第一部分基础知识
第一章语法
第一节时态
一．一般现在时
一般+ s; 在以ch, sh, s, x 或o 结尾的词后+ es (teaches, goes, washes, fixes, guesses); 在以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的词后，变y为i后再加-es (studies, tries)
1. 表示现在反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与every day, once a week, often,
always, usually, sometimes, seldom等时间状语连用：
-We go there twice a month.
-Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an
organization required for its operations. (d. required - requires)
2. 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等：
-He has great concern for others.
-Matter exists in three states.
3. 表示客观事物或普遍真理：
-Light travels faster than sound.
-Japan lies to the east of China.
4. 表示安排或计划好的将来的动作：
-The plane takes off at five.
5. 在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作（when, after, before, as soon as, until;
if, unless):
-If it is fine tomorrow, we will have a football match.
-A desert area that has been without water for six years will still bloom when rain
will come. (will come - comes)
二．现在进行时
study-studying; come-coming; sit-sitting (forget-forgetting); die-dying
通常不能用于现在进行时的常见动词如下：
see, hear, smell, taste, know, find, forget, notice, suggest, be, love, like, want, hope,
wish, prefer, hate, understand, remember, believe, have, consist, seem.
1. 表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作：
-The students are running to the sports-field.
2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻不一定在进行：
-He is writing a novel this year.
3. 可表示将来发生的动作，这一用法常用于go, come, leave, start等动词，后面也
常用表示较近的将来时间状语，如tomorrow, tonight, this coming Friday等，表
示安排或计划好的事情：
-Those visitors are leaving for Wuhan tomorrow.
4. 用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩：
-The boy who is sitting beside me is always asking me a lot of whys and hows.
-He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.
三．现在完成时
1.表示动作现在刚完成：
-His son has finished his homework.
2. 表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响：
-It's so cold in here. Who has broken the window?
3. 过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在（这时常和since 或for 短语连用）
-Collecting dolls as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years.
b
[注] 1.副词用：just, before, already, often, never, ever, always, not...yet或now, today, this week等；不用过去的时间状语。
2.-His grandmother ______ for thirty years.
a. died
b. had died
c. has been dead
d. has died
-He has been in the army for two years. (不能说He has joined the army for ...)
-I ______ a college student for more than a year.
a. became
b. have become
c. was
d. have been
-It is three years since he sent to the U.S.
(不能说He has gone to the U.S. for three years.)
四．一般过去时
时间状语有: yesterday, ago, in 1978, once, last week (month, year), at that time,
just now等，以及由when等引导的句子。
1. 表示某一确定的过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态：
-Oberlin College awards degrees to both sexes in 1837, but coeducaion in American
a
colleges did not spread until the second half of the century. (awards - awarded)
2. 表示过去某一段时间内经常发生或习惯的动作：
-From 1910 to 1927 Corra Harris ______ out an average of a novel a year.
a. has brought
b. were bringing
c. had brought
d. brought
3. used to:
-We used to get up at five every morning when we were in the countryside.
五．过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行的动作或正发生的历史事件。
-Bill said that he ______ his homework at half past seven yesterday evening.
a. did
b. was doing
c. is going to do
d. has done
六．过去完成时
1．结束性动作--即“已完成”，表示在过去某一时间之前就已完成了的动作。
常有by, before, until, as soon as, when, because等引导的短语或从句，表示过去
的时间。
-By the end of last year, he had learned about 1,000 words.
Preposition (G)
1. in, on, at yesterday morning in the morning tomorrow morning
yesterday afternoon in the afternoon tomorrow afternoon
yesterday evening in the evening tomorrow evening
this morning
this afternoon at dawn
this evening at noon
at night
Before 'day' we use 'on': on Sunday (Monday..) on Sunday morning
on Oct. 1 on the afternoon of Oct. 1
on May Day on the morning of May Day
on National Day on the evening of National Day
on Christmas on Christmas eve
In the concept of space: arrive in New York; arrive at the station
in London, Tokyo, etc. but at the bus stop
2. over on above 超过（或低于）某高度、标准。
under beneath below e.g. above the sea level (海拔)
直上，直下（接触表面的）上下below O degree
3. except 1. They all went to sleep except the young Frenchman.
2. He rarely went anywhere except to his office.
3. The windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutes
in the morning.
besides Besides English, he has to study German and French.
except for 1. The room was bare of furniture except for a few chairs.
2. The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
except that (when, after, etc.)
1. This suit fits me well except that the trousers are too long.
2. It's a satisfactory hat, except that it doesn't fit me.
3. Mr. Smith used to go fishing every weekend except when he was ill.
1. The art exhibition was well designed, ______ the disarrangement of a few pieces of
photos.
a. except
b. besides
c. except for
d. in addition to
2. She hurried when she knew that everybody was ready ______ her.
a. except
b. except for
c. beside
d. besides
3. ______ being used in industry, laser can be applied to operations in the hospital.
a. Except for
b. Except that
c. In addition to
d. Beside
4. ______ coal, the most important natural fuels are gas and oil.
a. Except for
b. Except
c. Besides
d. Beside
(Apart from)
5. At the far side of the yard there was a kitchen garden (菜园), and ______ that was
the orchard (果园). (再过去是果园)
a. apart from
b. except
c. except for
d. beyond
6. The compositions by the freshmen class are well-written ______ a few errors in
spelling and grammar.
a. unless
b. except that
c. except for
d. besides
Nouns (G)
1. Uncountable nouns:
advice, anger, applause, baggage (luggage), cake, chalk, chocolate, cloth, clothing, bread, damage, equipment, evidence, food, fruit, furniture, gold, homework, housework, information, ink, jewellery, knowledge, machinery, mail (邮件), money, music, news, paper, personnel, postage (邮资，邮费), protection, rice (salt, sugar, tea), scenery, soap, sugar, toothpaste, traffic, transportation, weaponry, weather, work.
2. 有些不可数名词以复数形式出现时，其含义会发生变化。
Ten years had passed, I found she had ______. (81)
a. a little white hair
b. some white hair
c. much white hair
d. a few white hairs
-I found a long black hair in my soup.
communication (通讯) →communications (通讯系统，通讯工具); content（内容）→contents (目录); necessity (需要) →necessities ( 必需品); ruin (毁灭) →ruins (废墟，遗迹);sand (沙子)→sands (沙地); wood (木材)→woods (树林); work →works ( 工厂，著作)
Fossils (化石) of plant that have been extinct (灭绝) for fifty million years have been
a b c
found near the Baltic Sea.
d
deer, fish, sheep
Agreement (G)
一．1. 在There be 结构中：
-There is a box of matches in the kitchen.
-There seems to be little time left.
2. 在主谓倒装结构中：
-After the exams is the time to relax.
-Here come the nine noisy children from next door.
-Here comes the bus. 但Here they are.
-Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper in the drawer.（邻近一致）
二．主语与谓语之间有修饰语时，主语的数不受修饰语的影响：
-Unemployment as well as taxes influences votes.
以下均不影响主语的数：
accompanied by, along with, together with, as well as, but, except, in addition to,
including, instead of, like, more than, no less than, not to mention, rather than (而不是).
-John, together with his family, is flying to London.
-Taxes, not to mention unemployment, influence votes.
三．单数主语。
1．不定式短语、动名词和名词从句作主语时，谓语用单数：
-To become doctors is their ambition.
-Reading without comprehension is no good.
-What that country needs is more jobs and lower taxes.
2.事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品的名称作主语时，谓语用单数：
-The United Nations was formed in 1945.
-The Daily News says it's going to rain.
3. 下列或限定词作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数：
every, each (of), everyone (everybody), one of (+复数), either, neither.
-Every silver knife, fork, and spoon has to be counted.
-Each book and magazine is listed in the card catalog.
-Neither (one) is satisfactory.
(-Many a college student wishes to return the easy days of high school.
-A great / good many books have been written on the subject.)
四．复数主语。
下列不定代词作主语时，谓语用复数：
both (of), few (of), many, several
-Several of the regular members were absent.
1. a lot of, all of, any of, most of, some of, none of 谓语取决于of 后名词的数。
-The number of students in the class is fifteen.
-A number of students were late.
六．复合主语。
1.由and 或both ... and ...连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数。
但：His friend and manager of the company was cool to his suggestion.
a French and Chinese dictionary; a French and a Chinese dictionaries
单数名词前有两个并列的形容词修饰时，谓语常用复数。
-Social and political freedom are limited there. (=Social freedom and political freedom)
2.当or, either ... or, neither ... nor或not only ... but also连接一个单数主语和一个复
数主语时，谓语用“毗邻一致”原则。
-Neither the quality nor the prices have changed.
Neither the prices nor the quality has changed.
七．集体名词用作主语：
-The family is the basic unit of our society.
The family are always quarreling.
常用的集体名词有：army, audience, band, board, class, club, committee, crew,
crowd, family, firm, flock, gang, government, group, jury, majority, minority,
orchestra, party, public, staff, swarm, team, troop等。
八．在定语从句中的主谓语一致：
-That is one of those remarks that are intended to start arguments.
-She is the only one of those girls who is willing to take a make-up exam.
九．表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等以总量计时，谓语用单数：
-Eight hours of sleep is enough.
-Five hundred thousand dollars is quite a large sum of money.
-Three thousand miles is to far to travel.
Cf. -Their last four years have been full of surprises.
-There are two silver dollars in each of the stockings.
十．以-ces或s结尾的名词作主语，谓语一般用单数。
physics, economics, electronics, mathematics, civics (公民学), ethics (伦理学)，
politics, statistics, etc.
但用来表示“活动”或“个别、具体”事实时，谓语用复数：
-Statistics is a field of study. Cf. The statistics in that report are not accurate.
十一．+ the 与不+the 意义不同时：
-Chinese is a difficult language. The Chinese are kind and friendly.
-French is spoken in many countries. The French are famous for their good wines.
十二．“The +形容词/-ed 分词"作主语时，谓语用复数：
-The injured were taken to hospital.
代词一致：-Neither Lynne nor Bess has her keys with her.
-Neither the Browns nor the Greens like their cars. (邻近原则)
somebody...,anyone...,something...,either(neither),each, one, no one作主语时，代词一般用单数。性：无法确定时用阳性.-A person needs to see his dentist twice a year.
Comparison (G)
(-y, ow, le, r, st + er, est: narrower, busier, noblest)
a. biggest than any other one
b. bigger than any one
c. bigger than any other one
d. bigger as any other one
Herbert studies ______ student in the class.
a. hardest than any other
b. harder than any
c. harder than any other
d. harder as any
e.g. He is taller than anyone else in our class.
二.替代问题：
The weather of this year is better than that of last year.(that 代不可数名词，指物)
A necklace made of glass is far cheaper than one made of diamond.
(one 只可代可数名词，可指人、物)
三.倍数问题：倍数后现不用more than, 要用as much (or many) as
1. The new model costs twice as much as last year's model.
2. Staying in hotel costs ______ renting a room in a dormitory for a week.
a. twice more than
b. as much twice as
c. twice as much as
d. as much as twice
四.同级比较：肯定用: as + 原级+ as 否定用: not so (as) + 原级+ as
五.修饰比较级的状语有：
still, even; much, far, a lot, a great deal; a little, a bit; five years 等。
1. My brother is 5 years older than I.
2. He studies far better than you (do).
六.The more ...... the more
1. The harder you study, the better you will serve the people.
2. The better people are able to communicate, the greater the chances are of achieving
an enduring peace in the world.
3. The longer you work, the more you will learn.
七. 限定词→数词→描述性形容词→大小、长短、形状的形容词→年龄、新旧→色彩形容词→类属形容词（国籍、地区、出处）→用途类别→表材料形容词→被修饰名词
the first two books; the two rather beautiful pictures;
some beautiful little red flowers; an expensive blue Chinese vase;
a rather beautiful green Chinese woolen carpet
an expensive new Japanese sports car(一辆昂贵的新型日本跑车)
that beautiful slim young foreign lady (那位漂亮、苗条的年轻外国小姐)
Mrs. Brown has ______ car.
a. beautiful new American
b. a new American beautiful
c. a new beautiful American
d. an American beautiful new
There is ______.
a. a gray, gloomy-looking(幽暗), wooden house
b. a wooden, gray, gloomy-looking house
c. a gloomy-looking, gray, wooden house
d. a gloomy-looking, wooden, gray house
八. 某些源自拉丁语以-or结尾的形容词，没有原级，只有比较级。如：
superior to, inferior to; senior (年长的、较高级的), junior (年幼的，较低级的);
prior (先于、更重要的), posterior (较后的、后于), 全都跟"to" 不用than
(equal, similar)
-Mr. Johnson is superior to him in ability. -He is three years senior to me.
九．准关系代词than的用法：
2. There were more casualties than was reported. (than, not that or who)
1. The task was far more difficult than had been expected.
Infinitive (G)
一．作主语
-To get high marks in the entrance exam of postgraduate in a short time is a hard nut.→It is really a hard nut to get high marks in the entrance exam of postgraduate in a ......
-To learn English is very important→It is very important to learn English.
-When to start hasn't been decided.→It hasn't been decided when to start.
-It is possible for us to get there before dark.
-It is quite important for us to read good books during the period of general review.
在某些形容词（如kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly wrong, right, foolish, stupid careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等）作表语时，不定式前常可加of 引出逻辑主语。
-It's unwise of them to turn down the proposal. (他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的.)
二．作表语：
-His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.
-The purpose of inductive (归纳) logic is to infer general laws from particular
occurrences.
三．作定语：
-She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings.
-The teacher assigned us two exercises to do at home.
-She was the first person to think of the idea.
-That girl has nothing to worry about. -He has a lot of trifles to deal with.
-Let's first find a room to put the things in..
一些表示企图、努力、倾向的名词后面需接不定式作定语：
ability, ambition, attempt, determination, decision, effort, intention, need, opportunity, reason, right, tendency, way, wish, etc.
-This book is an attempt ______ English and recognize how it is used. (82)
a. helping you to use
b. helping you use
c. to help you use
d. to help you using
四．作宾语：
1．用不定式做宾语的动词有: agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, claim, continue, decide, decline (谢绝), demand, desire, determine, endeavor (努力，竭力)，expect, fail, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, swear (发誓), threaten, undertake (从事，着手), wish等。
-I can't afford to buy that luxury piece of furniture.
2. 动词+ 疑问代（付）词+ 不定式。
这类动词常见的有：advise, decide, discuss, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, regard, remember, see, settle, teach, tell, think (=consider), understand, wonder等。
疑问代（付）词有what, when, where, which, how, whether等，但不包括why:
when to start.
-He does not know who(m) to visit.
3. 形式宾语：
-We find it difficult to get everything ready before the time you require.
-I don't think it necessary to argue with the on this problem.
-All these noises ______ with the work.
a. made me impossible to go on
b. made me impossible going on
c. made it impossible for me to go on
d. makes it impossible for me to go on
五．作宾补：
1. -I expect you to come early. -The teacher left us to solve the hard problems.
-He asked us not to go there tomorrow.
可以跟不定式作宾补的动词有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hate, get, intend, invite, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn等表示“致使”等意义。
2. 表示感觉的动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at和have, let,
make后的宾语可接不带to的不定式。
-I often hear them sing this song.
-We heard someone come up the stairs. (Someone was heard to come up the stairs.)
六．作状语：
1．表示目的：
-Thousands of people go to south to earn money. (or in order to...)
-To save time and labor, cartoonists generally draw the hands of the characters with only three fingers and a thumb.
2. 表示结果：
so ...(+a.) ...as to; such ...(+n.) ...as to; enough to ...; too ... to...; only to ....
-We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests.
-Is that room big enough to seat all of us?
{-He is too angry to speak.
-One is not too old to learn.
-He is too angry not to so that. 他在盛怒之下才说出这样的话来。}
3．表示原因：
-I'm sorry to interrupt you.
-I am pretty pleased to hear the news that you are elected as the president of the club.
Gerund (G)
1.作主语：Telling lies is wrong. There is no accounting for tastes. (嗜好是说不出道理
的. --- 人各有所好。) There is no joking abut such matters. (这种事开不得玩笑。) no use
It is { no good + doing
worth (while)
waste
e.g. 1. It's no use crying over spilt milk.
2. It's a waste of time arguing about it.
*只有当表语为no use, no good, worth (while)时作主语的动名词才可后置，前用形式
2.作表语：1. Seeing is believing.
2. His aim is mastering English in the shortest time possible.
*动名词和不定式都可作主语或表语。一般说来，表示比较抽象的一般行为时多用动名词；表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。
Smoking is prohibited here. It is quite necessary to read it many times.
Their job is building houses. Our task now is to increase food production.
3. 作宾语：在admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape,
excuse, finish, include, keep (on), mind, miss, postpone, practise, quit, resist, risk,
suggest, understand, 以及be accustomed to, approve of, be opposed to, be used to, can't help, give up, go on, insist on, look forward to, object to, put off, succeed in, think about (of), feel like, 等动词或动词短语后，用动名词作宾语。
e.g. 1. Do you enjoy playing tennis?
2. Would you mind filling out this form? (请填一下这份表格好吗？)
3. She has been looking forward to meeting her parents.
4. 动名词的逻辑主语用名词所有格（或物主代词）表示。
e.g. 1. I don't like your being late.
2. John's going there himself saved us a good deal of trouble.
当名词所有格不在句首时，可用“名词通格（或人称代词宾格）+动名词”的结构来表示。
1. There is no hope of Tom becoming an architect.
2. I should thank you instead of you thanking me.
5. be busy; feel like; What (How) about; spend + time + (in)-ing; have difficulty (trouble, a good time, fun)+(in) + -ing
1. remember: I remember seeing John yesterday. (I remember posting the letter today.)
Please remember to post the letter today.
2. forget: I forgot to post your letters.
I'll never forget finding that rare old coin in the garden.
3. regret: I regret to say I haven't given you enough help.
He never regretted doing it.(He regrets not having worked harder at school.)
4. try: They will try to finish the work within a week.
Try cleaning it with petrol.
5. need (want, require)
The house needs repairing.
The house needs to be repaired. (Cf. You don't need to answer the question.)
6. mean: Failing this exam means waiting for a year.
I mean to leave tomorrow.
7. stop Stop smoking, please. They stopped working.
(leave off) Let's stop to chat a while. They stop (talking) to work.
8. go on They went on discussing the problem. Go on reading.
Participle (G)
e.g. an interesting book broken glass
an exciting news (story) the excited audience
一. 作定语:
Barking dogs seldom bite. [谚] 爱叫的狗很少咬人。
The girl driving the car is his sister. Have you read the letter written by Mr. John?
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
The pen ______ belongs to me.
a. which it is on the table
b. lying on the table
c. is on the table
d. that on the table
Many things ______ impossible in the past are common today.
a. considered
b. to consider
c. considering
d. being considered
We appreciate your efforts bringing about a comprehensive (全面的、全部的)
a b
solution of the existing problems. （82）
c d
注：表示企图，努力，倾向等名词，e.g. ability, ambition, attempt, effort 等后面需接不定式，以及表示能力、愿望、倾向等语义的形容词后面也要接不定式，例：able (但其同义词capable + of + 动名词), anxious, eager, glad, inclined (倾向于),
liable, likely, pleased, ready等。
Cf. 与动名词作定语作比较:
a waiting car a waiting-room
a sleeping child a sleeping-car
flying fish flying-suit (飞行服)
a writing table, a swimming pool
working people working method
二．作表语:
e.g. The situation is encouraging. The cup is broken.
The food smells inviting. (这个菜香味怡人.)
She looks disappointed.
三．作宾补:
e.g. I'm sorry t have kept you waiting.
When I entered the room, I found him reading something aloud.
She was glad to see her children well taken care of in the nursery.
-- Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
-- Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.
They want the job ______ by the end of the week.
a. to do
b. done
c. did
d. to be doing
He wishes ______.
a. to have cut his hair
b. to cut hair
c. to have his hair cut
d. his hair to cut
a. to have your TV set repaired
b. to have your TV set repair
c. have your TV set repaired
d. have your TV set repairing
Why do you stand and watch the milk ______ over?
a. boiling
b. boiled
c. from boiling
d. being boiled
四．作状语：可作时间、条件、原因、让步、结果、伴随等。
Walking through the forest, we found many strange animals.
Walking through the forest, a lot of animals are there. (wrong)
Given better conditions, every student in this school could go to college.
Exhausted by the hard work, he slept 18 hours without having any food.
Not having had any letter from Tom, Mary was worried.
Having been caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. (80)
Per capita (首，人均) income is a nation's entire income dividing by the number of
a b
people in that nation.
c d
______ by the decision, the lawyer quickly left the court room.
a. Angering
b. Having angered
c. Being angered
d. Angered
After seeing the movie, ______.
a. the book was read by him
b. the book made him want to read it
c. he wanted to read the book
d. the reading of the book interested him
五．分词独立结构:
The story exciting, we were all absorbed in it told by the old man.
Weather permitting, we will go to Summer Palace tomorrow.
Last year, the work finished, he went to Qingdao about a month for a holiday.
Her eyes filled with tears, she did not notice his coming.
Model Verb (G)
1 2
Can He can speak English without much difficulty. He can't be working at this hour. May May I smoke here? She may be in the dormitory.
Must We must study hard. They must be playing basketball.
Must we hand in our exercise books today?
No, you needn't.
"That must be a mistake." "No, it ______ a mistake."
a. must not be
b. needn't be
c. can not be
d. would not be
Shall 用在问句中征求对方的意见和指示，可用于第一和第三人称。
What shall we drink? Shall he come to se you?你说要不要他来看你？
Shall those books be sent over to you at once?那些书要不要马上给你送来。Will 表示意愿
A man who won't work is no good.
None so blind as those who won't see. [谚]不愿看的人眼最瞎。
If you will allow me, I'll see you home. 如果你愿意的话，我可以送你回家。Should 表示劝告或建议。You should get everything ready before the examination. Ought to 表示责任、义务。You are his father. You ought to take care of him.
Must 表示必要、必须要做的事。
Must > ought to > should
Must (主观想法) -I must tidy up the room. (Cf. I have to tidy up the room.) Have to (客观需要) -You ______ be more careful next time.
a. have to
b. may
c. must
d. had to
-He had to do everything all by himself during those days.
Need 需要。主要用于否定句及疑问句。
You needn't think of anything else. ..不必..
Cf. The child needs to be taken good care of.(实义动词)
-You ______ to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do.
a. needn't to come
b. don't need come
c. won't need come
d. needn't come
-He ______ to the farm yesterday.
a. needs go
b. needed go
c. need to go
d. needn't to go
-You ______ afraid of any difficulties.
a. need not to be
b. need not
c. don't need be
d. need not be
Dare He ______ go there.
a. dare not
b. dares
c. dares not to
d. does not dare
Used to Lu Xun used to write at night. Cf. They are used to hard work.
Used he always to walk in the garden after dinner?
Did he always use to walk in the garden after dinner?
He usedn't to answer impolitely. 他过去回答别人总是很有礼貌的。
He didn't use to answer impolitely.
We ______ go to the movies quite frequently.
a. use not to
b. used to
c. were used to
d. are used to
Had better You had better start to do it right now.
Would (had) rather I would rather go at once.
She had rather die than yield.
I would rather he was not here.
Subjunctive Mood (G)
1.
与现在相反If there were no air, the sky would black.(..animals and plants would die.) What would you do about the problem if you were in my shoes?
与过去相反If we had had enough money, we would have bought it.
If the sun had been in the right direction, the photos would have come out
very well. 如果太阳光在适当的方位，照片会照得很好。
与将来相反The weather forecast says it will turn fine. If the rain were to go on, the crops would be in danger.
If she should come here, we would (not) discuss this matter with her.
- If you had come a few minutes earlier, you _____ him.
a. would meet
b. can meet
c. would have met
d. met
- If you had spoken clearly, you _____.
a. would understand
b. would be understood
c. would have been understood
d. would have understood
If it had not rained last night, the ground would not be so muddy this
morning.
通过介短或But for your help, I would have been drowned.
上下文Without your help, we could not have succeeded.
Tom gives up everything for her. Henry would not be that silly.
We could have done better under more favorable conditions.
You are late again; you should have arrived ten minutes earlier.
2. as if The foreign expert speaks Chinese as if he were a Chinese.
She told the story as if it had happened t her.
3. wish I wish I could speak several languages.
I wish you had told me before.
4. If only If only we had listened to their advice!
If I could only see him once!
5. 用在由lest, or, for fear(that) (British English 口语中多用in case) 引出的目的状
语从句中，表示忧虑。从句中的谓语动词用should +动词原形或单用动词原形。
John had to get a degree for fear that he (should)have little chance of getting
a job. 约翰得弄个学位，不然很少有机会找到职业。
Please remind me of it tomorrow lest I (should) forget.
6. It is time that 动词用过去式样（如与过去相反，也有用过去完成式。）
It is high (about) time children went to bed.
7. would rather 从句用过去式。
8. a. suggest, propose, recommend (建议), move (建议), advise (建议), insist, urge (极力主张), ask, require, request (提议、要求), demand, desire, order, command, decide, intend (意欲，打算), prefer, arrange;
b. It is necessary (essential (必要，重要的), vital (极重要，不可缺少的), important,
imperative (必须的), urgent, advisable (应该的，适当的), proper, obligatory (必须
的),desirable (令人满意的，值得的), appropriate, fitting (合适的);
c. order, request, suggestion, command, necessity, importance, idea, plan, motion (提
议), proposal, recommendation (建议), understanding (协议), resolution (决定，决
议), 这些名词的同位语从句。
d. 在expect, believe, think, suspect 等的否定或疑问式后的宾从中，常用should +
原形（或完成式）,表示惊奇、怀疑、不满等。e.g. I never thought that he should be
such a brave young soldier.
many have + p.p. Don't worry, your husband may not have been hurt seriously.
must have + p.p. You look so sleepy. You must have sat up late last night.
can't (couldn't) have + p.p. This poem can't have been written by her. She is only five.
should (ought to) have + p.p.
Sally shouldn't have bought that hat. It looks terrible. （…真难看死了。）
needn't have + p.p.
You needn't have waken him up. It's only five. (你其实不必叫醒他。)
Since the ground is white, it ______ last night.
a. should have snowed
b. must have snowed
c. may have snowed
d. would have snowed
a. mustn't have attended
b. shouldn't have attended
c. can't have attended
d. needn't have attended
Clauses (G)
名词性从句：主、表、宾、同位语从句的连接词均为：
从属连词：that, whether, if (在从句中不担任任何语法作用)
连接代词：who, whom, whose, which, what
连接付词：when, where, why, how
1. 主语从句：
-That we should raise the production is important.
-What I am interested in is collecting stamps and playing chess.
-How some animals find their way home is not known.
-When man first made use of electricity is not exactly known.
It is (was) + a. (p.p. or n.) + 主从
-It is important that we should raise the production.
-It is necessary (essential, vital, etc.) that...
-It is a pity that ...
-It is said (reported, recorded) that ...
-It has been proved that ...
-It is know to all that ...
______ is quite clear.
a. Where is the fighting
b. Why is the fighting
c. What war is
d. When is the war
______ I need is a drink.
a. The thing what
b. Which do
c. What
d. That
2. 表语从句：
-The question is whether it is worth doing.
-It looked as if it was going to snow.
Is this ______ looking for?
a. you were
b. that you were
c. what were you
d. what you were
The reason I plan to go is ______ if I don't.
a. because she will be disappointment
b. that she will be disappointed
c. because she will have a disappointment
d. on account of she will be disappointed
3. 同位语从句：
______ is no reason for discharging her.
a. Because she was a few minutes late
b. Owing to a few minutes being late
c. The fact that she was a few minutes late
d. Be a few minutes late
4. 宾语从句：
-We can learn what we did not know.
-She always thinks of how she can do more for the people.
-We think it necessary that you should join us in the work.
a. has worked
b. had worked
c. was working
d. worked
Now we have learnt ______.
a. that is heat
b. whether heat is
c. when is heat
d. what heat is
I wonder ______.
a. how much cost these shoes
b. how much do these shoes cost
c. how much these shoes cost
d. how much are these shoes cost
Can you tell us ______ ?
a. who that man is
b. who is that man
c. what is that man
d. whom that man is
I don't think ______.
a. he came yesterday is true
b. that he came yesterday true
c. it true that he came yesterday
d. it that he came yesterday true
定语从句：
1. 限制性定语从句：
关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as
关系付词：when, where, why
-The professor (whom) you wish to see has come.
-Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in.
-Water is a liquid which is made up of two elements.
-Do you know the right time when the meeting begins?
-Shanghai is the lace where the Communist Party of China was born.
[注]先行词是all, something, anything, nothing, little等，或先行词有first, only, no, very 或形容词最高级修饰时，定从连词只能用that,不能用which.
-Is there anything that I can do for you?
-Tom was the first boy that reached the mountain top that day.
-This is the best book that I have ever read.
It is the third time that ______ here.
a. had been
b. was
c. have been
d. will be
This is the first time ______.
a. when I came here
b. that I came here
c. I have ever been here
d. which I have ever been here
_____, the compass was first made in China.
a. It is known to all
b. We all know
c. It is known that
d. As is known to all 2．非限制性定语从句：
-Mr. Smith, who came to see me yesterday, is a relative of my wife's.
-The problem, which is complicated, has been solved.
-The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.
3. 连接词在定语从句中作介词的宾语：
-The world in which we live is in constant motion and in constant change.
-Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live.
-The film of which I'm speaking is to be shown at the People's Cinema nest week.
-The policeman with whom Mr. Henry is talking in the office is a friend of mine. 4. 名词、代词或数词+ of + 连接词+ 定从
-We have two spare rooms upstairs, neither of which has been much used in the past
-China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
-The house the windows of which were damaged has now been repaired.
5. the same ... as
-We do the same work as they (do).
-He is not the same man as he was
such ... as (Cf. such ... that ...引导结果状从；such as 例如)
-We hope to get such a tool as he is using.
状语从句
分为时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、让步、目的、结果、比较状从。
1．时间状从：从属连词有：when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, instantly (immediately, directly), the day, every time, the minute (second, moment).
-Great changes have taken place in Beijing since it was liberated.
-Tom didn't get up until 12 o'clock.
-I'll tell you as soon as I know.
-We'll wait until the doctor comes.
-Please return the book to me when you have finished reading it.
-As we were having the meeting, the manager came in.
______, the players began the game.
a. Having taken our seats
b. After we had taken our seats
c. Being taken the seats
d. Taking the seats
2. 地点状从：连接付词为: where, wherever
-Just stay where you are.
-Wherever you go, you can see new factories and stores, new schools and hospitals. 3. 原因状从：从属连词为：because, as , since, now that,
-As the weather was fine, I opened all the windows.
-Since we live near the sea, we can often go swimming.
4. 条件状从：从属连词有：if, unless, as (so) long as, providing that, provided, supposing
that, suppose that,
-You can't learn a language well unless you work hard.
-As long as we rely on the broad masses, we can overcome any difficulties.
-We'll come over to see you on Wednesday if we have time.
-He will not leave unless it is fine tomorrow.
5. 方式状从：从属连词有：as, just as, as if.
-The boys jumped on their blankets as they were told.
-Do just ass you like.
6. 让步状从：连接词有：though, although, even if (even though), as, whether ... or ...
no matter ..., despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, while.
-Whether it shines or rains, I will go tomorrow.
-Even if she didn't come, she would send a present.
-Young as he was (=Though he was young), he fulfilled the difficult task.
-However hard I tried, I could not memorize the text.
7. 目的状从：连接词为：that, so that, in order that (谓语动词用can, could, may, might);
for fear that, lest, in case (in Britain) (谓语动词用should + 动词原形) -They came here that (so that, in order that) they could see the exhibition.
-Jim did not answer back lest (for fear that, in case) his mother should be angry with
8. 结果状从：连接词为：so that, so ... that, such ... that ... (so ..as to + 不定式)
-I didn't go early that day so that I didn't get a good seat.
-Air is so light that we seldom notice it.
-We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
(Cf. We'll make such computers as are needed in different branches of science.
Emphasis (G)
强调结构为：It is (was) .... that ....。
如强调主语或宾语，则that可用who, whom (指人)或which (指物)来代替；如强调的是状语，则不能用when, where等代替，只能用that。注意，强调结构不能用来强调谓语动词和表语。
Mr. Smith met your sister in the Zoo yesterday.
It was Mr. Smith that (or who) met your sister in the Zoo yesterday.
It was your sister that (or whom) Mr. Smith met in the Zoo yesterday.
It was in the Zoo that (不能用where) Mr. Smith met your sister yesterday.
It was yesterday that (不能用when) Mr. Smith met your sister in the Zoo.
They were late because their car broke down.
It was because their car broke down that they were late.
He didn't realize the serious situation until he read the letter.
It was not until he read the letter that he realized the serious situation.
Inversion (G)
-What does your brother do for a living? -Have you ever been to the Summer Palace? （部分倒装）
-There have been many accidents lately.
-There goes the bell! -Here come the volleyball winners. (凯旋而归的..)
-Here comes the bus! (全倒装) Cf. Here you are!
一．用于省略if的非真实条件状语从句中。
-Should you happen to see George, would you please ask him to ring me?
-Were there no air, animals and plants on the earth would die.
-Had you come one minute later, you should have missed the train.
二．用于由as引导的让步状语从句中。
-Anxious as I was to finish the work before dark, I still did it carefully.
-Much as he wanted to go further, Captain Oats couldn't for his badly front-bitten feet.
-Try as you will, you won't be able to succeed. 你愿意就尽管试，但不会成功。
三．用于以否定词not, never, little, seldom, rarely; hardly, scarcely, barely, no sooner, not
only等开头的句子中（不开头则不必倒装），以及含no的介词短语（e.g. by no
means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, nowhere, at no point, at no
time, on no account, in no sense<都表示‘决不’>）开头的句子中。
1. -Never have I seen such a magnificent sight.
[hardly, no, not修饰主语，则不倒装。
-No survivor has yet been found. Cf. Nowhere on the globe can you find a
better place.
-All that glitters is not gold. (Not all that glitters is gold.)
-Hardly anyone has seen a man who eats ants.]
-Not until yesterday did I realize what had happened.
-Not only was he a first-rate mathematician, but he also excelled at chess.(精通棋艺)
2. -Under no circumstances we should do anything that we will benefit ourselves but
a b c
harm the interests of the state. (85)
d
-In no way can passengers smoke in the air-conditioned bus.
-On no account may reference books be removed from the library.
barely / hardly / scarcely ...... when / before及no sooner ...... than:
Hardly had he got to the plant when he started to work..
No sooner had he got to the plant than he started to work.
-Scarcely had they settled themselves in their seats in the theater than the curtain
a b c
went up.
d
-______ to speak when the audience interrupted him. (91)
a. Hardly had he begun
b. No sooner had he begun
c. Not until he began
d. Scarcely did he begin
3. often:
-Often did we ask her not to be late for school. (83)
四．用于以only开头的句中。
-Only in recent years ______ begun to realize that wild dogs, kept within bounds, often do more good than harm.
a. people have
b. since people
c. have people
d. people who have
-Only in France will you find the kind of food you need.
-Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar ______ write correctly.
a. you will
b. you can
c. can you
d. can't you (82)
五．用于以so, nor, neither开头的句中，以说明与前面一句中的谓语所表示的内容相类同。
-I enjoyed the football match. So did my friends.
-They don't like fish soup. Neither do I.
六．-He works so diligently that he often forgets to eat and sleep.→
So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.
-She felt so embarrassed that she could not say a word.→
So embarrassed did she feel that she could not say a word.
-The measure our company took to prevent loss was absurd (荒谬可笑的).
Absurd was the measure our company took to prevent loss.
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词 或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间 接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如： He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：
英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
人教版七年级（上册）英语知识点 第一块国际音标 国际音标是一种工具，其作用是标记英语字母和单词的读音。 1、20个元音 单元音： ／i:／Ee、／з:／her ／u:／do ／I／it ／?／about ／u／book ／ɑ:／are ／／or ／?／any ／／us ／／off ／e／at 双元音： ／／Ii ／／out ／／ear ／／Aa，／／Oo ／／air ／／boy ／／sure 2、28辅音： 成对的清浊辅音： ／p／map ／t／it ／k／book ／f／off ／θ／math ／s／yes ／b／club ／d／dad ／g／big ／v／have ／e／this ／z／zoo ／／fish ／／watch ／tr／tree ／ts／its ／／usually ／／orange ／dr／dress ／dz／beds 其他辅音： ／m／am ／n／and ／／English ／l／like ／h／hello ／r／red ／w／what ／j／yes 3、国际音标拼读规则： 辅见元，碰一碰。／l／在前，发本音；音节后面卷下舌。 ／p／、／t／、／k／、／tr ／清辅音，／s／后读成浊辅音。 本块词汇: speak说讲start开始school学校 s trict严格的out外面club俱乐部usually通常 dress化妆about关于大约us我们her她的ear耳朵English英语sure当然可以air空气or或者any一些boy男孩orange橙子,桔子map地图tree树math数学 off离开watch观看手表do做 like喜欢 beds床what什么hello喂是的red红色的yes是的 book书its它的 zoo动物园fish鱼dad爸爸big大的have有this这it它 Starter unit1-3 一、文化常识 1、英语文化区域，熟人之间见面，常要互相问好。早上用语Good morning ! 下午用语Good afternoon ! 晚上用语Good evening ! 例如：
第一部分语法框架 词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词 语句子成分：主、谓、宾，定、状、补，同位、表 法主语+谓语 句简主语+谓语+宾语 法单主语+谓语+宾语(间宾)+宾语(直宾) 按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 结主语+系动词+表语 构并列句：简单句+并列连词+简单句 分定语从句 复合句：主句+从句状语从句 句名主语从句 子词宾语从句 结性 构从同位语从句 句表语从句 陈述句：肯定句/否定句 按疑一般疑问句：将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成 语问特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句 气句选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句(通常省去与前句相同的内容) 分反义疑问句：前肯后否;前否后肯 祈使句：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等，以动词原形开头 What +名词+主语+谓语! 感 What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语! 叹 How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语! 句 How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语! How +主语+谓语! 第二部分词类 名词 Noun (n.) 专有名词 首字母大写的人名、地名、组织名、机构名等，如：Qi Baishi, New York, the USA 普通名词 可数名词 (单/复数) 个体名词：能分成单个独立个体的名词，如：pen, apple, student, tree 集体名词：由几个个体组成的小集体的名词，如：group, class, family
不可数名词 物质名词：不能分为个体的物质，通常为气体、液体，如：water, gas, air 抽象名词：不具体，看不见，莫不着的事物，如：advice, information 动词 Verb (v.) 实义动词/行为动词(具体动作的发出 ) 及物动词(vt.)：需要带宾语的动词，即：该类词后必须有名词、代词等可以作宾语的词，如：finish tasks, run(经营) a company, read a novel 不及物动词(vi.)：不需要带宾语的的动词，即：该类词后没有名词、代词等可以作宾语的词，如：He(主) runs(谓) quickly(状). 若要在不及物动词后接宾语，则需要加上相关介词，如：They arrived in London at 9 p.m. 情态动词 表示说话人语气和态度的词：can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, need, ought to, dare。其后的动词用原形，“情动+动原”一起构成句子的谓语。 助动词 帮助构成时态、语态或改变句子结构的动词，如：be(am, is, are, was, were), have(has, had), do, does, did等。 第二部分 1.as...as...引导的比较级： (1)“as +形容词或副词原级+as+被比较对象”结构。例句： He studies as hard as you. 他像你一样学习努力。 (2)在否定句或疑问句中可用 not so…as…. 例句：He can notrun so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。 2.only引导的倒装句型：only +状语 (或状语从句)位于句首时，句子部分倒装。 例句： Only by diligence and honesty can one succeed inlife. 只有勤奋、正直，一个人在生活中才能成功。 注意：但 only修饰主语时，不倒装。例句： Onlythat girl knew how to work out the problem. 只有那位女生知道怎样解那道题。 3.wish引导的虚拟语气：wish 后面的从句，当表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望时，其宾语从句的动词形式为： ⑴表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式表示，be 的过去式用were. I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。) ⑵表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用had +过去分词。
初中汉语语法知识大全(人教版备课资料) 初中汉语语法基础知识与写作基础 第一章、法和语法学习 前言 一、什么是语法 语法是语言组合的规律和法则。汉语语法分析可以按由小到大分为五级单位，即语素（字）、词、短语、句子、句群。 二、为什么要学习语法 为了掌握语言的组合规律、规则，提高理解语言的、运用语言的能力。 第一节、词类 一、实词和虚词 词是由语素（字）构成的。词按语法功能和语法意义可分为实词和虚词。 实词是有实在意义的词,它可分为:名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词等六类。 虚词是没有实在意义的词，它可为副词、介词、连词、助词、叹词、拟声词等六类。 二、名词 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。 1、普通名词：牛、人、学生、云、飞机、菜 2、专有名词：中国、黄河、泰山、毛泽东 3、抽象名词：精神、文化、人生、思想 4、时间名词：现在、去年、明天、星期一 5、方位名词：上、前、东、夏天、以上、之南、之东、一旁、底下、跟前、当中、里外、左右、上下 三、动词 动词是表示动作、行为、存在、变化、心理活动等意义的词。 1、表示动作行为：看、听、笑、唱、跳、飞、劳动、研究、认识、安慰、团结、休息
2、表示心理活动：爱、恨、怕、想、希望、喜欢、回忆、思考、理解、厌恶 3、表示发展变化：增加、扩大、提高、降低 4、表示存在、出现、消失：存在、出现、消失、死亡、停、丢 5、表示使令：叫、让、派、请、使、要求、命令、禁止、 6、表示可能、意愿——能愿动词：能、能够、会、可以、可能、应该、应当、必须、要、愿意、需要、肯、敢、情愿 7、表示动作趋向——趋向动词：上、下、来去、进、出、过、起来、回去 8、表示判断——判断词：是 四、形容词 形容词是表示人、事物的形状、性质或者动作、行为、发展、变化状态的词。 1、表示形状：大、小、圆、粗、滑、平、高、低、宽、窄、肥、胖、美、丑、温柔、平缓、笔直 2、表示性质：好、坏、冷、热、酸、甜、苦、软、聪明、朴素、老实、正确、勇敢、特殊 3、表示状态：快、忙、急、稳、轻松、高兴 五、数词 数词是表示数目的词。数词可分为基数、序数、分数、小数、倍数和概数。 1、基数：一、二、三、……十、百、千、万、亿 2、序数：第一…头一回、初一…老大…老幺 3、分数、25?、几分、几成 4、小数：0?2 5、12?34 5、倍数：一倍… 6、概数：几、两、来、多、把、左右、上下、以上、以下、成千、上万、近亿、三四个、两三年 六、量词 量词是表示人、事物或动作、行为的量的词。量词分为物量词和动量词。 1、物量词：
英语语法知识汇总-五年级 英语语法知识汇总 一、词类： 1、名词 这里强调两点：不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is 名词复数如何加后缀：
2、人称代词和物主代词 人称代词：有主格和宾格之分。一般动词前用主格，动词后用宾格。 3、指示代词
4、冠词 有a、an、the。a和an的区别：an用于元音音素（一般就是元音字母a、e、i、o、u）前，a用于辅音音素前。 二、否定句： be动词（am、is、are）+not、 情态动词can+ not、 助动词（do、does）+ not 如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为否定句： 1、看句中有无be动词，如有，直接在be动词后+ not。 2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，直接在情态动词后+ not。 3、如上述二者都没有，就应用助动词+ not。分四个步骤： （1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。 （2）确定助动词用do、does，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用d o，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does， （3）在助动词后加not。 （4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。
强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。 三、一般疑问句。 如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为一般疑问句： 1、看句中有无be动词，如有，把be动词提到句首即可。 2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，把情态动词提到句首即可。 3、如上述二者都没有，就应把助动提到句首。分四个步骤： （1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。 I do like you. （2）确定助动词用do还是does，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用do，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does He does like you. （3）把助动词后提到句首。 Does he like you? （4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。 强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。 四、特殊疑问句。 表示疑问，有疑问词（在开头），回答有很多种可能。
大学英语语法 (CET--4) 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)
v1.0可编辑可修改 英语语法基础知识大全 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词 类（ parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词 和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词 (noun) 是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner 外国人 soap肥皂Newton 牛顿 law法律freedom 自由peace 和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词 (common noun) 是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher 教师market 市场 rice大米 magazine 杂志sound 声音 production生产 2。专有名词 (proper noun) 是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway 海明威Russia俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun) 与不可数名词 (uncountable noun) 两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s 或 -es 。例如：shop→shops 商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy →toys玩具leaf →leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men 男人 tooth →teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词
语文语法知识 1、词类：有实词与虚词两大类。 （1）实词：表示实在的意义，能够作短语或句子的成分能够独立成句。 虚词：一般不表示实在的意义，不作短语或句子的成分（只有副词例外），它们的基本用途是表示语法关系。 A、名词：表示人和事物名称的词。表示人的名称，如同志、作家；表示具体事物，河流、高山；表示抽象事物，如政治、科学；表示时间名称，上午、夏天；表示处所名称：上海、中国；表示方位名称：上、下（简称方位词） 名词的语法特点:①表示人称的名词，可以在后头加“们”表示多数②方位词常用在其他名词后头，组成表示处所、范围或时间的方位短语③名词一般不受副词修饰。 B、动词：是表示动作行为、发展变化、心理活动等意义的词。 表示动作、行为：坐、听；表示存现、消失或发展变化：有、发生；表示心理活动：爱、恨；表示使令：叫、让；表示可能、意愿（能愿动词）：能、会；表示趋向（趋向动词）：来、去；表示判断（判断词）：是。 动词的语法特点：①动词一般受副词“不”的修饰。②动词后面可以带“着、了、过”，表示动态。③一部分动词可以重叠，表示时间短暂或尝试的意思。④判断词“是”主要是联结句子的主语和宾语。⑤能愿动词后面不能跟名词，能愿动词可以和后面的动词一起作谓语中心语，也可以单独作谓语中心语。⑥趋向动词可以单独作谓语中心语，也可以在谓语中心语后面作补语。 C、形容词：是表示事物的形状、性质、状态的词。 表示事物形状的：高、矮；表示事物性质的：漂亮、结实；表示事物状态的：快、慢； 形容词的语法特点：①一部分形容词可以用重叠形式来加强语义。②大多数形容词可以受副词“很”修饰。 D、数词：是表示数目的词。 表确数（表示分数，整数和倍数）；表概数：几、许多；表序数：第一、老三；数词的语法特点：①数目增加，可以用分数表示，也可以用倍数表示②数目减少，只能用分数，不能用倍数。 E、量词：是表示事物和动作、行为单位的词。表示事物单位的量词叫数量词。表示动作、行为单位的量词叫动量词。表示事物单位的：个、只；表示动作、行为单位的：次、回，有时也借用某些名词来表示，如：脚、年； 量词的语法特点：①量词经常和数词连用，组成数量短语，也称为数量启数量词。②表示物量的数量词常用在名词的前面。③表示动量的数量词数量词常用在动词的后面。 F、代词：起代替或指示作用的词。 代词分为人称代词、疑问代词、指示代词三类。代词的语法特点：①第二人称的敬称“您”不用于复数，如果需要表示复数，就用“您几位”“您诸位”②第三人称复数代词“他们”可专指男性，也可兼指男性和女性，“她们”则专指女性③注意“我们”和“咱们”用法的区别。“我们”指说话人，有时也可以包括听话人；“咱们”一定包括说话人和听话人④指示代词“那”用于远指，“这”用于近指⑤代词用得不恰当，指代不明，可造成病句。 G、副词：一般用在动词、形容词前边，表示行为、动作或性质、状态的程度、范围、时间、频率、情势、语气等。 表示范围：都、全；表示语气：可、倒；表示否定：不、没；表示时间：刚、恰好；表示程度：很、极；表示情势：仿佛、渐渐。副词的语法特点：①副词主要用来修饰、限制动词或形容词，在动词、形容词前面作状语。②副词有时用在形容词后面，补充说明程度、结果，作补语。③副词不能修饰名词、代词。 H、连词：是用来连接词、短语或句子的词。一般连词：和、与、并、或、及；关联词：主要用来连接复句中的分句或句群中的句子。不但而且、虽然但是。 语法特点：①一般连词的前后两部分可以调换而基本意思不变。②关联词的主要在复句中进行运用。 I、介词：介词经常用在名词、代词等的前面，和这些词合起来，表示动作、行为、性状的起止、方向、处所、时间、对象、方式、原因、目的、比较等。 常用介词及其用法（顺口溜） 自、从、以、当、为、按照， 由于、对于、为了、到 和、跟、把、比、在、关于 除了、同、对、向、往、朝…… 用在名词、代词前，组成介宾短语后，修饰、补充“动”“形”要记牢。
英语基础语法知识（一） 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作 的分类叫词类（ parts of speech ）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、 介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词 ( noun) 是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner 外国人soap 肥皂Newton 牛顿 law 法律freedom 自由peace 和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词 ( common noun) 是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如：teacher 教师market 市场rice 大米 magazine 杂志sound 声音production 生产 2。专有名词 ( proper noun ) 是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必 须 大写。例如： Hemingway海明威Russia 俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations 联合国 名词又可分为可数名词 ( countable noun ) 与不可数名词 ( uncountable noun ) 两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s 或-es 。例如： shop→shops 商店bus→buses公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy → toys玩具leaf →leaves 树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→ men男人tooth →teeth牙齿datum→data 数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词 冠词 ( article ( indefinite article ) 放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词 ) 和定冠词 ( definite article ) 两种。
语文语法知识 一、实词与虚词 1.名词 表示人或事物名称的词叫名词。下边划线的词分别表示不同人或事物的名称。 中间挂着一块匾道：三味书屋；匾下面是一幅画，画着一只很肥大的梅花鹿伏在古树下。没有孔子牌位，我们便对着那匾和鹿行礼。 这是闰土的父亲所传授的方法。 正午习字，晚上对课。 表示人名的如“孔子”“闰土”“父亲”；表示处所的如“三味书屋”；表示时间的如“正午”“晚上”；表示方位的如“中间”“下面”；表示事物的如“梅花鹿” “匾”“画”“古树”“牌位”；表示抽象概念的如“方法”。 2.动词动词是表示动作行为、发展变化、心理活动等意义的词。下边划线的词分别表示不同的意义。 他穿上那套漂亮的礼服，原来是为了纪念这最后一课！ 我们大家都有许多地方应该责备自己呢。 想起这些，我多么懊悔！ 走到那边月台，须穿过铁道，须跳下去又爬上去。表示动作行为的如 “穿”“跳”“爬”“走”“纪念”“责备”；表示存在变化的如“有”“增加”“缩小”；表示心理活动的如“想”“懊悔”；表示可能、意愿的如“应该”；表示趋向的如“下去”“上去”；表示判断的如“是”。 3.形容词 形容词是表示事物的形状、性质或状态的词。下边划线的词都是形容词。 这朦胧的橘红的光，实在照不了多远；但这小姑娘的镇定、勇敢、乐观的精神 鼓舞了我，我似乎觉得眼前有无限光明！ 表示形状的如“小”（另外如“大”“高”“圆”等）；表示性质的如“镇定”“勇敢”“乐观”；表示状态的如“朦胧”“橘红”“远”等。 形容词常用来修饰名词。恰当使用形容词，能把人或事物写得具体、生动。 4.代词 注意下边句子中加线的词。 把中国人民的解放事业当作他自己的事业，这是什么精神？ 不少的人……把重担子推给人家，自己挑轻的。 就在这里睡觉？怎么行呢？ 不知什么时候又睡着了。 我以为30里的山就是那么一点；…… 上面句子里加线的词都是起指代作用的，称为代词。代词包括：人称代词，代替人或事物的名称，如我、你、他、我们、你们、他们、自己、人家；疑问代词，用来提出问题，如谁、什么、怎样、哪、哪里；指示代词用来区别人或事物，如这、那、这里、那里、这么、那么、每、各。使用人称代词，要注意“他们”可专指男性，也可指男女兼有。还要注意“我们”和“咱们”用法的区别。“我们”指说话人，有时也可包括听话人；“咱们”一定包括说话人和听话人。指示代词“那”用于远指，“这”用于近指。
初一英语语法知识点大全 一、初一英语语法——词法 1、名词 A)、名词的数 我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下： 一)在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, fax es 三)1)以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, du ty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories 2)以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways 四)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomat oes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯 五)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 六)单复数相同(不变的)有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 七)一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 八)单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员
七年级（上） 1.familyname=lastname姓firstname=givenname名字 用介词in（如inEnglish） 2.用某种语言 3.电话用语中thisthat回答 “IsthatMr.H” “Yes，itis” 4.hat有边沿的帽子cap有帽舌的帽子 +y去y为 I，+es④o结 +s②s,x,ch,sh,结尾的+es③辅音字母 5.名词的复数形式：①一般 尾，除了negroherotomatopotato+es，其余+s⑥特殊名词复数形式 6.应对道谢Y ouarewelcome=That’sallright=That’sOK=Notatall=It’smypleasure. 7.Hereyouare=Hereitis=Itishere倒装句here+be+名词here+代词+be 8.in年月季节on日星期几节日at钟点 织）t akepartin参加（活动） 9.join参加加入（团体组 10.bebusydoing 11.bestrictwithsbbestrictinsth 12.bring+人或物+to+地点把?带到某地 bring+人或物+for+人给某人带来? 13.startdoingstart+名词 ;其后的动词与想法感情有关starttodo的情况：主语是物不是人;start本身为s tarting时 14.whattimeisit？=what’stime？询问钟点回答：Itis?.（一律） 单词：trumpet喇叭racket（网球羽毛球）球拍plural复数，复数形式，复数的ninth第九furniture家具February二月eraser橡皮擦dresser梳妆台 drum鼓documentary纪录片description描述broccoli花椰菜biology生物学 comedy喜剧s ingular单数plural复数 七年级（下） 1.hearfromsb.收到?的来信 2.befriendlyto对?友好 3.another另一，再一 other其他的，别的（无范围）+名词（复数） theother两个中的另一个（通常搭配one?theother?） others其他的人或物（代词） theothers多个中的剩余几个（不加名词，通常搭配some?.theothers?） 业 4.what+be+主语?=whatdo/does+主语+do？询问职 5.besurprised+atsth./todosth./句子 6.inthecorner屋里某个角落 onthecorner=atthecorner街头某个拐角处 7.everyday每天（状语）everyday日常每天的adj.+n.. ） 8.inthetree在树上（非树本身的一部分）onthetree在树上（树上的一部分 9.inhospital住院inthehospital在医院工作 10.agreewithsbagreetosth答应agreeon/upon/about达成一致意见 11.tell?from?把?与?区别开来
初中英语语法大全知识点总结 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.): 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如:I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:() 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )
初中英语语法基础知识汇总(1) 英语语法基础知识词类-名词Noun 名词（Noun．-n．） 第一部分：名词基础知识 定义：人、地、物、事或观念等名称叫做名词。 人：Edison（爱迪生），Helen（海伦），Mr．Wang（王先生） 地：Asia（亚洲），China（中国），New York（纽约） 物：book（书），dog（狗），tree（树），water（水） 事或观念：work（工作），music（音乐），truth（真理） 注： 1．如人名、地名、国名等属于该名称持有者专用的名称，其第一字母必须大写，如E dison，New York，China。 2．名词亦有可数和不可数之分，如果是可数的就有单数和复数的区别。所谓复数就是多于一个的意思，通常是在单数名词的词尾加“-s，es，ies，…”以示其为复数。例如： a book（一本书）two books（两本书） one boy（一个男孩）some boys（一些男孩） one girl（一个女孩）many girls（许多女孩） 名词在句子中的主要功能如下： （1）作句子的主语，例： Miss Lin is our English teacher． （林小姐是我们的英语老师。） （2）作句子的主语补语或宾语补语，例： John and Tom are good friends． （约翰和汤姆是好朋友。—主语补语） I call my puppy “Luck”． （我叫我的小狗“来福”。—宾语补语）
（3）作及物动词的直接宾语，例： Can you ride a bicycle?（你会骑自行车吗？） （4）作介词的宾语，例： You can go by taxi．（你可以乘出租车去。） 第二部分：名词单复数-单数变复数 一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化：结尾是清辅音读[s]，结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。 例：friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces 二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化：统一加读[iz]。 例：bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories 四、以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es，否则加-s构成复数。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes 反例：silo→silos; piano→pianos（外来词）; photo→photos; macro→macros（缩写词）五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves，但有例外。 读音变化：尾音[f]改读[vz]。 例：knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves 反例：roof→roofs 还有一些不规则变化，请参照中学英语频道相关文章。 第三部分：名词所有格 A. 's用在单数名词以及不以s结尾的复数名词之后： a man's jo b 男人的活儿