美国文学史复习
Colonial and Puritan literature（early American literature）
American Romanticism
Literary Naturalism
Imagism modernism
Postwar literature
一Colonial and Puritan literature
清教徒的思想：
puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位，puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步
American puritanism（美国清教徒特点）:
idealists
More practical tougher
Hard work thrift piety sobriety
One being religions and the other practical
Basis of American literature; contributing to the development of symbolism; influence the style of American literature: simple direct
英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet（女）
二Early American literature
代表作家：
Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790
As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、
The Autobiography自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
十三个美德：Temperance Silence Order Resolution Frugality Industry Sincerity Justice Moderation Cleanliness Tranquility Chastity Humility
三American Romanticism
The end of the 18th century (the sketches book 华盛顿欧文)
The outbreak of civil war (leaves of grass 惠特曼)
Romanticism的特点：
pluralistic多元化manifestations varied 表现形式多样Individualistic个人主
义conflicting 矛盾
frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
Transcendentalism 超验主义浪漫主义的高峰是超验主义（人自然宇宙的关系）
1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。they believe in the transcendence of "over soul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part. 相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。
Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and mani festos as America’s principal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。
二、代表作家：
1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文美国文学之父，短篇小说之父
the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。标志浪漫主义开端
A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；
The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家
2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀
contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说
和海上传奇小说。“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。
3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特poet 诗人
He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。
“To a Waterfowl”《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。
4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生
be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。
Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强.
作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》
5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗
Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。“In Walden”《沃尔登》成名作。“Civil Disobedience”《平民反抗》essay 随笔。非暴力不合作
6、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑
background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hawthorne, who harm a person.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。
“The House of the Seven Gable s”七尖角阁房，是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。
he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。
Hawthrone’s point of view:
Sense of sin and evil in life ,evil exists in the human heart;
Whenever there is sin, there is punishment ;
Evil educate ,Achievement is under the impact of and by engagement with evil Disgust in science
Hawthrone’s style :typical romantic writer. A man of literary craftsmanship, extraordinary in the use of symbol, the revelation of character’s psychology, the use of supernatural mixed with the actual
“The Scarlet Letter” Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers’ changes it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic,
四Literary Naturalism
Background
1）Mechanization 机器化2）Urbanization 城市化3）Industrialization 工业化
4）Federal government(race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克·吐温的《镀金时代》开始5）Railway system工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用
文化特征：
1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多2）开始关注Mid class
3）现实主义（realism）
Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点
Naturalism：自然主义a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派，产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，宿命的，
代表作家：
1、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼改革家自由民主
首创free verse (自由诗体) without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. 无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚“Leaves of Grass”草叶集1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗（标志浪漫主义的结束）
Poem’s 特点：most of the poems in “Leaves of Gr6ass”are about man and nature.关注点：In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the rugged individual, take the hardworking farmer and labors
into American literate
2、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森
作品：“I died for Beauty” 我为美而死（诗歌）
Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same
“Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神
Theme：死亡death Immortality，religion love
特点：pause :use of “dash”(破折号)，no titles，
对意象主义有影响
3、Mark Twain 马克.吐温main funder of American realism literature
美国现实主义文学的代表作“Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品)
The celebrated jumping frog of Calaveras county 成名作
特点：local colorist 地方特色
四Imagism modernism（the 20th century）
Background:
World War I 第一次世界大战，America have great profit.
Jump in technology (automobile / radio) 科技方面的跳跃（汽车/收音机）
old moral code breaks 旧道德体系破碎
1、Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement ，begin in England and flourished to
USA 。代表诗人Pound
2、Basic tenets of Imagism:
直接描写主观/客观的事物（direct treatment of the thing）
绝不使用无助于表达的任何词语（economy of expression）
Rhythm :依照乐句排列
3、典型的迷惘一代：
F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的盖茨比》novel
Ernest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”《太阳照样升起》“A Farwell to Arms”《告别了，武器》
William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 《喧嚣与骚动》
代表作家：
1、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德诗人Imagism 意象派的代表人物Pound and Eliot
became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary
reference as an imaginative instrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。major work of poetry is the long poem called
“The Cantos”(华夏集) “In a station of the metro ”
2、Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特自然主义诗人poet mingle modern and traditional
①诗歌特点和内容：deceptively simple style(看起来简单，却有深刻内涵)
Symbolism(show deep meaning)
he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖.
“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑”mending wall ””fire and ice”
3、F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德novelist 小说家
作品：“This Side of Paradise”《人间天堂》，the first novel.
“The Great Gatsby”《了不起的盖茨比》novel
“Tender Is the Night” 《夜色温柔》novel
4、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威novelist 小说家
写作特点：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推动了报告文学的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。
代表作：“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation” “A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea”
5、John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。
代表作：Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之间》portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers“The Grapes of Wrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。”菊花”
6、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳
作品的主题：the universal t heme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。
作品：“The Sound and the Fury”《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、“Go Down, Moses”“light in August”“A rose for Emily”描写南方贵族的没落
南方文艺复兴“the south Renaissance”:南北战争后严肃悲伤的一种文学重视家庭，宗教和传统道德观念，重农轻工，反对奴隶制
作品主题：history and race
四篇小说
“A rose for Emily”
The meaning of the title:
A rose is a cliche symbolizing love and a pledge of faithfulness. But Miss Emily was denied love(desire for love but deny love ). A rose for somebody can also mean a kind of memorial , an offering , in memory of somebody
What kind of person is Emily?
Emily is an embodiment of the south, the old and tradition. Besides, she is also obstinate. When the new government compel the taxes on her，she refuses to pay the tax and even ridiculously mentions a colonel who has been dead almost ten years. Emily is a determined woman. Regardless of people’s criticism, she insists on marrying a northerner whose social position is apparently lower than her.
What lead her tragic ?
Emily is totally a tragedy of the old traditions. When someone chooses a partner, he or she must consider the social position of the other party to the marriage. Emily could have a favorable marriage but for her father’s interference . Besides, the decline of her family, her isolation from the outside world, the people’s gossip all lead to her tragic
The first-person plural point of view
By using the “we”narrator, Fanlkuer creates a sense of closeness between readers and hietory
Style: Long complex sentences structure; Interruptions; Big books words ; Lots of description; Flashback; Not much dialog
The Chrysanthemums
Themes :
“The Chrysanthemums” is an understated but pointed critique of a society that has no place for intelligent women. Elisa is smart, energetic, attractive, and ambitious, but all these attributes go to waste. Henry is not as intelligent as Elisa, but it is he who runs the ranch, supports himself and his wife, and makes business deals. Whatever information she gets about the management of the ranch comes indirectly from Henry, who speaks only in vague, condescending terms instead of treating his wife as an equal partner. The tinker seems cleverer than Henry but doesn’t have Elisa’s spirit, passion, or thirst for adventure. Nevertheless, it is he who gets to ride about the
country, living an adventurous life that he believes it is unfit for women. Steinbeck uses Henry and the tinker as stand-ins for the paternalism of patriarchal societies in general: just as they ignore women’s potential, so too does society.
Sexual limitation :Elisa is a married woman, so naturally she would not seek out a man to flirt with. However, her sexual energy with the tinker is undeniable: Elisa’s marriage to Henry is civil and polite, but seems to lack passion or intimacy.
Feminism: Elisa’s desire to work + inability to escape a dictated gender role make this an important piece for feminist interpretation.
Symbols---Chrysanthemums:
The chrysanthemums symbolize both Elisa and the limited scope of her life. Like Elisa, the chrysanthemums are lovely, strong, and thriving. Their flowerbed, like Elisa’s house, is tidy and scrupulously ordered. Elisa identifies herself with the flowers, even saying that she becomes one with the plants when she tends to them. When the tinker notices the chrysanthemums, Elisa visibly brightens, just as if he had noticed her instead.She offers the chrysanthemums to him at the same time she offers herself, both of which he ignores and tosses aside. His rejection of the flowers also mimics the way society has rejected women as nothing more than mothers and housekeepers. Just like her, the flowers are unimportant: both are merely decorative and add little value to the world.
Symbols--- Fences:
Fences symbolize the barriers that separate Elisa from the rest of the world, including her husband Henry. Her fences protect flower garden from cattle, dogs, and chickens which represent her husband’s world while her flower garden represents Elisa’s world. “He had come near quietly, and leaned over the wire fence .” This shows that Henry is always treading softly around Elisa, courteous but always leaning over careful not to intrude into the woman’s world . The Tinker’s caravan pulls “up to Elisa’s wire fence and stops .” The Tinker, bearer of outside influences begins by resting his hands on the wire fence and made it sing . As the meeting progresses and Elisa’s sexuality is awakening the Tinker begins to “lean confid ently over the fence and eventually penetrates Elisa’s barrier to come “through the gate .” The Tinker’s entrance into the gate represents Elisa’s passions fully released and she is no longer completely isolated.Elisa’s fence helped to divide her from the outside world full of influences and from a husband who was not completely aware of her.
Symbols--- Clothing:
Elisa’s clothing changes as her handsome, masculine persona becomes more feminine after the visit from the tinker. When the story begins, Elisa is wearing a gardening outfit, complete with heavy shoes, thick gloves, a man’s hat, and an apron filled with sharp implements. The narrator even describes her body as “blocked and heavy.” The masculinity of Elisa’s
clothing and shape reflects her asexual(无性的）existence. After speaking with the tinker, however, Elisa begins to feel intellectually and physically stimulated, a change that is reflected in the removal of her gloves. She also removes her hat, showing her lovely hair. When the tinker leaves, Elisa undergoes an almost ritualistic transformation. She strips, bathes herself, examines her naked body in the mirror, and then dresses. She chooses to don fancy undergarments, a pretty dress, and makeup. These feminine items contrast sharply with her gardening clothes and reflect the newly Elisa. At the end of the story, after Elisa has seen the castoff shoots, she pulls up her coat collar to hide her tears, a gesture that suggests a move backward into the repressed state in which she has lived most, if not all, of her adult life
Symbols--- The Salinas Valley:
The Salinas Valley symbolizes Elisa’s emotional life. The story opens with a lengthy description of the valley. The metaphor of the valley as a “closed pot” suggests that Elisa is trapped inside an airless world and that her existence has reached a boiling point. We also learn that although there is sunshine nearby, no light penetrates the valley. Sunshine is often associated with happiness, and the implication is that while people near her are happy, Elisa is not. It is December, and the prevailing atmosphere in the valley is chilly and watchful but not yet devoid of hope. This description of the weather and the general spirits of the inhabitants of the valley applies equally well to Elisa, who is like a fallow field: quiet but not beaten down or unable to grow. What
first seems to be a lyrical description of a valley in California is revealed to be a rich symbol of Elisa’s claustrophobic, unhappy, yet hopeful inner life.
Dogs: fidelity, protection, companionship ;Henry has 2 dogs who help work the ranch; Tinker has a mongrel dog that will fight if provoked, but backs down to Henry’s dogs; Elisa is more like the mongrel dog than the working ranch dogs – she is strong when she needs to be but also knows when she is outnumbered. She accompanies Henry more than she helps him on the ranch.
Rip Van Winkle
"Rip Van Winkle" means either a person who sleeps for a long period of time, or one who is inexplicably (perhaps even blissfully) unaware of current events.
时代的落伍者，嗜睡的人
Symbol :
Rip: Like American , is immature, self-centered, careless, imaginative and jolly as the overgrown child;
The Dame: is a symbol of puritanical discipline and the work ethic of Franklin The town itself is a symbol American , forever and rapidly changing
Rip’s conflicts and dreams are those of the nation-the conflict of innocence and experience, work and leisure, old and the new
20years : birth pang
四大主题：
1 A story about the theme of escape from one’s responsibility
2 A story the lost of identity
3 A story about a man who has difficulties facing his advent
4 Conflicts impulses in American toward work; The Puritan attitude as opposed to desire for leisure
Young Good Man Brown: a story about lost faith, His journey to the forest is symbolic of Christian "self-exploration" in which doubt immediately supplants faith. At the end of the forest experience he loses his wife Faith, his faith in salvation, and his faith in human goodness.[
人名象征意义：
Brown: Brown is a common color, it represents the common everyday man. It comes from the mingle of white and black, this indicates that everyone have his innoncence and evils.
Faith : as her name suggests, serves as another symbolic idea and appears to be the most pure-hearted character in the story. Her righteousness serves as a symbol for good, purity, and the faith and devotion Goodman Brown has in God. She is Brown’s wife , this also represent Brown’s faith.
Hawthorne gives the characters, specific names that depict abstract pure & wholesome beliefs such as; Young Goodman Brown, and Faith. The characters names' ultimately serve as a paradox in the conclusion of the story. The inclusion
of this technique was to provide a definite contrast and irony. Hawthorne aims to critique the ideals of Puritan society and express his disdain for it thus illustrating the difference between the appearance of those in society and their true identities.
Pink Ribbon象征意义：
1 Faiths pink ribbon is used throughout the story as a symbol of innocence and purity.
2 At beginning, the ribbon implied a happy, youthful ambiance of Faith and their newly found marriage.
3 When Brown was hiding in the forest and began to doubt the goodness of the pure people he knew, the ribbon came fluttering down. This suggest that the one pure and holy thing to him, faith, had fallen into the devils realm
4 When reunited with Faith at the end of the story, Brown notices that she was again wearing the pink ribbon. Thus casting doubts on Goodman Brown about whether or not his experience was real.
5 Pink, comes from white and red. One stands for innocence, and the other one stands for devils
Lost his wife or not ?
On the surface, he lived out with his wife, so he does not lost his wife. but after that night, he is so profoundly changed that in rejecting the greeting of his wife Faith, Hawthorne shows Goodman Brown has lost faith , hope ,trust and rejected the tenets of his Puritan world during the course of the night.
小说主题：
1 How the Puritans’ strict moral code and overemphasis on the sinfulness of humankind foster undue suspicion and distrust. Goodman Brown’s experience in the forest—whether dream or reality—causes him to lose his faith in others and die an unhappy man.
2 The realization that evil can infect people who seem upright. Goodman Brown discovers that even highly respected people in Salem fall victim to the forces of darkness.
3 One man’s virtue is another man’s sin, and vice versa. whether an action is good or evil appears to depend on who is viewing the action.
4 Trust in others
必读英美文学经典作品20本 American Literature 1、The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Howthorne《红字》霍桑著 小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活
动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作 是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。 2、The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain 《哈克贝利.芬历险记》 简称《赫克》是美国文学中的珍品,也是美国文化中的珍品。十六年前【1984】 ,美国文坛为《赫克》出版一百周年举行了广泛的庆祝活动和学术讨论,也出版了一些研究马克吐温,特别是他的《赫克》的专著。专门为一位大作家的一本名著而举行如此广泛的纪念和专门的研究,这在世界文坛上也是少有的盛事。这是因为《赫克》的意义不一般. 美国著名作家海明威说, "一切现代美国文学来自一本书, 即马克吐温的《赫克尔贝里芬历险记》……这是我们所有书中最好的。一切美国文学都来自这本书,在它之前,或在它之后,都不曾有
过能与之媲美的作品。 3、The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James 《贵妇画像》 亨利.詹姆斯著】 美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的《贵妇画像》自问世以来一直受到文学评论界的关注，专家学者已从各个不同角度对女主人伊莎贝尔·阿切尔作了深入细致的研究。本文试图从一个全新的视角，即跨文化交际角度，剖析伊莎贝尔在婚姻方面所作的选择。文章指出她是该小说中跨文化交际的最大失败者，并对其失败原因作了分析。希望在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天我们都能从伊莎贝尔的生活经历中得到某种启发。
“英美文学作品赏析”课程简介 一、课程简介 “英美文学作品赏析”(“Appreciation of British and American Literary Works”)是依据教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》中的较高要求，为非英语专业大学生开设的“语言文化”类课程。课程以阅读名家名作精彩片段为主，以欣赏相关作品音频、视频片段为辅，通过阅读、讲授、讨论、表演、诵读、赏析等生动活泼的形式，使学生了解英美两国文学简史，理解经典作品的主要艺术特色。本课程从考勤、学习过程、期末开卷考试三方面评估学生的学习情况。通过听、读、说、写、译的综合训练，致力于培养学生运用英语学科基础知识、运用文学常识鉴赏评析作品的能力。在轻松愉快的氛围中，提高学生的团队合作、创造性思维、跨文化交际能力，增强学生对英美文学、文化的兴趣与感悟力，促进学生语言基本功和人文修养的提高。 二、课程内容 课程共48学时，主要内容为：
三、课程考核 本课程的考查方式为：过程管理评估+期末考试评估 过程管理部分的考核构成学生平时成绩，占期末总成绩的40%；期末考试卷面成绩占期末总成绩的60%，即： 学生学期成绩=平时成绩40%+期末考试成绩60% 平时成绩=出勤40%+课堂表现20%+作业40% （作业包括翻译、课堂陈述、课堂表演、写作等灵活多样的形式） 期末考试方式：开卷考试（内容：英美文学常识，作品选段理解，作品选段分析等）四、选课指南 “英美文学作品赏析”是一门文化素养课。课程信息量大、文化内涵丰富，意图拓宽学生知识面，加深其英美国家文化底蕴，提高其人文修养。课程组在教学中力图做到精选作家、作品选段，精心选择相应的音频、视频选段，自制优美的PPP课件，精心组织教学活动，力争通过诵读、观赏、跟读、翻译、表演、陈述等丰富多彩的活动调动同学们的积极性，使其积极参与课堂活动。不少同学反映该课程对他们的英语学习和知识扩展有很大帮助，对英美作家的心路历程和写作历程感受颇深，自己“受益匪浅”。摘录同学评价如下： *“我学习到了很多，更收获到了自己心里憧憬已久的东西，感觉很是幸福。” “该课给了我接触文学，了解文学的机会。在现在这个物欲横流的社会，……我们需要一
I.Multiple Choice 1.To commerate the death of his young wife, __________wrote the poem Annabel Lee. a. D.H. Lawrence b. John Milton c. Philip Phreneau d. Edgar Allan Poe 2. In Leisure, ____________ thinks that it is a poor life if “we have no time to stand and stare” a. John Keats b. William Henry Davies c. Alexander Pope d. John Donne 3.. In Amy Lowell’s Falling Snow, the poet says that “When the temple bell rings again/ they will be covered and gone”. “They” here refers to ______ a. the wooden clogs b. footprints c. the pilgrims d. none of the above 4. The “busy archer”in Philip Sydney’s To the Moon refers to____ a. the poet himself b. Cupid c. a comrade-in-arms of the poet d. none of the above 5. “Act____act in the glorious present”is perphaps the most soul-stirring line in _________’s poem A Psalm of Life. a. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow b. Percy Bissy Shelly c. Walt Whitman d. Carl Sandburg 6. In Song of the Rain, _________ paints a rosy picture of happy family life where the poet is “Safe in the House with my boyhood love/ And our children are asleep in the attic above”. a. Kenneth Mackenzie b. Carl Sandburg c. Hugh MacCrae d. Jerard Manley Hopkins 7. “Day brought back my night”is a well-praised phrase from __________’s On His Deceased Wife. a. Edgar Allan Poe b. Robert Frost c. John Milton d. Philip Sydney 8. In James Shirley’s poem Death the Leveller, the word “leveller” means a. something that reduces everything to nothing b. something that brings equality to all c. something that levels the ground d. none of the abov e. 9. What does “Fire” in Robert Frost’s poem Fire and Ice symbolize? a. war b. anger c. love d. desire 10. In John Keat’s poem The Terror of Death, the phrase “unreflecting love” means a. love without calculation b. love without preparation c. love never thought of d. love involving many considerations II.Blank Filling 1.One word is too often ________, For me to ________ it One feeling is too ______distained, For ______ to distain it .
Part One：English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.
Hamlet is the first work of literature to look squarely at the stupidity, falsity and sham of everyday life, without laughing and without easy answers. In a world where things are not as they seem, Hamlet…s genuineness, thoughtfulness, and sincerity make him special. Hamlet is no saint. But unlike most of the other characters (and most people today), Hamlet chooses not to compromise with evil. Dying, Hamlet reaffirms the tragic dignity of a basically decent person in a bad world Hamlet is the first work of literature to show an ordinary person looking at the futility and wrongs in life, asking the toughest questions and coming up with honest semi-answers like most people do today. Unlike so much of popular culture today, "Hamlet" leaves us with the message that life is indeed worth living, even by imperfect people in an imperfect world. 犹豫scholars have debated for centuries about Hamlet's hesitation in killing his uncle. Some see it as a plot device to prolong the action, and others see it as the result of pressure exerted by the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge and thwarted desire. More recently, psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet's unconscious desires (Freud concludes that Hamlet has an "Oedipal desire for his mother and the subsequent guilt [is] preventing him from murdering the man [Claudius] who has done what he unconsciously wanted to do". Robinson Crusoe is a grand hero in westerners? eyes. He survived in the deserted island and lived a meaningful life. He almost has everything needed for becoming a successful man, such as his excellent creativity, great working capacity, courage, and persistence in overcoming obstacles. But he has shortcomings, too. Sometimes he was irresolute; he was not confident; he was fetishistic, although his belief had done him much good. He serves somehow as a lighthouse for the ambitious people. It?s also instructive for average people. Robinson was the representative of the bourgeois of the 18th C. It was the time when bourgeois grew stronger and stronger. The author Defoe paid a tribute to bourgeois by creating such a rational, powerful, clever, and successful man. 【Themes of Robinson Crusoe】 1. The ambivalence of mastery In short, while Crusoe seems praiseworthy in mastering his fate by overcoming his obstacles, and controlling his environment, the praiseworthiness of his mastery over his fellow human Friday is more doubtful. Defoe explores the link between the two in his depiction of the colonial mind. 2. The necessity of Repentance Crusoe?s experiences constitute not simply an adventure story in which thrilling things happen, but also a moral tale illustrating the right and wrong ways to live one?s life. Crusoe?s story instruct s others in God?s wisdom, and one vital part of this wisdom is the importance of repenting one?s sins. 3. The Importance of Self-Awareness Crusoe?s arrival on the island does not make him revert to a brute existence and he remains conscious of himself at all times. His island existence actually deepens his self-awareness as he withdraws from the external society and turns inward. The idea that the individual must keep a careful reckoning of the state of his own soul is a key point in the Presbyterian doctrine that the aothor took seriously all his life. ·Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte The protagonist and title character, orphaned as a baby. She is a plain-featured, small and reserved but talented, sympathetic, hard-working, honest and passionate girl. Skilled at studying, drawing, and teaching, she works as a governess at Thornfield Hall and falls in love with her wealthy employer, Edward Rochester. But her strong sense of conscience does not permit her to become his mistress, and she does not return to him until his insane wife is dead and she herself has come into an inheritance. 【Themes of Jane Eyre】 1. Gender relations A particularly important theme in the novel is patriarchalism and Jane…s efforts to assert her own identity within male-dominated society. Among the three of the main male characters,
Sonnet 18 William Shakespeare S hall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And of ten is his gold complexion dimm’d; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or n ature’s changing course untrimm’d; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; N or shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee Selected Metaphysical poems by John Donne I. THE FLEA Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which thou deniest me is ; It suck'd me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be. Thou know'st that this cannot be said A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead; Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pamper'd swells with one blood made of two ; And this, alas ! is more than we would do. O stay, three lives in one flea spare, Where we almost, yea, more than married are. This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is. Though parents grudge, and you, we're met, And cloister'd in these living walls of jet. Though use make you apt to kill me, Let not to that self-murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.
1.A novel is a highly stylized prose account of fictional reality in the form of story with profundity for the purpose of changing the reader’s mind by the aid of the reader’s active involvement while providing entertainment and superior truth of life. 2.Character is an invented personality to resemble but never to equal a real person in life. Characters refer to people, animals, things, etc. in a literary work presented as people. 3.A plot is a particular arrangement of happenings in a novel that is aimed at revealing their causal relationships or at conveying the novelist’s ideas. 4.The theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight about human beings and life. 5.Epistolary novel is a novel which consists of the letters the characters write to each other. 6.Roman a Clef is a novel with a key, and the key is usually a famous figure or, in some cases, the author. 7.Nonfictional novel is a novel that depicts real events with techniques of fiction. 8.Anagnorisis refers to the recognition by the tragic hero of some truth about his or her identity or actions that accompanies the reversal of the situation in the plot, the peripeteia. 9.Catharsis refers to the the purging of the emotions of pity and fear that are aroused in the viewer of a tragedy. 10.Hamartia refers to the "tragic flaw" of the hero such as "sin," "error," "trespass,“and "missing the mark". 11.A ballad refers to a short simple narrative poem often relating a dramatic event (folk and literary). 12.A narrative poem is one that mainly tells a relatively complete story. 13.A sonnet is a lyric invariably of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. 1）Petrarchan Sonnet: Italian sonnet; Named after Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374), the Italian poet; Introduced into English poetry in the early 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt; Structure: an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba and a sestet of various rhyme patterns such as cdecde, cdcdcd or cde edc.; Octave: projecting and developing a subject in the octave; sestet: executing a turn 2）Shakespearean Sonnet: Elizabethan sonnet; English sonnet; Developed first by Henry Howard (1517-1547) ; Structure: 3 quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg; 1st quatrain: introducing an idea; 2nd quatrain: complicating it; 3rd quatrain: complicating it still further; final epigrammatic couplet: resolving the whole thing 3）Spenserian Sonnet: a variant on the English Sonnet; Named after the 16th Century poet Edmund Spenser; Structure: 3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee. 14.Rhyme refers to the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds. 15.Rhythm is communicated by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables 16.Image refers to the element in a poem that sparks off the senses, the representation of sense experience through language
A Analysis of the Women Characters in David Copperfield Class:09商务Name: 唐东No.0907030044 Abstract:David Copperfield was written by Charles Dickens,who is the greatest representative of English critical realism in the nineteenth century. One of Dickens's favorite novels,David Copperfield is known all over the world for the well-portrayed characters based on the writer's own life.In David Copperfield,dozens of women characters are portrayed ranging from rich women to poor servants.This paper analyzes some of the women characters in the novel,through which Dickens reveals his attitude toward marriage. . Key words:women characters love family marriage Ⅰ、The goddess The representative figure of The goddess are Peggotty,the loyal maidservant and David’aunt Miss Betsey Trotwood. Peggotty is Dav id’s first goddess,she is not beautiful and fat.But she is loyal.She treated David as her own son,and David regards her as his mother or maybe his father.She treats David full of sympathy and cherish.She see through Mr Murdstone’s conspiracy,and give David help and protect when he was in danger.In an other hands,Peggotty was lack of culture so she only tell David in emotional .Let David know there also love in the world althought his mother was died. ‘Master David ,my love. But don't forget，I'll take care of your mother. She needs her cross old Peggotty！I'll stay with her，although I hate these Murdstones. And remember，David, I love you as much as I love your mother，and more. And I'll Write to you.’ Miss Betsey Trotwood,David’s aunt is another goddess in his life.She meet David’s mother at the night which David born,but go away never look back.Maybe she is a little eccentric. ‘You were talking about the baby．I'm sure it'll be a girl．Now，as soon as she’ s born…’ ‘He，perhaps，’ said my mo ther bravely．‘Don’ t be stupid，of course it’
《英美文学作品赏析》教学大纲 课程编号：E032019 课程类型：专业选修课 课程名称：英美文学作品赏析英文名称：Reading American & British Literary Works 学分：2 适用专业：英语专业 第一部分大纲说明 一、课程的性质、目的和任务 《英美文学作品赏析》是针对英语专业高年级学生，并在其学习了《英国文学》和《美国文学》两门专业基础课之后，开设的一门旨在提高学生鉴赏英美文学经典作品能力的专业选修课。本课根据学生的兴趣、语言水平以及相关文化等因素，从全新的角度选择了英美不同时期作家的代表作，主要是小说作品，材料难度适中，涉猎广泛。本课程的教学目的是使学生通过阅读和理解英美重要作家的小说作品，掌握其体裁特点、思想内涵、文体风格、所属流派和写作技巧等方面的文学知识；学会分析小说作品的艺术特色，提高英语阅读欣赏水平和英语写作技巧，提高文学欣赏水平及文学批评能力；拓展文化视野，扩大接触异国文化的范围，提高对中外文化的异同的敏感性和鉴别能力。本课程的教学任务是帮助学生在巩固所学基础知识与技能的同时，提升学生对英美经典小说作品的鉴赏能力，提高学生的文学素养和文化底蕴，从而为其将来得心应手地参加实际工作打下良好的基础。 二、课程的基本要求 1. 知识要求： 1)了解—英美不同时期和阶段的重要作家和其小说代表作。 2)熟悉—各个所选作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其小说代表作的思想内涵、主 题结构、文体风格、所属流派、人物刻画、语言风格、写作技巧等。 3)掌握—一定的欣赏小说作品的技巧和方法。 2．能力要求： 1)了解—通过阅读经典小说，巩固所学文学知识，扩大词汇量，增强语感，培养学生独立 阅读、欣赏文学作品的能力。 2)熟悉—通过浏览网上的文学资源库，观看文学名著影片，举办作品欣赏讨论会，尝试名 著改写，表演人物对话等实践性教学活动，培养学生阅读、分析以及理解小说作品的鉴 赏能力、思辨能力和文学批判能力。 3)掌握—通过一定的阅读强化训练，加强学生文学鉴赏的敏感性和语言综合应用能力，全 面提高学生的人文素质。 三、课程与相关课程的联系 本课程既是《英国文学》和《美国文学》的拓展课程，又与基础阶段的其他专业课程相辅相成。要求学生不仅具备扎实的语言基本功，一定的听、说、读、写能力，尤其是读的能力，还要了解英美
作家与作品： 海明威：·《非洲的青山》·《太阳照常升起》·《战地钟声》·《永别了，武器》·《第五纵队·西班牙大地》·《曙光示真》·《不固定的圣节》·《过河入林》·《丧钟为谁而鸣》·《危险的夏天》·《老人与海》·《伊甸园》·《丧钟为谁而鸣》·《非洲的青山》·《死在午后》·《岛在湾流中》·《有钱人和没钱》． 菲茨杰拉德：《人间天堂》，《了不起的盖茨比》《夜色温柔》（1934）和《最后一个巨商》。·维吉尼亚?伍尔芙（1882—1941）英国著名小说家、批评家维吉尼亚?伍尔芙也是一位著名的意识流作家和意识流小说的奠基者。。1919年，伍尔芙发表了第一部意识流小说《墙上的斑点》。《达罗卫夫人》(1925)、《到灯塔去》（1927）是伍尔芙意识流小说的代表作。 纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804～1864）美国小说家，是美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家和心理小说家。《范肖》(1828)《古宅青苔》(1843)、《雪影》(1851)＜红字＞《带有七个尖角阁的房子》《玉石雕像》． 杰克伦敦：杰克·伦敦是著名的美国小说家，他一生共创作了约50卷作品，其中最为著名的有《荒野的呼唤》、《海狼》、《白牙》、《马丁·伊登》和短篇小说《老头子同盟》、《北方的奥德赛》、《马普希的房子》等． 华兹华斯：早期诗歌《晚步》《素描集》，从《抒情歌谣集》开始一反18世纪的诗风，将一种崭新的风格带到诗歌创作中，开创了英国文学史上浪漫主义诗歌的新时代。《不朽的征兆》由《序曲》《漫游》两部分组成的哲理性长诗《隐者》等。1843年被封为英国“桂冠诗人”．威廉.布雷克To see a world in a grain of sand, 从一粒沙子看到一个世界， And a heaven in a wild flower, 从一朵野花看到一个天堂， Hold infinity in the palm of your hand, 把握在你手心里的就是无限， And eternity in an hour. 永恒也就消融于一个时辰。 ＜老人与海＞：《老人与海》。如海明威自己所说"是这一辈子所能写的最好的一部作品了"。书未及读完，主人公桑提亚哥的形象就镌刻在我的头脑里。这是一部描写人与大自然搏斗的小说。老人在海上拼斗了两天两夜，最后仅仅赢得了一具空空的鱼架。作品的寓意是象征性的，老人虽败犹荣。正如老人所说："人生来不是为了被打败的，人能够被毁灭，但是不能够被打败。"我一直将这句话看做是海明威的自白，看做是海明威硬汉精神的一种标志。多少年来，这似乎成了一句至理名言。 海明威让我知道，人的经历是何等的重要，这是无价的财富。谁都无法轻视自己的经历。人生的意义就在于一种精神，敢于承受痛苦，蔑视死亡。人可以失败，但不可以被击败，外在的肉体可以接受折磨，但是内在的意志却是神圣不可侵犯的，这是《老人与海》一再强调的论点。真正的大师都是用最简单的语言来表达最深刻的道理，真正的好作品都是用生命的历练做题材，《老人与海》所刻画出来的正是海明威的一辈子最好的画像。 我想，一个作家的成名，不在于他写了多少，而是他有什么独特的创造。海明威以其富有传奇色彩的一生，以其塑造的一系列硬汉形象，奠定了他在世界文学中的地位。而且，人们极易在文学大师的群像中辨别出他的声音。 ＜了不起的盖茨比＞：对戴西的爱是盖茨比梦幻的“天堂”，这种堂。吉诃德式的浪漫幻想天真的让人感动，他对理想的执着追求和献身精神也确实是“了不起”的，显示了生存的某中不可贬斥的价值，正如小说叙述者卡罗威对他说的那样“他们是一帮混蛋，他们那一大帮子都放在一堆还比不上你。”但盖茨比也是可悲甚或可笑的，以为财富和金钱就是进入天堂的云梯，不知道其实所谓天堂只是一种幻想，星星是可望而不可及的。当他在月光下彻夜守侯，生怕戴西受到伤害，要为她担当一切的时候，他不知道在室内，戴西已经背弃了他，在一场阴谋策划中接受了丈夫的劝告，听任tom将车祸的责任栽到他头上。这是金钱社会制造的悲剧，富豪们的傲慢和自私彻底摧毁了盖茨比的梦想和信念。用卡罗威的话：“tom