Spin-Transfer Torques in Antiferromagnetic Metals from First Principles
Yuan Xu,Shuai Wang,and Ke Xia
State Key Laboratory for Surface Physics,Institute of Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,P.O.Box 603,Beijing 100080,China
(Received 15August 2007;published 3June 2008)
In spite of the absence of a macroscopic magnetic moment,an antiferromagnet is
spin-polarized on an atomic scale.The electric current passing through a conducting antiferromagnet is polarized as well,leading to spin-transfer torques when the order parameter is textured,such as in antiferromagnetic noncollinear spin valves and domain walls.We report a ?rst principles study on the electronic transport properties of antiferromagnetic systems.The current-induced spin torques acting on the magnetic moments are comparable with those in conventional ferromagnetic materials,leading to measurable angular resistances and current-induced magnetization dynamics.In contrast to ferromagnets,spin torques in antiferromagnets are very nonlocal.The torques acting far away from the center of an antiferromagnetic domain wall should facilitate current-induced domain wall motion.
DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.226602
PACS numbers:72.25.Ba,75.47.De,75.50.Ee
Antiferromagnet metals (AFMs)are widely used to pin and exchange-bias ferromagnets in devices such as mag-netic spin valve read heads [1,2].The absence of magnetic stray ?elds makes them very useful as probe tips in spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopes [3].AFMs are materials with spontaneous magnetization below a critical Ne
′el temperature at which the magnetic moments of two (or more)sublattices point into opposite directions,such that the net magnetic moment of the AFM vanishes.External magnetic ?elds cannot be used to manipulate the strongly coupled magnetic moments of AFMs.An alternative for magnetic ?elds to excite ferromagnets (FMs)is the current-induced spin-transfer torque (STT)[4].Since the electric current is spin-polarized on an atomic scale,the STT phenomenon may excite the anti-ferromagnetic order parameter.It is not obvious whether the STT is strong enough and how different sublattices are affected.
Recent theoretical studies [5–7]predicted that,in spin valves with uncompensated antiferromagnets,an angular resistance (AR)effect can be expected.Reversal of the antiferromagnetic order parameter is equivalent with a phase shift by a half period.Furthermore,STT is not an interface effect as in ferrromagnets but effective over the whole AFM.Very recently,strong experimental evidence of STT between AFM and FM has been reported [8].In addition,the resistance of antiferromagnetic domain walls (AFDWs)in chromium has been measured [9].
In contrast to FMs,AFMs have much smaller shape anisotropies which makes manipulation of its magnetic moments easier—provided one can apply a sizable spin torque on the moments.What is the magnitude of the spin torque for an atomic scale spin polarization?Can an atomic scale spin polarization give rise to an observable AR effect?These are the questions that we attempt to answer in this work.
-FeMn is an AFM used as a pinning layer in spin valves,and we demonstrate that an electric current can induce angular momentum transfer between magnetic mo-ments in AFMs.By a detailed analysis of the current and nonequilibrium charge densities,we show that an atomic scale spin polarization exists even for compensated AFMs.A sizable AR is predicted in antiferromagnetic spin valves (AFSVs).In an AFDW,the spin torque is effective not only around the domain wall center but throughout the entire AFM,which can be understood by the suppressed spin precession.
In our calculations,the atomic potential was determined in the framework of the tight-binding (TB)linear muf?n-tin-orbital (MTO)method based on density functional theory in the local density approximation [10]and an exchange-correlation potential parametrized by von Barth and Hedin [11].The self-consistent crystal potentials were used as input to a TB-MTO wave-function-matching cal-culation,and the scattering wave functions of the whole system were obtained explicitly [12].To model noncol-linear magnetic con?gurations in AFDWs,a rigid potential approximation is applied,which is a good approximation for suf?ciently wide domain walls [13].
The spin current and charge density can be calculated from the scattering wave functions.The torques acting on an atomic plane are de?ned as the difference between incoming and outgoing spin current [14].Finally,we focus on transport along the direction perpendicular to the plane fcc(111)as illustrated in Fig.1(b),where four atoms con-
FIG.1(color online).(a)Magnetic structure of -FeMn.(b)fcc(111)plane of -FeMn,where the dashed lines connect the atoms in a unit cell.
nected by the dashed lines form a unit cell.fcc(111)is a compensated plane with zero net magnetic moment in each layer.
The magnetic structure of -FeMn is shown in Fig.1(a).This con?guration has been observed experimentally [15]and con?rmed to be energetically favorable by ab initio calculation [16].There are four inequivalent atoms in a unit cell.The magnetic moments of Fe2and Mn1and those of Fe1and Mn2point in opposite directions.Our calculation [17]yields the magnetic moments as m Fe 1:4 B and m Mn 1:9 B .
When a current passes through an antiferromagnetic material,the current-induced nonequilibrium charge den-sity integrated over the atomic sphere of an atom is spin-polarized.We de?ne the polarization of atom as P S
"? # = " # ,where
" # is the spin-resolved nonequilibrium charge density."(#)indicates the electron spin parallel (antiparallel)to the spin quantization axis.In Fig.2,we plot P S for a single FeMn j Cu interface.We group the system into four inequivalent sublattices accord-ing to the inequivalent atoms in the unit cell of -FeMn.A nonzero polarization is found even at the Cu side.The sum of the spin polarizations of the four sublattices vanishes in each layer.These results show that a compensated anti-ferromagnet injects a spin polarization into a normal metal that oscillates on an atomic scale.
Let us consider now an AFSV denoted as FeMn1 j Cu j FeMn2j Cu ,where an in?nitely thick FeMn1serves as the ?xed layer and FeMn2as the free layer.The z axis of spin space is set along the magnetiza-tion of the free layer,and gives the relative angle between both order parameters.In our calculations,the thicknesses
of the Cu spacer and the FeMn2free layer are chosen to be both 10monolayers (ML)[18].
The top panel in Fig.3illustrates the magnetic structure
of the so-called parallel con?guration ( 0
).Here and in the following,we group the four sublattices into two according to the direction of their magnetic moments.When the magnetization of FeMn1is rotated from 0 to 180
(the antiparallel con?guration),the electric resistance changes.
The bottom panel in Fig.3gives the spin-polarized current at the two sublattices.When the magnetizations of the two AFM layers are collinear,there is no net current spin polarization.However,the spatial distribution of spin-polarized current is not trivial.In fact,the spin-polarized currents on the two sublattices do not vanish even in Cu.They are identical in magnitude but oppositely spin-polarized.Another ?nding is that the spin-polarized cur-rent oscillates between the two sublattices and is not conserved within one sublattice.
The AR ratio in terms of conductance as G 0
?
G 180 =G 180
amounts to a measurable 5%.The re-maining question is the robustness of this AR effect in the presence of interfacial disorder.We modeled disorder by an interfacial alloy with a lateral supercell method [12].For a 1ML FeMn 1?x Cu x interfacial alloy,the AR de-pendence on interfacial alloy concentration x is shown in Fig.4,which indicates that the AR is somewhat suppressed in the presence of disorder but should remain to be observable.
It is interesting to investigate the STT due to the atomic scale spin-dependent scattering.Before going into the numerical results,we analyze the symmetry of the STT.For one sublattice,similar to that of FM,the torque on a local magnetic moment m is proportional to m M
m
FIG.2(color online).Layer-resolved spin polarization of non-equilibrium charge density P S on the four inequivalent sublatti-ces of the FeMn j Cu system,where FeMn occupies the 1st–40th layers and Cu the 41st–80th layers.The electron current ?ows from FeMn to Cu.Inset (a)gives the P S on the Cu side for the inequivalent sublattices corresponding to Fe2and Mn1.Inset (b)gives the P S on the Cu side for the inequivalent sublattices corresponding to Fe1and
Mn2.
FIG.3(color online).Top panel:Cartoon of the parallel con-?guration 0
of an AFSV .The red and blue arrows denote the two sublattices A and B ,respectively.Bottom panel:The
layer-resolved z component of spin-polarized current I z
s ?,where the subscript ?denotes the current perpendicular to the fcc(111)plane and the red circles (blue squares)represent the spin-polarized current on the sublattice A (B ).
(in-plane)and m M (out-of-plane),where M denotes the source of spin current.For another sublattice,both m and M are reversed.The in-plane torque is also reversed,whereas the out-of-plane torque remains unchanged.Because the in-plane torque T k on two sublattices is iden-tical in magnitude and opposite in direction and the mag-netization of two sublattices points in opposite directions,the net effect of STT tends to rotate those moments to-
gether.In contrast to T k ,the out-of-plane torque T ?acts identically on the two magnetic sublattices.As the ex-change coupling in the AFM is strong,out-of-plane torques will not result in any signi?cant effect on the dynamics of the magnetic moments.
As shown in Fig.5(a),the spin torque in the AFM layer oscillates deep into material which differs from a conven-tional FM spin valve [19,20].The angular dependence of the total in-plane torque acting on a sublattice (Fe1&Mn2)
in FeMn2is shown in Fig.5(b).For 150
,the torque (4:1 10?4eV b = B )acting on the surface atoms is much smaller than that in a FM spin valve ( 10?3eV b = B )[21].However,due to the slow decay of the spin torque in AFMs,the integrated torque on per atom of AFMs (2:4 10?4eV b = B )is comparable to that in FMs.
A similar spin-transfer effect should occur in AFDWs.As domain wall physics in AFMs has not been fully under-stood [22],we simply consider a Bloch-like domain wall which could exist in the experiment [23],as shown in Fig.6(a).The con?guration is described by y 2
arcsin tanh y ?y 0
DW ,where DW is the characteristic length which is selected to be 4ML and y 0the center of the wall.The spin direction in each monolayer along the wall is shown in Fig.6(b).The change of the total conductance due to the formation of a wall is 2.8%for a 4ML
thick
FIG.5(color online).(a)The layer-resolved in-plane torque T k on one sublattice (Fe1&Mn2)of FeMn2in FeMn1 j Cu 10ML j FeMn2 10ML j Cu ,as shown by the car-toon.Here 150
,electrons ?ow from FeMn1to FeMn2,and FeMn2is located at 15 I 24.(b)Angular dependence of the in-plane torque T k on the sublattice (Fe1&Mn2)of FeMn2in the same
system.
FIG.6(color online).(a)Schematic view of the AFDW,in which two sublattices are indicated by the green and blue arrows,the magnetization is rotated in the plane by an angle ,and the electrons are injected from the left side.The in-plane torque directions are indicated by the red arrows.(b) as the function of position.(c)Spin torques acting on the sublattice (Fe1&Mn2)in each monolayer with initial con?guration,where T X and T Z denote the in-plane components and j T k j is the absolute value of in-plane torques.
FIG.4.Cu concentration x dependence of AR in the system FeMn1j Cu 10ML j FeMn2 10ML j Cu .
domain wall,which is comparable to that in a FM with the same width.
Figure6(c)shows the in-plane torque exerted on one sublattice(Fe1&Mn2)as a function of position in the domain wall.There is a substantial STT in the region far away from the domain wall center.This is attributed to the spin degeneracy of the electronic band structure in the AFM.The injected spin can penetrate and precess coher-ently until deep into the AFM.As a result,STT in AFM is very nonlocal,at least in the absence of disorder scattering. We investigate the dynamics of the AFDW with the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert(LLG)equation[24]by using our calculated STT.An AFM with two sublattices is de-scribed by two sets of coupled LLG equations.Here we decouple the equations by assuming that the magnetiza-tions of two sublattices in the same layer are antiparallel to each other at any time.This should be reasonable due to a strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the two sublattices.
To investigate dynamics of the domain wall in the presence of a current,we follow the method of Ohe and Kramer[25],who studied FM domain walls.This method consists of several steps:(i)Given a domain wall con?gu-ration,we calculate the STT acting on each site under a certain current density;(ii)the obtained spin torque at each site is substituted into the LLG equation to obtain a set of equations for each site in the domain wall at a given time t; (iii)by integrating the LLG equation,we obtain the domain wall con?guration after an interval at t0 t t;(iv)once a new domain wall con?guration is obtained,we can calculate the STT again,and the process is repeated.The interval t between two consecutive steps is chosen small enough to guarantee numerical convergence of the solution.
In particular,a magnetic anisotropy constant of1:35 105erg=cm3,exchange stiffness constant of0:94 10?9erg=cm,magnetization of sublattice of650G,and Gilbert damping constant of0.1are used in our calculation. Under a current density of5 107A=cm2and starting from the initial domain wall con?guration mentioned above,we obtained results for10time steps of t 2ps.The domain wall moves in the?Y direction,and the estimated velocity is4m=s.In contrast to the FM domain wall,the velocity is maintained due to the vanish-ing demagnetization?eld.For the same reason,when no pinning?eld is taken into account,the critical current that sets the AFDW into motion is also expected to be very small as compared to a FM domain wall.
In summary,we?nd an atomic scale spin polarization in completely compensated AFMs.An STT can be induced by an electric bias.In AFSVs,a sizable AR is predicted, and the STT is found to be comparable to that in conven-tional FM spin valves.In AFDWs,the torques turn out to be nonlocal.The spin dynamics of AFDWs is studied by including the STT in the LLG equation for AFMs.
We acknowledge G.E.W.Bauer and H.Guo for their critical reading of the manuscript.We also acknowledge M.D.Stiles for his suggestion to de?ne an atomic scale spin polarization.This work is supported by the NSF (No.10634070and No.10774175)and MOST (No.2006CB933000and No.2006AA03Z402)of
China.
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对翻译中异化法与归化法的正确认识 班级：外语学院、075班 学号：074050143 姓名：张学美 摘要：运用异化与归化翻译方法,不仅是为了让读者了解作品的内容,也能让读者通过阅读译作,了解另一种全新的文化,因为进行文化交流才是翻译的根本任务。从文化的角度考虑,采用异化法与归化法,不仅能使译文更加完美,更能使不懂外语的人们通过阅读译文,了解另一种文化,促进各民族人们之间的交流与理解。翻译不仅是语言符号的转换,更是跨文化的交流。有时,从语言的角度所作出的译文可能远不及从文化的角度所作出的译文完美。本文从翻译策略的角度，分别从不同时期来说明人们对异化法与归化法的认识和运用。 关键词:文学翻译；翻译策略；异化；归化；辩证统一 一直以来,无论是在我国还是在西方,直译(literal translation)与意译(liberal translation)是两种在实践中运用最多,也是被讨论研究最多的方法。1995年,美籍意大利学者劳伦斯-韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti)提出了归化(domestication)与异化(foreignization)之说,将有关直译与意译的争辩转向了对于归化与异化的思考。归化与异化之争是直译与意译之争的延伸,是两对不能等同的概念。直译和意译主要集中于语言层面,而异化和归化则突破语言的范畴,将视野扩展到语言、文化、思维、美学等更多更广阔的领域。 一、归化翻译法 Lawrwnce Venuti对归化的定义是,遵守译入语语言文化和当前的主流价值观,对原文采用保守的同化手段,使其迎合本土的典律,出版潮流和政治潮流。采用归化方法就是尽可能不去打扰读者,而让作者向读者靠拢(the translator leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him)。归化翻译法的目的在于向读者传递原作的基本精神和语义内容,不在于语言形式或个别细节的一一再现。它的优点在于其流利通顺的语言易为读者所接受,译文不会对读者造成理解上的障碍,其缺点则是译作往往仅停留在内容、情节或主要精神意旨方面,而无法进入沉淀在语言内核的文化本质深处。 有时归化翻译法的采用也是出于一种不得已,翻译活动不是在真空中进行的,它受源语文化和译语文化两种不同文化语境的制约,还要考虑到两种文化之间的
in，on，at的时间用法和地点用法 一、in, on, at的时间用法 ①固定短语： in the morning/afternoon/evening在早晨/下午/傍晚, at noon/night在中午/夜晚, （不强调范围，强调的话用during the night） early in the morning=in the early morning在大清早， late at night在深夜 on the weekend在周末（英式用at the weekend在周末，at weekends每逢周末） on weekdays/weekends在工作日/周末， on school days/nights在上学日/上学的当天晚上， ②不加介词 this, that, last, next, every, one, yesterday, today, tomorrow, tonight，all，most等之前一般不加介词。如， this morning 今天早晨 （on）that day在那天（that day更常用些） last week上周 next year明年 the next month第二个月（以过去为起点的第二个月，next month以现在为起点的下个月） every day每天 one morning一天早晨 yesterday afternoon昨天下午 tomorrow morning明天早晨 all day/morning/night整天/整个早晨/整晚（等于the whole day/morning/night） most of the time （在）大多数时间 ③一般规则 除了前两点特殊用法之外，其他≤一天，用on，＞一天用in，在具体时刻或在某时用at（不强调时间范围） 关于on 生日、on my ninth birthday在我九岁生日那天 节日、on Teachers’Day在教师节 （注意：节日里有表人的词汇先复数再加s’所有格，如on Children’s Day, on Women’s Day, on Teachers Day有四个节日强调单数之意思，on Mother’s Day, on Father’s Day, on April Fool’s Day, on Valenti Day） 星期、on Sunday在周日，on Sunday morning在周日早晨 on the last Friday of each month 在每个月的最后一个星期五 日期、on June 2nd在六月二日 on the second (of June 2nd) 在六月的第二天即在六月二日 on the morning of June 2nd在六月二日的早晨，on a rainy morning在一个多雨的早晨 on a certain day 在某天 on the second day在第二天（以过去某天为参照） 注意：on Sunday在周日，on Sundays每逢周日（用复数表每逢之意），every Sunday每个周日，基本一个意思。 on a school day 在某个上学日，on school days每逢上学日。on the weekend在周末，on weekends每逢 周末。 关于in in June在六月 in June, 2010在2010年六月
常用标点符号用法简表 标点符号栏目对每一种汉语标点符号都有详细分析，下表中未完全添加链接，请需要的同学或朋友到该栏目查询。名称符号用法说明举例句号。表示一句话完了之后的停顿。中国共产党是全中国人民的领导核心。逗号，表示一句话中间的停顿。全世界各国人民的正义斗争，都是互相支持的。顿号、表示句中并列的词或词组之间的停顿。能源是发展农业、工业、国防、科学技术和提高人民生活的重要物质基础。分号；表示一句话中并列分句之间的停顿。不批判唯心论，就不能发展唯物论；不批判形而上学，就不能发展唯物辩证法。冒号：用以提示下文。马克思主义哲学告诉我们：正确的认识来源于社会实践。问号？用在问句之后。是谁创造了人类？是我们劳动群众。感情号①！1.表示强烈的感情。2.表示感叹句末尾的停顿。战无不胜的马克思主义、列宁主义、毛泽东思想万岁！引号 ②“ ” ‘ ’ ╗╚ ┐└1.表示引用的部分。毛泽东同志在《论十大关系》一文中说：“我们要调动一切直接的和间接的力量，为把我国建设成为一个强大的社会主义国家而奋斗。”2.表示特定的称谓或需要着重指出的部分。他们当中许多人是身体好、学习好、工作好的“三好”学生。 3.表示讽刺或否定的意思。这伙政治骗子恬不知耻地自封为“理论家”。括号③（）表示文中注释的部分。这篇小说环境描写十分出色，它的描写（无论是野外，或是室内）处处与故事的发展扣得很紧。省略号④……表示文中省略的部分。这个县办工厂现在可以生产车床、电机、变压器、水泵、电线……上百种产品。破折号⑤——1.表示底下是解释、说明的部
分，有括号的作用。知识的问题是一个科学问题，来不得半点的虚伪和骄 傲，决定地需要的倒是其反面——诚实和谦逊的态度。2.表示意思的递进。 团结——批评和自我批评——团结3.表示意思的转折。很白很亮的一堆洋 钱！而且是他的——现在不见了！连接号⑥—1.表示时间、地点、数目等 的起止。抗日战争时期（1937-1945年）“北京—上海”直达快车2.表 示相关的人或事物的联系。亚洲—太平洋地区书名号⑦《》〈〉表示 书籍、文件、报刊、文章等的名称。《矛盾论》《中华人民共和国宪法》《人 民日报》《红旗》杂志《学习〈为人民服务〉》间隔号·1.表示月份和日期 之间的分界。一二·九运动2.表示某些民族人名中的音界。诺尔曼·白求 恩着重号.表示文中需要强调的部分。学习马克思列宁主义，要按照毛泽 东同志倡导的方法，理论联系实际。······
In\ on\ at (time) at 用在具体某一时刻eg at 11:00 at 4:30 在节假日的全部日子里at Christmas 习惯用法at noon at weekends\ at the weekend at night at breakfast\lunch\supper on 具体到某一天；某一天的早晨，中午或晚上on May the first on Sunday morning 对具体某一天的早晨，中午，晚上进行详细的描述on a sunny morning on a windy night 节日的当天；星期on Women?s Day on Monday In 用在年；月；季节in spring in 2012 in August 后面+一段时间表示将来时in two days 习惯用法in the morning\in the afternoon\in the evening “\”以this, that, last, next, some, every, one, any,all开始的时间副词之前的at\on\in 省略在today, tomorrow, yesterday, the day after tomorrow, tomorrow morning，yesterday afternoon，the day before yesterday 之前的介词必须省略 Practice ___ summer ____ 2012 ____ supper ___ 4:00 ___ June the first ___yesterday morning ____ New Year?s Day ___ Women?s Day ___ the morning ____ the morning of July the first ____ 2014 ___ tomorrow morning ____ midnight 1.—What are you doing ____ Sunday? And what is your wife doing ___ the weekend? 2. He?ll see you ____ Monday. And he…ll see your brother ____next Monday. 3. They often go out ___ the evenings. But they don?t go out ____ Sunday evenings. 4. Do you work ____ Fridays? Does she work _____ every Friday? 5. They usually have a long holiday ___ summer. But their son can only have a short holiday ___ Christmas. 6. Paul got married ___ 2010, He got married ___ 9 o?clock ___ 19 May 2010. His brother got married ___ May, 2011. His sister is getting married ___ this year. 1.—When will Mr Black come to Beijing? ---_______ September 5 A. on B. to C. at D. in 2. The twins were born ____ a Friday evening. A. on B. of C. at D. in 3. It?s the best time to plant ____ spring. A. on B. in C. at D.\ 4. ____ the age of twelve, Edison began selling newspaper on train. A. On B. At C. In D.By 5. She has been an English teacher ____ 2000. A. for B. since C. in D.on 6.I have studied English _____ 2003. A. since B. for C. from D.in
一、基本定义 句子，前后都有停顿，并带有一定的句调，表示相对完整的意义。句子前后或中间的停顿，在口头语言中，表现出来就是时间间隔，在书面语言中，就用标点符号来表示。一般来说，汉语中的句子分以下几种： 陈述句： 用来说明事实的句子。 祈使句： 用来要求听话人做某件事情的句子。 疑问句： 用来提出问题的句子。 感叹句： 用来抒发某种强烈感情的句子。 复句、分句： 意思上有密切联系的小句子组织在一起构成一个大句子。这样的大句子叫复句，复句中的每个小句子叫分句。 构成句子的语言单位是词语，即词和短语（词组）。词即最小的能独立运用的语言单位。短语，即由两个或两个以上的词按一定的语法规则组成的表达一定意义的语言单位，也叫词组。 标点符号是书面语言的有机组成部分，是书面语言不可缺少的辅助工具。它帮助人们确切地表达思想感情和理解书面语言。 二、用法简表 名称
句号① 问号符号用法说明。？1．用于陈述句的末尾。 2．用于语气舒缓的祈使句末尾。 1．用于疑问句的末尾。 2．用于反问句的末尾。 1．用于感叹句的末尾。 叹号！ 2．用于语气强烈的祈使句末尾。 3．用于语气强烈的反问句末尾。举例 xx是xx的首都。 请您稍等一下。 他叫什么名字？ 难道你不了解我吗？为祖国的繁荣昌盛而奋斗！停止射击！ 我哪里比得上他呀！ 1．句子内部主语与谓语之间如需停顿，用逗号。我们看得见的星星，绝大多数是恒星。 2．句子内部动词与宾语之间如需停顿，用逗号。应该看到，科学需要一个人贡献出毕生的精力。 3．句子内部状语后边如需停顿，用逗号。对于这个城市，他并不陌生。 4．复句内各分句之间的停顿，除了有时要用分号据说苏州园林有一百多处，我到过的不外，都要用逗号。过十多处。 顿号、用于句子内部并列词语之间的停顿。
介词in on at 表示时间的用法及区别 Step1 Teaching Aims 教学生掌握时间介词in,on和at的区别及用法。 Step2 Teaching Key and Difficult Points 教学生掌握时间介词in,on和at的区别及用法。 Step3 Teaching Procedures 1.用in的场合后所接的都是较长时间 (1)表示“在某世纪/某年代/特定世纪某年代/年/季节/月”这个含义时，须用介词in Eg: This machine was invented in the eighteenth century. 这台机器是在18世纪发明的。 、 She came to this city in 1980. 他于1980年来到这个城市。 It often rains here in summer. 夏天这里常常下雨。 (2)表示“从现在起一段时间以后”时，须用介词in。(in+段时间表将来) Eg: They will go to see you in a week. 他们将在一周后去看望你。
I will be back in a month. 我将在一个月后回来。 (3)泛指一般意义的上、下午、晚上用in, in the morning / evening / afternoon Eg: They sometimes play games in the afternoon. 他们有时在下午做游戏。 Don't watch TV too much in the evening. 晚上看电视不要太多。（4）A. 当morning, evening, afternoon被of短语修饰，习惯上应用on, 而不用in. Eg: on the afternoon of August 1st & B. 但若前面的修饰词是early, late时，虽有of短语修饰，习惯上应用in, 而不用on. Eg: in the early morning of September 10th 在9月10的清晨； Early in the morning of National Day, I got up to catch the first bus to the zoo. 国庆节一清早，我便起床去赶到动物园的第一班公共汽车。 2.用on的场合后所接的时间多与日期有关 （1）表示“在具体的某一天”或（在具体的某一天的）早上、中午、晚上”，或“在某一天或某一天的上午，下午，晚上”等，须用介
“异化”与“归化”之间的关系并评述 1、什么是归化与异化 归化”与“异化”是翻译中常面临的两种选择。钱锺书相应地称这两种情形叫“汉化”与“欧化”。A．归化 所谓“归化”（domestication 或target-language-orientedness），是指在翻译过程中尽可能用本民族的方式去表现外来的作品；归化翻译法旨在尽量减少译文中的异国情调，为目的语读者提供一种自然流畅的译文。Venuti 认为，归化法源于这一著名翻译论说，“尽量不干扰读者，请作者向读者靠近” 归化翻译法通常包含以下几个步骤：（1）谨慎地选择适合于归化翻译的文本；（2）有意识地采取一种自然流畅的目的语文体；（3）把译文调整成目的语篇体裁；（4）插入解释性资料；（5）删去原文中的实观材料；（6）调协译文和原文中的观念与特征。 B．“异化”（foreignization或source-language-orientedness）则相反，认为既然是翻译，就得译出外国的味儿。异化是根据既定的语法规则按字面意思将和源语文化紧密相连的短语或句子译成目标语。例如，将“九牛二虎之力”译为“the strength of nine bulls and two tigers”。异化能够很好地保留和传递原文的文化内涵，使译文具有异国情调，有利于各国文化的交流。但对于不熟悉源语及其文化的读者来说，存在一定的理解困难。随着各国文化交流愈来愈紧密，原先对于目标语读者很陌生的词句也会变得越来越普遍，即异化的程度会逐步降低。 Rome was not built in a day. 归化:冰冻三尺,非一日之寒. 异化:罗马不是一天建成的. 冰冻三尺,非一日之寒 异化:Rome was not built in a day. 归化:the thick ice is not formed in a day. 2、归化异化与直译意译 归化和异化，一个要求“接近读者”，一个要求“接近作者”，具有较强的界定性；相比之下，直译和意译则比较偏重“形式”上的自由与不自由。有的文中把归化等同于意译，异化等同于直译，这样做其实不够科学。归化和异化其实是在忠实地传达原作“说了什么”的基础之上，对是否尽可能展示原作是“怎么说”，是否最大限度地再现原作在语言文化上的特有风味上采取的不同态度。两对术语相比，归化和异化更多地是有关文化的问题，即是否要保持原作洋味的问题。 3、不同层面上的归化与异化 1、句式 翻译中“归化”表现在把原文的句式（syntactical structure）按照中文的习惯句式译出。
介词in, on, at在表示时间时的用法区别 ①in时间范围大（一天以上）如：in Tanuary, in winter, in 1999;泛指在上午，下午，晚上，如：in the morning(afternoon, evening). 习惯用法：in the daytime 在白天。 ②on指在某一天或某一天的上午，下午，晚上，如：on Monday, on Sunday afternoon, on July 1, 1999 ③at时间最短，一般表示点时间，如at six o’clock, at three thirty.习惯用法：at night, at noon, at this time of year. in, on和at在表达时间方面的区别 in 表示在某年、某季节、某月、某周、某天和某段时间 in a year在一年中 in spring 在春季 in September 在九月 in a week 在一周中 in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/傍晚 但在中午，在夜晚则用at noon/night on 表示某一天或某一天的某段时间 on Monday 在周一 on Monday afternoon 在周一下午 on March 7th 在3月7日 on March 7th, 1998. 在1998年3月7日 on the morning of March 7th, 1998. 在1998年3月7日上午
at 表示某个具体时刻。 at eight o’clock 在8点钟 at this time of the year 在一年中的这个时候 at the moment 在那一时刻 at that time 在那时 注意：在英语中，如果时间名词前用this, last, next 等修饰时，像这样的表示，“在某时”的时间短语前，并不需要任何介词。 例如：last month, last week, this year, this week, next year, the next day, the next year 等。 1．What’s the weather like in spring/summer/autumn/winter in your country? 你们国家春天/夏天/秋天/冬天的天气怎么样？ in 在年、月、周较长时间内 in a week 在里面 in the room 用某种语言 in English 穿着 in red on 某日、某日的上下午on Sunday afternoon 在……上面 on the desk 靠吃……为生live on rice 关于 a book on Physics 〔误〕We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak. 〔正〕We got to the top of the mountain at day break. 〔析〕at用于具体时刻之前，如：sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night。〔误〕Don't sleep at daytime 〔正〕Don't sleep in daytime. 〔析〕in 要用于较长的一段时间之内，如：in the morning / afternoon, 或in the week / month / year. 或in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。 〔误〕We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon. 〔正〕We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon. 〔析〕in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介
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翻译的归化与异化 作者：熊启煦 作者单位：西南民族大学,四川,成都,610041 刊名： 西南民族大学学报（人文社科版） 英文刊名：JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST UNIVERSITY FOR NATIONALITIES（HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE） 年，卷(期)：2005,26(8) 被引用次数：14次 参考文献(3条) 1.鲁迅且介亭杂文二集·题未定草 2.刘英凯归化--翻译的歧路 3.钱钟书林纾的翻译 引证文献(15条) 1.郭锋一小议英语翻译当中的信达雅[期刊论文]-青春岁月 2011(4) 2.许丽红论汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-考试周刊 2010(7) 3.王笑东浅谈汉英语言中的差异与翻译方法[期刊论文]-中国校外教育（理论） 2010(6) 4.王宁中西语言中的文化差异与翻译[期刊论文]-中国科技纵横 2010(12) 5.鲍勤.陈利平英语隐喻类型及翻译策略[期刊论文]-云南农业大学学报(社会科学版) 2010(2) 6.罗琴.宋海林浅谈汉英语言中的文化差异及翻译策略[期刊论文]-内江师范学院学报 2010(z2) 7.白蓝跨文化视野下文学作品的英译策略[期刊论文]-湖南社会科学 2009(5) 8.王梦颖探析汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-中国校外教育（理论） 2009(8) 9.常晖英汉成语跨文化翻译策略[期刊论文]-河北理工大学学报（社会科学版） 2009(1) 10.常晖对翻译文化建构的几点思考[期刊论文]-牡丹江师范学院学报（哲学社会科学版） 2009(4) 11.常晖认知——功能视角下隐喻的汉译策略[期刊论文]-外语与外语教学 2008(11) 12.赵勇刚汉英语言中的文化差异与翻译策略[期刊论文]-时代文学 2008(6) 13.常晖.胡渝镛从文化角度看文学作品的翻译[期刊论文]-重庆工学院学报(社会科学版) 2008(7) 14.曾凤英从文化认知的视角谈英语隐喻的翻译[期刊论文]-各界 2007(6) 15.罗琴.宋海林浅谈汉英语言中的文化差异及翻译策略[期刊论文]-内江师范学院学报 2010(z2) 本文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/958357289.html,/Periodical_xnmzxyxb-zxshkxb200508090.aspx
翻译作业10 Nov 15 一、请按归化法(Domestication)翻译下列习语。 Kill two birds with one stone a wolf in sheep’s clothing strike while the iron is hot. go through fire and water add fuel to the flames / pour oil on the flames spring up like mushrooms every dog has his day keep one’s head above water live a dog’s life as poor as a church mouse a lucky dog an ass in a lion’s skin a wolf in sheep’s clothing Love me, love my dog. a lion in the way lick one’s boots as timid as a hare at a stone’s throw as stupid as a goose wet like a drown rat as dumb as an oyster lead a dog’s life talk horse One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, and three boys nobody. Man proposes, God disposes. Cry up wine and sell vinegar (cry up, to praise; extol: to cry up one's profession) Once bitten, twice shy. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening． New booms sweep clean. take French leave seek a hare in a hen’s nest have an old head on young shoulder Justice has long arms You can’t teach an old dog Rome was not built in a day. He that lives with cripples learns to limp. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. The more you get, the more you want. 二、请按异化法(foreignization)翻译下列习语。 Kill two birds with one stone a wolf in sheep’s clothing
精心整理in，on，at的时间用法和地点用法 一、in,on,at的时间用法 1、固定短语： inthemorning/afternoon/evening在早晨/下午/傍晚, 2 （on thenextmonth第二个月（以过去为起点的第二个月，nextmonth以现在为起点的下个月） everyday每天 onemorning一天早晨 yesterdayafternoon昨天下午
tomorrowmorning明天早晨 allday/morning/night整天/整个早晨/整晚（等于thewholeday/morning/night）mostofthetime（在）大多数时间 3、一般规则 除了前两点特殊用法之外，其他≤一天，用on，＞一天用in，在具体时刻或在某时用at（不强调时间范围） 关于 On 1 2) 3) （注意：节日里有表人的词汇先复数再加s’所有格，如 onChildren’sDay,onWomen’sDay,onTeachers’Day有四个节日强调单数之意思，onMother’sDay,onFather’sDay,onAprilFool’sDay,onValentine’sDay） 星期、onSunday在周日，onSundaymorning在周日早晨onthelastFridayofeachmonth在每个月的最后一个星期五
日期、onJune2nd在六月二日 onthesecond(ofJune2nd)在六月的第二天即在六月二日onthemorningofJune2nd在六月二日的早晨，onarainymorning在一个多雨的早晨 onacertainday在某天 onthesecondday在第二天（以过去某天为参照） 关于 In 1 2) InJune在六月 inJune,2010在2010年六月 in2010在2010年 inamonth/year在一个月/年里（在将来时里翻译成一个月/年之后） inspring在春天
常用标点符号主要用法 问号 1、用在特指问句后。如：(7)你今年多大了？ 2、用在反问句后。如：(8)为什么我们不能刻苦一点呢？ ?提示：反问句若语气缓和，末尾可用句号；若语气重可用感叹号。如：(9)国家 主席可以活活被整死；堂堂大元帅受辱骂；……这哪里还有什么尊重可言！ 3、用在设问句后。如：(10)我们能让你计划实现吗？不会的。 4、用在选择问句中。如：(11)我们是革命呢，还是要现大洋？ ( 12)你到底是去，还是不去？ 5、用在表疑问的独词句后。如：(13)我？不可能吧。 ?提示：若疑问句为倒装句，问号应放在句末。如：(14)到底出了什么问题，你的 车？(若说成：“到底出了什么问题？你的车。”则错误。) ?特别提示： 句号、问号均表示句末停顿。句号用于陈述句末尾，问号用于疑问句末尾。有些句 中虽有疑问词，但全句并不是疑问句，句末只能用句号，不能用问号。 例如：(17)……最后应求出铜块的体积是多少？ (18)面对千姿百态、纷繁芜杂的期刊世界，有哪位期刊编辑不想通过期刊版面设 计为刊物分朱布白、添花增色呢？ (19)关于什么是智力？国内外争论多年也没有定论。 (17) (18) ( 19)三句都是非疑问句，(17) (18)句中问号均应改为句号，(19)句中的问号应改为逗号。 感叹号 ?特别提示： 1、在表感叹或祈使语气的主谓倒装句中，感叹号要放在句末。 如：(20)多么雄伟壮观啊，万里长城！ 2、句前有叹词，后是感叹句，叹号放在句末。 如：(21)啊，这儿多么美丽！ 下面介绍句中点号的用法。句中点号包括逗号、分号、顿号、和冒号四种。 逗号 提示：复句内各分句之间的停顿，除了有时用分号外，都要用逗号。 顿号 用于句中并列的词、词组之间较小的停顿。 如：(22)邓颖超的品德、人格、风范为中华民族树立了一座精神丰碑。 (23)从1918年起，鲁迅陆续发表了《狂人日记》、《药》、《祝福》等短篇小说。 ?特别提示：以下九种情况不用顿号。 1、不定数的两个数字间不用顿号。 如：(24)你的年龄大概是十六七岁。(不能写成“十六、七岁”) ?【注意】相邻的两个数字而非约数之间要用顿号。
i n o n a t的时间用法和 地点用法版 集团档案编码：[YTTR-YTPT28-YTNTL98-UYTYNN08]
i n，o n，a t的时间用法和地点用法 一、in,on,at的时间用法 1、固定短语： inthemorning/afternoon/evening在早晨/下午/傍晚, atnoon/night在中午/夜晚,（不强调范围，强调的话用duringthenight）earlyinthemorning=intheearlymorning在大清早， lateatnight在深夜 ontheweekend在周末（英式用attheweekend在周末，atweekends每逢周末）onweekdays/weekends在工作日/周末， onschooldays/nights在上学日/上学的当天晚上， 2、不加介词 this,that,last,next,every,one,yesterday,today,tomorrow,tonight，all，most等之前一般不加介词。如， thismorning今天早晨 （on）thatday在那天（thatday更常用些） lastweek上周 nextyear明年 thenextmonth第二个月（以过去为起点的第二个月，nextmonth以现在为起点的下个月） everyday每天 onemorning一天早晨 yesterdayafternoon昨天下午 tomorrowmorning明天早晨
allday/morning/night整天/整个早晨/整晚（等于 thewholeday/morning/night） mostofthetime（在）大多数时间 3、一般规则 除了前两点特殊用法之外，其他≤一天，用on，＞一天用in，在具体时刻或在某时用at（不强调时间范围） 关于on On指时间表示： 1）具体的时日和一个特定的时间，如某日，某节日，星期几等。Hewillcometomeetusonourarrival. OnMay4th(OnSunday,OnNewYear’sday,OnChristmasDay),therewillbeacelebra tion. 2)在某个特定的早晨，下午或晚上。 Hearrivedat10o’clocko nthenightofthe5th. Hediedontheeveofvictory. 3)准时，按时。 Iftherainshouldbeontime,Ishouldreachhomebeforedark. 生日、onmyninthbirthday在我九岁生日那天 节日、onTeachers’Day在教师节 （注意：节日里有表人的词汇先复数再加s’所有格，如 onChildren’sDay,onWomen’sDay,onTeachers’Day有四个节日强调单数之意思， onMother’sDay,onFather’sDay,onAprilFool’sDay,onValentine’sDay）星期、onSunday在周日，onSundaymorning在周日早晨
介词in,on与at表时间的用法 at < 天(eg. noon, dawn, night, one’ clock) on = 天(Monday, 30th June, New Year’s Day, Mother’s Day) in > 天(2008, summer, April, 还有早午晚) 用in的场合后所接的都是较长时间 (1)表示“在某世纪/某年代/特定世纪某年代/年/季节/月”这个含义时,须用介词in Eg: This machine was invented in the eighteenth century. 这台机器是在18世纪发明的。 This incident happened in the 1970s. 该事件发生在20世纪70年代。 She came to this city in 1980. 他于1980年来到这个城市。 It often rains here in summer. 夏天这里常常下雨。 (2)表示“从现在起一段时间以后”时,须用介词in。(in+段时间表将来) Eg: They will go to see you in a week. 他们将在一周后去看望你。 I will be back in a month. 我将在一个月后回来。 (3)泛指一般意义的上、下午、晚上用in, in the morning / evening / afternoon Eg: They sometimes play games in the afternoon. 他们有时在下午做游戏。
Don't watch TV too much in the evening. 晚上看电视不要太多。 (4)A. 当morning, evening, afternoon被of短语修饰,习惯上应用on, 而不用in. Eg: on the afternoon of August 1st (5)B. 但若前面的修饰词是early, late时,虽有of短语修饰,习惯上应用in, 而不用on. Eg: in the early morning of September 10th 在9月10的清晨; in the late afternoon of September 12th 在9月12日的傍晚。 Early in the morning of National Day, I got up to catch the first bus to the zoo. 国庆节一清早,我便起床去赶到动物园的第一班公共汽车。 用on的场合后所接的时间多与日期有关 (1)表示“在具体的某一天”或(在具体的某一天的)早上、中午、晚上”,或“在某一天或 某一天的上午,下午,晚上”等,须用介词on。 Eg: Jack was born on May 10th, 1982. 杰克生于1982年5月10日。 They left on a rainy morning. 他们是在一个雨天的早上离开的。 He went back to America on a summer afternoon. 他于一个夏天的下午返回了美国。
公文写作中标点符号的使用规范 《中华人民共和国国家标准》（GB|T15834—1995）中有《标点符号用法》，其中对标点符号的使用作了明确的规定： 标点符号是辅助文字记录语言的符号，是书面语的有机组成部分，用来表示停顿、语气以及词语的性质和作用。 常用的标点符号有16种，分点号和标号两大类。 点号的作用在于点断，主要表示说话时的停顿和语气。点号又分为句末点号和句内点号——句末点号用在句末，有句号、问号、叹号3种，表示句末的停顿，同时表示句子的语气；句内点号用在句内，有逗号、顿号、分号、冒号4种，表示句内的各种不同性质的停顿。 标号的作用在于标明，主要标明语句的性质和作用。常用的标号有9种，即：引号、括号、破折号、省略号、着重号、连接号、间隔号、书名号和专名号。 一、常用标点符号用法简表 名称符号用法说明举例 句号。表示一句话完了之后的停 顿。 中国共产党是全中国人民的领导核心。 逗号，表示一句话中间的停顿。全世界各国人民的正义斗争，都是互相支持的。 顿号、表示句中并列的词或词组 之间的停顿。 能源是发展农业、工业、国防、科学技术和提高人 民生活的重要物质基础。 分号；表示一句话中并列分句之 间的停顿。 不批判唯心论，就不能发展唯物论；不批判形而上 学，就不能发展唯物辩证法。 冒号：用以提示下文。马克思主义哲学告诉我们：正确的认识来源于社会实践。 问号？用在问句之后。是谁创造了人类？是我们劳动群众。 感情号！1.表示强烈的感情。 2.表示感叹句末尾的停 顿。 战无不胜的马克思主义、列宁主义、毛泽东思想万 岁！ 引号“”1.表示引用的部分。毛泽东同志在《论十大关系》一文中说：“我们要
归化和异化这对翻译术语是由美国著名翻译理论学家劳伦斯韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti）于1995年在《译者的隐身》中提出来的。 归化：是要把源语本土化，以目标语或译文读者为归宿，采取目标语读者所习惯的表达方式来传达原文的内容。归化翻译要求译者向目的语的读者靠拢，译者必须像本国作者那样说话，原作者要想和读者直接对话，译作必须变成地道的本国语言。归化翻译有助于读者更好地理解译文，增强译文的可读性和欣赏性。 异化：是“译者尽可能不去打扰作者，让读者向作者靠拢”。在翻译上就是迁就外来文化的语言特点，吸纳外语表达方式，要求译者向作者靠拢，采取相应于作者所使用的源语表达方式，来传达原文的内容，即以目的语文化为归宿。使用异化策略的目的在于考虑民族文化的差异性、保存和反映异域民族特征和语言风格特色，为译文读者保留异国情调。 作为两种翻译策略，归化和异化是对立统一，相辅相成的，绝对的归化和绝对的异化都是不存在的。在广告翻译实践中译者应根据具体的广告语言特点、广告的目的、源语和目的语语言特点、民族文化等恰当运用两种策略，已达到具体的、动态的统一。 归化、异化、意译、直译 从历史上看，异化和归化可以视为直译和意译的概念延伸，但又不完全等同于直译和意译。直译和意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义，而异化和归化则突破了语言因素的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素。按韦努蒂（Venuti）的说法，归化法是“把原作者带入译入语文化”，而异化法则是“接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景”。（Venuti，1995:20）由此可见，直译和意译主要是局限于语言层面的价值取向，异化和归化则是立足于文化大语境下的价值取向，两者之间的差异是显而易见的，不能混为一谈。 归化和异化并用互补、辩证统一 有些学者认为归化和异化，无论采取哪一种都必须坚持到底，不能将二者混淆使用。然而我们在实际的翻译中，是无法做到这么纯粹的。翻译要求我们忠实地再现原文作者的思想和风格，而这些都是带有浓厚的异国情调的，因此采用异化法是必然；同时译文又要考虑到读者的理解及原文的流畅，因此采用归化法也是必然。选取一个策略而完全排除另一种策略的做法是不可取的，也是不现实的。它们各有优势，也各有缺陷，因此顾此失彼不能达到最终翻译的目的。 我们在翻译中，始终面临着异化与归化的选择，通过选择使译文在接近读者和接近作者之间找一个“融会点”。这个“融会点”不是一成不变的“居中点”，它有时距离作者近些，有时距离读者近些，但无论接近哪