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化妆品相关词汇翻译中英对照

化妆品相关词汇翻译中英对照
化妆品相关词汇翻译中英对照

化妆品相关词汇翻译中英对照

中英文论文参考文献标准格式 超详细

超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后,参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 (参考文献是期刊时,书写格式为: [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时,书写格式为: [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。) 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导,以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下: [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集,及一些专题论文集,如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章:发表在期刊上的论文,尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网),但它也是发表在期刊上的,你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文:不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告:一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章:很少用,主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型,可用字母"Z"标识,但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识: [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然,标识的就是该资源的英文缩写,/前面表示类型,/后面表示资源的载体,如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融,任志国,杨尚雷,厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报,2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2.专著类

常用单位的中英文对照翻译

常用单位的中英文对照翻译 单位 Unit. 单位制 system of units 米 meter (m) 毫米 millimeter (mm) 英尺 foot (ft) 英寸 inch (in) 弧度 radian (rad) 度degree (°) 摄氏 Celsius. (C) 华氏 Fahrenheit (F) 磅/平方英寸 pounds per square inch (psi) 百万帕斯卡 million pascal (MPa) 巴 bar 千克(公斤) kilogram (kg) 克 gram (g) 牛顿 newton (N) 吨 ton (t) 千磅 kilopound (kip) 平方米 square meter (m 2) 方毫米 square millimeter (mm2 ) 立方米 cubic meter (m3 ) 升 liter; litre (L) 转/分 revolutions per minute (rpm) 百万分之一 parts per million (ppm) 焦(耳) Joule (J) 千瓦 kilowatt (kW) 伏(特) volt (V) 安(培) ampere (A) 欧(姆)ohm (Ω) (小)时 hour (h) 分 minute (min) 秒 second (s)

管道组成件专业英语(中英文对照) 1 管道组成件 Piping component 1.1 管子 Pipe 管子(按照配管标准规格制造的) pipe 管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管) tube 钢管 steel pipe 铸铁管 cast iron pipe 衬里管 lined pipe 复合管 clad pipe 碳钢管 carbon steel pipe 合金钢管 alloy steel pipe 不锈钢 stainless steel pipe 奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe 铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe 轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe 锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe 无缝钢管 seamless (SMLS) steel pipe 焊接钢管 welded steel pipe 电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance welded steel pipe 电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe 镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe 热轧无缝钢管 hot-rolling seamless pipe 冷拔无缝钢管 cold-drawing seamless pipe 水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe 塑料管 plastic pipe 玻璃管 glass tube 橡胶管 rubber tube 直管 run pipe; straight pipe 1.2 管件 Fitting 弯头 elbow 异径弯头 reducing elbow 带支座弯头 base elbow k半径弯头 long radius elbow 短半径弯头 short radius elbow

概率论毕业论文外文翻译

Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu,Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.

化妆品英文翻译

一,化妆品/护肤品/洗涤 护肤: skin care 洗面奶: facial cleanser/face wash(foaming泡沫,milky乳液,cream霜,gel啫喱) 爽肤水: toner/astringent 紧肤水:firming lotion 柔肤水:toner/smoothing toner (facial mist/facial spray/complexion mist) 护肤霜: moisturizers and creams 保湿:moisturizer 隔离霜,防晒:sun screen/sun block /sun cream 美白:whitening 露:lotion,霜:cream 日霜:day cream 晚霜:night cream 眼部啫喱: eye gel

面膜: facial mask/masque 眼膜: eye mask 护唇用:lip care 口红护膜:lip coat 磨砂膏: facial scrub 去黑头: (deep) pore cleanser/striper pore refining 去死皮: exfoliating scrub 润肤露(香体乳):lotion/moisturizer 护手霜: hand lotion/moisturizer 沐浴露:body wash 二,化妆品/护肤品功能 perfume (香水) acne/spot(青春痘用品) active(赋活用)

after sun(日晒后用品)alcohol-free(无酒精)anti-(抗、防) anti-wrinkle(抗老防皱)balancing(平衡酸硷)clean-/purify-(清洁用)combination(混合性皮肤)dry(干性皮肤) essence(精华液) facial(脸部用) fast/quick dry(快干)firm(紧肤) foam(泡沫) gentle(温和的) hydra-(保湿用)

论文及外文翻译格式(标准)

附件5 论文及外文翻译写作格式样例 附录1 内封格式示例(设置成小二号字,空3行) 我国居民投资理财现状及发展前景的研究 (黑体,加粗,小二,居中,空2行) The Research on Status and Future of Inhabitants’ Investment and Financial Management in China (Times New Roman体,加粗,小二,居中,实词首字母大写,空5行) 院系经济与管理学院(宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符) 专业公共事业管理(宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符) 班级 6408101 (宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符) 学号 200604081010 (宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符) 姓名李杰(宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符) 指导教师张芸(宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符) 职称副教授(宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符) 负责教师(宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符) (空7行) 沈阳航空航天大学(宋体,四号,居中) 2010年6月(宋体,四号,居中)

附录2 摘要格式示例(设置成三号,空2行) 摘要(黑体,加粗,三号,居中,两个字之间空两格) (空1行) 我国已经步入经济全球化发展的21世纪,随着市场经济的快速增长和对外开放的进一步深化,我国金融市场发生了巨大的变化。一方面,投资理财所涉及到的领域越来越广,不仅仅是政府、企业、社会组织进行投资理财,居民也逐步进入到金融市场中,开始利用各种投资工具对个人、家庭财产进行打理,以达到资产保值、增值,更好的用于消费、养老等的目的;另一方面,我国居民投资理财观念逐渐趋于成熟化、理性化;同时,其投资理财工具以及方式手段亦越来越向多元化、完善化发展。 本论文以我国居民投资理财为研究对象,综合运用现代经济学、金融学和管理学的理论;统计学、概率学的方法和工具,主要对我国居民投资理财的历史演变、发展现状、意识观念、存在的问题和主要投资理财工具进行了分析和探讨,并提出了改善和促进我国居民理财现状的对策和建议,指出了普通居民合理化投资理财的途径。 摘要以浓缩的形式概括研究课题的内容,摘要应包括论文的创新性及其理论和实际意义。摘要中不宜使用公式、图表,不标注引用文献编号。中文摘要在300-500字左右。(首行缩进两个字符,宋体,小四,行距最小值:22磅)(空1行) 关键词:(宋体,小四,加粗,左缩进:0)投资理财资理财工具通货膨胀(宋体,小四,每个关键词之间空两格,关键词的个数在3到5个之间)

毕业论文外文翻译模版

吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title(Times New Roman ,三号) 学生学号:08810219 学生姓名:袁庚文 专业班级:信息与计算科学0802 指导教师:赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期:2012.2.27~2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology

1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献(学术期刊网上的),译成中文,与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前,同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为:上边距:3.5厘米,下边距:2.5厘米,左边距:3.5厘米,右边距:2厘米,页眉:2.5厘米,页脚:2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”,每段落首行缩进2字;或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字,字体:宋体,字号:小四,行距:多倍行距1.3,间距:前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意:各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1.第一级标题(如:第1章绪论)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:三号,1.5倍行距,段后11磅,段前为11磅。 2.第二级标题(如:1.2 摘要与关键词)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:四号,1.5倍行距,段后为0,段前0.5行。 3.第三级标题(如:1.2.1 摘要)选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”,居左;或者手动设置成字体:黑体,居左,字号:小四,1.5倍行距,段后为0,段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格(半角)。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书(论文)撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。

经典广告词中英文翻译

经典广告词中英文翻译2.Obey your thirst.服从你的渴望。(雪碧) 3.The new digital era.数码新时代。(索尼影碟机) 4.We lead.Others copy.我们领先,他人仿效。(理光复印机)5.Impossible made possible.使不可能变为可能。(佳能打印机) 6.Take time to indulge.尽情享受吧!(雀巢冰激凌) 7.The relentless pursuit of perfection.不懈追求完美。(凌志轿车)8.Poetry in motion,dancing close to me.动态的诗,向我舞近。(丰田汽车)9.Come to where the flavor is.Marlboro Country. 光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。(万宝路香烟) 10.To me,the past is black and white,but the future is always color.对我而言,过去平淡无奇;而未来,却是绚烂缤纷。(轩尼诗酒) 11. Just do it.只管去做。(耐克运动鞋) 12. Ask for more.渴望无限。(百事流行鞋) 13. The taste is great.味道好极了。(雀巢咖啡) 14. Feel the new space.感受新境界。(三星电子) 15. Intelligence everywhere.智慧演绎,无处不在。(摩托罗拉手机) 16. The choice of a new generation. 新一代的选择。(百事可乐) 17. We integrate, you communicate. 我们集大成,您超越自我。(三菱电工) 18. Take TOSHIBA, take the world. 拥有东芝,拥有世界。(东芝电子) 19. Let’s make things better.让我们做得更好。(飞利浦电子) 20. No business too small, no problem too big. 没有不做的小生意,没有解决不了的大问题。(IBM公司) 1 Good to the last drop 滴滴香浓,意犹未尽麦式咖啡Maxwell 2 Time is what you make of it 天长地久斯沃奇手表Swatch 3Make yourself heard 理解就是沟通爱立信Ericsson 4Start ahead 成功之路从头开始飘柔rejoice 5Diamond lasts forever 钻石恒久远,一颗永流传第比尔斯De Bieeres 6Things go better with Coca-cola 饮可口可乐万事如意 7Connecting people Nokia 科技以人为本诺基亚Nokia 9A Kodak moment 就在柯达一刻柯达Kodak 10Mosquito Bye Bye Bye,蚊子杀杀杀雷达牌驱蚊虫剂RADAR

各种化妆品英文翻译---出国购物首选

1护肤: skin care 洗面奶: facial cleanser/face wash(Foaming,milky,cream,Gel) 爽肤水: toner/astringent 紧肤水:firming lotion 柔肤水:toner/smoothing toner (facial mist/facial spray/complexion mist) 护肤霜: moisturizers and creams 保湿:moisturizer 隔离霜,防晒:sun screen/sun block 美白:whitening 露:lotion, 霜:cream 日霜:day cream 晚霜:night cream 眼部GEL: eye gel 面膜: facial mask/masque 眼膜: eye mask 护唇用:Lip care 口红护膜:Lip coat 磨砂膏: facial scrub 去黑头: (deep) pore cleanser/striper pore refining 去死皮: Exfoliating Scrub 润肤露(身体): body lotion/moisturizer 护手霜: hand lotion/moisturizer 沐浴露: body wash 2 护肤专业术语 Acne/Spot(青春痘用品) Active(活用) After sun(日晒后用品) Alcohol-free(无酒精) Anti-(抗、防) Anti-wrinkle(抗老防皱) Balancing(平衡酸硷) Clean-/Purify-(清洁用) Combination(混合性皮肤) Dry(干性皮肤) Essence(精华液) Facial(脸部用) Fast/Quick dry(快干) Firm(紧肤) Foam(泡沫) Gentle(温和用)Hydra-(保湿用) Long lasting(持久性) Milk(乳) Mult-(多元) Normal(中性皮肤) Nutritious(滋养) Oil-control(抑制油脂) Oily(油性皮肤) Pack(剥撕式面膜) Peeling(敷面剥落式面膜) Remover(去除、卸妆) Repair(修护) Revitalite(活化) Scrub(磨砂式(去角质)) Sensitive(敏感性皮肤) Solvent(溶解) Sun block(防晒用) Toning lotion(化妆水) Trentment(修护) Wash(洗) Waterproof(防水) 3 化妆工具及其他术语 工具: cosmetic applicators/accessories 彩妆: cosmetics 遮瑕膏: concealer 修容饼:Shading powder 粉底: foundation (compact,stick) 粉饼: pressed powder 散粉:loose powder 闪粉:shimmering powder/glitter 眉粉: brow powder 眉笔:brow pencil 眼线液(眼线笔):liquid eye liner, eye liner 眼影: eye shadow 睫毛膏: mascara 唇线笔: lip liner 唇膏: lip color/lipstick(笔状lip pencil,膏状lip lipstick,盒装lip color/lip gloss) 唇彩: lip gloss/lip color 腮红: blush 卸装水: makeup remover 卸装乳: makeup removing lotion 帖在身上的小亮片: body art

中西方菜名中英文对照名称翻译(大全)

中国菜英文名 Chinese dish in English 中餐Chinese Food 1.凉菜类 1、白菜心拌蜇头Marinated Jellyfish and Chinese Cabbage in Vinaigrette 2、白灵菇扣鸭掌Mushrooms with Duck Feet 3、拌豆腐丝Shredded Tofu with Sauce 4、白切鸡Boiled Chicken with Sauce 5、拌双耳Tossed Black and White Fungus 6、冰梅凉瓜Bitter Melon in Plum Sauce 7、冰镇芥兰Chinese Broccoli with Wasabi 8、朝鲜辣白菜Korean Cabbage in Chili Sauce 9、朝鲜泡菜Kimchi 10、陈皮兔肉Rabbit Meat with Tangerine Flavor 11、川北凉粉Clear Noodles in Chili Sauce 12、刺身凉瓜Bitter Melon with Wasabi 13、豆豉多春鱼Shisamo in Black Bean Sauce 14、夫妻肺片Pork Lungs in Chili Sauce 15、干拌牛舌Ox Tongue in Chili Sauce 16、干拌顺风Pig Ear in Chili Sauce 17、怪味牛腱Spiced Beef Shank 18、红心鸭卷Sliced Duck Rolls with Egg Y olk 19、姜汁皮蛋Preserved Eggs in Ginger Sauce 20、酱香猪蹄Pig Feet Seasoned with Soy Sauce 21、酱肘花Sliced Pork in Soy Sauce 22、金豆芥兰Chinese Broccoli with Soy Beans 23、韭黄螺片Sliced Sea Whelks with Hotbed Chives 24、老北京豆酱Traditional Beijing Bean Paste 25、老醋泡花生Peanuts Pickled in Aged Vinegar 26、凉拌金针菇Golden Mushrooms and Mixed V egetables 27、凉拌西芹云耳Celery with White Fungus 28、卤水大肠Marinated Pork Intestines 29、卤水豆腐Marinated Tofu 30、卤水鹅头Marinated Goose Heads 31、卤水鹅翼Marinated Goose Wings 32、卤水鹅掌Marinated Goose Feet 33、卤水鹅胗Marinated Goose Gizzard 34、卤水鸡蛋Marinated Eggs 35、卤水金钱肚Marinated Pork Tripe 36、卤水牛腱Marinated Beef Shank

毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)

毕业论文(设计)外文翻译 题目:中国上市公司偏好股权融资:非制度性因素 系部名称:经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名:任民学号: 200880444228 指导教师:冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日

译文: 中国上市公司偏好股权融资:非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要:本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动,运用西方融资理论,从非制度性因素方面,如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化,分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因,并得出结论,股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后,针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词:股权融资,非制度性因素,融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资,根据中国证券报的数据显示,1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元,其中股票融资的比例是72.5%,,在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6%和72.3%,另一方面,债券融资的比例分别是17.8%,24.9%和25.1%。在这三年,股票融资的比例,在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例,当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上,于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示,从1970年到1985年,美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7%,比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现,大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为,上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资:第一个是股票基金,第二个是可转换债券,三是短期债务,最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为,上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如,优序融资理论认为,当企业需要资金时,他们首先应该转向内部资金(折旧和留存收益),然后再进行债权融资,最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中,笔者认为,这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好,并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论,尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。

欧莱雅产品介绍-英语化妆品翻译时参考

Age Perfect? Cell Renewal* Golden Serum Fresher, Replumped Visibly Renewed Skin Millions of New Skin Cells Turn Over Each Day**. AS SKIN AGES, CELL RENEWAL DECREASES DRAMATICALLY, SO SKIN LOOKS DRY AND DULL. Age Perfect? Cell Renewal Golden Serum speeds surface skin cell renewal, revealing millions of new skin cells each day for fresher, more youthful looking skin. Instantly, skin feels smoother, softer. In 1 month, skin feels firmer, appears visibly replumped, renewed and full of life. *Based on skin surface cell turnover ** Enhances exfoliation so surface cells are revealed faster Youth Code? Texture Perfector Pore Vanisher? Instantly minimize the look of pores. In 1 month shrink actual pore size. Lightweight, oil-free. What is Pore Vanisher?? Pore Vanisher? is a fresh, airy cream that instantly minimizes the look of pores and shrinks actual pore size in 1 month. How does it work? Pore Vanisher? works on three dimensions to shrink pores: depth*, number and size. Instantly pores appear virtually vanished and skin feels hydrated. Perlite absorbs excess oil for an all-day, shine free, smooth finish. In one day LHA micro-exfoliates to visibly smooth skin’s surface. In one month pores begin to snap back into shape as our highest concentration of Perline-P strengthens and tightens pore walls to shrink actual pore size.

毕业论文外文翻译模板

农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用,“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现,农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展,并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善,因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建,尤其对农村养老制度的改革,建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看,我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人,使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾,基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出,成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老,许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系,已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷,运行中出现了很多问题,所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 (一)人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出,越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市,年龄结构出现“两头大,中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示:中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万,占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前,农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 (二)农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口,且大多在农村。据统计,未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多,截止2000年底,全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险,占全部农村居民的11.18%,占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外,据国家统计局统计,我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中,也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中,处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。

胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表_(1)

胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表 1. 语言的普遍特征: 任意性arbitrariness 双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构 多产性productivity 移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission 2。语言的功能: 传达信息功能informative 人济功能:interpersonal 行事功能:Performative 表情功能:Emotive 寒暄功能:Phatic 娱乐功能recreatinal 元语言功能metalingual 3. 语言学linguistics:包括六个分支 语音学Phonetics 音位学phonology 形态学Morphology 句法学syntax 语义学semantics

语用学pragmatics 4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人:Ferdinand de saussure 提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一:语言与言语language and parole ,语言之语言系统的整体,言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语 5. 语法创始人:Noam Chomsky 提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance 1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language: a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing. c. we can u se language to refer to something not present d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard befor e. 2.What is the most important function of language? a. interpersonal b. phatic c. informative d.metallingual 3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __ a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative

化妆品英文翻译

化妆品翻译 护肤: skin care 洗面奶: facial cleanser/face wash(Foaming,milky,cream,Gel) 爽肤水: toner/astringent 紧肤水:firming lotion 柔肤水:toner/smoothing toner (facial mist/facial spray/complexion mist)护肤霜: moisturizers and creams 保湿:moisturizer 隔离霜,防晒:sun screen/sun block 美白:whitening 露:lotion 霜:cream 日霜:day cream 晚霜:night cream 眼部GEL: eye gel 面膜: facial mask/masque 眼膜: eye mask 护唇用:Lip care 口红护膜:Lip coat 磨砂膏: facial scrub 去黑头: (deep) pore cleanser/striper pore refining 去死皮: Exfoliating Scrub 润肤露(身体):bodylotion/moisturizer 护手霜: hand lotion/moisturizer 沐浴露: body wash Acne/Spot(青春痘用品) Active(激活) After sun(日晒后用品) Alcohol-free(无酒精) Anti-(抗、防) Anti-wrinkle(抗老防皱) Balancing(平衡) Clean-/Purify-(清洁用) Combination(混合性皮肤) Dry(干性皮肤) Essence(精华液) Facial(脸部用) Fast/Quick dry(快干) Firm(紧肤) Foam(泡沫)

山东建筑大学本科毕业设计说明书外文文献及翻译格式模版

附件3: (本科毕业论文)文献、资料题目: 院(部) 专 班 姓名:张三 学号: 指导教师:张九光 翻译日期:2005.6.30

,the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been working to develop a new encryption standard to keep government information secure .The organization is in the final stages of an open process of selecting one or more algorithms ,or data-scrambling formulas ,for the new Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and plans to make adecision by late summer or early fall .The standard is slated to go into effect next year . AES is intended to be a stronger ,more efficient successor to Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES),which replaced the aging DES ,which was cracked in less than three days in July 1998. “Until we have the AES ,3DES will still offer protection for years to come .So there is no need to immediately switch over ,”says Edward Roback , acting chief of the computer security division at NIST and chairman of the AES selection committee .“What AES will offer is a more efficient algorithm .It will be a federal standard ,but it will be widely implemented in the IT community .” According to Roback ,efficiency of the proposed algorithms is measured by how fast they can encrypt and decrypt information ,how fast they can present an encryption key and how much information they can encrypt . The AES review committee is also looking at how much space the algorithm takes up on a chip and how much memory it requires .Roback says the selection of a more efficient AES will also result in cost savings and better use of resources . “DES w as designed for hardware implementations ,and we are now living in a world of much more efficient software ,and we have learned an awful lot about the design of algorithms ,”says Roback .“When you start multiplying this with the billions of implementations done daily ,the saving on overhead on the networks will be enormous .” ……

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