英文论文写作常用句式
Beginning
l In this paper, we focus on the need for
l This paper proceeds as follow.
l The structure of the paper is as follows.
l In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
l To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
l This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
l Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
l In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non?fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
l This review is followed by an introduction.
l A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
l In the next section a brief view of the .... is given.
l In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... l Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
l Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
l Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. l Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision?making logic.
l Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
l Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
l Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time?window
l Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... l Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
l Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
l Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
l Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
l Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
l The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
l Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
l Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set?based approach to cost variance investigation.
l Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
l Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
l Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
l Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
l Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..
l Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
l Section 6 illustrate the model with an example.
l Various ways of fuzzification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
l In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
l In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.
l In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order?dense.
l In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.
l In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...
This Section
l In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
l We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.
Next Section
l The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
l However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. l The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
l We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
l The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
l This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
l Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
l Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
l Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
l Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
l The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
l Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Chapter 0. Abstract
l A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
l This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
l This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
l The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
l The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
l The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithms.
l The usefulness of xx is also considered.
l A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
l The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
l A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
l Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
l The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
l Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
l This paper analyses problems in
l This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
l This paper includes an illustration of the ...
l This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching l Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
l The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
l Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
l The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of : xx,xx
l The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.
l A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Time
l Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
l Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
l The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
l The development of ... is explored
l During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions,
l The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
l There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...
l A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...
l A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
l At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
l Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
l The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
l To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.
Objective / Goal / Purpose
l The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
l The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non?experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer?aided instruction for xxx.
l The paper concerns the development of a xx
l The scope of this research lies in
l The main theme of the paper is the application of rule?based decision making.
l These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...
l The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
l The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
l The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
l The main objective of such a ... system is to
l The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability
distribution.
l In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
l In order to take advantage of their similarity
l more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed
l In this trial, the objective is to generate...
l for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
l A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
l For an illustrative purpose, four well?known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
l A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods
l This illustration points out the need to specify
l The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
l Chapter 2. Literature Review
l A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
l A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade l A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
l There is considerable amount of literature on planning
l However, these studies do not provide much attention to undertainty in xx.
l Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
l Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
l Problem of xx draw recently more and more attention of system analysis. l Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
l Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
l Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
l The central issue in all these studies is to
l The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
l Applied ... techniques to
l Characterized the ... system as
l Developed an algorithm to
l Developed a system called ... which
l Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
l Emphasized the need to
l Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
l A comprehensive study of the .. has been undertaken
l Much work has been reported recently in these filed
l Proposed
l Presented
l State that
l Point out that the problem of
l Described
l Illustrated
l Indicated
l Has shown / showed
l Address
l Highlights
l A study on ...was done / developed by []
l Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
l The approach taken by [] is
l The system developed by [] consists
l A paper relevant to this research was published by []
l []'s model requires consideration of ..
l []' model draws attention to evolution in human development
l []'s model focuses on...
l Little research has been conducted in applying ... to
l The published information that is relevant to this research...
l This study further shows that
l Their work is based on the principle of
l More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
l Studies have been completed to established
l The ...studies indicated that
l Though application of xx in the field of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
l Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
l Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
l ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
l Two major problems have yet to be addressed
l An unanswered question
l This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.
l An additional research issue to be tackled is ....
l Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed
l The three prime issues can be summarized:
l The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
l There have been many attempts to
l It is expected to be serious barrier to
l It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex problem.
l There are several ways to get around this problem.
l As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.
l The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.
l A xx problem can trace its roots to xx.
l xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.
l Several problems are associated with them.
l Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized. l Most problems in practice are complicated
l More problem surface here.
l Hamper effort toward a xx system
l In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx
l The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop
l This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination.
l However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems.
l It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real?world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx.
Chapter 3. Proposed methodology
Assumption
l In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied.
l We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state?dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature.
l An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress.
l Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent.
l Main simplifying assumptions are:
l This, in our view, is a questionable assumption.
Outline / Structure / Module
l An outline of the research
l Information is incorporated within the scheme
l Is built into ... structure
l A nice modular structure.
l The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria
Classification
l A xx system comprises three main components:
l Must decompose the original .. into a set of ..
l Consists of the following steps:
l This is summarized in the following steps:
l Can be broadly classified into the following areas:
l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the
l Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more
l The following steps should be followed
l xx can be classified by a different ways.
l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following:
l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing. System
l Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal wit
h problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer.
l The system consists of both ... and ...
l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels.
l expert system domains are area of expertise
l To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered: l The system has been developed / designed to determine
l The system has proven to be able to
l The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domain
l The system comprises a ... with
l The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique
l The system environment must be relatively stable
l The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ...
l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage. l The most essential part of .. system is the ...
l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development of
l An automated system was developed for
l In this case, the system can be considered to be generative.
l An interactive automatic ... system
l A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system
l Should be capable of being generated from a ... system
l xx is an important part of the integrated system.
l The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision.
l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin?like manner in the sense
that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base.
l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule. Computer System
l The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an MS?DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.
l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WATFOR77 result
s in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on a
XX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem.
l Time consuming procedures have been implemented in C?language and directly linked to the Prolog environment.
l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds.
l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386
209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co?processor.
l The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx method and the other based on the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co?processor.
l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time.
l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer. l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study
l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations. l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min.
l This combination is being implemented in an objected?oriented programming environment (Smalltalk?80 system) to solve problems
encountered in construction xxx.
Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Technique
l A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system
l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied.
l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the
l Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally accepted
l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report.
l This can be accomplished by
l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows:
l The above preliminary analysis has provided important information
l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...
l These concepts have been applied to
l On the basis of the concept mentioned above,
l This can be achieved by
l This fact suggests that a new concept
l This was accomplished by taking ...
l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process.
l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility
l There is little hope of achieving successful ...
l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception of
l Only a few studies can be found.
l It is a very tedious process to go through
l It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected
l The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head.
l These approaches are sometimes very tedious.
l Several techniques can be used
l A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]:
l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx.
l A xx model represents an xx by its xx.
l A process decision model captures the logic essential to
l From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ... l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula.
l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ...
l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system.
l A number of heuristic rules have been developed for
l Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that
l An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine
l Euler's formula states the following:
l The completed model should agree with the formula.
l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary
l Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore,
l To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to
be useful.
Point of View
l from an implementation standpoint,
l From the point of view of this application,
l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short).
l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions.
l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm.
l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129]
扉页（英文） CulturalFactorsinChinese&EnglishProverbs Translation （TimesNewRoman二号加粗居中） by LiHairong WangZhiyun,Tutor （TimesNewRoman小二居中） RegisteredNo.09 FacultyofForeignLanguages Shanghai Business School December,2011 （TimesNewRoman小二） 论文摘要（英文）及关键词 Abstract （TimesNewRoman二号，加粗，居中） Proverbsreflectcolorfulnationalculturein（TimesNewRoman四号）…………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................... .....………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… （空一行） Keywords:proverbs;translation;culture;differences（TimesNewRoman四号） 说明： 1．关键词3-5个，词与词之间用分号隔开，除专有名词外，其他单词首字母不大写，最后一个词后面无标点符号。 2．“摘要”下空一行写摘要内容，摘要内容与关键词之间空一行。
科技英语论文写作学习心得作为一名刚刚步入科研工作的学生，深切的感触到，科研的进步在于科研工作之间交流，讨论，阅读。而面对全球众多的科研工作者来说，本领域学者之间的交流，最多的形式不过于是以文字形式进行传播的科研文章，各个国家学者的文章是大家相互学习的最有效的途径。那么面对不同种族，不同语言，文字的科研工作者来说，要想让更多的相关领域的人们读到自己的文章，对自己的研究成果进行审阅。他们就需要用一种大家都可以看的懂的文字来将自己的文章展现在相关的科研平台上以供大家的查看和检索。英语作为世界各国人们交流的一种流通语言，同样可以用来作为科研领域学术文章流通的工具。那么如何写好一篇英文的科技论文，如何让那些非英语为母语和以英语为母语国家的科研人员可以读懂你的文章，不会对你所达的内容产生歧义，以达到科研学术结论供大家参考的目的，这其中的方式与技巧，必然与我们平常的英语写作形式，写作以及口语表达习惯有着很大的区别。每一个科研学者都需要自己去阅读和学习，英文科技论文当中大家定性的相关规定与方法，从而了解到其他的科研学者是通过什么样的写作模式将自己的科研成果通过英文的方式让更多的人看到，了解并去传播的。通过对研究生阶段的这门科技英语论文写作课程的学习，让我认识到虽然自己已经经历过从中学到大学的十多年的英文学习，对英文这门语言来说也算是有课一定的掌握，但面对科技论文的写作时发现其有着自己的一套详细而又独特的写作方法，面对这种新颖的写作特点，既觉得新奇有感觉到了有点难受，特别是当面对最后的大作业中文文献翻译成英文时候，深深的感受到其翻译中给我带来的艰难。在课堂上，老师生动，幽默而又不失严厉的教学模式，对学生高标准，严要求，本着对学生负责的态度通过与学生互动对每一个知识点进行讲解，之后又通过在课堂上及时的实战练习，将学过的知识点直接进行应用练习，让学生很快就可以掌握其翻译要领，这样有条有理的教学方法，必然是一个有着多年教学经验的老教师才可以展现出来的风采。教学内容上老师较多将在学术文章中可能遇到的情况进行了举例讲解，如面对实验方法，实验设备，实验数据的分析和结果等语法表达，以及对一篇文章所要具有的结构，主题，除此之外，文章开头的背景，研究课题的意义，目的，价值，研究方法的描写，其中在英语论文的书写中多使用到的语法，时态等都通过不同例句进行分析和学生一起学习。其中的每一个知识点对以后遇到的可能的写作都有着很实用的价值。教学中的每一个环节老师都主动和大家交流互动，引导大家的思维开放，用自己积累的方式与单词将一句话表达清楚，整个过成让人心情愉悦，轻松。其次，课堂上还着重讲解了在引用文章，引用他人的结论时可能出现的问题及技巧，如何通过时态的不同和使用将不同的内容引用的合理，其中的有些规定在科技文章的写作中如果要想表达的准确，明了还是很有必要的，而这个在自己私下的阅读和练习中是很难以注意到的。在用词造句上，口语与书面语的差别，和使用方法也同样通过例句的分析比较传授给学生，让我深刻的感受到书面语言的正式，严谨。在句型上通过对一段长句的划分析，每一个单词的词性和多意的理解，进行揣摩构造，表达出自己想要讲述的内容，并在课堂上老师多次带领学生一起对一整篇已经在科学杂志期刊上发表过的文章进行现场导读讲解，使学生可以完全跟进老师自己的阅读习惯和模式，以达到将自己的英文方面的技能的到传授的目的。在课堂的结束阶段，老师又对以往大家在英文科技论文写作中经常遇到的各种问题与错误进行了总结和指导，让我对今后使用英文对科研类文章的撰写有了更大的信心。总的来说，科技英文论文写作这门课程是一门非常实用的课程，是每一个科研人员都应该学习并拥有的一项必要技能，这门课程对新入学的研究生，即将进入研究岗位的大四学生等都是有着及其重要的教学意义，希望今后将会有更多的接触科研的学生在这个课堂上受益。
Research on Trigonometric Leveling Freedu School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University,Wuhan430079,China E-mail:1111111111@https://www.doczj.com/doc/96759955.html, Abstract —As the total station trigonometric leveling can survey without the restrictions oftopography. So, we can use it to survey the third &fourth order level survey in some special areas.In this article, we propose a new total station measuring method from combining the defect of traditional measurementmethods. The advantages of this method is that it can improve the precision without measuring height of device and prism, and it canreplace the third and fourth level of measurement under certain conditions. This method can greatly improve efficiency and shortenthe project duration in the construction survey ． Keywords- trigonometric leveling ；total station ；error analysis I. I NTRODUCTION Engineering construction often relates to height measurement. Thetraditional measurement methods are leveling surveying andtrigonometry trigonometric leveling. Although the two methods have their own characteristics, but there are shortcomings.With the widespread use of the Total Station and using the track rod with the total station method to measure the elevation of the increasingly popular, traditional trigonometric leveling method has shown its limitations.After a long journey, a new trigonometric leveling method has been summed up.This approach combines the advantages of two traditional approaches to further improve the accuracy of the trigonometric leveling and tosurvey faster. This article systematically expounds the principle of traditional trigonometric leveling methods and the new methods, compares their advantages and disadvantages, and analyses the main errors and measurement accuracy in the process of trigonometric leveling. II. P RINCIPLE OF T RADITIONAL T RIGONOMETRIC L EVELING AND THE N EW M ETHOD The basic formula of the traditional trigonometric leveling: tan B A H H D i t α=++- (1) where A H is the elevation of a known point, B H is the elevation of the unknown point, D is the horizontal distance between the two points, αis the vertical angle when observe from point A to point B,i is instrument height, t is the height of the prism. For traditional methods, total station must be set up in the known elevation point. At the same time, you must measure out the height ofboth the instrument and the prism if you want to measure the elevation of the unknown points. If we can measure the elevation of the measured point while set point of total station arbitrarily like leveling surveying, instead of set it on a known elevation point, and do not measure out instrument and prism,speed of measurement will be faster. As shown in the figure 1, assuming that the elevation of the point A is known, the elevation of the point B is unknown, here we measurethe elevation of other points by total station. Figure 1. Diagram for trigonometric leveling Firstly, seen by trigonometric leveling principle: (tan )B A H H D i t α=-+- (2) where i, t is unknown, but one thing is sure that once the instrument set, value of i will remain unchanged.At the same time choose tracking lever as a reflecting prism, assume that the value of t is also fixed. Seen from formula (2), tan B A H i t H D W α+-=-= (3) By formula (3),the value of W will remain unchanged in any station. And while both A H and tan D αare known, it is possible to calculate the value of W . Operation of this new method is as follows: Shown in Figure 2, elevation of point A is known, elevation of point B is unknown, and the instrument is set up at point C between A and B. The instruments sight point A to get the reading 1V . That 1V =1D 1tan α, and calculate the value of W, W = A H +1D 1tan α. At this time related constants such as elevation of station, instrument height and prism height can beof any value, not necessary to set before measuring. And then set elevation of point Cto W , set the instrument height and prism height to 0. Then elevation of point C is known. Finally sight the target point B and measured its elevation, that is 22tan B H W D α=+ (4) Therefore, using the new method, elevation of point B is 1122tan tan B A H H D D αα=-+ (5)
问题解决型作文模板 /Nowadays，more and more people are concerned about the problem…(问题) /It is important for us to…(问题). For instance_____________________(例一) First，_________________________(原因一). Moreover，_____________________(例二) Second，_______________________(原因二) 第二段：People have figured out many ways to solve the problem． /Confronted with…(问题)we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation． Firstly，________________________(解决方法一) Secondly，______________________(解决方法二) 第三段：1)Personally，I believe that_______________(我的方法) /To me，I am taking two ways to solve the problem of…(问题) One of them is ________________________(我的方法) The other way is_______________________(方法二)
By now ways have been working perfectly and efficient1y…(结果) 2) In conclusion/In a word/To sum up/In summary/Obviously/It’s clear that…/It’s no doubt that…. 现象解释型作文模板
科研英文论文写作模板 科研英文论文写作模板1．文化标题 ①一般不使用完整的句子，而多用名词（词组）或动名词（词组）。 如：Education for Elite and Its Effect Evaluation （英才教育及其效果评估）Nonlinear Waves in Elastic Rods（弹性棒材的非线形波） Boriding and Eutecticuming of Steel（钢的渗硼与共晶化处理） ②标题不宜过长，最好控制在15个词内，有时可以加副标题。应该力求语义明了，言简意赅。 ③英文学术论文许多情况下不用“Regarding…”, “On…”, “Studies on…”, “Investigation on…”, “Observations on”, “Probe into …”, “Some Thought on…”, “The Method of …”等等。汉语中的许多谦语，如“会议……”、“初探……”、“试论……”等都不宜对应译成英语。 ④少用疑问句标题 2．作者署名 作者及其工作单位、地址应该采用汉语拼音。作者之前不加写学衔、职称，例如Professor, manager 等等。单位地址由小至大，切忌英文和汉语拼音混杂。例如：East Sanhuan, Beijing, 应该写为：Dong Sanhuan, Beijing。在国际会议上发表的论文，作者的单位应该注明国籍和邮政编码。 3. 论文摘要和关键词 关键词写在摘要的下面，一般在4-6个词之间，最少2个，最多不能超过10个。多用名词形式而不使用动词。例如：key word: observation, incubation, examination-oriented education. 4．引言（Introduction） 引言一般应该包括： ①介绍主题内容，即：论文作了何种研究，主题是什么。 ②限定研讨范围，指出论文主题的界限，参数范围，研究工作侧重点等。 ③点明论文的宗旨及研究成果，以及开展该项研究的意义和必要性。 ④列出论文的主要框架，概述个部分的主要内容。 5．正文（Body） 正文一般分为：开头部分（介绍论文的宗旨以及所要探讨的核心问题）；叙述部分（通过观
英文投稿的一点经验【转载】 1. 首先一定要注意杂志的发表范围, 超出范围的千万别投,要不就是浪费时间;另外，每个杂志都有他们的具体格式要求，一定要按照他们的要求把论文写好，免得浪费时间，前些时候，我的一个同事向一个著名的英文杂志投稿，由于格式问题，人家过两个星期就退回来了，而且说了很多难听的话，说投稿前首先就应该看清楚他们的格式要求； 2. 论文写作一定要言简意赅,特别是摘要,引言和结论部分,特别是摘要和结论不能重复,发现有很多论文这两部分没有差别, 个人认为, 摘要是引人入胜的"药引子",要留悬念;而结论是你论文得出的有证据的东西,要简单明了(很多人写了一大堆,把推测的结果都写上,这种论文质量很差); 另外,很多人认为数据越多, 发表的可能性越大,但经过读一些论文, 发现很多人的论文很烂, 感觉就是数据的简单堆积,所以,论文的重点应该在观点上,保证一篇论文一个新观点,已经足够了. 3. 投稿时,一定要找和你做研究内容相近领域的专家作评阅人,最好是国外的,不是说国内的不好,但就怕有人和你(或你老板)有过节,而且国内的很多所谓专家水平一般,且小心眼; 4. cover letter要简单介绍你的工作的创新性,这样便于论文的快速发表, 当然也应该客气几句,让编辑感到心里舒服,主要是夸杂志好之类的话; 有人写coverletter，就是写上题目、然后说很荣幸投稿之类地话，也有人干脆把摘要全写上，这样个人认为不好，一定用两到三句话说明你论文“新”在哪，这个非常重要。 5. 前些时候看到论坛上很多人说不能写信催编辑,个人认为没关系,必要催信能够让人重视你的论文,一定要让人感到,你的论文在这发不了,好多地方在等着发呢(但很多牛杂志,可不吃这套哟，人家不缺稿，嘿嘿). 当然写信的时候要客气,说一些快速发表对于学术讨论和促进工作等方面的重要性之类的话; 6. 能写英文,就不投中文稿, 特别是不投中文杂志英文版, 好不容易憋了篇英文,还投到低水平的杂志,很不甘心; 最重要的是国内杂志要钱，而国外很多不要。自从国内某杂志告诉我他们之所以收我很高的版面费是为了他们的生
科研论文写作简介 引导语：通过科学实践所获得的科研成果进行总结归纳后，按论点和论据所写成的论证性文章。一篇优秀论文既要求内容丰富、新颖、科学性强，又要富有理论性和实践性，且文字通顺，层次清楚，逻辑性强。 一、题目：文章最重要和最先看到的部分，应能吸引读者，并给人以最简明的提示。 1.应尽量做到简洁明了并紧扣文章的主题，要突出论文中特别有独创性、有特色的内容，使之起到画龙点睛，启迪读者兴趣的作用。 2.字数不应太多，一般不宜超过20个字。 3.应尽量避免使用化学结构式、数学公式或不太为同行所熟悉的符号、简称、缩写以及商品名称等。题目中尽量不要用标点符号。 4.必要时可用副标题来做补充说明，副标题应在正题下加括号或破折号另行书写。 5.若文章属于“资助课题”项目，可在题目的右上角加注释角号(如※、#等)，并在脚注处(该文左下角以横线分隔开)书写此角号及其加注内容。 6.为了便于对外交流，应附有英文题名，所有字母均用大写，放在中文摘要与关键词的下面。 二、作者署名：论文的必要组成部分，要能反映实际情况。 1.作者应是论文的撰写者，论文写作指导老师Q：1366273999，是指直接参与了全部或部分主要工作，对该项研究作出实质性贡献，并能对论文的内容和学术问题负责者。 2.研究工作主要由个别人设计完成的，署以个别人的姓名;合写论文的署名应按论文工作贡献的多少顺序排列;学生的毕业论文应注明指导老师的姓名和职称。作者的姓名应给出全名。 3.作者的下一行要写明所在的工作单位(应写全称)，并注上邮政编码。 4.为了便于了解与交流，论文的最后应附有通迅作者的详细通讯地址、电话、传真以及电子信箱地址。 三、摘要：科研论文主要内容的简短、扼要而连贯的重述，必须将论文本身新的、最具特色的内容表达出来(重点是结果和结论)。 1.具体写法有“结构式摘要”和“非结构式摘要”两种，前者一般分成目的、方法、结果和结论四个栏目，规定250字左右;后者不分栏目，规定不超过150个字，目前国内大多数的医学、药学期刊都采用“结构式摘要”。 2.摘要具有独立性和完整性，结果要求列出主要数据及统计学显著性。 3.一般以第三人称的语气写，避免用“本文”、“我们”、“本研究”等作为文摘的开头。 四、关键词：主要为了图书情报工作者编写索引，也为了读者通过关键词查阅需要的论文。 1.关键词是从论文中选出来用以表示全文主题内容的单词或术语，要求尽量使用《医学主题词表》(MeSH)中所列的规范性词(称叙词或主题词)。 2.关键词一般选取3～8个词，并标注与中文一一相对应的英文关键词。每个词之间应留有空格以区别之。 3.关键词通常位于摘要之后，引言之前。 五、引言：论文的开端，起纲领的作用，主要回答“为什么研究”这个课题。 1.引言的内容主要介绍论文的研究背景、目的、范围，简要说明研究课题的意义以及前人的主张和学术观点，已经取得的成果以及作者的意图与分析依据，包括论文拟解决的问题、研究范围和技术方案等。 2.引言应言简意赅，不要等同于文摘或成为文摘的注释。如果在正文中采用比较专业化的术语或缩写词时，最好先在引言中定义说明。 3.字数一般在300字以内。 六、正文：科研论文的主体，包括材料、方法、结果、讨论四部分内容，其中某些部
科研英文论文写作模板科研英文论文写作模板 1．文化标题 ①一般不使用完整的句子，而多用名词（词组）或动名词（词组）。 如：Education for Elite and Its Effect Evaluation （英才教育及其效果评估）Nonlinear Waves in Elastic Rods（弹性棒材的非线形波） Boriding and Eutecticuming of Steel（钢的渗硼与共晶化处理） ②标题不宜过长，最好控制在15个词内，有时可以加副标题。应该力求语义明了，言简意赅。 ③英文学术论文许多情况下不用“Regarding …”, “On …”, “Studies on …”, “Investigation on…”, “Observations on”, “Probe into …”, “Some Thought on …”, “The Method of …”等等。汉语中的许多谦语，如“会议……”、“初探……”、“试论……”等都不宜对应译成英语。 ④少用疑问句标题 2．作者署名 作者及其工作单位、地址应该采用汉语拼音。作者之前不加写学衔、职称，例如Professor , manager 等等。单位地址由小至大，切忌英文和汉语拼音混杂。例如：East Sanhuan, Beijing, 应该写为：Dong Sanhuan, Beijing。在国际会议上发表的论文，作者的单位应该注明国籍和邮政编码。 3. 论文摘要和关键词 关键词写在摘要的下面，一般在4-6个词之间，最少2个，最多不能超过10个。多用名词形式而不使用动词。例如：key word: observation, incubation, examination-oriented education. 4．引言（Introduction ）
科研论文及写作方法 一、论文格式 1、论文内容要紧扣主题，有针对性、前瞻性、可行性。 2、用Word软件编排，纸质件和电子版各交一份。其中，纸质 件用A4标准纸（210*297mm）打印，版芯（即文字和空格等所占 的范围）居中，版芯大小为38行*40字（5号字）。 3、论文书写顺序为：标题，作者姓名，工作单位，邮政编码，中文摘要，关键词，正文，参考文献，作者简介。 二、撰写体例 1、文章标题：一般不超过20个汉字，必要时加副标题（需加破折号），并译成英文（实用技术报告文章可以不用）。居中，2号 黑体字。 3、中文摘要：在正文前，用第三人称写法，不以“本文”，“作者”等作主语，150-300字为宜。小5号黑体。 4、关键词：在摘要下方，限3-8个。小5号黑体。 5、正文标题：内容应简洁明了，层次不宜过多（一般不超过4 个层次），各级标题一律顶格并使用阿拉伯数字连 续编号。一级标题用3号黑体字，序号为1，2，3??；二级标题用4号黑体字，序号为1.1，1.2??2.1，2.2??用点号分开；三级标题用4号宋体字，序号为1.1.1，1.1.2?? 1.2.1，1.2.2??用两个下圆点分开。 6、正文文字：用小5号宋体字。 7、文中公式、算式和方程式均应编排序号。计量单位和符号，缩略词应使用国家标准和国际通用符号。数字用法执行GB/T15835-1995《出版物上数字用法的规定》，凡公元纪年、年代、年、月、
日、时刻、各种记数与计量等均采用阿拉伯数字；夏历、清代及其 以前纪年、星期几、数字作为语素构成的定型词、词组、惯用语、 缩略语、临近两数字并列连用的概略语等用汉字数字。外文字符须 分清大小写、正斜体、上下角，对易混淆之处请注明。 8、图表：文中尽量少用图表，必须使用时，应简洁，明了，少 占篇幅，建议累计不超过5幅。图表均采用黑色线条，分别用阿拉 伯数字顺序编号（如表1、图1），应有简明表题（放表上），图题（放图下），表中数字应注明资料来源。文中表格取消表头左上角 斜线，一律使用三线表，提供图片，照片必须清晰。图表中的文字，数字使用小5号宋体。 9、注释：是对文章某一特定内容的解释或说明，其序号为 ①②③??，注释文字与标点应与正文一致，注释置于文尾，参考文 献之前。 10、参考文献：是对引文作者、作品、出处、版本等情况的说明。必须为公开出版物，引用文献应在文章中的引用处右上角加注序号（如[1]，[2]??），详细引文情况按顺序排列文尾，用6号宋体字。 引用文献超过200字就应该列参考文献。 以单字母方式标识以下各种参考文献类型：普通图书[M]、会议 论文[C]、报纸文章[N]、期刊文章[J]、学位论文[D]、报告[R]、标准[S]、专利〔P〕、汇编[G]、档案[B]、古籍[O]、参考工具[K]。格式 与示例如下： （1）图书类格式：[序号]主要责任者。文献题名：其他题名信 息（任选）[文献类型标识]。其他责任者（任选）。出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码。 示例：[2]辛希孟。信息技术与信息服务国际研讨会论文集：A集[C]。北京：中国社会科学出版社，1994：58-61。示例：[3]吕启祥，林东海。红楼梦研究稀见资料汇编 [G]。北京：人民文学出版社，2001：22-27。
? 1. When writing proposals, we should concentrate on the reviewers’ preferences.（1分） B 正确错误 ?多选2. Which are included in the biographical sketches?（1分）ABC Key investigators in the https://www.doczj.com/doc/96759955.html,cational background.Academic duties.Current status (literature reviews). ?多选3. Which are included in the progress report?（1分）ABCD Background information: A description of current status: results, methodologies,Conclusions.Achievements so far. ?多选4. Which are included in the contents of a proposal?（1分）ABCD Project descriptions.References cited.Biographical sketches .Budget. ?单选5. Which are concluded in current achievements related to the proposed project?（1分） D Related projects completed.Related publications Related duties All the above. ? 6. Which is not included in introduction?（1分） C Motivations..Basis for proposing the project Approach.Current status (literature reviews). ?单选7. What are the strategies when we write proposals?（1分） D We need to present the key ideas clearly and convincingly in first several pages.We have to be creative and try very hard to set up new problems and propose new approaches unlikely to be thought about by others.For different kinds of proposals, we should use different strategies.All the above. ?单选8. Which assumptions should not we accept when writing proposals?（1分）B The reviewers are statistically unbiased and intelligent.The reviewers know the background of the proposal very well.The reviewers are smart but very busy.There are many smart researchers out there competing on the same subject and proposing similar or better ideas ?多选9. Which disciplines are included in “Micro sensor and wireless sensor networks”?（1分）ABCD Information engineering.Mechanical engineering.Physics & chemistry.Biology. ?多选10. Why is the interdisciplinary research important?（1分）ABCD
Distributed Diffusion-based Non-negative Least-Mean-Square Algorithm Over Adaptive Networks Xiaolong Deng ABSTRACT In wireless sensor networks, distributed estimation over networks has received a lot of attention due to its broad applicability. We formulate and study distributed estimation algorithm based on diffusion protocols to implement cooperation among individual adaptive nodes. In the networks, every node is equipped with local leaning abilities, and they can share their local estimation and information with their neighbors. When the nodes communicate with each other, they keep to peer-to-peer protocols. And due to the inherent physical characteristics of systems under investigation, non-negativity is one of the most interesting constraints that can usually be imposed on the parameters to estimate. In distributed diffusion-based least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm, we add non-negative characteristics of parameters to the algorithm so that we can get a distributed diffusion-base non-negative least-mean-square algorithm over adaptive networks. Index Terms—Adaptive networks, diffusion algorithm, distributed estimation. least mean square algorithms, nonnegative constraints. INTRODUCTION Consider a network of nodes observing temporal data arising from different spatial sources with possibly different statistical profiles. Each node in the network could function as an individual adaptive filter whose aim is to estimate the parameter of interest through local observations [1]–[3]. An adaptive network structure is obtained where the structure as a whole is able to respond in real-time to the temporal and spatial variations in the statistical profile of the data [4]–[6]. Different adaptation or learning rules at the nodes, allied with different cooperation protocols, give rise to adaptive networks of various complexities and potential. Our formulation is useful in several problems involving estimation and event detection from multiple nodes collecting space–time data [7]–[12]. In many real-life phenomena including biological and physiological ones, due to the inherent physical characteristics of systems under investigation, non-negativity is a desired constraint that can be imposed on the parameters to estimate in order to avoid physically absurd and uninterpretable results. Over the last 15 years, a variety of methods have been developed to tackle nonnegative least-square problems (NNLS)[13]. Active set techniques for NNLS use the fact that if the set of variables which activate constraints is known, then the solution of the constrained least-square problem can be obtained by solving an unconstrained one that only includes inactive variables. The active set algorithm of Lawson and Hanson [14] is a batch resolution technique for NNLS problems. It has become a standard among the most frequently used methods. In [15], Bro and De Jong introduced a modification of the latter, called fast NNLS, which takes advantage of the special characteristics of iterative algorithms involving repeated use of non-negativity constraints. Another class of tools is the class of projected gradient
科研论文格式 写作2008-05-06 10:17:52 阅读168 评论0字号：大中小 一、开题报告： 1.选题意义 2.国内外文献综述 3.写作框架：｛三段论：①问题；②原因；③对策、建议、措施｝ 4.正文： ①标题：｛不能超过20个汉字，超过后要用副标题｝ ——副标题：｛（以……为例）或（据＊＊＊统计…而得）｝ ②作者：｛１～３个作者为宜｝ ③作者单位：｛单位全称，所在省城市邮政编码｝ ④摘要：｛用第三人称写法（不以“本文”、“作者”等为主语，可用“文章”），200字之内｝ ⑤关键词：｛3-5个，中间用分号相隔｝ ⑥英语翻译：｛翻译①②③④⑤部分｝ ⑦正文：｛结构要严谨，表达要简明，语义要确切，论点要鲜明，论据要充分，引用要规范，数据要准确，层次不宜过多，层次序号为：一、（一）、1、（1）、1）｝ ⑧参考文献：｛文献类型标识，如专著：[M]；论文集：[C]；报纸文章：[N]；期刊文章：[J]；学位论文： [D]；报告：[R]；标准：[S]；专刊：[P]；统计年笺：[Z]｝ a论文集格式：作者．题名[文献类型标识]．编者．文集名．出版地：出版者，出版年． b期刊文章格式：主要责任者．题名[文献类型标识]．刊名，年，卷（期）． c报纸文章格式：主要责任者．题名[文献类型标识]．报纸名，出版日期（版次）． d网站格式：URL网址名称
◆同一专著、论文集、期刊、报纸文章，都一律只用一个序号，而且要把页码统一标注在文章中相应序号之后。 ⑨作者简介：｛作者姓名（出生年—）、性别、民族（汉族可省略），籍贯（省、市或县）、现供职单位全称及职称、学位、研究方向、联系方式｝ 二、论文级别： 1.一般刊物：｛省级、国家级｝ 2.核心刊物：｛省级、国家级｝ SCI｛［Science Citation Index］（科学引文索引）｝ SSCI｛［Social Sciences Citation Index］（社会科学引文索引）｝ CSSCI｛［Chinese Social Science Citation Infoemation］（中文社会科学引文索引）｝ EI｛［The Engineering Index］（工程索引）［English Index］(英文索引)或(英文简缩)｝ 三、注释：｛用于对文内某一特定内容的解释或说明，其序号为：①②③……，注释置于页脚｝ 标题 作者 （单位全称，所在省城市邮政编码） 【摘要】：…… 【关 科研论文格式 写作2008-05-06 10:17:52 阅读168 评论0字号：大中小 一、开题报告：