名词和主谓一致
（一）名词的数
名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类：
1、可数名词
可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词，有单复数形式。关于名词复数形式的构成规则是：
1）在名词后面直接加s，如：books，beds，computers，photos（=photographs）；
2）在以o，s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词后面加es。如：tomatoes，classes，boxes，watches，fishes；但是以“元音字母+o”结尾的外来词、缩略词只加s。如：radios，zoos，pianos，photos；
3）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，先改y为i，再加es。如：family-families，baby-babies；4）以“f，fe”结尾的名词，把f,fe改为ves。如：leaf-leaves，knife-knives，life-lives，shelf-shelves，handkerchief-handkerchieves/handkerchiefs；但是以下几个以f 结尾的名词只加s：roof-roofs（屋顶），belief-beliefs（信念），proof-proofs（证明）。注：还有不少名词复数形式是不规则变化的：
1）改变单数名词中的元音字母或其它形式。如：
foot--feet tooth--teeth child--children mouse--mice
2）单、复数形式相同。如：
a sheep-- two sheep a deer-- three deer
此外，还有means, fish, works(工厂), species(种类) 以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、币制等单位的名词，如yuan，jiao，fen，jin，mu等。
3））只有复数形式。如：
goods（货物） glasses（眼镜） compasses（圆规） thanks（感谢）clothes（衣服） remains（遗物，遗体） ashes（灰） contents（目录）trousers（裤子） gloves（手套） scissors（剪刀） jeans（牛仔裤）people dumplings（饺子） noodles doings（行为）
police congratulations（祝贺） savings（储蓄） belongings（所有物）4）表示“某国人”的名词的单、复数形式因习惯不同而各异。
a、单复数形式相同：
Chinese, Japanese, Vetnamese(越南人), Swiss(瑞士人), Portuguese(葡萄牙人)
b、加s构成：
Americans, Germans, Africans, Asians, Australians, Canadians, Indians, Belgians(比利时人), Europeans(欧洲人), Greeks, Swedes(瑞典人), Arabs(阿拉伯人), Hungarians(匈牙利人).
c、改man为men：
an Englishman-- four Englishmen a Frenchman-- three Frenchmen
an Irishman-- six Irishmen Dutchman-- five Dutchmen
5）复合名词的复数形式因词而异，有下列四种变化，必须分别熟记。
a、以可数名词结尾的复合名词，直接加-s。如：
tooth-brushes， boy-friends， store-keepers， film-goers
b、以“可数名词+介词（短语）”构成的复合名词，在名词部分加-s。如：
passers-by（过路人），sisters-in-law（姑子，嫂子，弟媳），prisoners-in-war（战俘）c、以man和woman等为前缀的复合名词变复数形式时，则前后两部分都要变为复数形式。如：a man servant-- two men servants, a woman doctor-- three women doctors,a man cook-- four men cooks, a woman singer-- seven women singers
d、以“动词原形/过去分词+副词”构成的复合名词，在副词部分后面加-s。如：
grown-ups（成年人）, breakdowns（故障）
注：
a. 有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。如：
papers（报纸，文件）, manners（礼貌）, goods（货物）, works（工厂）, looks（外表）, glasses（眼镜）, greens（青菜）, hairs（（几根）头发）, times（时代）, sands（沙滩，沙地）,irons（脚镣手铐）, drinks（饮料）, forces（军队）, spirits（酒精；情绪）, customs（海关）, letters（文学），teas（各种茶）, silks（各种丝绸）, fruits （各种水果）,fishes（各种鱼）
b. word一词作“消息”或“通知”解时，前面不加“a”或“the”，也不用复数形式。如：Word came that the meeting would be held next Friday.
Please send me word of your safe arrival in New York.
c. 以下几个以f 结尾的名词只加s：roofs（屋顶），beliefs（信念），proofs（证明）
d. 请注意下列词组中的单、复数形式的含义：
keep one's word(守信), break one's word(失信), leave word(留言), a man of his word(守信用的人), in a word(简言之),word for/by word(逐字地), eat one's words(收回前言，认错), the last words(临终的话), waste one's words(白费口舌), have words with somebody (与某人争吵), have a few words (a word) with somebody (与某人说几句话) 2、不可数名词
不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。如：
health，glass，wood，English，American，Canada
下列名词常用作不可数名词，因此没有复数形式，其谓语动词须用单数形式：
air(空气) behaviour(举止) bread(面包) butter(黄油) clothing(衣服) coffee(咖啡) fruit(水果) furniture(家具) housework(家务) grass(草) homework(家庭作业) fun(乐趣) ice(冰) information(消息) luck(运气) knowledge(知识) news(新闻)paper(纸) progress(进步) sugar(糖) snow(雪) rain(雨) rice(米) traffic(交通) trouble(烦恼) water(水) weather(天气) work(工作)
注：不可数名词表示个体时，须用单位名词（相当于量词）。请记住下列常用的单位名词：an article of clothing/furniture
a piece of advice/bread/cake/chalk/cloth/furniture/glass/information/
kindness/land/meat/news/paper/wood/work
a bar of chocolate/soap
a cake of soap
a loaf of bread
a bottle of coke/drink/ink/milk/orange/water/wine
a pair of chopsticks/glasses/gloves/scissors/shoes/socks/trousers
a bag of rice/flour/milk
a bowl of rice/soup/noodles
a glass of water/milk/orange
a cup of tea/water
（二）名词的所有格
1、关于名词所有格的构成：
1）概括地说，在没有s 结尾的表示有生命的人或东西的名词后面加“'s”，否则，就只加“'”。如：my sister's book，children's clothes，the teachers' office；
2）专有名词的所有格，若读音以/z/结尾，一般可以用两种形式，但是读音应分别为/z/、/iz/。如：Engels' /Engels's works，Dickens'/Dickens's story。但若不以/z/结尾，则仍用“'s”。如：Ross's bag，Dennis's cap；
3）复合名词所有格的词尾“'s”加在后面的名词之后。如：her-son-in-law's car；
4）如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后面的名词加“'s”，否则，两个名词都要加“'s”。如：Lily and Lucy's room，Anne's and Ken's books；
5）表示在“某人家”、“某人店铺”等的名词所有格后面的名词，通常省略。如：at Mr. Green's(在格林先生家)，at the tailor's(在裁缝店)，at the barber's(在理发店)，at the doctor's(在诊所)；
6）表示无生命的东西的名词，通常用of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。如：the window of the classroom, a map of China；但是有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的东西的名词，可以加“'s”来构成所有格。如：today's newspaper，ten minutes' walk， China's problem，the hospital's waiting-room；
7）在表示所有物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用“of+名词's”的形式来表示所有关系，且of后面的名词一般都表示人，不能表示物。如：a friend of my father's，that book of Peter's，two bags of his sister's。
2、名词的复数形式和所有格的读音（与第三人称单数一般现在式的读音相同）：
1）在清辅音(主要是/p k f/)后面读/s/。如：Phillip's /'filips/ car，Hitchcock's/'- -ks/
son，Jeff's/d3efs/ shirt；
2）在元音和浊辅音(主要是/b g m n l v /)后读/z/。如：my brother's /'- -z/ house，at Mr. Brown's/braunz/ (home)；
3）在/s-z ∫t∫- d3 / 后读/iz/。如：Ross's/'-siz/ skirt，Rose's/'rouziz/ watch，Bush's/'bu∫iz/ daughter，March's/'ma:t∫iz/ office，George's/'-d3iz/ room；4）/t d /与后面/s z /一起构成/ts dz/。如：Kate's/keits/ hair，Ted's/tedz/ pen。（三）主谓一致
1、语法形式上的一致。
主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：
The number of the students in his class is very large. 但是：A number of students are planting trees on the hill.(a number of = many )
Tom and Peter are good friends.
She has seen the film three times.
The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk next week.(the teacher and writer 指同一个人)
The teacher and the writer are talking over there.(the teacher and the writer指两个人)
The knife and fork is lying on the table.(the knife and fork指同一个概念)
A horse is a useful animal.
The woman with a baby in her arms is Anne's aunt.(划线部分为定语)
He ，as well as his friends ，is very interested in English.(划线部分为状语) The teacher, together with his students, is singing an English song in the classroom.(划线部分为状语)
2、意义上的一致。
1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，则谓语动词用复数形式。如：
The Smith family are having breakfast.
单数形式表示复数意义的名词有family，army，people，police，class，group，crowd，team等。
2）主语形式为复数而意义上却是单数，则谓语动词用单数形式。如：
The news is very exciting.
形式上为复数而意义上却是单数的名词有news，works（工厂）和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，如physics，politics，maths等。
3、就近原则。
即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数或第三人称单数、一个是复数或非第三人称单数，谓语动词要与靠近它的主语一致。如：
Either you or he knows about Mr White.
Neither she nor I am a doctor.
Are either you or he a doctor?
注：请注意如下几个问题。
1、名词作主语
1）某些集体名词（如family，class，team等）作主语时，如果作为一个整体来看，谓语动词用单数形式；如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词则要用复数形式。如：
His family is a happy one.
His whole family were watching TV when I got to their home.
The population of China is very large, and 80% of the population in China are peasants.
象这样的名词有family，army，people，police，class，group，crowd，team等。“a group （crowd） of +复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样用单数或复数形式，前者强调整体，后者强调各个部分。如：
A group of students is going to help them.
A group of students are playing football in the field.
2）某些集体名词（如people，police等）只当复数形式看待，所以谓语动词必须用复数形式。如：
The police are seaching for the thief in the building.
The Chinese people are living a happy life today.
3）单复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义来决定用单数还是复数形式。如：There are some sheep over there. A sheep is eating grass. The other sheep are sleeping.
4）名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：
My aunt's is not far from here.
The barber's is on the other side of the street.
常见的省略名词有the doctor's, the baker's, the barber's, the Chen's, Mr Green's 等。
但是表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如：McDonald's haven't much nice food to eat.
5）当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数形式的名词看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
Ten years has passed since I came to shenzhen.
Five minutes is enough for us to do the maths problem.
The Selected Poems of Du Fu was published again in the 1980s.
6）不定代词each，every，no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多个并列主语，谓语动词仍然用单数形式。如：
Each boy and each girl wants to learn English well.
7）如果主语由more than one或many a 构成的，尽管从意义上看复数的内容，但它的谓语动词仍然用单数形式。如：
More than one teacher has bought a computer.
Many a student has been studying very hard.
但是在“more+复数名词+than one”的结构后面，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如：
More persons than one agree with you.
8）一些由两部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，如glasses，clothes，trousers，shoes，compasses，chopsticks，scissors，gloves等。但是如果主语由“a kind of，a pair of，a series of等加名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：
Chopsticks are used by Chinese and Japanese.
There is a pair of new scissors on the table.
A pair of gloves was lost yesterday.
9）this kind of book= a book of this kind（这种书）作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式；词组this kind of men=men of this kind=these kind of men（这一类人）（口语），如果this kind of men作主语，它的谓语动词用单数形式，而men of this kind或these kind of men作主语时它的谓语动词用复数形式。如果all kinds of 后面接复数名词时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：
This kind of men is very cruel.
Men of this kind are very cruel.
10）在主谓倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后面的主语保持一致。如：
There is a pair of new scissors on the table.
Between the two maps is a large blackboard.
11）复数形式的单、复数同形的名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，作单数意义时，谓语动词就用单数形式；反之，谓语动词就用复数形式。这类名词有means（方法），works（工厂），species（种类），Chinese，Japanese等。如：
The (This) paper works was built in the 1990s.
That Japanese is very strange.
The Chinese people are brave and hard-working.
当它们前面有a，such a，this，that修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式；有all，such，these，those或the修饰时，谓语动词用复数形式。但是“means”，“no means”，“the means”等词前没有以上修饰词且作主语时，谓语动词可以用单数或复数形式。另外，work作“工作”解时是不可数名词，作“著作”解时是可数名词，有单复数之分。
12）如果名词词组中心词是all，most，half，rest，part等词语，表示的是复数的意义，谓语动词则用复数形式；反之，就用单数形式。如：
All of my students are very diligent.
All of the money was missing.
2、由连接词连接的名词作主语
1）用and或both...and...连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如
Running and swimming are very good sports.
Both rubber and plastics never rot.
但是，并列主语如果指的是同一个人或概念，谓语动词则用单数形式，这时and后面没有冠词。如：
The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk next week.(the teacher and writer 指同一个人)
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.(指同一个概念)
The knife and fork is lying on the table.(the knife and fork指同一个概念)
２）以or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单、复数形式应根据就近一致的原则来确定。如：
Either you or he knows about Mr White.
Neither she nor I am a doctor.
Neither I nor you nor anybody else knows about that.
3、代词作主语
１）名词性物主代词后面的动词，既可以用单数形式，也可以用复数形式，这时要取决于它所代替的是单数形式还是复数形式。如：
Ours(Our country) is a developing country.
Your home is near Vanguard Supermarket, and mine (=my home) is near Carrefour Shopping Center.
２）such，the same当指示代词时，应根据其所指的内容来决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。如：
Such was Albert Einstain.
He gave her three pears. The same (amount of pears) were given to me by him, too. 3）关系代词who，that，which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数保持一致。如：
Those (people/persons/students) who want to see the film please put up your hands.(划线部分为定语从句)
Some of the water that is used by them comes from the underground.(划线部分为定语从句)
4）疑问代词who，what，which作主语时，其谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思来决定使用单、复数形式。如：
-- Who teaches you English? -- Mr He does.
-- Who teach you English? -- Mr He and Miss Barnes do.
-- What is in the box? -- There is a cake in it.
-- Which is his pen? -- The one on the book is.
-- Which are your books? -- The ones on the desk are mine.
5）不定代词any，either，neither，none，all，some，more等作主语时，有两种情况：a、单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词可以用单数或复数形式。如：
Now all is changing.
All are here. Let's begin our class.
either，neither作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
b、后面接of 短语时，若of后面的宾语为不可数名词时，动词当然用单数形式；若of 后面的宾语为复数形式的名词或代词时，动词可以用单数形式或复数形式。在书面语中，动词常用单数形式。如：
Do(es) any of you know her telephone number?
None of us has(have) been to the USA.
4、分数、量词作主语
1）某个数词单纯表示数字作主语时，其谓语动词通常用单数形式，但是当基数词表示的不是数值而是数量时，谓语动词可用复数形式。如：
The million is a large number.
There are fifty students in Class 8. Twenty are boys, the others are girls.
英语中算术式作主语时，若是减法和除法算术式，谓语动词通常用单数形式；若是加法和乘法，谓语动词有时也可以用复数形式。如：
Five from ten is/leaves five.
Twenty divided by five is four.
Three and/plus ten is/are thirteen.
Four times six is/are twenty-four.
在提问加、减、乘、除得数时，如用疑问词how much，谓语动词多用单数形式；如用疑问词how many，则谓语动词多用复数形式。如：
How much is nine divided by three?
How many are four times seven?
2）“分数或百分数+of+名词”构成的短语，以及由“some，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the rest of”构成的短语，其名词可以是可数名词或不可数名词。作主语时，采取就近一致的原则，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中of后面的名词是中心词，而名词前面的量词是修饰语。如：
About three-fourths of the earth's surface is covered with water.
Three-fifths of the teachers in their school are women teachers.
The population of China is very large, and 80% of the population in China are peasants.
A lot of money was left when he died.
3）The number of +可数名词复数形式、the amount of +不可数名词构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
The number of the students in his class is very large. 但是：A number of students are planting trees on the hill.(a number of = many )
The amount of money he needed was great.
4）表示数量的one and a half后面，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
One and a half apples is left on the plate.
5）half of，（a）part of修饰可数名词单数形式及不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数形式；修饰可数名词复数形式时，其谓语动词用复数形式。如：
Half of the food is enough for me.
Half of the students in her calss are from the countryside.
5、名词化的形容词作主语
如果主语是由“the+形容词（或过去分词）”结构充当时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。这类动词有the brave，the poor，the rich，the blind，the young，the old，the sick，the dead，the deaf and dumb，the injured，the wounded，the unemployed等；但是也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别情况，这时就要用单数形式。如：
The blind study in special schools.
The wounded (person) in the traffic accident was a famous football player.
这类形容词或过去分词如果要表示个体时，则要与名词man，person或表示人的单数名词连用。如：
an old man，a rich person，the(a) wounded football player
6、从句作主语
1）由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数形式；所指的具体内容若是复数意义，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如：
What they need is more money.
What we need the most are good doctors.
2）在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which 的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的谓语动词应该是复数形式。如：That's one of the most interesting films which have ever been seen by me.
但是，当one之前有the only等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句中的动词应该是单数形式。如：
He was the only one of the teachers who was sent to attend the important meeting in Beijing.
(四)分类练习
1. turn green in spring.
A. Leaf
B. Leafs
C. Leave
D. Leaves
2. Nobody but Jane the secret.
A. know
B. knows
C. have known
D. is known
3. Father went to his doctor for about his heart trouble.
A. an advice
B. advice
C. advices
D. the advices
4. All but one here just now.
A. is
B. was
C. has been
D. were
5. Not only I but also Jane and Rose tired of having pork day after day.
A. is
B. are
C. am
D. be
6. A library with ten thousand books to the nation as a present.
A. is given
B. has given
C. are given
D. have given
7. When and where to build the new railway station yet.
A. is not decided
B. are not decided
C. has not decided
D. have not decided
8. He dropped the and broke it.
A. cup of coffee
B. coffee's cup
C. cup for coffee
D. coffee cup
9. -- I'd like information about your factory, please.
-- Well, you could have word with the manager. He might be helpful.
A. some; a
B. an; some
C. some; some
D. an; a
10. He gained lots of by printing of famous writers.
A. money; work
B. moneys; works
C. moneys; work
D. money; works
11. The number of people who were invited fifty, but a number of
them absent
for different reasons.
A. were; was
B. was; was
C. was; were
D. were; were
12. -- Is this raincoat yours? -- No. Mine there behind the door.
A. was hanging
B. has hung
C. hangs
D. hung
13. You'll find this map of great in helping you to get around Shenzhen.
A. price
B. cost
C. use
D. usefulness
14. I need cloth, for I'm going to make clothes.
A. a lot of; many
B. much; much
C. many; many
D. many; a lot of
15. Either you or he going to give them a talk on English study.
A. are
B. were
C. be
D.is
16. friends Anne had made there were all invited to her 20th birthday party.
A. Few of
B. Few
C. The few
D. A few
17. -- Who did you spend last weekend with? -- . .
A. Bush's
B. The Bushes'
C. The Bushes
D. The Bush's
18. There no life on the moon.
A. is said to have
B. are said to have
C. is said to be
D. are said to be
19. A group of are eating and at the foot of the hill.
A. sheep; grass; leaves
B. sheeps; grasses; leaves
C. sheep; grass; leaf
D. sheeps; grass; leafs
20. All the are made of , not plastics.
A. glass; glass
B. glasses; glass
C. glass; glasses
D. glasses; glasses
21. Two and three attended the meeting.
A. Englishmans; Germen
B. Englishmen; Germen
C. Englishmen; Germans
D. Englishmans; Germans
22. It is bad to speak with your mouth full of food.
A. manner
B. manners
C. way
D. thing
23. She is the only one among the writers who stories for children.
A. woman; writes
B. women; write
C. women; writes
D. woman; write
24. My brother has two .
A. tooth-brushes
B. tooth-brush
C. teeth- brushes
D.
teeth-brush
25. This is an old photo of my mother's when she had , and now she
has . .
A. short hair; grey hairs
B. short hairs; grey hair
C. short hair; grey hair
D. short hairs; grey hairs
26. Li Hong's handwriting is better than in her class.
A. anyone else's
B. anyone's else's
C. anyone's
D. anyone else
27. This is the .
A. students' exercise-book
B. student's exercise-book
C. students' exercise-books
D. student's exercise-books
28. Anne and Ken's .
A. father is a teacher
B. fathers are teachers
C. father are teachers
D. fathers are teacher
29. You should do more . Don't always sit at the desk busy doing
your .
A. exercise; exercises
B. exercises; exercise
C. exercises; exercises
D. exercise; exercise
30. Eighty percent of the students here from the countryside.
A. is
B. are
C. comes
D. was
31. On the wall two large maps.
A. hang
B. hangs
C. hanged
D. hanging
32. work has been done to improve the people's life.
A. Many
B. A great many
C. A large number of
D. A great deal of
33. In winter wet clothes near a fire.
A. often hanged up
B. are often hanged up
C. often hung up
D. are often hung up
34. The air in big cities very dirty by factories and cars.
A. are often made
B. is often made
C. have often made
D. has often made
35. No one to smoke in public places.
A. allows
B. allow
C. is allowed
D. are allowed
36. A large number of the students in his class girls.
A. are
B. was
C. is
D. be
37. The number of the students of this school very large.
A. are
B. were
C. isn't
D. aren't
38. “All here and all going on well,” the monitor reported.
A. is; is
B. are; are
C. are; is
D. is; are
39. The doctor and teacher asked to make a speech at the meeting the other day.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
40. Mary as well as her brothers Chinese medicine in China.
A. are studying
B. have studied
C. studies
D. study
41. I, who your teacher, will try my best to help you with your study.
A. be
B. am
C. is
D. are
42. The rich not always happy.
A. are
B. is
C. were
D. was
43. Pears of this kind .
A. tastes good
B. tastes well
C. taste good
D. taste well
44. The Olympic Games held every years.
A. is; four
B. are; four
C. is; five
D. are; five
45. Nobody but the parents it.
A. know
B. knows
C. is knowing
D. are knowing
46. a good enough price for this book.
A. Two yuans are
B. Two yuan are
C. Two yuans is
D. Two yuan is
47. Do you think 1,000,000 a lot of money?
A. dollar is
B. dollars are
C. dollars is
D. dollar are
48. Each of the in the ship.
A. passenger has his own room
B. passengers have their own room
C. passenger have their own room
D. passengers has his own room
49. What they need good workers.
A. is
B. are
C. was
D. were
50. Not only my sister but I good at swimming. Both of us good swimmers.
A. are; are
B. am; are
C. is; is
D. are; is
51. Every boy and every girl to attend the evening party tonight.
A. wish
B. wishes
C. is like
D. like
52. Here a pair of new trousers for you, Mary.
A. is
B. are
C. has
D. have
53. The paper for books and newspapers made from wood.
A. have
B. has
C. are
D. is
54. The police to find out who set fire to the house.
A. are trying
B. is trying
C. are tried
D. is tried
55. I think physics as difficult as maths.
A. are
B. is
C. have
D. has
56. They each a present.
A. is gived
B. are gived
C. is given
D.are given
57. Each of the girls got a new schoolbag.
A. has
B. have
C. is
D. are
58. One and a half apples by the baby.
A. were eaten
B. were eating
C. was eaten
D. was eating
59. either you or he going to see the film?
A. Are
B. Is
C. Will
D. Do
60. The knife and fork on the table clean.
A.are
B. is
C. have
D. has
“名词和主谓一致”分类练习参考答案：
1-----5: DBBDB 6---10: AADAD 11--15:
CCCAD 16--20: CCCAB
21--25: CBCAA 26--30: ABAAB 31--35:
ADDBC 36--40: ACCBC
41--45: BACBB 46--50: DCDBB 51--55:
BADAB 56--60: DACAB
2018年试题 1.【2018·天津】 6. The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space. A. advice B. order C. possibility D. invitation 【答案】C 【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是 激励科学家们去探索外部空间。 A. advice建议；B. order命令；C. possibility可能性； D. invitation邀请。故选C。 【解题指导】本题考查名词辨析。名词和动词及短语的考查是高考重点考查的知识点。本题 语法上是一个同位语从句，从句that there is life on other planets in the universe 是来解释说明前面所选择的名词。根据常识可以判断，宇宙中其它星球上存在生命只是一种 可能性，目前无法证明，从而选出正确答案。 2.【2018·江苏】32. Try to understand what’ｓactually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made. A. assignment B. association C. acquisition D. assumption 【答案】D 【解题指导】本题考查名词辨析。名词考查是高考重点考查的知识点。本题抓住句中的关键 词actually happening实际发生和instead of而不是，可知是假设，从而选出正确答案。 2017年试题 【2017·江苏】24.The publication of Great Expectations, which _______ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist. A. is B. are C. was D. were 【答案】C
英语主谓一致练习全集 一、主谓一致 1．On no-car day, ____________ students ____________ teachers are allowed to drive to school. A．either; or B．not only; but also C．neither; nor D．both; and 【答案】C 【解析】 句意：在无车日，学生和老师都不被允许开车去学校。either; or 或者，或者； not only; but also不仅，而且； neither; nor 既不，也不；both; and……和……都；根据On no-car day可知此处表示无车日，因此都不开车，故选C。 2．Smog and haze is a kind of air pollution. It _______ people _____ about their health. A．make, worry B．make, be worried C．makes, worried D．makes, worry 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】 句意：雾霾是一种空气污染。它使人们担心他们的健康。考查主谓一致和动词短语辨析。it是单数第三人称，动词需用三单形式，可排除AB两项。make让，使役动词，make sb. do sth.让某人做某事，是固定结构，可排除C项。根据句意结构，可知选D。 3．The boys ____________ from America like China A．who is B．are C．which is D．who are 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】 句意：这些来自美国的男孩喜欢中国。考查定语从句。本句是主谓宾结构，可排除B项。空白处做主语the boys的后置定语，先行词the boys是人，不可用which（用于先行词是 物时），需用who引导；the boys是复数人称，系词需用are；根据句意结构，可知选D。 4．Either Eve or Herb ___________ been invited by Lucy’s parents already. A．have B．has C．was D．Were 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 句意：伊芙或赫伯已经被路西的父母邀请了。 Either ... or...或者……或者，连接两个主语时，用就近原则，already是现在完成时的标志词，结合句意，故选B
2019届高考英语冠词、名词和主谓一致 冠词、名词和主谓一致【考点分析】冠词 1.不定冠词a/an表示个别或泛指的用法; 定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法; 2.考查冠词在固定搭配中的用法，包括零冠词(即不用冠词)表示泛指及其习惯搭配用法 ; 3.考查不定冠词在具体化抽象名词前的用法 ; 4.考查冠词在比较级前的用法 ; 5.考查冠词在其他特殊结构中的用法 ; 6.考查用不用冠词意义大不相同的短语。名词和主谓一致 1.对名词的可数与不可数性的考查：①最常见的形式是主谓一致的考查;分数和百分数作主语、数量词作主语仍将是考查重点(as well as; together with; along with; not only…but also…; rather than; neither…nor…; either…or…; the number of与a number of等要特别关注); ②有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义; ③有些名词通常用作不可数名词; ④有些名词用作不可数名词时，表示抽象概念，与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表示个体事物; ⑤有些名词，既可以作可数名词，也可以用作不可数名词，但意思不一样; ⑥某些集体名词，如果把它们所表示的人或事物当作整体来看待，谓语动词用单数形式;如果把它们表示的人或事物当作若干个体来看，谓语动词用复数形式。 2.对名词词义及词义辨析的考查; 3.对名词与介词固定搭配的考查; 4.对名词句法功能的考查：重在考查名词作定语的用法。【知识点归纳】(一)冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)，定冠词(the)，和零冠词。i.不定冠词的用法 1.指一类人或事，相当于a kind of a plane is a machine that can fly. 2.第一次提及某人某物，非特指 a boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。 3.表示“每一”相当于every，one we study eight hours a day. 4.表示“相同”相当于the same we are nearly of an age. 5.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事—hello, could i speak to mr. smith? —sorry, wrong number. there isn't______ mr. smith here. a. 不填 b. a c. the d. one that boy is rather a lei feng.(活雷锋) 6.用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7.用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之
主谓一致的讲解 主谓一致是指： 1）语法形式上要一致，即名词单复数形式与谓语要一致。 2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 一、并列结构作主语时的主谓一致 1.由and 连接主语时 And 连接的两个或多个单数可数名词、不可数名词或代词作主语时根据意义或概念确定谓语用单数或复数 1)并列主语表示不同的人、物或概念时谓语动词用复数 Li Ming and Zhang Hua are good students. Like many others, the little tramp and the naughty boy have rushed there in search of gold. 小流浪汉和调皮的小男孩也赶到那里寻找金子 Both rice and wheat are grown in this area. 2)并列主语表示同一个人、物或概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。 The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting. 那位教授兼作家正在会上发言 A journalist and authour lives on the sixth floor. 一位新闻记者兼作家 His lawyer and former college friend was with him on his trip to Europe. 他的律师兼大学时代的朋友陪他去欧洲旅行 The Premier and Foreign Minister was present at the state banquet. 总理兼外长 比较：the writer and the educator have visited our school. the writer and educator has visited our school. His lawyer and his former college friend were with him on his trip to Europe. 注意：指同一个人或物时，并列主语前只用一个冠词，指不同的需要分别加冠词，但两个名词具有分别的对立的意思时只需要一个冠词即可 A boy and girl are playing tennis. 3)并列主语前有each, every, many a , no 等修饰时谓语动词用单数 Each doctor and (each) nurse working in the hospital was asked to help patients. Every man, woman and child is entitled to take part in the activity. 有权参加 Every boy and (every) girl admires him for his fine sense of humour. Many a boy and (many a ) girl has made the same mistake No boy and no girl is there now.没有任何男孩和女孩在那里 注意：many a 跟单数可数名词但是表示复数意义翻译为很多 Many a student was disappointed after seeing the movie. 4)并列主语为不可分的整体时，谓语动词用单数 A law and rule about protecting environment has been drawn up. 关于保护环境的法律法规已经起草完成。 The knife and fork has been washed 刀叉已经被洗好 War and peace is a constant theme in history 战争与和平是历史永恒的主题 注意;常被视为主体的结构 A cup and saucer 一副杯碟 A horse and cart 马车 A knife and fork 一副刀叉
名词与主谓一致 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
专题七名词与主谓一致一、考情分析 近年来对名词的考查主要集中在名词词义辨析及并列主语的主谓一致上，其次是名词所有格、抽象名词和物质名词的具体化以及不定数量的词或词组与名词的搭配关系上。 考查考生在理解题干内容的基础上对词汇或语法知识的掌握情况，加重对语境理解及语言知识相融合的考查。 二、名词的数 英语中大多数可数名词都可以通过加-s或–es的方法变为复数名词。不可数名词（抽象或物质）没有复数形式，专有名词一般只有单数形式，只有少数专有名词才有复数形式。 （一）规则变化 （二）一些特殊情况 1. 合成名词变为复数时，通常把主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，将最后一部分变为复数。如： Sons-in-law, passers-by, story-tellers,housewives等
2. family, team, class, group, government, crowd, audience等作主语时，如果作为整体看待，谓语动词用单数，如果看成成员，谓语动词用复数。 某些集体名词，如people, polic, youth, cattle等及clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses 作主语时，谓语用复数。若这类名词与a pair of 等词连用时，谓语动词往往用单数。 3. 单、复数同形的名词如means（方法）作主语时，应根据意义决定谓语动词的单复数。 4. 有些名词呈现了复数形式，如news,manners, politics, physics 等但并不表示复数概念。 5. 有些名词总是在使用时用其复数形式，如thanks, regards, congratulations, goods, works, tears, instructions, directions, respects 等。 6. 有些短语要求用名词复数形式. 如 make friends with shake hands with take pains to do sth. make both ends meet … （三）名词与表示数量的词或短语的搭配
2012年高考英语真题单项选择分类集锦——名词和主谓一致 1 (2012全国卷II)19. The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great ___ in this city. A. quality B. progress C. production D. demand 2 (2012天津卷)3. You were working too hard. You’d better keep a ________between work and relaxation. A. promise B. lead C. balance D. diary 3 (2012江苏卷) 21. —Can I help you with it? — I appreciate your ________, but I can manage it myself. A. advice B. question C. offer D. idea 4 (2012湖北卷)29. It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any ________. A. symptom B. similarity C. sample D. shadow 5 (2012湖北卷)30. The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct ________ in applying for a visa. A. pattern B. procedure C. program D. perspective 6 (12湖南卷)35. All the scientific evidence___that increasing use of chemicals in farming___damaging our health. A. show；are B. shows；are C. show；is D. shows；is 7 (2012福建卷)25.— Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency? — Well, you know, English is my _____. So it is my best choice. A. strength B. talent C. ability D. skill 8 (2012陕西卷)12.The basketball coach, as well as his team, ______ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance. A. were B. was C. is D. are 9 (2012山东卷)24. My first _______ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man. A. expression B. attention C. satisfaction D. impression 10 (2012四川卷)15. He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later. It’s just a matter of ________. A. luck B. value C. time D. fact 11 (2012江西卷)29．You’d better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future . A．purpose B．reference C．progress D．memory 12 (2012浙江卷)7.Your as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn.
英语语法——主谓一致（就近、就远原则） 就近原则： 也称“ 近原”“就近一致原” (Proximity），即：与靠近的名、代（有不一定是主）在“人称、数”上一致。 在正式文体中： 1. 由下列接的并列主："there be ＋句型 ; or ; either；?norr; neither?nor；whether ? or；not ? but; not only?but also"等;。e.g. ①What he does or what he says does not concern me .他的行或言都与我无关。 ②N either you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没。 ③N ot you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父受。 ④Not only you but(also) he is wrong . 不你了，他也了。 2. 在倒装句中：可与后面第一个主一致。 e.g. ①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people .在，能听鼓掌声和人的呼喊声。 ②T here is (are) a pen and some books on the desk . 桌上有一支笔和几本。 II.非正式文体中： 有依“就近一致原”，但也可依“意一致原”或格地依“ 法一致原”。 e.g. Neither she nor I were there (意一致)我和他当都不在那儿。（非正式） Neither she nor I was there .（就近一致）（文同上句）（正式） 但是，如果依“就近一致原”而与其他两原相矛盾，常常是不太合符范的。e.g. No one except his own supporters agree with him .他自己的支持者同意他的意。（依“就近”和“意”一致的原；但法上，“ No one ”才是主，要改成“agrees ”。“写作中”一 般要依“ 法一致”原。 英语就近原则短语 1.There be 句型There is a book and some pencils on the desk. =There are some pencils and a book on the desk. 2.neither...nor...Neither you nor he is right. = Neither he nor you are right. 3.either...or...Either they or Jim is going to Shanghai next Saturday. = Either Jim or they are going to shanghai next Saturday. 4.not only...but also... Not only Ann but also her parents stay at home every Sunday.
名词与主谓一致 1. Where and when to go for the on-salary holiday _____ yet. a. are not decided b. have not been decided c. is not being decided d. has not been decided 2. Mary is the only one of the girls who _____ by the headmaster at the meeting. a. uis praised b. are praised c. was praised d. were praised 3. Mary is one of the girls who _____ by the headmaster at the meeting. a. uis praised b. are praised c. was praised d. were praised 4. All life on our planet _____, in one way or another, upon the sun. a. depend b. depending c. depends d. depended 5. Whisky and soda _____ always my favorite drink. a. is b. was c. are d. were 6. Kate as well as her sisters _____ interest in studing Chinese. a. are b. take c. takes d. is 7. More than one graduate _____ sent to the hardest place since 1979. a. is b. are c. has been d. have been 8. The secretary of the Party branch and director of the factory often _____ with the workers. a. works b. work c. is working d. are working 9. His family _____ always quarrelling among _____. a. is; itself b. are; themselves c. is; themselves d. are; itself 10. Some folk _____ never _____ with the present situation. a. is; satisfying b. are; satisfied c. are; satisfying d. is; satisfied 11. Each of the students in our class _____ great interest in English and they each _____ a copy of A New English-Chinese Dictionary. a. shows; have b. have; has c. is; have d. takes; has 12. ---- _____ ypur clothes? ---- No, mine _____ hanging over there. a. Is it; is b. Are these; are c. Is it; are d. Are these; is 13. Either you or the headmaster _____ which student will go to attend that meeting. a. is not decided b. are to decided c. are deciding d. is to decided 14. All but one _____ here just now. a. is b. was c. has been d. were 15. Light and heat _____ often sent out together with heavy smoke. a. is b. was c. are d. being 16. No chair and no desk _____ permitted to be taken away from the reading room. a. are b. were c. is d. be 17. Strangely enough, a pair of new trousers _____ among the rubbish. a. were found b. was found c. found d. had found 18. Large quantities of fruit _____ all over the world from China today. a. is shipped b. are shipped c. has shopped d. have shipped 19. It _____ William and Carol who helped me the other day. a. has been b. are c. was d. were 20. Growing around the lake _____ wold flowers of different colors. a. is b. are c. has d. have
集合名词的主谓一致 篇一：集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题 集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题 1. 通常用作复数的集合名词 police(警察)，people(人)，cattle(牛，牲口)等集合名词，总是表示复数意义，用作主语时，其谓语要用复数： The police were after him. 警察正在追捕他。 People are beginning to talk about her. 人们开始议论她。 Cattle feed on grass. 牛吃草。 注goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式，且只表示复数意义： Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很便宜。 All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的货物都给他们送去了。 2. 只用作单数的不可数集合名词 clothing(衣服)，poetry(诗歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)，furniture(家具)，machinery(机械)，scenery(景色)，jewellery(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等集合名词通常只用作不可数名词，表示单数意义，用作主语时，其后谓语动词用单数形式： Our clothing protects us from against the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。
All their baggage was stolen. 他们所有的行李都被偷了。 The furniture is convenient to move. 这家具搬起来很方便。 All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 这个工厂所有的机器都是中国产的。 3. 既可表示单数意义也可表示复数意义的集合名词 family(家庭)，team(队，队员)，class(班，班上的全体学生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘务员)，committee(委员会)，audience(听众)，public(公众)等集合名词，当它们表示整体意义时，表单数意义，当它们强调个体意义时，表示复数意义：Her family is a large one. 她的家庭是一个大家庭。 Her family are all tall. 她的一家人都很高。 The team is the best in the league. 这个队在联赛中打得最好。 The football team are having baths. 足球队队员们在洗澡。 It was late, but the audience was increasing. 时间很迟了，但听众人数却在增加。 The audience were all moved to tears. 听众都感动得流了泪。 注有时没有特定的语境，用单复数谓语均可以： The audience was (were) very excited by the show. 观众对演出甚感激动。 The public has (have) a right to know what’s in the report. 公众有权知道这篇报告的内容。
专题一冠词、名词和主谓一致 1.【2015·湖北】21.When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his ___ and had a bad fall. A. balance B .chance C .memory D .place 【答案】A 【考点定位】名词词义辨析 【名师点睛】本题侧重考查在特定的语境中辨析名词词义的能力。四个选项都可以跟前面的动词lose搭配。考生应抓住题干中关键信息“had a bad fall（重重地摔了一跤）”，不禁会产生疑问：怎么会摔了一跤呢？然后根据搭配l ose one’s balance“失去平衡”锁定正确答案。 2.【2015·湖北】22.He gave himself a new name to hide his ____ when he went to carry out the secret task. A. emotion B. talent C. identity D. treasure 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：句意：他执行一项秘密任务时，给自己起了一个新的名字来掩盖身份。A项“情绪”；B项“才能”；C项“身份”；D项“财富”。故选C项。 【考点定位】名词词义辨析 【名师点睛】考生解答本题的关键是抓住题干中的关键词“secret task（秘密任务）”和“ gave himself a new name（给自己取了个新名字）”，然后推知肯定是为了“hide his identity （掩藏身份）”，从而锁定正确答案。 3.【2015·安徽】30.There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ______ and then let me know. A. thought B. support C. protection D. authority 【答案】A 【解析】
高中英语主谓一致知识点讲解 本文主要讲解主谓一致，并列结构作主语时谓语用复数主谓一致中的靠近原则谓语动词与前面的主语一致 等常见考点。 主谓一致是指： 1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。 2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语， 一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如： There is much water in the thermos. 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如： Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year. 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如： Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。 注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如： The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。 典型例题 The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were 答案B. 注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。
高考英语主谓一致用法全汇总 一、主谓一致的概念 主谓一致是指“人称”和“数”方面的一致关系。一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则支配： 语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近原则。 “主谓一致”考查内容涉及名词单数或复数作主语、不可数名词作主语、不定式作主语、并列结构作主语、特殊名词作主语时与谓语动词的一致等。 二、名词作主语 01 某些集体名词，如family，team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。 如： His family is a happy one.他的家庭是一个幸福的家庭。 The whole family are watching TV.全家人都在看电视。 这类名词有audience，class，club，company，crew，enemy，crowd，government，group，party，public，team等。名词population一词的使用情况类似。 “a group(crowd) of+复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数，前者强调整体，后者强调各个部分。
02 某些集体名词，如people，police，cattle等，只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。 The police are searching for the thief.警察正在搜捕那个贼。03 单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。 如： A sheep is over there.那边有只羊。 Some sheep are over there.那边有些羊。 04 名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。 如： The doctor’s is across the street.诊所在街道的对面。 My uncle’s is not far from here.我叔叔家离这儿不远。常见的省略名词有the baker’s，the barber’s，the carpenter’s，the Zhang’s等。 表示店铺的名词，一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。 如：
1、形式一致 主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式 主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式 2、语意一致 谓语动词用单数的清况 1）当名词词组中心词为表示金钱、时间、度量、距离、价格等复数名词时，把这些复数名词看作一个整体。谓语动词采用单数形式。 Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt． Fifty minutes isn’t enough to finish this test． Ten miles seems like a long walk to me． 2 以“-s”结尾的书刊名、国名、组织名、游戏名、运动名，谓语动词用单数 以-ics结尾的名词指一门学科时，常用单数谓语动词形式。当这些名词表示实际内容时，谓语动词则用复数形式。 这类单词有：economics经济学electronics电子学 physics物理学politics政治学 mathematics数学statistics统计学 Roots was a novel about a slave family． His politics were a matter of great concern to his friend． Politics is his favorite subject． Statistics show that approximately 40 percent of all marriages in the US end in divorce． Statistics is a subject that is difficult to learn． 3) 有些表示某类别的总称的集合名词，如：machinery(机械)，clothing(衣服)，luggage(行李)，furniture(家具)，equipment(设备)，jewelry(珠宝)等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如：My luggage was sent by air． The equipment of our factory is all imported from Britain． 4) 不定式、现在分词和从句作主语，谓语动词通常用单数： Playing with fire is dangerous． 注意：若用and连接两个动名词、不定式短语或主语从句，表示两个不同的概念，则谓语动词用复数形式。若表示同一概念，则谓语动词用单数形式 Early to rise and early to bed is a good habit． When and where the building will be built hasn’t been decided． 主语从句要根据从句表达的意思而定 What she said is correct．What he gave me are five English books． 谓语动词用复数的情况 1）由and或both...and...连接两个单数名词作主语时，指的是复数概念，谓语动词用复数形式(不可数名词同样)。如： Fire and water do not agree． 注意如果and连接的两个词是指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念，则两个名词共用一个冠词，谓语动词必须用单数。
名词和主谓一致 （一）名词的数 名词分为不可数名词和可数名词两大类 1．不可数名词 不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括专有名词，物质名词和抽象名词，例如：health，advice，glass，wood，English，America。 （2）表示学科名称的以-es结尾的名词常用作单数，例如：mathematics，physics。 （3）某些以-s结尾指单一事物的专有名词常用作单数，例如：the United States，the United Nations 2．可数名词 可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词，有单，复数形式，复数名词构成方法如下：（1）一般情况在名词后加-s，在清辅音（s，∫，t∫除外）后读[s]，在浊辅音后读[z]，在s，z，∫，t∫等辅音后读[iz]，例如：desks，days，classes。 （2）以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词后加es，读作[iz]，例如： bus-buses watch-watches box-boxes brush-brushes 但是stomach-stomachs （3）以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词后加-es，读作[z]，例如：hero-heroes tomato-tomatoes 但不少以-o结尾的外来词，变复数时只加-s，如：radio—radios，photo—photos，piano —pianos 有些以-o结尾的名词有两种复数形式，如：zero—zeros（zeroes），volcano—volcanos （volcanoes）火山 所以-oo结尾的名词只加-s，如： Bamboo-bamboos，zoo-zoos （4）“辅音+y”结尾的名词，把y改成i再加-es，读作[iz]，例如： Factory-factories，country-countries （5）以“元音+y”结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，直接在词尾加-es，读作[z]，例如： Boys，toys，Henrys等。 （6）以-f结尾的名词，一般把“f”或“fe”改成“v”再加-es，读作[vz]，例如： Leaf—leaves，life—lives 但是，roof—roofs，chief—chiefs，gulf—gulfs，serf—serfs等例外 （8）不规则变化 ①改变单数名词中的元音字母，或其他形式，例如： Foot—feet，child—children，mouse—mice] ②单，复数形式相同，例如： A sheep—two sheep，a deer—four deer 此外还有means，fish，works，以及由汉语音译表示度量衡，币制等单位的名词，yuan （圆），jiao（角），fen（分），jin（斤）等 ③只有复数形式，例如： Trousers glasses compasses thanks clothes remains ashes contents goods ④表示“某国人”名词的单，复数形式因习惯不同而各异，例如： A Chinese-two Chinese a Japanese-two Japanese 这类词包括所有以-ese或-ss结尾的民族名称，如Swiss，Portuguese等