. ★帮助某人做某事help sb. to do sth/help ★鼓励某人做某事encourage sb to do ★It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事 例句:It your turn to clean the blackboard. ★It’s time(for sb.) to do sth.是某人做某事时候了 例句:It’s time for me to go home. ★It’s +adj. for/of sb. to do sth. 对于某人来说做某事是…… （当adj.是表示性格、品德的形容词时用of） 例句: It is easy for me to learn it well. It is very kind/foolish/nice of you to do so. ★It takes sb. sometime to do sth. 某人做某事花了某时间 例句: takes me an hour to get to school by bike. took me an hour to watch TV last night. will take her two weeks to finish the work. ★too+adj./adv. to do sth. 太…..而不能 例: He was to angry to say a word. ★find/ think/ feel it +adj. to do sth.发现/认为/感到做某事是… 例: I find/think/feel it hard to learn English well. ★序数词+to do 第…..个做某事例句:Who is the first to get there
知识点总结 如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词，那么这个词称动名词。由于动名词是由动词变化而来，它仍保留着动词的某些特征，具有动词的某些变化形式，用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用，作主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语。 一、动名词的作用 1、作主语 1）、直接位于句首做主语。例如：Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2）、用it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。动名词做主语时，不太常用it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如：It is no use telling him not to worry. 3）、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较：动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较：Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much. 2、作表语 动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。 Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.) What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。(Being laughed at is what I hate most.) 3、作定语 动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如： a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing 。 4、作宾语 例：We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。 5、有些词后只能接动名词，不能跟不定式。allow;avoid; celebrate; consider; discontinue; dislike; enjoy; escape; excuse; explain; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help;imagine; keep; it means;mind; miss; practice; prevent;等 6、另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用短语。spend money/time; think of，give up，put off，insist on，be good at，do well in，can't help，keep on，feel like，be tired （afraid，capable，fond）of，look forward to, be used to, devote oneself to, stick to, respond to, look forward to, 7、有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可，例如：remember, forget, try, stop, go on, stop,regret,, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式，但意义截然不容。例：like doing sth 表经常性动作like to do sth表习惯性动作； stop doing sth,停止正在做的事情stop to do sth停下来做另外一件事；remember,forget,regret的不定时结构指后于谓语动词的动作，动词的ing形式则先于谓语动词的动作remember to do/doing：①I remembered to post the letters.（指未来/过去未来将要做的动作）②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.（我记得做过这个动作） try to（努力）与try +–ing（试验）：①I tried not to go there.（我设法不去那里）
高考化学与生活常考知识点 鱼一跃便成龙，大鹏展翅震长空，善于整理化学的知识点助你高考更加顺利。下面是小编整理的高考化学与生活常考知识点，供大家参考! 高考化学常考知识点 1.碱金属元素原子半径越大，熔点越高，单质的活泼性越大 错误,熔点随着原子半径增大而递减 2.硫与白磷皆易溶于二硫化碳、四氯化碳等有机溶剂，有机酸则较难溶于水 错误,低级有机酸易溶于水 3.在硫酸铜饱和溶液中加入足量浓硫酸产生蓝色固体 正确,浓硫酸吸水后有胆矾析出 4.能与冷水反应放出气体单质的只有是活泼的金属单质或活泼的非金属单质 错误,比如2Na2O2+2H2O=O2↑+4NaOH 5.将空气液化，然后逐渐升温，先制得氧气，余下氮气 错误,N2的沸点低于O2,会先得到N2,留下液氧 6.把生铁冶炼成碳素钢要解决的主要问题是除去生铁中除Fe以外各种元素，把生铁提纯 错误,是降低生铁中C的百分比而不是提纯 7.虽然自然界含钾的物质均易溶于水，但土壤中K%不高，故需施钾肥满足植物生长需要 错误,自然界钾元素含量不低，但以复杂硅酸盐形式存在难溶于水 8.制取漂白粉、配制波尔多液以及改良酸性土壤时，都要用到熟石灰 正确,制取漂白粉为熟石灰和Cl2反应,波尔多液为熟石灰和硫酸铜的混合物 9.二氧化硅是酸性氧化物，它不溶于酸溶液 错误,SiO2能溶于氢氟酸 10.铁屑溶于过量盐酸，再加入氯水或溴水或碘水或硝酸锌，皆会产生Fe3+ 错误,加入碘水会得到FeI2,因为Fe3+的氧化性虽然不如Cl2,Br2,但是强于I2,在溶液中FeI3是不存在的，共有3mol电子发生转移? 11.常温下，浓硝酸可以用铝罐贮存，说明铝与浓硝酸不反应 错误,钝化是化学性质,实质上是生成了致密的Al2O3氧化膜保护着铝罐
Gerund 动名词 非谓语动词 ?英语中，不作句子的谓语，而是用于担任其它语法功能的v ，叫非谓语动词，它不受主语人称、数等因素的限定，又被称作非限定动词。 ?三大非谓语动词：动名词，分词和不定式。 动名词的语法功能 ?作主语 ?Seeing is believing. ?Listening to music is one of my hobbies. ?Studying abroad has many advantages. ?Getting to know the world is what the future society requires of us. 习惯用法 ?A. I t i s n o u s e/g o o d/h a r m+V i n g.It is no use quarreling with her. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk. ?B. T h e r e i s n o+V i n g. There is no denying (the fact) that women are playing an important role in the world today. There is no joking about this matter. 这事开不得玩笑。 作表语 ?作表语 ?My favorite pastime is collecting stamps. ?Her hobby is swimming and cycling. ?One of the good virtues of a young person is being punctual. ?My job is teaching.
过去分词的用法 一、构成：规则动词的过去分词是有动词原形+ed构成的，不规则动词则有各自构成。 二、基本特点：过去分词在句子中的基本用法有两点：1.与逻辑主语之间是被动关系 2.表示完成的动作 三、过去分词的用法： 1.作表语：过去分词作表语时，一般同时具备被动与完成的含义 例如：（1）The cup is broken.（2）He is retired. （3）After running,he is tired. 【注意】过去分词作表语时，已经变成形容词性质，主要表示主语的状态（被动完成）,而被动语态则表示动作. 例如：(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) （2）The cup is now broken. 茶杯碎了.(过去分词作表语,表示状态) 【注意】有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,表示“感到……” 用-ing 形式来修饰物，表示“令人……” 例如：The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 2.做定语 作定语用的过去分词其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1）单一过去分词作定语,常置于其所修饰的名词之前，称作前置定语。 例如：We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2）过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,相当于一个定语从句,称作后置定语。 例如：The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3）过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. 例如：The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 4）用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以修饰与人有关的表情，面貌，举止行为以及感觉等，这时不能用v-ing形式例如：The boy looked up with a pleased expression. His satisfied look showed that he had passed this exam. 3.作状语 作状语的过去分词在句子中多表示被动和完成两重含义。 1）时间状语：A.当和谓语动词动作同时发生时，一般仅表示被动,可以用when从句代替。 例如：Faced with difficulties,we shouldn’t withdraw for any excuse. B.当表示动作发生在谓语动词之前时，通常既表被动又表完成，可用after从句代替，也可用现在分词的被动完成形式代替。 例如：Caught by the police,the thief lay on the ground,crying and shouting. 2）原因状语：过去分词所表示的动作多有被动和完成两重含义。 例如：Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. Welcomed by all the students,we expressed own true thanks to them.被全体同学欢迎，我们表达真挚的感激【注意】有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). 等，这种结构可以改写成一个because引导的主系表结构句子。 例如：Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音. Tired of the noise,he decided to move to the country.因厌倦了噪音，他决定搬到农村去。 Dressed in an orange dress,she looked more beautiful than before.穿上橘红色连衣裙，她看起来比以前更美3）条件状语：作条件状语时，一般只表被动含义。相当于if引导的条件状语从句。 例如：Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快. 4）伴随情况：表示伴随谓语动词发生的另外动作，位于主语之后，用逗号隔开，可以同时表示被动与完成， 例如：The mother ran across the street,followed by her little son. 5）结果状语：表示发生在谓语动词后的动作，位于主句后用都逗号分开，也可以同时表示被动与完成。 例如：He listened to the hero’s story,moved to tears. 【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语. 例如：When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
1.动名词概说 动名词既具有动词的性质，又具有名词的性质，因此叫动名词。（归根结底动名词的词性是名词。） ①动名词的动词性质表现在，它可以组成动名词短语，如： M y job i s a r ra ngin g t he agen d a fo r m y bo s s . 我的工作是为老板安排日程。 I f in i sh ed the proj ec t in a m ont h b y w or kin g o ve r t ime . 我靠加班在一个月内做完了这个项目。 ②动名词的名词性质表现在，它可以在句中用作主语、宾语等，如： S tu dyin g ab ro ad c an be a good ex per ien ce . 留学是一种很好的经历。(作主语) I reg re t tell ing he r the t ru th . 我后悔告诉她事实真相了。 ( 作宾语 ) 2.动名词的形式和特征 ①动名词的主动形式：doin g ②动名词的被动形式： b eing don e
⑤动名词的复合结构：形容词性物主代词/ 名词所有格/ 名词/ 宾格人称代词 + 动名词 在动名词复合结构中，物主代词戒名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语，这种复合结构多用作主语戒宾语，也可用作表语戒介词宾语。当动名词短语作宾语，放在动词戒介词后时，名词所有格戒物主代词分别可用名词普通格戒人称代词宾格代替，如： Sh e s ugg e st ed us fo rgi v ing hi m . 她建议我们原谅他。 ( 作宾语 ) H i s no t kno wing E ngli sh bro ugh t him a l ot o f in con ven ien ce ． 他不懂英语，这给他带来许多麻烦。 ( 作主语 ) Ou r onl y wo r ry i s Geo rge ’ s o vere s t im a t ing him self . 我们唯一担心的就是乔治高估了他自己。(作表语) I s tron gly obje c t to y our deli verin g t he spe ech . 我强烈反对你发表讲话。(作介词宾语) 3.动名词的用法 ① 动名词作主语
非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)---动名词 非谓语动词是指在句子中不充当谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 Ⅰ、动名词的形式： 一般式(谓语动词同时发生) doing being done 完成式(谓语动词发生之前) having done having been done 否定式:not + 动名词 一般式:Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 被动式:He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 完成式:We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 完成被动式:He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 否定式:not + 动名词I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。 复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词 He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
Ⅱ、动名词的句法功能: 一、作主语: Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。 Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。 当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 It's no use quarreling.争吵是没用的。 二、作表语: In the ant city,the queen's job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。 作宾语: They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。 注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如: We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语: enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid(避免)，excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider, admit(承认)，deny(否认)，mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk(冒险)，appreciate(感激)，be busy,be worth,feel like,can't stand,can't help(情不自禁地)，think of,dream of, be fond of,prevent…(from),keep …from,stop…(from),protect…from,set about, be engaged in,spend…(in),succeed in,be used to,look forward to,object to, pay attention to,insist on,feel like 三、作定语: