第一章绪论填空题或选择题
1. A symbol consists of two parts : a concrete form and the meaning which it conveys.一个符
号由两个部分组成：一个具体的形式和它所表达的意思。
2.By saying language is arbitrary ,we mean we can’t give a sound reason why such a form is
pronounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form..当说语言是任意的，我们指我们不能合理地解释为什么这个音以这种形式而不是以那种形式发音。并且为什么以这种形式而不是以那种形式来表明某种特殊的意义。
3. Language has two levels .They are grammatically meaningful level and sound meaningless
level.语言有两个层次：语法上有意义的层次和声音上无意义的层次。
4.Human languages have such design features as
productivity ,discreteness ,displacement ,arbitrariness ,cultural transmission ,duality and interchangeability . 人类语言具有以下的甄别性特征：能产性，离散性，不受时空限制的特性，任意性，文化传递性，双重性和互换性。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/99812027.html,nguage is a system because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie people’s
actual speech or writing .语言是一种体系，因为每种语言都是由一套规则组成的，这些规则表明了人们的真正语言或书面形式。（2009年10月考题）
6. By saying language is creative ,we mean that every language contains an infinite number of
sentences ,which ,however are generated by a small set of rules and a finite set of words .当说语言具有创造性的时候，我们指每种语言都包括无数的句子，而这些句子由有限的规则和有限的单词所构造的。
第二章语言学填空题或选择题
1.According to John Lyons , general linguistics deals with language in general and
descriptive linguistics（描写语言学）is concerned with one particular language .根据约翰，普遍语言学把语言作为一个整体进行研究，而描写语言学关注一种特定的语言。
（2009年10月考题）
2.In de Saussure’s term, langue refers to the system of language and parole refers to the
speaker’s speech . 根据索绪尔的定义，语言指的是语言的体系，而言语指的是说话者的语言。（2009年10月考题）
3.Phonology is the science that deals with the sound system.音位学是研究语音系统的科
学。
4.Syntax studies two kinds of rules : phrase structure rules and transformational rules .句
法学研究两种规则：短语结构规则和转换规则。
5.According to Chomsky ,competence is “the speaker-hearer’s knowledge of his
language ”.while performance is “the actual use of language in concrete situations”.根据乔姆斯基，语言能力是语言使用者所具有的知识，而语言运用是这种知识在具体情况下的实际运用。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/99812027.html,ngue or competence is abstract and not directly observed ,while parole or performance is
concrete and directly observable . 语言或者语言能力是抽象的，是不能直接观察的，而言语或者语言语用是具体的，是能直接观察的。
7.The scientific method involves four stages：collecting data ,forming a hypothesis , testing
the hypothesis , drawing conclusions. 科学的研究方法涉及四个阶段：收集材料，提出假设，验证假设，得出结论。
8.Saussure is the father of modern linguistics .索绪尔是“现代语言学之父”。
9.The synchronic study of a language is concerned with a “state” of a language at a particular
point of time.语言的共时性研究关注的是处于某一时间点的语言所做的描述。
10.A syntagmatic relation （横组合关系）refers to the sequential characteristic of speech.横组
合关系指的是语言的序列特点。
11.Phonological knowledge is a native speake r’s intuition about the sounds and sound patterns
of his language .音位知识是当地语言者关于他语言的语音和语音模式的知识。
12.Morphological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about how a word is formed .形
态学知识是当地语言者关于单词是如何形成的知识。
13.Syntactic knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about whether a sentence is grammatical
or not .句法知识是当地语言者关于一个句子是否合乎语法的知识。
14.Semantic knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the meaning of language ,including
meaning of words and meaning of sentences.语义知识是当地语言者关于语言意义的知识，包括单词意义和句子意义。
15.Phonetics is the study of speech sounds of all human languages.语音学是对所有人类语言
的语音研究。（2009年10月考题）
16.Morphology examines word formation and the internal structure of words .形态学研究的
是单词的构成和单词的内在结构。
17.Syntax is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are
combined by rules to form sentences .句法学关注单词是如何组合成短语以及短语是如何通过规则形成句子的。
18.Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences .语义学是对单词和句子的意
义研究。(2010年1月考题)
19.A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development of a language over a period
of time.历时性研究关注的是语言经过一定时间阶段所发生的历史变化。
20.A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element in an utterance and
linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging to the same sub-system of the language .纵聚合关系是话语中的一种语言成分和话语之外的语言成分之间的一种关系，但是都属于语言的同一种子系统。（2009年10月考题）
第三章语音学填空题或选择题
1.Phonetics has three sub-branches :acoustic phonetics ,auditory phonetics and articulatory
phonetics .语音学有三种分支：声学语音学，听觉语音学和发音语音学。
2.The vocal tract （发音系统）can be divided into two parts: the oral cavity and nasal cavity .
发音系统可以被分成两种：口腔和鼻腔。
3. A consonant is a speech sound in which the air-stream from the lungs is either completely
blocked or partially or where the opening is so narrow that the air escapes with audible frication .A vowel is usually produced with vibration of the vocal cords.辅音是发音的时候从肺部呼出的气流要么是全部阻塞或者部分阻塞，出气口过窄以至于可以听到摩擦的声音。一个元音一般是通过声带振动所形成的。
4.Articulatory phonetics is concerned with how a sound is produced by the vocal organs.发
音语音学研究声音是如何通过发音器官形成的。
5.Acoustic phonetics deals with how a sound is transmitted from the speaker’s mouth to the
listener’s ears.声学语音学研究声音是如何从说话者的口中传入听话者的耳朵中的。
（2009年10月考题）
6.Auditory phonetics investigates how a sound is perceived by the listener.听觉语音学研究
声音是如何被听话者所接收的。(2010年1月考题)
7.According to the position of the velum, consonants are divided into oral consonants and nasal
consonants .根据软腭的位置，辅音被分成口腔辅音和鼻腔辅音。
8.The production of a stop consists of three stages :closure stage ,hold stage and release stage .
一个塞音或者闭止音的形成包括三个阶段：闭合阶段，保持阶段和释放阶段。
9.The raising of the soft palate causes the production of oral consonants while the lowering of
the soft palate brings about the production of nasal consonants. 软腭的上提会导致口腔辅音的形成，而软腭的下降会导致鼻腔辅音的形成。
10.In English ,there are three nasal consonants .They are m ,n ,n .在英语中有三个鼻腔辅
音，它们是m, n, n.
11.According to the presence or absence of vocal cord vibration （声带振动）,the English
consonants can be classified into two groups :voiced consonants and voiceless consonants .
根据声带振动的有无，英语辅音可以被分成两种：浊辅音和清辅音。
12.In terms of lip rounding ,vowels are classified into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels .
根据口形，元音被分成圆唇元音和非圆唇元音。
13.The space between the vocal cords is called glottis .声带中间的位置被称为声门。
14.When the vocal cords are spread apart ,the air-stream is not blocked at the glottis and it passes
freely into the vocal tract（声带系统）without vocal-cord vibration（声带振动）.The sounds produced in this way are called voiceless consonants .当声带被分开，气流在声门处没有阻碍，并且没有经过声带振动就自由进入到发音系统，以这种方式所发出的音被称为清辅音。
15.When the vocal cords are nearly touching each other but not completely closed ,the air-stream
passing through the glottis has to cause vibration .The sounds made in this way are called voiced consonants.当声带几乎要合但是没有完全合闭，从声门所通过的气流一定会发生振动，以这种方式所形成的音被称为浊辅音。（2009年10月考题）
16.Stops can be divided into two types: oral stops and nasal stops .塞音或者闭止音可以分成
两种：口腔闭止音和鼻腔闭止音。
17.According to the state of the velum ,vowels are divided into oral vowels and nasal vowels.
根据软腭的状态，元音被分成口腔元音和鼻腔元音。
18.In English ,nasal vowels occur only before nasal consonants ,and oral vowels before oral
consonants。在英语中，鼻腔元音只发生在鼻腔辅音之前，而口腔元音发生在口腔辅音之前。(2010年1月考题)
19.In English ,all the back vowels except [a:] are rounded vowels. 在英语中，除了[a:]之外所
有的后元音都是圆唇音。
20.In terms of tongue position ,vowels can be classified into front ,central ,back ,high ,mid and
low vowels .根据舌头的位置，元音可以分成前元音，中元音，后元音，高元音，中元音和低元音。（2009年10月考题）(2010年1月考题)
第四章音位学填空题或选择题
1.English phonology investigates the sound system of English .It is different from English
phonetics, which is concerned with the speech sounds that occurs in the English language .English phonology studies the abstract aspects :the functions of sounds and the
sound combination patterns.英语音位学研究的是英语的语音系统。它不同于英语语音学，英语语音学关注的是英语语言中所发生的语音现象。英语音位学研究是抽象的方面：声音的功能和声音的组合方式。
2. A phoneme is defined as a minimal distinctive unit in the sound system of a language .音
位被定义成在语言的发音系统中最小的具有甄别性特征的单位。（2009年10月考题）3.Two forms are a minimal pair when they meet three conditions :1)they are different in
meaning ,2) they differ only in one sound segment ,3)the different sounds occur in the same position in the strings .When a group of words meet all the three conditions ,they are called a minimal set.当两种形式符合三种条件他们就是最小对立体或者最小对立对，第一，他们的意思不一样，第二，他们只有一个语音切分不一样，第三，不同的语音在同一个位置。当一组单词满足这三个条件，他们就是最小对立集。
4.There are three types of distribution :contrastive distribution ,complementary distribution
and free variation .英语中有三种分布，对比分布，互补分布和自由变异。(2010年1月考题)
5.If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound
for another brings about a change of meaning they are in contrastive distribution .如果两个或者更多的音在同一种环境下能够发生，并且一个语音代替另一个语音会产生意义的改变，他们就是对比分布。
6.If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment ,they are said to be in
complementary distribution .如果两个或者更多的音从不会在同一种环境下发生，他们就是互补分布。（2009年10月考题）
7.If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for the
other does not cause a change of meaning ,then they are said to be in free variation .如果两个音能在同一环境下发生，并且一个语音代替另一个不会导致意义的改变，那么他们就是自由变异。
8.The distinctive features are the features that can contrast words .甄别性特征或者区别性
特征是能够区别单词的特征。
9.Distinctive features are used to describe phonemes ,while phonetic features（语音特征）are
used to describe their allophones .区别性特征是用来描述音位的，而语音特征是用来描述他们的音位变体的。
10.The distinctive features which can only have an effect on one sound segment are called
segmental features.只对一种声音切分有影响的区别性特征被称为切分特征。（2009年10月考题）
11.The distinctive features that can affect more than one sound segment and can also contrast
meaning are called suprasegmental features .There are three kinds of them: stress ,intonation and juncture .能够影响的不止一个语音切分，而且能区别意义的区别性特征被称为超切分特征。超切分特征有三种，重音，音调和连音或者音渡。
12.The position of stress can bring about a change of meaning in a word.。重音的位置会导致单
词意义的变化。
13.Tone languages are languages that use pitch to contrast meaning at word level ,whereas
intonation languages are languages that use pitch to distinguish different meanings at phrase level or sentence level .声调语言是在单词的水平上用音高来区别意义的语言，然而语调语言是在短语或者句子的水平上用音高来区别不同意义的语言。
14.Juncture refers to the phonetic boundary features that may mark grammatical units such as
word and clause .连音是指能够表示诸如单词和从句等语法单位的语音分界特征。
（2009年10月考题）
15.If we are interested in the phonetic units of a word, the resulting transcription is broad , if we
are only interested in its distinctive features ,the resulting transcription is narrow .如果我们对一个单词的语音单位感兴趣，那么音标就是宽式的，如果我们只对它的区别性特征感兴趣，那么音标就是严式的。
16.The function of phonological rules is to change a phonemic transcription（音位音标）into its
phonetic transcription （语音音标）.音位规则的功能是将音位音标改变为语音音标。
第五章形态学填空题或选择题
1.Semantically ,morphemes can be grouped into roots and affixes .从语义上来讲，词素
可以分成词根和词缀。
2.Morphology is a science that examines word formation and the internal structure of words.
形态学是一门研究单词的构成和单词的内在结构的科学。
3. A morpheme is defined as a minimal meaningful unit in the grammatical system of a
language .词素被定义为语言的语法体系中最小的意义单位。（2009年10月考题）
4.Structurally ,morphemes fall into two kinds : free morphemes and bound morphemes .从
结构上来讲，词素分为两种：自由词素和黏附词素。
5.The root is the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning .词根是一
个带有主要意义的单词中最重要的部分。
6.Affixes are lexically dependent on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of
words.词缀在词义上是依赖词根的，不表达单词的重要意思。
7.Free morphemes are those that can stand by themselves as individual words.自由词素是
那些能够独立作为单词存在的词素。
8.Bound morphemes are never found alone as words ,but are always joined with other
morphemes.黏附词素是不能够独立作为单词存在的，总是和其它词素合在一起。（09年10月考题）(2010年1月考题)
9.In terms of position , we may divide affixes into prefixes and suffixes and infixes .就位
置而言，我们可以把词缀分为前缀，后缀和中缀。(2010年1月考题)
10.According to function, we can classify affixes into inflectional affixes and derivational
affixes .根据功能，我们能将词缀分成屈折词缀和派生词缀。
11.Morphs are related to morphemes in general ,while allomorphs（语素变体）are always
related to a specific morpheme.语子或形素与整体的语素有关，而语素变体总是跟某一特定的语素有关。(2010年1月考题)
12.If two or more morphs are semantically identical and also in complementary
distribution ,they are said to be in allomorphs of the same morpheme.如果两个或更多的语素在语义上是一样的而且处于互补性分布，他们就是同一语素的语素变体。（2009年10月考题）
13.A morph that has form but no meaning is called a empty morph while a morph that has
meaning but no form is called a zero morph .具有形式但是没有意义的语子或形素被称为空语子。而具有意义但是没有形式的语子或形素被称为零语子。
14.There are two kinds of relations between the morphemes within a word: linear order and
hierarchical order .在一个单词的语素之间存在两种关系：线性结构和层次结构。
15.In the IC Analysis of a word , the forms at the bottom of the tree-branch diagram are called
ultimate constituents ,which are individual morphemes and therefore can not be further divided into smaller parts.在一个单词的直接成分分析中，在树形图底部的形式被称为最终成分，他们是独立的语素，因此不能再拆成更小的部分。（2009年10月考题）16.All the forms in a tree-branch diagram, except the word itself at the top, are the constituents
of the word.在树形图的所有形式中，除了顶部的单词本身，都是单词的成分。(2010年1月考题)
17.The constituents which are involved directly in forming a larger constituent are called the
immediate constituents /ICs of the larger form.涉及直接形成一个更大成分的成分叫做直接成分。
18.Morphological rules are the rules that determine how morphemes are combined to form
new words.形态学规则是指决定词素是如何组合形成新的单词的规则。
19.When a new word is formed by putting an affix to the base ,the process involved is called
affixation . 当一个新单词是通过添加一个词缀到词基上形成的，所涉及的过程被称为词缀法。
20.Free morphemes can be further grouped into lexical morphemes and functional
morphemes .自由语素可以进一步分成词汇语素和功能语素。
21.Generally ,affixation in English may be further divided into two types : prefixation and
suffixation .一般而言，在英文中词缀法可以进一步分为两种：前缀法和后缀法。
22.Some new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech .The process involved
is called conversion .一些新单词只是通过改变他们的词性而创造的，这种过程被称为转类法。
23.If two or more separate words are conjoined to produce a form which is used as a single word,
the combining process is known as compounding .如果两个或者更多的独立单词合在一起形成可以被作为一个单独的单词而使用的形式，这种合并的过程就是复合法。(2010年1月考题)
24.Blending is a process in which a compound is made by deleting and combining parts of two
words.混合法是一种通过删除或者合并两个单词的部分而构成一个复合词的过程。
（2009年10月考题）
25.Clipping refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning
and in the part of speech.略写法或者截短法指的是不改变意思和词性而将一个单词加以简略的构词过程。
26.Acronymy is the process by which words are formed by putting the initial letters of several
words together .首字母缩略法是指通过把许多单词的首字母合并而构成新词的过程。
27.By back-formation , we delete a suffix from an apparently complex form instead of
adding a suffix. It may be regarded as the opposite case of suffixation.通过逆序造词法或者逆生法，我门删除掉一个复杂形式的后缀而不是添加后缀。它可以被认为是后缀法的反过程。
28.Inflectional affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations, such as
number ,gender ,tense ,aspect ,case and degree.屈折词缀或者屈折词素，表现的是语法关系，如数、性、时态、态、格和级。(2010年1月考题)
第六章句法学填空题或选择题
1.Sentences can be studied in two ways: statically we make structural descriptions of
sentences to illustrate the parts of sentences and the relationships among them:; dynamically ,
we examine the process by which sentences are generated by syntactic rules.句子可以用两种方式研究：静态而言，我们作出句子的结构描述来表明句子的部分和它们之间的关系。
动态而言，我们检验用句法规则构造句子的过程。（2009年10月考题）
2.Syntax is a science that is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how
phrases are combined by rules to form sentences. 句法学指的是研究单词是如何构成短语以及短语是如何通过规则组合形成句子的。
3.The sequential /syntagmatic relation refers to the linear ordering of the words and the
phrases within a sentence .序列关系或者横组合关系指的是在一个句子中单词和短语的线性次序。
4.The substitutional /paradigmatic relation is a kind of relation between linguistic forms in a
sentence and linguistic forms outside the sentence . 替代关系或者纵聚合关系是句子中语言形式和句子外语言形式之间的一种关系。（2009年10月考题）
5.The linguistic forms that have substitutional /paradigmatic relations belong to the same
syntactic category（句法类型，句法范畴）.有替代关系或者纵聚合关系的语言形式属于同一种句法类型或句法范畴。(2010年1月考题)
6.Syntactic categories can be further divided into two groups :lexical category（词汇范
畴）,such as Noun and Verb ; non-lexical category ,such as Sentence ,Noun Phrase and V erb Phrase.句法类型可以进一步分成两种：词汇范畴，比如名词和动词。非词汇范畴，比如句子、名词短语和动词短语。
7.The hierarchical relation（等级关系）shows us the inner layering of sentences . 等级关
系为我们表明了句子的内部层次。
8.In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence ,there are three distinct levels or hierarchies :
sentence level which is the highest ; word level which is the lowest ; phrase level which is in between . 在一个句子层次结构图中，有三种明显的层次或者等级，最高的句子层次，最低的单词层次和处于中间的短语层次。
9.In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence ,the forms at the word-level are ultimate
constituents of the sentence ;the forms at the word-level and the phrase-level are the constituents of the sentence ;the constituents connected by the two lines that are branching from the same point are called the immediate constituents of the form above that point .
在一个句子的层次结构图中，位于单词层次的形式是句子的最终成分，位于单词层次和短语层次的形式是句子的成分，由同一点两条线连接的成分叫做直接成分。(2010年1月考题)
10.The same phrase or sentence may have two or more interpretation depending on the
hierarchical arrangement of its constituents .Such a case is called structural ambiguity.（结构歧义）同一个短语或者句子可能有两种或者更多的解释，这取决于短语或句子成分的层次安排，这种例子被称为结构歧义。
11.Each branching point in a phrase marker （短语标记法）is called a node .在短语标记法中
的每一个分叉点叫做结点。
12.TG Grammar （转换生成语法）claims that the static study of sentences is only concerned
with one level of structure ,i.e , surface structure ,but the dynamic study of sentences deals with two levels of structure :both surface structure and deep structure .转换生成语法强调句子的静态研究只涉及一种结构层次即表层结构，但是句子的动态研究涉及两种结构层次，即表层结构和深层结构。
13.TG Grammar has assumed that to generate sentences ,we start with deep structures and then
transform them into surface structures . 转换生成语法认为为了构造句子，我们首先以深层结构开始，然后将它们转换成表层结构。(2010年1月考题)
14.Deep structures are generated by PS rules ,and surface structures are derived from their deep
structures by T- rules .深层结构是由短语结构规则构成的，而表层结构通过转换规则从深层结构而来的。（2009年10月考题）
15.A surface structure corresponds most closely to the linear arrangement of words as they are
pronounced . 表层结构最符合单词的线性排列。
16.A deep structure corresponds most closely to the meaningful grouping of words.深层结构
最符合单词有意义的组合。（2009年10月考题）
17.A surface structure is relatively concrete and gives the form of a sentence as it is used in
communication. 表层结构相对而言是具体的，它给出了在交流中一个句子的形式。18.A deep structure is abstract and gives the meaning of a sentence .深层结构是抽象的，是解
释句子意义的。
19.The constituent which is always present on the right side of the arrow in a PS rule is called a
compulsory constituent.在短语结构规则里总是出现在箭头右边的成分被称为强制性成分。
20.In the deep structure ,verbs always take the base form. That is to say ,at the level of deep
structure ,the inflectional endings do not occur together with the verbs .They are separated from the verbs and are part of a auxiliary phrase.在深层结构中，动词总是基本的形式。
也就是说，在深层结构的层次上，屈折结尾不与动词连在一起。它们与动词是分开的，是辅助短语的一部分。
21.The verbs in verb phrases are called main verbs ; the other verbs are helping verbs .在动
词短语中的动词是主要动词，其它的动词都是助动词。
22.In TG Grammar ,an auxiliary phrase consists of four components :tense,modal verbs ,the
perfect aspect and the progressive aspect .在转换生成语法中，一个辅助短语有四部分组成：时态，情态动词，完成体，进行体。
23.To generate the deep structure of an English sentence, we always start with the rule :S NP
AUX VP.，为了构造一个英语句子的深层结构，我们总是以规则开始。
24.All transformational rules perform three kinds of operations : rearranging the sentence
elements ; adding a new element to the phrase marker ; deleting an element from the phrase marker .所有的转换规则都执行三种步骤：重组句子成分，在短语标记中添加一个新的成分，从短语标记中删除一个成分。(2010年1月考题)
25.Some transformational rules are obligatory and many are optional .The obligatory T-rules
have to be applied if we want to obtain well-formed sentences.一些转换规则是强制性的，但是大多数是选择性的，如果我们要获得构造很好的句子，就必须使用强制性的转换规则。
26.Technically speaking ,a formalized T-rule consists of two parts :the structural description and
the structural change .严格来说，一个规定的转换规则有两个部分构成：结构描述和结构改变。
第七章语义学填空题或选择题
1.Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning :the meaning of words ,phrases and sentences.语
义学是对语言意义的研究，包括单词意义，短语意义和句子意义。(2010年1月考题) 2.The denotative meaning（外延意义）of a linguistic form is the person ,object ,abstract
notion ,event ,or state which the word or sentence denotes .一种语言形式的外延意义是指单词或句子所指示的人物，物体，抽象概念，事件或者状态。
3.The connotation of a linguistic form has to do with its overtones of meaning ,that is , what
the linguistic form suggests . 一种语言形式的隐涵意义与言外之意有关，也就是语言形式所暗示的意义。
4.There are three types of connotation which suggest the speaker’s different attitudes :
positive connotation ,neutral connotation and negative connotation .暗示说话者不同态度的隐涵意义有三种：积极的隐涵意义，中性的隐涵意义和消极的隐涵意义。
5.Lexical semantics（词汇语义学）is concerned with word /lexical meaning .词汇语义学与
单词意义有关。
6.Following the theory of Componential Analysis （成分分析法）,we define the meaning of a
word as a set of semantic features or semantic components with the values :plus(+) or minus (-).根据成分分析法的理论，我们把一个单词的意思定义为一系列的语义特征或者带有正值或负值的语义成分。
7.The relationship between the term on the higher level and terms on one level below is said to
be hyponymy .It is a kind of relationship between higher term /general term/super-ordinate and lower term /specific term /subordinate .高层次术语和低一层次术语之间的关系就是上下义关系。它是较高层次和较低层次或者概括意义的词和具体意义的词或者上义词和下义词之间的一种关系。
8.The words that sound different but have the same or nearly the same meaning are called
synonyms. The relationship between these words is called synonymy.发音不同但是有同种或者几乎相同意义的词叫做同义词。这些词之间的关系称为同义关系。
9.When a pair of words are opposite in meaning ., they are antonyms .The relationship between
them is called antonymy. 当一对单词意思相反，它们就是反义词。它们之间的关系称为反义关系。
10.The meaning of gradable pairs of antonyms is characterized by relativity .可分等级的反义
词的意义特征是相对性。
11.Different from complementary pairs ,gradable pairs of antonyms have comparative and
superlative forms .和互补性反义词不同的是，可分等级的反义词有比较级形式和最高级形式。
12.Semantic ambiguity can be divided into two types :lexical ambiguity（词汇歧义）and
structural ambiguity （结构歧义）.语义歧义可以分成两种：词汇歧义和结构歧义。
13.The semantic ambiguity which is caused by ambiguous words rather than by ambiguous
structures is called lexical ambiguity . 由有歧义的单词而不是有歧义的结构所导致的语义歧义称为词汇歧义。
14.A word is polysemic if it has more than one meaning .如果一个单词有不止一个意义它就
是多义的。
15.If sentences are syntactically well-formed but semantically ill-formed ,they are known as
semantically anomalous sentences .如果句子合乎语法但是语义上不通，它们就是语义上反常的句子。
第八章语用学填空题或选择题
1.According to Austin ,the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance are locutionary act ,illocutionary act and perlocutionary act .根据奥斯汀，一个人在发出话
语的时候常会有三种行为：言内行为，言外行为和言后行为。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/99812027.html,ually sentence meaning is abstract and decontextualized while utterance meaning is concrete and context-dependent . 通常句子意义是抽象的，是不依赖语境的，而话语意义是具体的，是依赖语境的。
3.The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in context while traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use .语用学和传统语义学的基本区别在于语用学在语境中研究意义而传统语义学在意义研究时不考虑语境。
4.Searle classifies illocutionary speech acts into five types :representatives ,directives ,commissives ,expressives ,and declaratives .舍尔将言外行为分成五种，阐述类，指令类，承诺类，表达类，宣告类。
5.According to Austin ,there are two types of sentences: those sentences that are used to do things and those that are used to describe things . The former is performatives ,which can not be true or false ,while the latter constatives.根据奥斯汀，句子有两种，一种用来陈述一种事实，一种用来描述一种情况。前者是施为句，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，后者是表述句。
一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求 （一）课程性质和特点 《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是：专业术语多，概念多，内容抽象，所以，考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程，如高级英语、泛读（三）、写作等，这样可以减少语言障碍，有利于学好语言学的理论知识。 （二）本课程的基本要求 本课程共分为本书共分四编，计十三章。第一编（一至二章）介绍了语言和语言学；第二编（三至八章）介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学；第三编（九至十二章）为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学，以及语言学理论与外语教学；第四编（十三章）介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求： 1、掌握语言的性质、功能，以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念； 2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论； 3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用； 4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。 （三）本课程与相关课程的联系 英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程，其含盖范围很广，既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学，又涉及许多交叉学科，如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学（包括语言学理论与外语教学），以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。 在自考课程中，词汇学与语言学关系最为密切，词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读（三）、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系，这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴，日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究，这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。 二、课程内容与考核目标
《英语语言学概论》精选试题1 1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic C. Animals also have language D. Language is arbitrary 2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language A. Symbolic B. Duality C. Productive D. Arbitrary 3. What is the most important function of language A. Interpersonal B. Phatic C. Informative D. Metalingual 4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. Anonymous 5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue 6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it" is . A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies . A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B. the perception of sounds C. the combination of sounds D. the production of sounds 8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in . A. the place of articulation B. the obstruction of airstream C. the position of the tongue D. the shape of the lips 9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 10. Which studies the sound systems in a certain language A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics 11. Minimal pairs are used to . A. find the distinctive features of a language B.find the phonemes of a language C. compare two words D. find the allophones of language 12. Usually, suprasegmental features include ___ ,length and pitch. A. phoneme B. speech sounds C. syllables D. stress 13. Which is an indispensable part of a syllable A. Coda B. Onset C. Stem D. Peak 三、判断
Chapter 4 Phonology(音位学) 4.1 phonetics and phonology:语音学与音位学的区分 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.语音学和音位学都士对语音的研究。 定义区别 -Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds. 语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。 -Phonology studies how speech sounds are combined，organized，and convey meanings in particular languages.研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组织和表达含义。 ---Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.音位学是特定于语言的。它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。 ---Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the sound syst em of a language.语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的学科。 4.2 Phonemes，phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位变体 Different languages have different phonological systems.不同的语言有不同的语音系统。 定义： ①Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech. 音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或片段。 ②Allophones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another.音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子，即使以一个取代另一个也不改变词义。 ③Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。 Allophones are the realization of a particular phoneme while phones are the realizatio n of phonemes in general.音位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。 4.3Minimal pairs 最小对立体 The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaki ng, distinctive. Minimal pair---a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. Three conditions（情况）: 1）the two froms are different in meaning意义不同 2）the two forms are different in one sound segment声音片段不同 3）the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位置 Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy（满足）the three conditions . Minimal pairs help determine phonemes. 最小对立体用来定义音位。 4.4 identifying phonemes 识别音素 4.4.1 contrastive distribution，complementary distribution and free variation 对比分布，互补分布和自由变异 The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear.一个声音的分布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。 1）contrastive distribution对比分布 If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of on
《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则：第一，理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二，以 各章的题目为统领，理解各章节下的具体内容。第三，动手书写和记忆重要内容，部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance Study of the origin of language What are the functions of language Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification Understand some processes of phonology: nasalization, dentalization, velarization
单元练习...．..７6页 英语语言学概论 —自学指导 主编: 支永碧王永祥
英语语言学概论 —自学指导 主编: 支永碧王永祥 副主编：李葆春丁后银王秀凤
前言 本书主要为参加英语专业(本科段)自学考试和全国研究生入学考试的考生而编写,是《英语语言学概论》(王永祥、支永碧,2０0７）的配套辅导用书。 自2０0７年起,《英语语言学概论》（王永祥、支永碧，２007)被确定为英语专业(本科段)自学考试的指定教材。在此期间，许多参加自学考试的考生希望能再出一本配套的辅导教材。他们中的不少人不仅希望自学考试轻松过关,还希望和全国其他学生一样将来能参加全国统一的研究生入学考试继续升造求学。而现有的教材内容和相关练习似乎还不能充分满足他们的需求。其一,配套练习尚不够全面,缺少问答题的参考答案；其二，和研究生入学考试真题相比,配套练习的类型也不够全面；其三,参加自学考试的学生往往很难得到老师的亲自授课和指导，而英语语言学理论和概念往往抽象难懂，再加上其它各种原因,不少考生不能轻易地掌握各章的所有重点、难点，因此,他们迫切需要有一本简单实用的自学考试指南和辅导练习帮助他们解决问题；此外，在英语专业研究生入学考试中，英语语言学是一门必考科目。入学以后,英语语言学也是英语专业研究生的一门必修课。鉴于此,他们希望了解更全面的英语语言学基本理论，多做一些更实用的英语语言学练习和真题，以备将来需要。为了满足广大自考学生和准备参加英语专业研究生入学考试的考生的需要,我们在广泛征求了各方面的意见之后,精心编写了本书。本书的编写除了主要参照王永祥、支永碧主编的《英语语言学概论》以外，我们还参考了胡壮麟主编的《语言学教程》(修订版）和戴炜栋、何兆熊主编的《新编简明英语语言学教程》和其它一些高校使用的语言学教程。 本书第一部分为英语语言学核心理论和概念，主要包括:本章主要考点，课文理解与重点内容分析;第二部分为英语语言学概论的十三章单元配套练习,和原教材中的练习稍有不同的是，在本部分，我们选编了部分自学考试真题和各个高校历年考研真题，以便考生更好地了解本章重点。这样，学生可以更有针对性地进行各章节的学习和复习。虽然该部分略有难度,但对考研和自考的学生都很有帮助；第三部分为英语语言学综合模拟试卷, 内容紧扣《英语语言学概论》，针对性很强,适用于英语专业各类考生；第四部分为江苏省自学考试英语语言学概论部分考试样题及参考答案。本书的习题主要包括以下七种类型:问答题、选择题、填空题、名词解释、是非判断题、汉英术语互译题、操作题。另外,为便于学习者了解考试重点，本书附加了江苏省英语专业(本科段）《英语语言学概论》自学考试新大纲2007版；另外，为便于自学者查询深涩难懂的语言学词汇，我们按照汉语字母顺序编写了常见的英语语言学术语汉英对照表，以补充原教材的些许缺失。 本书力求充分满足广大考生学习和考试的需要,帮助他们了解各章的主要考点和复习要点。祝参加英语专业自学考试的考生轻松克服《英语语言学概论》的学习难题，祝参加英语专业研究生入学考试的考生在本书的帮助下能轻松通过英语语言学这个难关，实现自己的梦想。 支永碧 20０9年2月于南京师范大学随园
第一章绪论 1.1什么是语言 1.2语言的性质 （1）语言具有系统性（systematic） （2）语言是一个符号系统 语言符号是一种象征符号。 （3）语言符号的任意性（arbitrariness）与理据性（motivation） （4）口头性 （5）语言是人类特有的 （6）语言是用于交际的 寒暄交谈（phatic communion）马林诺夫斯基提出的，认为语言除了用于表达思想、交流感情外，还可以用语言营造一种气氛或保持社会接触。这种不用于表达思想、交流感情的语言使用，叫寒暄交谈。 1.3语言的起源 1.4语言的分类 1.4.1系属分类（Genetic Classification） 历史比较语言学通过比较各种语言在不同时期语音、词性、曲折变化、语法结构上的相同特点来建立语言族系。 将语言分为语系（family）——语族（group）——语支（branch）——语言 英语、德语属印欧语系日耳曼语族西日耳曼语支。法语属印欧语系罗曼语族中罗曼语支。 汉语属汉藏语系汉语族。 1.4.2 类型分类（Typological Classifacation） 根据词的结构类型，可分为 （1）孤立语（isolating language）又叫词根语，一个词代表一个意思，缺少形态变化，语序和虚词是表达语法意义的主要手段。汉语是典型的孤立语。 （2）粘着语（agglutinative language）简单词组成复合词，而词性和意义不变。在词根前、中、后粘贴不同的词缀实现语法功能。日语、韩语、土耳其语是典型的黏着语。 （3）屈折语（inflectional language）词形变化表语法关系的语言。英语是不太典型的屈折语。 （4）多式综合语（polysynthesis language）把主、宾和其它语法项结合到动词词干上以构成一个单独的词，但表达一个句子的意思。因纽特语是典型的多式综合语。 根据句子的语序类型，可分为SVO、SOV、OSV、OVS等 1.5语言的功能 1.5.1 一般功能 1.5.2元功能（metafunction） 1.6什么是语言学（linguistics）
Chapter 1 Language语言 1. Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2. Productivity (能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3. arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4. symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5. discreteness(离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6. displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7. duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8. culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance. 9. interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1. ★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language. First, language is a system. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense. The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2. ★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness. 3) Displacement 4) Arbitrariness. 5) Cultural transmission 6) Duality of structure. 7) Interchangeability. 3. Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. 4. ★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I. H alliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1) Instrumental function. 工具功能 2) Regulatory function. 调节功能 3) Representational function. 表现功能 4) Interactional function. 互动功能 5) Personal function. 自指性功能 6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7) Imaginative function. 想象功能 II. A dult language has three functional components as following: 1) Interpersonal components. 人际 2) Ideational components.概念 3) Textual components.语篇
《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集(1-6章) 2013-6-1 Chapter I Introduction2012 I. Decide whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE: T1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. F2. Competence and performance is distinguished by Saussure. F3. A synchronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history. T4. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. F5. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. F6. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. T7. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. T8. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. T9. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. T10. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. F11. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. T12. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. F13. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. T14. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. T15. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. T16. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. T17. Social changes can often bring about language changes. T18. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. T19. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an
2011年1月广东省高等教育自学考试英语语言学问卷课程代码06422） I.Blank-filling (20%)Fill in the following blanks with a word ,whose initial letter has been given. 1. The 3 branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and a__________ phonetics. 2. When 2 different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings ,they are said to be in a m_________ pair . 3. R__________ motivation refers to the fact that learners learn a second language for external purposes . 4. Later Noam Chomsky prefers this innate endowment as UG ,i.e. U_____ Grammar. 5. In "NP → （Deg )A(pp)……", the dots in the rule indicate that other c________ options are available . 6. The articulatory apparatus of human being are contained in 3 important areas :the p______ cavity，the oral cavity ,and the nasal cavity. 7. L________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community . 8. H________ refers to the sense relation between a more general ,more inclusive word and a more specific word . 9. The description of a language at a given point in time is a s______ study. 10. The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication is called p_________. 11. The structure corresponding to the final syntactic output of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations is called s______ structure. 12. The term d________, first used by Ferguson in 1959,refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism . 13. Learners' independent system of the second language which is of neither the second language is known as i______. 14. The sound ［p］in pit is pronounced with a strong puff of air, which is said to be a________. 15. C_______ model states that in word comprehension words are analyzed by hearers from beginning to end. 16. S______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form and is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form . 17. Major lexical categories are Noun, Verb , Adjective , and P___________. 18. S_______ is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between linguistic and society between the uses of language and social structures. 19. P________ is concerned with the progress of language comprehension and production. 20. Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but languages in g____. II. Multiple choice(20%)Choose the best answer to the following items. 21. __refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed . A.Syntax B. Etymology C. Lexicology D. Morphology 22. ___ aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication . A. Phonetics B. Phonemics C. Phonology D. Phonotactics 23. Language ___ refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. A. aptitude B. competence C. performance D. attitude 24. ___ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional ,social, gender, and age variations . A. Idiolect B. Pidgin C. Sociolect D. Creole
《英语语言学概论》重、难点提示 第一章语言的性质 语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。 第二章语言学 语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。 第三章语音学 发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。 第四章音位学 音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等. 第五章词法学 词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。 第六章词汇学 词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。第七章句法 句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。 第八章语义学 语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。 第九章语言变化 语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）； 第十章语言、思维与文化 语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。 第十一章语用学 语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原 320240*********
英语语言学概论 GE GROUP system office room 【GEIHUA16H-GEIHUA GEIHUA8Q8-
Chapter 1 Language语言 1.Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Productivity (能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3.arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4.symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5.discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6.displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7.duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8.culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.