第4章新英格兰超验主义?爱默生?梭罗
4.1 复习笔记
In 1836 Emerson’s Nature came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. Nature’s voice pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England Transcendentalism, the summit of American Romanticism.
1936年爱默生的《论自然》问世，它如平地惊雷，震撼了美国文化思想界。《论自然》把美国浪漫主义推向了一个新的阶段，即它的高潮阶段——英格兰超验主义阶段。
I. New England Transcendentalism（新英格兰超验主义）
In the 1830s and 1840s some New Englanders , not quite happy about the materialistic-oriented life of their time, formed themselves into an informal club, the Transcendentalist Club, and met to discuss matters of interest to the life of the nation as a whole. They expressed their views, published their journal, the Dial, and made their voice heard. The club with a membership of some thirty men and a couple of women included Emerson, Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller. Most of them were teachers or clergymen, radicals who reacted against the faith of Boston businessmen and the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism. The word
“Transcendental” was not native to America; it was a Kantian term denoting, as Emerson put it, “Whatever belongs to the class of intuitive thought.”
19世纪三、四十年代一些新英格兰人对当时盛行的物质主义极其不满，他们聚集在一起组成非正式的“超验主义俱乐部”，讨论文学、哲学及国家生活的形势趋向。他们出版专刊《日晷》向世人宣传他们的主张。俱乐部成员约有三十几个男性和两个女性。其中包括爱默生、梭罗、阿尔科特及富勒等人。他们多为教师或牧师。他们针砭波士顿人的信条，抨击唯一神论理性主义的冷酷、古板。“超验主义”一词并非美国本土词汇，它是个康德哲学词汇。它如爱默生所说，表示“任何属于直觉意识范畴的思想”。
1. Major features（主要特征）
(1) The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. The Oversoul was an all-pervading power for goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which all were a part. This represented a new way of looking at the world. It was a reaction to the eighteenth Newtonian concept of the universe. It was also a reaction against the direction that a mechanized, capitalist America was taking, against the popular tendency to get ahead in world affairs to neglect spiritual welfare.
(2) The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. The ideal type of man were the self-reliant individuals. The individual soul communed with the Oversoul and was therefore divine. This new notion of the individual and his importance represented a new way of looking at man. It was a reaction against the Calvinist
conception of total depravity, against the process of dehumanization that came in the wake of developing capitalism.
(3) The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit or God. Things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.
(1) 超验主义者强调精神，或超灵，认为这是宇宙间至为重要的存在因素。超灵是一种无所不容、无所不在、扬善抑恶的力量，是万物之本、万物之所属。这是一种新的世界观。他反对10世纪的机械宇宙观，反对美国朝着机械化、资本主义化的方向发展，反对美国人沉湎于发财致富而忽略精神生活的世风。
(2) 超验主义者强调个人的重要性。他们认为个人是社会的最重要的组成因素。理想的人是自立自强的人。个人灵魂与上帝交流，因而具有神性。这种关于人及其重要性的新观点反映出对人的新评价。它反对加尔文教义中的彻底的堕落，反对资本主义上升阶段的非人性化现象。
(3) 超验主义者以全新的目光看待自然，认为自然界是超灵或上帝的象征。自然界万物皆具有象征性，外部世界是精神世界的体现。这又加强了美国文学中象征主义的传统。
2. Sources（理论来源）
New England Transcendentalism was the product of a combination of foreign influence and the American tradition.
(1) Idealistic philosophy of Germany and France.
(2) Oriental mysticism.
(3) American Puritanism.
新英格兰超验主义是国外和国内各种因素融合的产物。
(1) 法国和德国的唯心主义。
(2) 东方神秘主义。
(3) 美国清教主义。
II. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)（拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生）
1. Life（生平）
Emerson was the descendant of a long line of New England clergymen. When he was still a child, the family fortune fell. He went to Harvard. Later he embraced Unitarianism and became a Unitarian minister to the Second Church of Boston. But not for long, he found the rationality of Unitarianism intolerable and left his job. He went to Europe and brought back with him the influence of European Romanticism. He formed an informal Transcendentalists’ club with some friends and edited for a time the Transcendentalist journal, the Dial, to explain their ideas. He became the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism. During his lifetime he was considered one of the two or three best writers in America, and certainly the most influential among his contemporaries. He was the prophet of his age and exerted great influence on Thoreau, Whitman, Hawthorne and others in varying degrees.
爱默生生于新英格兰一个显赫牧师之家。幼年时家道中落。他曾在哈佛大学就读。后接受唯一教教义，并成为波士顿第二礼拜堂唯一教牧师。不久，因对该教一些古板仪式持异议
而辞职。赴欧洲旅行时受到欧洲浪漫主义的影响。回国后跟朋友结成非正式的“超验主义俱乐部”，编辑超验主义专刊《日晷》，传播超验主义思想。他是新英格兰超验主义最杰出的代言人。他生前被认为是美国最顶尖的两到三个作家之一，是同时代最富影响力的哲学家和文豪。他是那个时代的先知，对梭罗、惠特曼、霍桑等作家产生了不同程度的影响。
2. Analysis of major works（主要作品分析）
◆Nature《论自然》
(1) Published in 1836, Nature is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism.
(2) In this book, Emerson emphasizes the transcendence of the “Oversoul”. He holds the universe is composed of Nature and Soul. He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocates a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.
(3) The spiritual God is operative in the soul of man, and that man is divine. The divinity of man became a favorite subject in lectures and essays. Each man should feel the world as his, and the world exists for him alone. Emerson’s message was eventually self-reliance. His self-reliance was an expression, on a very high level, of the buoyant spirit of his time.
(4) Nature is the emblematic of God. It mediates between man and God. A natural implication of Emerson’s view on nature is that the world around is symbolic.
(1) 《论自然》发表于1836年，它通常被认为是新英格兰超验主义的圣经。
(2) 在这本书中，爱默生强调超灵无处不在。他认为宇宙由自然和人类灵魂组成。自然是最纯洁无暇的。能够圣化人的心灵。倡导人们直接体验自然界无处不在的上帝。
(3) 神圣的上帝存在于人的灵魂之中，因而人也是神圣的。人的神性成为爱默生演讲和写作挚爱的话题。每个人都应认为世界是属于他的，世界只为他而存在。爱默生要传达的思想是“自助”。在深层次上讲，“自助”是时代上升精神的反映。
(4) 自然是上帝的象征，他协调人和上帝的关系。爱默生关于自然的观点表明，人类周遭的世界具有象征意义。
◆“The American Scholar”《美国学者》
“The American Scholar” has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence.”
Emerson tried to say that the Americans should write about here and now instead of imitating and importing from other lands. He called on American writers to write about America in a way peculiarly American. Emerson’s importance in the intellectual history of America lies in the fact that he embodied a new nation’s desire and struggled to assert its own identity in its formative period.
《美国学者》被誉为“美国思想文化领域的独立宣言”。
爱默生认为美国人应停止模仿和引进外国文学，转而描绘此时此地的美国。他号召美国作家以美国人独有的方式进行创作、描绘美国大地。爱默生在美国文化思想史上的重要性在于他体现了处于上升阶段的美国渴望拥有自己独有的身份并愿为之努力奋斗。
III. Henry David Thoreau (1917-1862)（亨利·大卫·梭罗）
北外英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及 03—06真题 准备考研的时间不长，只有三个月，总结起来两大经验吧，细节和节奏。细节是说考研要做个有心人，要勤看别人的经验，即使不是一个方向的。因为虽然准备的内容不同，但过程都是一样的（讲到底也只有专二不同）。学习别人的经验自己才能避免走别人的弯路，犯别人犯过的错误。节奏是说时间的充分利用，时间不在长短而在效率的高低，要根据自己的情况制定合适的复习计划。在这里给大家小小的鼓励一下：永远不要觉得时间不够用，也永远不要觉得这是不可能完成的的任务。当然要基于自身实力和现实的考虑，我相信大家都明白我的意思。等到真正做到了，你就是那个“传说”。 政治：六十多分没什么经验。。。。。。总的感觉是过线不拉分就好因为进入复试政治和二外就不算分了，不要给自己太大的压力，不要浪费过多的时间，节省下来精力好好看专业。 法语：学校用的是很老的橘黄色皮的《法语》，先复习一遍，把忘掉的知识捡回来。然后把历年真题研究一遍，考察的知识点就那么多，有的题基本没变隔年又考一次。从图书馆借来新大学法语1-3，从头到尾梳理知识点整理笔记。因为知道考什么，所以看得有重点。借书的好处之一就是“书非借不能读也”，借来的总要还，有压力就看得快了，而且借的书都少都有点笔记，看看也是很好的。
基英：分阅读，翻译和写作三个部分。像名字一样就是考察英语的基础，所以投机取巧是不可取的，要稳扎稳打地不间断复习。阅读--每天精读一篇1500字左右的新闻，有用的词句整理出来，有兴趣的段落翻一翻，阅读是最好的输入方式，扩大阅读量不言而喻，也对写作和翻译大有益处。翻译--练了叶子南里面几个靠谱的文章，订在一起没事看看，每翻译一篇都会看到自己逐步的进步，翻译得逐渐成熟。写作—写作看的是内容、结构和语法。虽然在考场上不可能三方面都完美，但是写的时候有这样的意识在脑子里，偏也偏不到哪里去。基础自认为还是不错的，所以每天的复习就是一个routine，保持对英语的娴熟度，主要的精力都集中在复习专业上了。 专业：文学选段匹配+小说分析，今年取消了逻辑题。虽然文学的复习范围没边没沿，文学著作浩如烟海；但是恶俗的讲一句，只要是考试，它就有它的侧重点和一定的规律。文学选段匹配--本着上一原则，我把历年真题找来统计了一下每年考得上都是谁的作品，集中在哪几部作品上。统计过后发现大概十人左右而且都是大家Mark Twain, Charles Dicke ns, Wordsworth…然后就拜读他们的大作就好了。小说的话要先看看写作风格，像总考的adventures of huckleberry finn，如果没读过现读是来不及的，但只要了解马克吐温的写作风格，就会在看到南方方言的第一时间想到他老人家。诗歌
美国文学笔记 I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765） II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期) :( 1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790） III.The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）Edgar Allan Poe（1809-1849） Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) Henry Daivd Thoreau (1817-1862) Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) Herman Melville (1819-1891) Walt Whitman (1819~1892) Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) IV.The Realism and Naturalism（现实主义和自然主义) : （1865-1918） Mark Twain (1835-1910) Henry James (1843-1916) Stephen Crane (1881-1900) V. The Modern period (现代主义时期）: 1918-1945 F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) William Faulkner (1897-1962) Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961) Ezra Pound (1885—1972) Robert Frost（1847-1963） Eugene O’ Neil (1888-1953) VI. Contemporary literature（当代文学):（1945- ） I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765） II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期): (1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）： 1. Summary: One of the greatest founding fathers of the American Nation First great self-made man in America
中图分类号:I206 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-9684(2010)03-0081-04 收稿日期:2009-12-15 作者简介:肖凯(1982-),男,四川南充人,成都理工大学外国语学院教师,硕士,主要从事英美文学与翻译研究。 爱默生超验主义的现代主义批判 肖 凯 (成都理工大学外国语学院,四川成都 610059) 摘 要:19世纪美国著名哲学家、文学家爱默生因发起和领导了超验主义思想运动,而被尊为/美国精神的先知0和/美国的 孔子0,然而以现代人的视角审视,名噪一时的超验主义也存在一些缺陷和不足。现代主义是一个含义极其宽泛的哲学和文化概念;本文管中窥豹,尝试从现代心理学、辩证唯物主义和人本主义(人文主义)等哲学和文化的视角批判爱默生的核心思想体系/超验主义0的局限性,主要考察其核心理念/超灵0的反人性倾向、其/精神万能0的唯心主义实质和超验主义在方法论上迷信自恋人格并导致人格分裂的心理误区,指出它在这三方面的不足,以在现代主义语境的宏观视野下对超验主义聊作去伪存真之辩。 关键词:爱默生;超验主义;超灵;现代主义;批判 The M odern Criticis m on Em erson .s T ranscendentalis m XI A O Ka i (Colle g e of F orei gn Languages and Cultures,Chengdu Universit y of T echno logy,Chengdu 610059,China ) Abst ract :As a pr o m i n entAm erican phil o sopher ,poe,t and essay ist i n the 19th century ,R.W.E m erson initiated and led /Transcenden talM ove m ent 0and is public l y respected as /foreseer o fAm erican m entality 0and /Am erican Con f u c i u s 0.Bu t as is inspected fro m a m oder n ang le ,it cannot stand w ithout de fects .Based on close read i n g o f transcendental doctrines and gu i d ed by the m odern deve l o pm ent of socia l science ,th is paper i s dedicated to stud -ying the defects of Transcendentalis m in three aspects :the ant-i hum an is m tendency o f oversou,l the nature ofm en -talis m w it h /spirit u al o m nipotence 0and t h e addiction to narcissis m and its consequent split in personality .K ey w ords :Em erson ;transcendentalis m;oversou;l m odernity ;criticis m 拉尔夫#瓦尔多#爱默生(R alph W aldo E m er -son ,1803-1882)是19世纪美国著名哲学家、诗人、散文家和新英格兰超验主义的首倡人物。他因卓越的思想和文化贡献在美国殊誉满堂。林肯总统称他为/美国精神的先知0、/美国的孔子0;美国思想家马太#诺特称他/是那些在精神方面生活着的人们的朋友和帮助者0;英国著名作家麦修#亚诺德曾说,/在19世纪没有任何散文比爱默生的散文影响更大0 [1] 。詹姆斯#罗塞尔#罗威尔说,/清教徒的 反抗使我们在教会上独立了,(美国)革命使我们在政治上独立了,但我们在社会和思想上仍受到英国思潮的牵制,直到爱默生割断这根巨缆,而让我们在 碧海的险恶和荣耀间驰骋0 [2] 。尽管爱默生对美 国,乃至全世界思想文化发展的贡献是巨大的,但毕竟沧海桑田,时过境迁,100多年前曾备受推崇的爱默生哲学思想体系,在今天的人们眼中何得何失,又 有何启示,是我们不得不思考的问题。为此,本文尝试从现代心理学、辩证唯物主义和人本主义(人文主义)等哲学和文化的视角批判爱默生的核心思想体系/超验主义0的局限性,主要考察其核心理念/超灵0的反人性倾向、其/精神万能0的唯心主义实质和超验主义在方法论上追求自恋人格和导致人格分裂的心理误区,指出它在这三方面的不足,以在现代主义语境的宏观视野下对超验主义聊作去伪存真
第9章地方色彩小说?马克?吐温 9.1复习笔记 I.Local Colorism（地方色彩主义） The vogue of local color fiction was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that had been gathering energy since early19th century.Local colorism as a literary trend first made its presence felt in the late1860s and early seventies.It is a variation of American literary realism. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.They concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Major local colorists are Bret Harte,Hanlin Garland, Harriet Beecher Stowe,Kate Chopin and Mark Twain. 地方色彩小说的流行是自19世纪早期以来历史和艺术力量凝聚的产物。作为一种文学潮流，地方色彩主义在19世纪60年代晚期和70年代早期初展头角。它是美国现实主义文学的一个分支。 地方色彩主义作家是怀念正在消逝的生活方式的历史家，他们记录了在他们眼前逝去的现在。他们致力于展示描述自己地方的特色，倾向于赞颂地方生活并将其理想化，但是他们又注意不失地方生活的真实色彩。主要的地方色彩主义作家包括布莱特·哈特、汉林·加兰德、哈里耶特·比彻·斯托、凯特·肖邦及马克·吐温等。 II.Mark Twain(1835-1910)（马克·吐温） 1.Life（生平） Mark Twain,pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary giant of America. He was brought up in the small town of Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River.He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school.He was successively a printer’s apprentice,a tramp printer,a silver miner,a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi,and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California.This knocking about gave him wide knowledge of humanity. With the publication of his frontier tale,he became nationally famous.His first novel The Gilded Age was an artistic failure,but it gave its name to the American of the post-bellum period.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was his masterwork.Mark Twain was essentially an affirmative writer.But toward the latter part of his life,due to some tragic events,he changed to an almost
山东师范大学英美文学考研资料外国语学院 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-
007 外国语学院更新时间：2010-9-8
复式科目英语语言文学 《英美概况(导读)》来安方编写大象出版社
这本书在网上似乎很难找到但是是考试必备的! 很多山师往年的试题都能在书中找到原题的答案! 但是遗憾的是都是中文的,考试的时候需要你自己把这些答案翻译成英文 也许是导师们想考考我们的理解水平和汉译英翻译能力吧 我当时备考的时候在书中把往年考过的题都做了标记而且把每一个自己认为可能考到的条目都翻译成了英语做成笔记，等快考试的时候就看自己的笔记就比较省力了下面是在书中出现的三道往年考题了 Yours is not why but how. 记得是07年的一个问答题考对这句话的理解 15分呢! (那本黄皮的指定参考书里是没有答案的,自己看那本黄皮概况的话,是绝对想象不到这也是考点的!) the tertiary industry ,the service industry 第三产业 ,某年的专有名词翻译题 1分 British Disease 英国病某年的简答题 5分 《英美概况》来安方等编写大象出版社是旧版的小本的厚厚的大象出版社来安方等编写的我记得我的这本是2004年印刷的，有自由女神像黄皮的《外国文学史》朱维之等编写我用的是第三版的当然你用最新版的也行里面的内容区别不大的 特别注意每一章前面的那段类似导读的话很重要大题目往往从里面出大家可以自己对对看历年的题目，这本书没有辅导书要看个人的功力了其实看这本书也没什么窍门一个字“勤”,勤动笔、勤动脑 ,要善于总结 ,思考 《现代汉语》下册就看下册就可以了我用的是最新版的你要用旧版的也可以没什么区别，课后习题多做做这本书考的还是比较简单的 《现代汉语教学说明和自学参考》
拉尔夫.瓦尔多.爱默生与美国个人主义传统 一、美国的个人主义传统 “个人主义”一词产生于19世纪20年代，首先是贬义的，最早出现在法国大革命期间，由圣西门派发明出来表达19世纪社会中人的处境特点——“他们的失落无根，他们的缺乏理想和共同信仰，他们的社会断裂，以及他们无情的竞争和剥削态度，这种态度源于合法的无政府状态。”在19世纪40年代，法国政治学家、思想家托克维尔在考察了美国9个多月后写下了《论美国的民主》一书。他在此书中提出了“个人主义”这一概念，并对它作了详细系统的阐释。 个人主义的内涵，一般来说有广义和狭义之分。广义的个人主义，是泛指西方从文艺复兴以来，随着资本主义生产关系的发展，随着反封建压迫和神权统治的斗争而形成的以个人为中心的思想。狭义的个人主义，主要是指“个人主义”(Individualism)这一概念出现以后的个人主义思想体系及其理论，也即是西方的一种政治哲学和社会哲学。其主要内容是：人是价值的主体，相信每个人都具有价值，高度重视个人的自我支配、自我控制和自我发展。一句话，个人主义是以个人为本位的人生哲学。 作为美国主流社会意识形态的个人主义，在美国政治文化中占有重要地位，是美国政治文化的一个主旨和特色，构成了美国文化模式的基本特征和主要内容。它最雄辩和直接地表述了美国思想，其要义是：“个人先于社会而存在”。即个人是本源的，社会是派生的。社会和国家是个人为了保障自己的某种权利或利益而组成的人为的机构。在英属殖民地时期，各种教会誓约和殖民地誓约都充斥着个人主义的理念，而美国《独立宣言》提出的不言而喻的“真理”，开始也是强调个人主义的价值观：“人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们某些不可让与的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权以及追求幸福的权利”；建立政府的目的就是“为了保障这些权利”。 个人主义在二百年中经历了英国传统、清教时期、殖民自治、革命政治、宪法政治、杰斐逊启蒙时期和杰克逊大众实践等诸多发展阶段，逐渐在美国生根、开花和结果，并在美国的社会实践中获得积极的含义，并被赋予了鲜明的地域特色和民主精神。 美国的早期移民把宗教改革后形成的欧洲新思想带到了美洲，在新大陆得天独厚的自然条件下，这些新思想逐渐孕育着个人主义和民主思想倾向，而无论是最早移民新大陆以求建立新的“伊甸园”的清教徒，还是后来不断向西部开拓边疆的美国人，都以个人奋斗为精神支柱，从而形成了两种主要的个人主义传统——新英格兰个人主义和边疆个人主义——两者汇合成一股强大的潮流，成为鲜明的美国特色和民族理想。其中，本杰明·富兰克林的个人成功和发家史，为一代又一代美国人树立了榜样，是个人主义思想意识在社会实践中的成功例证。 在个人主义思想的影响下，个人的权利和利益得到了保障，个人的才智和创造力得以充分地发挥出来。美国资本主义经济迅速发展，又很快后来居上超越西欧，在很大程度上得益
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
美国超验主义 美国超验主义也叫“新英格兰超验主义”或者说“美国文艺复兴”是美国的一种文学和哲学运动。与拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生和玛格丽特·富勒有关，它宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握。领导人是美国思想家、诗人拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生。 美国超验主义 历史学家卡莱尔 第3章美国浪漫主义欧文库柏 3.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义简介） In the history of American literature, the Romantic period is one of the most important periods. It stretched from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the civil war. 美国文学中的浪漫主义时期开始于18世纪末，到南北战争爆发为止，是美国文学史上的重要阶段。 1. Background（背景） (1) A nation bursting into new life cried for literary expression. The buoyant mood of the nation and the spirit of the times seemed in some measure responsible for the spectacular outburst of romantic feeling. The literary milieu proved fertile and conductive to the imagination. Magazine appeared in ever-increasing numbers. They played an important role in facilitating literary expansion. (2) Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism. The Romantic Movement, which had flourished earlier in the century both in England 美文学美国部分——浪漫主义时期 Part two: American Literature Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期 1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s L eaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”） 2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。 3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。 4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 5. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。 6. This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。 7. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。 8. Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。 9. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓 第19章美国戏剧 19.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American drama（美国戏剧概述） American drama began in 1916 when the Provincetown Players produced Eugene O’Neil’s first play, Bound East for Cardiff. It is true that there were no great masters in the theater comparable in stature to such major figures in fiction as Melville or James, but there had been people who did spadework for the rise of American drama in the 1920s. There was a renaissance of drama in the 1920s. American drama began the process of developing itself into a department of American literature equal in significance to both poetry and the novel. The theater of the Depression was not depressing. Like other branches of literature the drama was preoccupied with social concern. The staging of Tennessee Williams’The Glass Menagerie on Broadway in 1945 was an even of unusual significance, as it marked American drama’s coming of age. The late fifties saw a temporary decline in dramatic productions, but in the next decade, American drama picked up a good deal of fresh energy. With the passage of time there has appeared the increasingly more obvious tendency to “decentralize”from Broadway with more and more plays stages Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway. And from the end of the sixties. Part One：English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(美国浪漫主义 欧文 库柏)【圣才出品】
美国文学笔记
常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(美国戏剧)【圣才出品】
英美文学欣赏考题整理及答案
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