第一课：
1、Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia, there has been foreign languages fervor in china, with English on top of the list. 就如澳大利亚在全国推广学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语
热，在这股热潮中英语高居榜首。
2、Is English such a difficult language that it really demands
people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能
掌握吗？
3、From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation, grammatical rules, etc. 从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是指学习英语发音和语法规则等。
4、Without a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation, sentence structure and the words he uses. 对英语没有全面的理解，即便有完美的发音、句子结构、措词，一个外国人所讲的英语也会是稀奇古怪甚至难以理解的。
5、Social customs and habits contribute to the difficulty in learning
a foreign language. 社会风俗习惯增加了学习外语的难度。
6、By the same token, “Have you eaten?” will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 由于同样的原因，英语母语者听到“吃
了吗？”，会觉得中国人非常好客，在事先毫无准备的情况下会请人吃
饭。
7、The foreigner will respond（回答）“Oh, it’s very nice of you.
When?”, if he happens to have a craving（渴望）for Chinese cooking and has not had现在完成时his dinner yet. 如果这位外国人此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，而且又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答：“太
好啦，什么时候？”
8、Chinese has nothing in common with English and China had little contact（联系）with the Western world in modern history. 汉字和英语这两种文字毫无共同之处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上
很少接触。
9、The background（背景）knowledge of English fascinates（使
着迷）large numbers of interested and determined（坚决的）English learners but at the same time disheartens（使气馁）quite a few. 英语背景知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使许多人丧失信
心。（2006-4刚考过）
10、The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation（冲突）in learning English. 英语学习中，东西方价值
观念是冲突的。
11、Native English speakers are more gender（性别）blind （判断）when they mention their cousins. 在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语
的人更容易混淆性别。
12、A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of English unless he overcomes the cultural barriers（障碍物）in
learning English. 中国人在英语学习中，只有克服文化障碍，才能很
好地掌握英语。
第二课：
1、It was the first time I’d gone back home since coming to the
United States. 这是我来美国后第一次回家探亲。
2、You speak on matters that are of concern（涉及）only to men.
你对那些只与男人有关的事情发表意见。
3、Through my association（交往）with Americans during the past six years, I had gradually （逐渐地）adopted（采用）some of their ways. 在过去的六年和美国人的交往中，我逐渐学会了他们的一
些做法。
4、I no longer belong to the old world and the new world has not
yet accepted me. 我不再属于旧世界，但还未被新世界接纳。
5、I no longer consider Hong Kong my home and feel homeless.
我不再将香港视做我的故乡，感到无家可归。
6、Things had changed so much in Hong Kong that I didn’t recognize parts of it. 香港发生了巨大的变化，有些地方都认不出来
了。
7、I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the
United States. 我提前三周结束了这次访问，回到美国。
8、They gradually（逐渐地）became less warm and friendly
toward me. 他们对我渐渐地疏远起来，不像开始时那麽友好。
9、My mother prepared a special dinner in my honor. 我母亲特意
为我准备了一顿饭。
10、They don’t take a silent（沉默的）back seat during a
discussion. 在讨论中，他们不会做一个沉默的旁观者。
11、Coming bac k here didn’t lessen（减少）my confusion（混
乱）and pain. 回来之后我的困惑和苦恼并没有减轻。
12、The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down（拆卸）and replaced by office buildings. 我曾经住的那条街上的房子被拆掉了，代之而起的是办公大楼。
第三课
1、Never desert（放弃）him when your friend is in the trouble. 不
要在朋友困难的时候抛弃他。
对比：desert放弃——dessert甜食；甜糕点
2、To improve national economy（经济）is the government’s consistent（一贯地）policy. 发展国民经济是政府的一贯政策。
3、China took a stand on these issues. 中国在这问题上标明
了立场。
4、It is wrong to ignore（不理睬）their suggestions. 不理睬
他们的建议是不对的。
5、I always prefer（更喜欢）starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute. 我总是先开始工作，而不愿把事情留到
最后才做。
6、Please see (to it) that my children are taken good care of when
I am away.请务必在我外出的时候照顾好我的孩子。
7、The precise（准确的）meaning of one word can only be defined（定义）from the context（上下文）. 一个词准确的意思只
能在上下文中来确定。
8、The instruction（教育）of the policeman set the convict（罪犯）on the right path（小路）. 警察的教育使这个罪犯走上了正路。
9、Nowadays, many people commit（干坏事）illegal（违法的）acts in the name of science. 当前，有许多人打着科学的旗号干一些
违法的事情。
10、These tickets are available（有用的）on (the) day of issue
only. 这种车票（仅在发售当天）有效。
对比：电影票价为五美元。The admission（允许进入）to the movie
was five dollars.
11、You don’t have any authority（权力）for entering this house, It’s private（私有的）. 你们没有任何权力进入这所房子，这是私宅。
12、I hope you will give favorable（赞成的）consideration（考
虑）to my suggestion. 我希望你对我的建议作出肯定的表示。
13、Many of us no longer have the peace of mind necessary to a quiet hour with a book．我们很多人再也没有静下来读上一小时书所
必需的那种心情了。
14、A person with a book is a real person alive on the earth；手
不释卷是（活在世上）真正的人。
第四课
1、在你怒火爆发之前，深吸一口气，记住：怒气伤身。Before you lose your temper（脾气）, take a deep breath and remember this:
Anger hurts.
2、释放或抑制怒气，其后果没什麽两样，两者对你的健康造成的影响是一样的。It doesn’t matter whether you release（释放）the anger or hold it in. The effects（对－有影响）on your health are the
same.
3、一个粗鲁的司机抢了你的道并扬长而去―-要尽量当场就控制住你的怒火。A rude driver who just cut you off has left the scene--work to put your anger on hold right then and there.
4、我们应该尝试着去理解那些曾经对自己不公正的人，试想着些问题是由环境造成的，而非人为因素。We should practice（实践）understanding people who have done us minor（较小的）wrongs, and think of the problems as having been caused by the situations
（境遇）, not the people.
5、许多发火的人都不承认他们在生气。Many people who are
ang ry don’t recognize（承认）themselves as angry.
6、乐观的消息是，怒气是有办法来控制的。The good news is that
it is possible to control your anger.
7、你越能接受他们，也就越不会动不动发脾气。The better able you
are to accept them, the less ang ry you’ll be.
8、你知道食品杂货店到周末往往挤满了人，那就索性平时下班后去购物。As you know that the grocery（食品杂货店）store is crowded on weekends, you can shop after work.
9、你可以问自己如下几个问题来判断发怒的程度。You can ask yourself the following questions to measure（测量）your anger
quotient（份额）.
10、有个推着满满一车货的顾客正好插在你前头。A customer
wheeling a full cart cuts ahead of you.
11、当你觉得怒火中烧快要爆发了，采取“改变它”或是“接受它”的策略。When you feel anger welling up, take a change-it or accept-it
approach（方法）.
12、如果你对一次已经过去很久的小挫折依然耿耿于怀，是时候释怀了。If you still remember a minor infraction（侵害）long after it
happened, it’s time to let go.
第五课
1、你曾经在浓雾茫茫的时候到过海上吗？那时候会有这样的感觉：周围是白茫茫的一片，什麽也看不见。轮船焦急万分又小心翼翼地摸索着靠近海岸。Have you ever been at sea in a dense（浓厚的）fog（雾）when it seemed as if a tangible（切实的）white darkness shut（笼罩）you in, and the great ship, tense（紧张的）and anxious （担忧的）, groped（摸索）her way toward the shore（海岸）?
2、我的老师－安。曼斯费尔德。萨莉文小姐来到我家的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。The most important day I remember in all
my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan,
came to me.
3、在那个激动人心的下午，我从妈妈的活动和家里人们的忙乱中猜到要有什麽不平常的事情发生。On the afternoon of that exciting day, I guessed vaguely（含糊的）from my mother’s s igns（迹象）and from the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual（不平常的）was about to happen.
4、我感到有人朝我走来，以为是妈妈，就伸出了手。I felt approaching（接近）footsteps. I thought it was my mother and
stretched out my hand.
5、有个人握住它，把我拉了过去，紧紧地抱在怀里。这个抱我的人，就是那个将为我揭开生活的帷幕，而且也将把她满腔的爱倾注给我的的人。Someone took it, and then I was caught up（吸住）and held close （包围）in the arms of the person who had come to reveal （揭示）all things to me, and, more important than that, to love me.
6、我最后终于成功地把这个单词拼对了，自己有孩子般的高兴与骄傲。When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly , I was filled with childish pleasure and pride（自豪）.
7、后来的几天，用这种我也不理解的方法，我学会了拼写很多单
词。In the days that followed, I learned to spell in this
uncomprehending（不了解的）way many words.
8、我和老师生活了几个星期之后，我才明白了每个东西都有自己
的名称。My teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood that everything has a name.
9、在这个黑暗、寂静的世界中，我对任何东西都没有太深的感情。In the dark, still（寂静）world, I had no strong sentiment （感情）
for anything.
10、当清凉的水流过我的一只手时，她在另一只手上写出了“水”这个单词，先是慢慢的，然后速度逐渐加快。As the cool stream（流）gushed（涌）over one hand, she spelled into the other the word
water, first slowly, then rapidly.
11、我一动不动地站着，全神贯注地感觉她手指的动作。I stood still; my whole attention was fixed upon the movements（动作）of her
finger.
12、回家的路上，我触摸到的一切都充满了生命的活力。On my way home, every object（物体）which I touched seemed to be full of life.
13、走进家门，我想起了摔碎的洋娃娃。On entering the door I
remembered the doll（洋娃娃）I had broken.
14、我摸索着向那堆碎片走去，想把它们弄在一起，没有成功。I felt my way to the fragments（碎片）and tried in vain（徒劳的）to put
them together.
15、有生以来，我第一次向往新的黎明的到来。For the first time I
longed（渴望）for a new day to come.
第六课
1、除了很少的几句外，我对法语一无所知。Apart（除－之外）
from a few words, I do not know any French at all.
2、许多妇女对其丈夫有影响。Many a woman has had an
influence（影响）upon her husband.
3、我们应该把注意力集中在提高学生的英语水平上。We should concentrate（集中）our attention on improving the students’ English
level.
4、幼儿园教师经常带领孩子去看飞机起飞或降落。The nursery（托儿所）teacher often leads her children to watch aircrafts take off or
land.
5、所有的饮料都是免费的。All the drinks are free of charge.
6、最后他决定买一束玫瑰花送给那个生病的小女孩。In the end, he decided on buying a bunch（束）of roses（玫瑰）for the sick
girl.
7、政府给了我们一笔补助，用来盖另外一间教室。The
government gave us a grant to build another classroom..
8、总的说来，这次演出是受欢迎的。Overall, the performance is
enjoyed.
9、申请这个工作你所具备的条件是什麽？What qualifications（条
件）have you got to have for this job?
10、他把他的成功归于他以前所受的良好教育。He referred（归
诸于）his success to the good education he had had.
11、在当前强烈竞争的社会，我们应该具有全面的能力。In a highly competitive（竞争的）society, we should have overall abilities.
12、电影票价为五美元。The admission（允许进入）to the movie
was five dollars.
第七课
1、直到公元四世纪，罗马的教会才开始庆祝圣诞。It was not until the 4th century that the church in Rome began to celebrate
Christmas.考过了
2、冬天是个让人害怕的时节，天变短了，变冷了，太阳好像有全面消失的危险。The approach（接近）of the winter time, as the days grew shorter and colder and the sun seemed to threaten（可能来临）to disappear（消失）entirely（完全地）, was a time of fear
（害怕、恐怖）.
3、白天最短也意味着冬天即将离去，春天要来了，温暖的阳光，田野里植物返青也不远了。The shortest day also meant that winter was leaving and that ahead（向前）were spring, the warmth of the sun and return of vegetation（植物生长）to the fields.
4、他们祝愿朋友“圣诞快乐”“新年快乐”。They wish their friends“A
Merry Christmas” and “A happy New Year.”
5、他们用一串串的彩灯装饰圣诞树。They trim（装饰）their
Christmas trees with strings（一串）of colored lights.
6、他们把白纸片撒在树上和周围，用白纸包住圣诞树的底部，仿佛树上白雪皑皑。They throw little pieces of white paper over the trees and put white paper or a white sheet（床单）around the feet of the trees, so that they seem to be covered with snow.
7、小伙子们把亲吻有意无意地站在树下的漂亮姑娘看作他们的特权。The youths regard（把－认作）it as their privilege（特权）to kiss any pretty young girl who wittingly（有意地）or unwittingly
stands under it.
8、在树下亲吻这一风俗源于十七世纪的英国。Kissing under the
tree originated（起源）in Britain in the early 17 th century.
9、每当树下一个姑娘被亲吻时，人们就会从圣诞树枝上拿走一个浆果。A berry（浆果）was to be removed from the bough（主枝）every time a girl was kissed under it.
10、小孩在圣诞夜把长统袜挂在床边，他们相信睡着的时候，圣诞
老人就会来看他们。Little children hang up their stockings on Christmas Eve near their beds, and they believe that when they are asleep, Santa Claus will come to visit them.
11、圣诞节家宴和感恩节的筵席差不多，但最传统的特色就是要有
葡萄干布丁甜食。The Chrismas dinner, which is similar to the Thanksgiving feast, is traditionally distinguished（以－为特征）by a plum-pudding（葡萄干布丁）dessert（甜点）.
12、许多城镇都在公园内树起很大的圣诞树。Many towns have very large Christmas trees set up outdoors in the parks. 考过了
13、空气中弥漫着圣诞的歌声，商店也装饰得红红绿绿－这是圣诞节的传统颜色。The air is filled with the sounds of Christmas songs, and the stores are decorated（装饰）in red and green, the traditional
Christmas colors.
14、普通群众创造了关于圣诞老人的各种传说，以表达对孩子深深的爱意。The common people have created（创造）legends（传说）of Santa Claus as a symbol（象征）of their deep love for the
children.
15、主要街道两旁的商人和广告公司把圣诞老人当作了冰冷的商业诱惑。The businessmen and the advertising companies (on the main roads ) have turned Santa Claus into a cold commercial attraction
（吸引）.
第八课
1、你务必于下午两点半来参加会议Be sure to attend the
meeting at half past two in the afternoon. (2006-4考过了)
2、假定明天没有课，我们将去爬长城。Suppose that we had no
classes, we would go to the Great Wall.
3、一位好的领导，应该时刻和人民群众保持密切的联系。As a good leader, one should keep close contact with the masses（群众）now
and then.
4、如果你处在他的位置上，你就会同情他了。If you put yourself
into his shoes, you will be sympathetic( 同情) with him.
5、老人已经九十岁了，手术后能活下来真是幸运。The old man was
90 years old and lucky to come through his operation（手术）.
6、当别人讲话时，不要插嘴。Please don’t cut in when s omeone
is speaking.
7、只要你找出你的弱点，并加以克服，你一定会成为一名优秀生。As long as you find out your shortcoming and overcome it, you are sure to become one excellent （极好的）student.
8、上课集中注意力听老师讲解意味着课后少花力气。Listening
to the teacher carefully in class means little work after class.
9、在重要的场合，要穿着得体大方。When you are in important
occasion（场合）, you must wear in good taste（味道）.
10、当你读完这本小说后，你会看到一个戏剧性的结局。When you finish reading the novel, you will get a dramatic（戏剧性的）end.
11、这些数学题我解答不了。These mathematics questions are
over my head.
12、如果你想解决这个问题，你最好先找出基本的矛盾。If you want
to solve the problem, you had better find out the principal
contradiction.
第九课
1、这些规章仍然有效。These regulations continue in effect（作
用）.
2、政府应该在洪水过后为老百姓提供足够的资金用来重建。After the flood（洪水）, the government should put up enough funds for the masses to rebuild their hometown.
3、去年我们获得了棉花丰收。Last year we brought in a good
cotton harvest.
4、理论的基础是实践，又转过来为实践服务。Theory is based
on practice and in turn serves practice.
5、这次会谈以双方达成一致协议结束。The negotiation ended up with signing the agreement. ( 我记单词闷了就找点乐子，记得还很深！会谈negotiation这个单词的谐音是：“你狗屎一身”，是不是很好记？把它想成你与随便一个讨厌的人会谈好了；还有starvation,可以想成星星(star) 为什么饿死？——)不就是“饥饿”了吗？)
6、不要在上班时间来访。Don't call in anybody on work.
7、新来的秘书是个敏捷的、效率高的工作人员，老板对她很满意。The new secretary is a quick, efficient worker, and the boss is
quite satisfied with her.
8、你不需要下雨时外出，因为商店可以免费送货上门。You don’t have to go out into the rain since the store delivers（递送）free of
charge.
9、苍蝇在窗帘上跳来跳去，弄上了许多污点。The flies tapped
and blurred（弄脏）at the window curtain（门帘）.
10、你能从它的上下文说出这个词的意思吗？Can you tell the
meaning of this word from its context?
11、真正的权力属于人民。The real power resides in the
people.
12、科幻小说不能简单地看成是供消遣的，而实际上它给读者展示更深刻的内容。A science（科幻）fiction（小说）cannot be
regarded as a more entertainment（娱乐）, but in fact it tells the
reader much more.
第十课
1、对于大多数55岁或55岁以下的美国妇女和中国妇女来说，工作包括家务、照顾一个或几个孩子以及一份家庭以外的工作。Work, for most American and Chinese women age 55 and under, involves responsibility（责任）for a household, a child or children, and a job
outside the home as well.
2、在中国，几乎所有年轻的母亲都有职业，但随着步入中年，人数越来越少。In china, nearly all young mothers are employed outside the home, with their numbers decreasing as they approach
（接近）middle age.
3、以后，孩子长大了。老两口靠丈夫的收入加上妻子的养老金，生活就不太困难了。Later on, when the children grow up, the older couple（夫妇）can more easily live on the husband’s earnings plus （加上）the wife’s pension（养老金）.
4、美国妇女的“金字塔”形状恰好相反：年轻妇女工作的人数较少，而岁数较大时，人数却增加了。The pyramid for American women is the opposite（相反的）, with fewer young women employed, and the number increasing at older ages.
5、许多年轻的美国母亲觉得自己呆在家里照顾孩子效果更好，等孩子长大些后，能比较独立地生活了，在去找工作。Many young American mothers have found it more efficient to stay home and
care for the children themselves, and then find employment later when the children are older and more independent.
6、生活费用的增加需要更多的美国年轻妇女帮助养家。The rising costs of living require more young American women to help support（支撑、帮助）their families.
7、要是送孩子上幼儿园和自己上下班的汽车坏了怎麽办？What if the car, necessary to get the child to the daycare center and herself to and from her job, breaks down?
8、在中国，年轻的母亲工作，祖母在照看孩子和料理家务上起了不可估量的作用。In China, grandmothers play an invaluable role in taking care of children and households while the young parents
are at work.
9、奶奶成了家庭中的重要成员，供吃管住是对他们的报答。Grannies become important members of the family, and they are
housed and fed return.
10、在美国，必须这样做的老年妇女可能有被当作佣人使的感觉。In America, an older woman who had to fill this role would be likely to feel she was being made a kind of servant.
11、她经历了50年代的生育高峰，把很多子女都抚养大了。自己感到现在不应再看小孩了。She herself tends to feel she deserves 值得to be free of childcare now, having（非谓语动词的现在分词主动，表已经完成）reared the large family of the 1950s baby boom.
12、在工作单位里，尽管中国妇女有传统的温而文雅的举止，
她们在工作中表现出的自信心似乎比美国妇女更强。On the job, Chinese women seem more confident（自信的）, despite their traditional pretty manners（风度）, than do American women in their
work place.
13、同中国妇女相比，美国妇女似乎不愿向上司大胆表述自己的意见。Compared with Chinese women, American women seem less inclined（倾向）to speak up easily to the boss. （2006-4
考过了）
14、中国妇女没有社会地位上的竞争，特别是没有家庭代表的社会地位的竞争。Chinese women are free of the competition（竞争）for status（身份）, especially as represented（表现）by their homes.
15、生活中我们所期望的和我们已经习惯的一切都会对我们的评价有很大的影响。What we expect in life and what we are used to would strongly influence（影响）our evaluation.
第十一课
1、一名有自己风格的演员不应该效仿别人。As an actor with one’s own unique（独特的）style（风格）, one should not follow in
other’s footsteps.
2、没有什麽东西能确保永久的幸福。Nothing can assure（保
证）permanent（永久的）happiness.
3、我父亲坚持认为我应该嫁给一个有名的艺术家。My father
insisted that I should marry into a famous artist.
4、据说，后来那个丑姑酿爱上了一个潇洒的王子。It was said that later the ugly girl fell in love with a handsome（英俊的）prince.
5、她看起来更像她父亲，而不是她母亲。She looks like her
father rather than her mother.
6、多亏了你的帮助，否则我们是不能按时完成这项工作的。Thanks to your help, or we couldn’t have finished the work on time.
7、那名学生恐惧地观看检查室的四周。The student looked around the examination（细查）room with apprehension（恐惧）.
8、新来的邮递员在雾中仔细张望，设法寻找到他要找的那一家。The new postman peered（凝视）through the mist（薄雾）, trying
to find the right house.
9、充分考虑后，他决定接受那份工作。After due consideration,
he decided to accept the position（职位）.
10、这两座姐妹工厂相隔三英里。The two sister plants are three
miles apart.
11、她认为她的天职就是帮助老人和病人。She believed that her mission（天职）in life was helping the old and the sick. 对比：mission天职——admission允许进入
12、相信你的直觉，按你自己认为对的去做。Trust your instincts
（本能）and do what you think is right.
第十二课
1、很多重要事情有助于实现我们的总目标，使生活更丰富更有意义。Many important things contribute to our overall objectives and
give meaning to life.
2、如果忽视这些事情，我们就会整日忙碌地喘不过气来，生活乱作一团。If we ignore（不理睬）these things, we become buried
（埋葬）alive.
3、紧迫给人制造重要的假象。Urgency（紧急的事）creates the
illusion（幻想）of importance.
4、很多重要事情由于耽误、计划不周或者事前预防不力而变得紧迫。Many important activities become urgent（紧急的）through delay（耽误）, or because we don’t do enough prevention（预防）and
planning. （2006-4考过了）
5、真正意义上的休闲属于第二部分有价值的活动。Recreation
（娱乐）in its true sense is a valuable Part 11 activity.
6、快速区分两部分活动的途径是问问自己这件紧迫的事情是否有助于实现一个重要的目标。A quick way to differentiate（区分）between activities of the two part is to ask yourself if the urgent（紧迫的）activity contributes to an important objective.
7、你为什麽不根据从上面问题中得出的答案做事呢？Why don’t you do the things you have identified（鉴别）from the questions
above?
8、你的大部分时间花在哪个部分？Where do you spend most of
your time?
Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China，中国也掀起一股外语热，with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。From my personal experience, 从我个人的经验来看，I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。Without such a complete understanding of the language, 对英语没有这样全面的理解，the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses．即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。Take the Chinese English learners for example．以学英语的中国人为例，" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 这个英语句子结构不对吗? Of course not．当然不是。It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. 学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。By the same token，同样，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．所以说，学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak
a great many 很多 abolish vt.废除(法律，习惯等)；取消 above all 首先，首要 abroad ad.到国外；在国外 abuse vt./n.滥用，妄用；虐待，凌辱 academic a.学院的，学会的；学术的 accessible a.易接近的；易受影响的(to)；可理解的accompany vt.伴随，陪同；为…伴奏accomplish vt.完成(任务等) accountability n.有解释义务；负有责任achievement n.完成，达到；成就，成绩acknowledge vt.承认；表示感谢 acquire vt.获得，得到 acronym n.首字母缩略词 activate vt.使活动，使起作用 actor n.男演员 additional a.附加的，追加的；另外的 adjust vt.调整，调节；校准 adjustment n.调整 administration n.管理，经营；行政，行政机关advantageous a.有利的，有助的 adversely ad.相反地；不利地，有害地 afflict vt.使苦恼，折磨 aged a.年老的，老的 Alabama 阿拉巴马(美国州名) alarm n.警报；惊恐 vt.向…报警；打扰 Albert Einstein 爱因斯坦(美籍德国理论物理学家) Alex la Guma 亚力克斯?拉顾玛(南非作家) Alfrde Hutchinson 阿尔弗雷德?哈奇逊(南非作家) Alfred Whitehead 阿尔福雷德?怀特里德 allege vt.断言，宣称 alter vt./vi.改变，改动 Alvin Bronstein 阿尔文?布朗斯坦(人名) amplifier n.放大器 amusement n.娱乐，消遣 anaesthetics n.麻醉学 analyze vt.分析 and the like 等等，诸如此类 Andre Brink 安德烈?布林克(南非作家) Andrew Ferguson 安德鲁?福格森(人名) antithesis n.对偶，(修辞学)对句；对立，对立面apartheid n.种族隔离，种族隔离法 appliance n.应用，适用；用具，器械 applicant n.申请人，请求者 appoint vt.任命，委任(as)；约定，指定appointment n.任命；约会 appreciate vt.欣赏，鉴赏；正确评价，鉴别；感激appreciation n.欣赏，鉴赏；正确评价；感激，感谢appropriate a.适合的，恰当的，相宜的approximate a.近似的，大约的 v.近似，接近；使接近aptly ad.恰当地，贴切地；灵巧地 argue vt./vi.争辨，争论，辩论；说服 argument n.争论，辩论；论据，理由aristocracy n.贵族统治；贵族 aristocratic a.贵族的；贵族式的 Aristotle 亚里士多德 Arkansas 阿肯色(美国州名) arthquake n.地震 as a rule 通常；一般说来 as for 对于，至于 as fresh as paint 精神饱满 assault n.攻击，袭击；(军)冲击，突击，强击assemble vt.集合；装配 vi.集合 assembly n.集合；集会，与会者；装配，组装assignment n.分配，委派；任务，(课外)作业assumption n.假定，设想；承担，采取 astronaut n.宇航员 astronomer n.天文学家 Aswan Dam 阿斯旺水坝 at a disadvantage 处于不利地位 at a guess 凭猜测 at a stretch 连续不断地 at ease 自在的，舒适的 at present 现在；目前 at sea 在海上，在航海中；迷惑，茫然 attach vt.固定住，系；附加，隶属；使喜爱attacker n.攻击者 attain vt.达到；完成 attainment n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣attendant n.侍者，服务员；出席者
Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia，there has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list. English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination .Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes. 就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首.不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? 如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。 From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．Without such a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses． 从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有这样全面的理解，即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。 The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．Take the Chinese English learners for example．" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? Of course not．It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. By the same token，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet. 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。以学英语的中国人为例，"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英语句子结构不对吗? 当然不是。学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样，英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English because Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history．Consequently， the background knowledge of English fascinates large numbers of interested and determined English learners in China but at the same time disheartens quite a few． 中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我 们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、 吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、 羊肉呢?"对学习英语的中国人来说，为 这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易 事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死 记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说， 学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习 使用该语言国家的历史知识。学习英 语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英 语国家的西方人要困难得多，因为汉 字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之 处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上 很少接触。所以，在中国，英语背景 知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使 许多人丧失信心。 The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in learning English．Native English speakers may complain about Chinese confusion when using "he" and "she"，for the two words sound the same，though，different in written forms in Chinese．As a result， some native English speakers conclude that the Chinese are unable to tell the difference between the two sexes．But native English speakers are more gender blind than the Chinese when they mention their cousins．The confusion caused by the confrontation of Western and Chinese values，to a certain extent， affects the Chinese English learner's comprehension of what he／she reads and hears．Only by developing an understanding and tolerance（忍受）of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with native English speakers． 英语学习中，东西方的价值观念是相 互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语 中"他""她"的用法，因为这两个字尽管 字形不同，读音却相同，他们因此常 常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出 结论，认为中国人不区分两种性别。 但是在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的 人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲 突造成的语言上的混淆，在一定程度 上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读 或所听到的内容的理解.学习英语的中 国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的 理解和宽容，才能达到与英语母语者 交流的目标。 A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of Eng1ish unless he overcomes the cultural barriers(not all，of course!)in learning English．Many Chinese translate what they think about in Chinese into English when they talk or write．This kind of English inevitably affects the fluency and flow of speech， the amount of information conveyed， and，above all，the quality of communication． 学习英语的中国人，只有在学习英语 的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌 握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化 障碍!) 很多中国人说话或写作的时 候，将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英 语，这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、 传达的信息量，最重要的是，影响交 流的质量。 The above is，not wholly，how difficult English is．Some native speakers might have said，"You foreigners don't use good English! " at the time a foreigner fails to understand what he is saying．"Why should l?"1 would protest，though．Still，I have to keep asking myself：Is it possible for a foreigner to command English? 尽管不完全，以上就是学习英语的困 难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候 可能会说："你们外国人不懂地道的英 语!" 我要反驳："我们为什么要懂?"我还要 问：一个外国人可能精通英语吗? Text B Learning a Language 学 语言 Most students would like to know how to learn a 1anguage more easily. Most linguists and language teachers would also like to know this．Linguists are working on this problem in two ways．First，they are trying to understand how children learn to speak and understand their native language. They are also trying to learn how people learn a second language． 大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地 学好一门语言，大部分语言学家和语 言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。语言学 家从两个方面研究这个问题。一方面， 他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母 语、理解母语的。另一方面致力于研 究人是如何学习第二语言的。 Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak．Some linguists think that children are born with an ability to learn and use a 1anguage．This does not mean that they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that， along with many other things，they are born with the ability to learn their native language. With just a little exposure to the language，and a little help from their parents，they are able to learn to speak．Another group of linguists does not think this is correct． 语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话 的。一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有 学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指 一个人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指 一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力， 这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的 能力是相同的。孩子只要与要学习的 语言有一定接触，在父母的些许帮助 下就能够学会说话。另外一派语言学 家则对此持有异议。 This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a 1anguage from their parents．They believe that parents teach their children to produce sounds and words in their language．When children know some words，their parents will begin to teach them to say sentences．These linguists do not think that parents teach their children in the same way that adults are taught a second language．Instead， parents probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their use of 1anguage. These linguists feel that children learn their language mainly from the environment . In this case，the environment is their family and their home. As you see，the first group of linguists disagrees． 持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟 着父母学会使用语言的。他们认为父 母首先教孩子发声、吐字。当孩子掌 握一定词汇以后，父母就开始教他们 如何组织句子。但是他们认为，父母 教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第 二语言的方法。相反，父母是通过与 孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教 孩子说话的。这一派语言学家认为， 儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言 的。这种情况下，语言环境是家庭和 生活环境。可以看出，第一派语言学 家对此并不赞同。 There are some other theories about how children learn a language．Many people are studying the process of language learning by children．This work is being done in many countries．Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this process．Many psychologists，doctors， and parents are also interested．People who teach foreign languages are interested, too． 关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他 理论。许多国家中有很多人正着手研 究儿童学习语言的过程。不仅语言学 家，许多心理学家、医生和父母都对 儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教 师也对这一过程很感兴趣。 Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason．If they knew how children learn their native language，perhaps they would have an easy way to teach adults， as well as children, a second language．This is a very interesting idea．Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children learn their native language . These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that of children．These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom．They will not talk to students in the native language．They try to expose them to as much of the spoken foreign language as possible．They do not teach them any rules for using the language．Most parents don't teach their children rules for language usage，either. They simply tell them how to say something correctly．Foreign language teachers using this spoken language method do the same thing. For some students，this method is successful．They learn to speak quickly and easily．They seem to enjoy using the language，and they do not pay much attention to whether they use exactly the right rules for what they say．Some students, however，cannot learn a language this way．Linguists are trying to find another way to teach them a language． 外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴 趣，有其很重要的原因。他们如果知 道儿童如何学习母语，就可能找到一 种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第 二语言。这是一种非常有意思的想法。 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语 言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相 同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习 语言的过程组织教学：课堂上只讲外 语，不与学生讲母语。他们使学生尽 可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式， 不教学生语言使用的规则。外语教师 采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母 在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言 使用规则，而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话 是正确的。对一些学生来说，这种方 法是成功的，他们能够轻而易举地、 很快地学会所学的语言。他们似乎很 喜欢去用所学的语言，并不很在意是 否使用了正确的语言规则。另外一些 学生则不适合这种方法，语言学家着 手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。 A second method，the rule-learning method，sometimes works better with these students．Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak one's native language．They feel that students must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them and must practice saying things in the language and using the rules correctly．These linguists try to teach students the rules of the language they want to learn．Then they give them many sentences in the language to say over and over again．The students are encouraged to make up new sentences， using the rules that they have learned and the words that they know． 另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适 合这部分学生。一些语言学家认为学 习外语不同于学习母语。学生必须通 过记忆来学习语言使用规则，必须练 习使用这种语言，练习正确地使用这 些规则。语言教师首先教学生要学的 语法规则，再给学生一些例句让他们 反复练习，同时鼓励学生使用所学过 的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。 Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method．They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well. They know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and understand it，too．For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language．For some students, both of these methods may work. Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class， hoping that everyone will be able to learn the language with one method or the other. Some people can go to a country and "pick up" the language simply from hearing it and trying to communicate in it．These people are rare． 一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效 果非常好，他们学得很快，用得也好。 他们掌握了语言使用规则，能够使用 所学的语言，也能够理解别人的话。 对一些学生来说，这是学外语最好的 方法。对另外一些学生来说，两种方 法都行之有效。有时候，老师在课堂 上将两种方法结合起来用，目的是让 每个学生都能受益。有些人能够到国 外通过倾听，与人交流等手段自然而 然的学会那个国家的语言。但这毕竟 是少数人。 Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way. Most teachers will try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and easily．Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language．Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear understanding of how people learn and use a language． 大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式 来学语言的。大多数老师也通过不同 的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一 门语言。语言学家和心理学家正致力 于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言 的。也许在解决了这个问题之后，语 言学习会变得容易一些。 Unit 2 Text A Caught Between Two Cultures 夹在两种文化之间 I was born and raised in Hong Kong. For the past six years I’ve been living in the United States．I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about． 我是土生土长的香港人。六年来一直 生活在美国，是一家大百货商店的女 售货员。目前我正经历人生中一段痛 苦，自己也很难讲述。 A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit．It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States．I was eager to see my parents， my brothers and sisters，and my friends． 几个月前，我回香港探亲，这也是我 到美国后第一次回家探亲。我期待着 见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。 I really got a shock when I arrived．Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago．Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize parts of it．My elementary school was gone．The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings． 到达时，我确实大吃一惊。香港已经 不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。 这儿发生了巨大的变化，一些地方都 认不出来了。我读书的那所小学已经 不复存在。曾经住过的那条街上的房 子已被拆掉，代之而起的是办公大楼。 The shock from the physical changes in the city，however，was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’ home．My family greeted me warmly when I arrived．While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor，the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life in the United States．I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after，but then I began to feel that something was wrong．I noticed that my family， especially my mother, would sometimes glance at me in a strange way when I was speaking．They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me，and I became uncomfortable and confused as to（至于）why they were behaving that way. 但是，我到了父母亲家里不久，就发 现了一些令我想不通的问题，情感上 也受到了挫伤。与之相比，香港外观 上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。我 的家人热情地迎接我回家。我母亲忙 着备饭为我接风，家里其余的人迫不 及待地问我在美国的生活。那天和之 后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我 就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。我 注意到，在我讲话的时候，我的家人， 尤其是我母亲，会以一种奇怪的目光 看我。渐渐地，大家对我疏远起来， 不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到 不舒服，弄不明白他们为什么这样对 待我。 I decided to talk to my mother．She asked me，“Have you forgotten your Chinese way ?”I asked her what she meant．She said．“You’ve forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home．You talk when you should remain silent．You speak on matters that are of concern only to men．You speak openly of your inner feelings and desires．That’s not the way of a Chinese woman．We keep our thoughts and feelings to ourselves．” 我决定和母亲谈一谈。她问我：“你忘 了中国的规矩了吗?”我问她指的是什 么。她回答说：“你忘了中国家庭里女 人的地位了。应该保持沉默的时候， 你却在讲话。你就那些只与男人有关 的事情发表见解。你直言不讳你的内 心感受和愿望，这不是中国女人的做 法。我们的想法和感情都不说出来。” As my mother spoke，I realized what had happened to me．American including American women，are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings．Also American women feel as free as men to speak or give an opinion about any subject．They don’t take a silent back seat during a discussion．I guessed that through my association with Americans during the past six years，，I had gradually adopted some of their ways． 听着母亲这样讲，我意识到了是怎么 回事。美国人，包括美国女性，都非 常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。美 国男女一样，对任何问题都自由地发 表见解。在讨论中，她们不会做一个 沉默的旁观者。我想，过去六年和美 国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一 些做法。 During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman．But it didn’t work．My family remained distant from me．They could no longer accept me fully as one of them．I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was an outsider,a stranger in my own country． 接下来的几天，我尽力作一名中国女 性，可是没用。家人和我疏远。他们 无法完全把我当作自己人。身在家乡 却被视为外人，这使我更加不自在， 感觉受到了深深的伤害。 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States．But coming back here didn’t lessen the confusion and pain．In fact，I feel more confused than before．I now feel homeless．I don’t feel like an American．Americans haven’t accepted me．The women I work with at the store are polite enough，but they don’t try to get close to me or let me get close to them．During the morning coffee break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping．On Fridays they talk about the disco place they’re going to that night．My accent，my name，and 1