雅思基础写作
雅思考试写作部分简介
雅思写作考试的构成
雅思(IELTS)考试是“国际英语语言测试系统”(International English Language Test System的缩写。雅思考试是一种语言能力的测试，分为听力理解、阅读、写作和口语。写作是考试的第三部分，要求在六十分钟里完成两项写作任务（TASK1和TASK2）。写作考试按考生去以英语为母语国家的不同目的分为两种考察类型：普通培训类(General Training Module, 简称G类)和学术类(Academic Module, 简称A类)。前者主要面向申请移民，或到本国外培训、工作的考生；后者面向针对申请到国外攻读本科或研究生课程的考生。
G类和A类的主要区别在TASK1。普通培训类的TASK1是写信，要求考生就某个假设的场景写一封150个单词左右的信，目的是考察考生在英语环境中能否准确恰当地运用英语处理日常生活所遇到的问题。信件内容涉及解释情况、索要资料、询问信息、求职、投诉批评以及表达自己的意愿和看法。信件要求清晰、简洁、措辞恰当并涵盖所有相关方面。学术类的TASK1是图表作文，目的是考察考生理解、对比、归纳和表述图表信息的能力，字数同样是150个单词左右。考生只需描述图表信息，不必对此进行解释。两类考试的TASK1均应控制在20分钟以内。
G类和A类的TASK2都是写一篇250个单词左右的议论文，要求考生就某一话题发表个人观点，支持或反对某个观点，或对某个问题分析原因和提出解决办法等。相比较而言，G类部分的TASK2要容易一些。两者的写作时间均应控制在40分钟左右。
雅思写作考试的评分标准
Task 1 (G) = Task 1 (A)
●Task Fulfillment (TF)
任务完成：考生是否按要求回答了问题。
●Coherence and Cohesion （CC）
条理性：作文是否清晰、连贯。
●V ocabulary and Sentence Structure （VSS）
词汇和句子结构：作文选词是否恰当，句子结构是否多样。
Task 2 (G) = Task 2 (A)
●Communicative Quality （CQ）
表达质量：作文是否表达流畅、清晰易懂、观点明确、论证充分。
●Arguments, Idea and Evidence （AIE）
论证、论点、论据
●V ocabulary and Sentence Structure (VSS)
词汇与句子结构
A类和G类的Task1和Task2的评分首先是各标准按9分制分别评分，三项标准的分数相加除以三，就是考生该项的最后成绩，没有0.5分数档。Task 1和Task2的权重不等，最后成绩要综合考虑两项成绩。
以下是9~5分的评分标准：
Band 9 (Expert Use) 精通英语
For Band 9, the answer is completely satisfactory. A point of view is presented and well developed, either arguing for and supporting one position or taking into consideration alternative positions by involving and discussing relevant ideas and evidence. The argument develops logically with a clear progressive presentation of ideas. The material is adequate, the use of vocabulary is appropriate, and the use of sentence structure is accurate, appropriate, and varied. No errors occur in word formation or spelling.
Band 8 (V ery Good User) 英语能力优秀
For Band 8, the answer is second only to Band 9 in communicative quality, argument, ideas, and evidence. V ocabulary is good and appropriately used. No serious errors occur in word formation or spelling. Sentence structures are good and well controlled for accuracy and appropriateness.
Band 7 (Good User)
For Band 7, the answer is a satisfactory essay with generally fluent communication. It presents a point of view, which may be unclear sometimes, and approaches it either from a single position or from alternative positions. The argument is well developed although there may be some minor problems. Ideas and evidence are relevant and sufficient; however, more specific details may be needed. V ocabulary is fairly good and is usually appropriately used with the exception of a few spelling errors. Errors in word formation rarely occur. The range of sentence structure is satisfactory even though there are occasional, minor faults in the control of sentence structure.
Band 6 (Competent User) 可以交流
For Band 6, the answer proves quite satisfactory and communicates with some fluency. A point of view is presented which may have been approached from a single position or from alternative positions. With the control of organizational control and devices, the development of the argument is not always clear, and the main idea is hard to be distinguished from the supporting materials. The relevance of some ideas or evidence may be dubious, and the development of the argument may need some specific support. V ocabulary is still limited and shows inappropriateness of its use. There are some minor errors in word choice, word formation and spelling. Sentence structures are adequate but lack variety.
Band 5 (Modest User) 中等水平
For Band 5, the answer with an overall lack of fluency is, on the whole, coherent. It introduces some ideas which may not be well developed. Arguments call for clarity, relevance, consistency or support. V ocabulary is limited, and its use may be inappropriate. There is a limited range of sentence structures, and accuracy is achieved in short, simple sentences. However, errors in word choice, word formation, spelling, and grammar are evident.
雅思写作考试的注意事项
●Word Limit
●Plagiarism
●Format
●Style
●Handwriting
●Grammar
第一讲词汇
1.1 雅思写作对词汇的要求
Band 9: A wide range of vocabulary is used appropriately.
Band 8: A good range of appropriate vocabulary.
Band 7: The range of vocabulary is fairly good and vocabulary is usually used appropriately.
Band 6: The range of vocabulary sometimes appears limited accompanied by the inappropriateness of its use. Band 5: The range of vocabulary and appropriateness of its use are limited. Lexical confusion and incorrect word choice are noticeable.
1.2 雅思写作词汇运用方法
A．词汇的正式程度
英语中的词汇按照其使用的正式程度可分为三个层次：
●Highly informal: 非常随意（电子邮件、写给朋友的信等）
●Medium and semi-formal: 中等或半正式（学术写作）
●Highly formal: 非常正式（各种仪式的书面发言）
例如：
(1)ask---question---interrogate (2) fear---terror---trepidation
在大学阶段的各类英语写作中，应采用中等或半正式词汇，因为这些词比较合理和平稳，写作风格清晰有效，并且对具有高等教育背景的听众来说措辞也较合适。
B．同义、近义词汇
在写作中，应避免重复使用同一个词，要善于使用同义词来替代。例如
I am sorry I cannot send you the money on time. I have not received my money at work yet but, as soon as I received the money I will send you the money I owe you.
I am sorry I cannot send you the money on time. I have not received my salary at work yet but, as soon as I am paid I will send you the sum that I owe you.
避免重复使用同一个词的方法有以下两种：
(1)词性转换
例如：
Watching TV may influence children’s physical and mental development.
Watching TV may have influence upon children’s physical and mental development.
Watching TV may be influential in children’s physical and mental development
(2) 同义、近义互换
例如：
think = believe = advocate = claim = insist = hold = deem = argue = be convinced
the old = the elderly = the retired = senior citizen
negative = unfavorable = undesirable = harmful = detrimental = bad = adverse
1.3 用学术词汇来替代下列句子中的斜体词
(1) It is important to use complex sentences to get a better score in the Writing modules of IELTS.
(2) More and more numbers of women are going out to work.
(3) What they emphasize is that formal examinations are harmful to students’ creativity.
(4) Membership at AF’s Sports Club rose during the first three months of last year from 60 to about 130.
(5) This book is so good it’s better than all the others.
(6) During the course of a televised World Cup football match demand for electricity fluctuates widely.
(7) I made a mistake and bought the wrong size shoes.
(8) I will appreciate it very much if you can give me an early reply soon.
(9) Nothing has changed the world as greatly as the Internet.
(10) If you are going to emigrate to a foreign country, you must be used to new manners and customers.
(11) I believe that, to a certain extent, examinations can give an unfair measurement of a student’s ability.
(12) The supermarket can provide a lot of foods to choose from.
(13) Once again, I am sorry for any trouble caused.
(14) People argue over and over again that violence on television is harmful.
(15) I am writing to ask about the possibility of studying for the degree of MA in English Literature at your
university from next September.
(16) Dr. Smith will be free on Sunday.
(17) This dictionary is very useful in helping you understand the local language.
(18) In his spare time, he likes reading, but doesn’t like going shopping.
(19) His explanation is not enough to support his late for class.
(20) This shop has the only right for the sale of the goods.
Assignments:
1)Overseas students have an easier access to the first-rate facilities.
2)Y ou can’t be a man who will never accomplish everything.
3)We must work hard to acquire a good knowledge of English.
4)It is essential to combine theory with practice.
5)To set up a space station costs a huge sum of taxpayers’ money.
6)How to solve the heavy traffic problem is a tough issue for our government.
7)Parents always expect their children to be the best.
8)Y our responsibility is attending to the old.
9)Paying computer games is time-consuming.
10)Riding a bike is energy saving.
1.Overseas students have an easier access to the first-rate facilities. entrance/approach
2.Y ou can’t be a man who will never accomplish everything. complete/fulfill
3.We must work hard to acquire a good knowledge of English. obtain
4.It is essential to combine theory with practice. necessary/fundamental
5.To set up a space station costs a huge sum of taxpayers’ money. a large amount of
6.How to solve the heavy traffic problem is a tough issue for our government. thorny
7.Parents always expect their children to be the best. anticipate/hope
8.Y our responsibility is attending to the old. taking care of/looking after
9.Paying computer games is time-consuming. time-wasting
10.Riding a bike is energy saving. energy efficient
1.4 阅读下列作文，注意带有下划线的单词和短语。如果你是作者，你会使用怎样的单词和短语？
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of traveling and studying abroad.
Over recent years, the number of people studying and traveling abroad has increased considerably. As is the case with many issues, this has both positive and negative aspects.
At first sight, education and travel in foreign countries appear to be entirely beneficial and advantageous. For example, studying other languages abroad expands and improves our abilities and job prospects. In addition, by studying or simply by traveling abroad, we can discover many differences in terms of culture, ways of thinking, history, customs and lifestyle; the awareness of these differences makes us more tolerant and open-minded. What’s more, we gain a broader experience of life in general.
On the other hand, it may indeed be true to say that traveling and studying abroad could influence us in a negative way. The experience could be so powerful, and alter the traveler’s way of thinking so greatly, that they lose their cultural identity. If he or she integrates into the new society, they will almost certainly meet difficulties when they try to readjust later to their own culture. Another potential problem is that the traveler or student may become a victim of discrimination, and lose their confidence as a result. Since their behavior and customs may be very different from those of the inhabitants of the most culture, they may encounter negative reactions --- unfriendliness, or even hostility, for example.
When all is said and done, there are many choices and it is for students and travelers to weigh up both sides of the issue and come to their own conclusions.
Assignments:
Discuss both the pros and cons of the application of computers in teaching.
Computers are now essential in many areas of life, such as modern banking, retail and information exchange among others. And there is no exception in education. However, computers are not always dominant in teaching. At a simple level some subjects may be better taught using computers, but to explain important concepts a human teacher is still indispensable.
There are some subjects in which a computer can be used successfully to teach. Elementary mathematics, elementary language learning, any area which requires a student to memorize basic facts through repetition is
well suited to computer learning. The computer can be programmed to provide an endless number of simple questions, and as the student answers these questions, the facts are learned and reinforced.
However, in the learning and practice of more complex ideas, the computer is not adequate. A computer can evaluate an answer as right or wrong, but it cannot determine why. It cannot find out why a student is making mistakes, and then re-present important concepts in a different way so that the student will understand. It cannot determine at what stage in a mathematics problem the student has made an error; it can only indicate that the final answer is wrong. Tasks involving reasoning cannot be taught by computers, as there are too many variables for a computer to deal with successfully.
Thus, while computers may be useful as a tool for practicing simple skills, they are not an essential feature of modern education, because they cannot monitor a student’s grasp of concepts, nor evaluate a student’s reasoning. Until further developments in computers are made the human teacher will remain indispensable.
Computers are now essential/fundamental/necessary in many areas of life, such as modern banking, retail and information exchange among others. And there is no exception/it is the same case in education. However, computers are not always dominant/ prevalent/sole/the only way in teaching. At a simple level some subjects may be better taught using computers, but to explain important concepts/ideas/notions a human teacher is still indispensable/irreplaceable/
necessary.
There are some subjects in which a computer can be used successfully/effectively to teach. Elementary mathematics, elementary language learning, any area/field/subject which requires/needs a student to memorize basic facts through repetition is well suited to/suitable for computer learning. The computer can be programmed to provide/offer/supply an endless number of /numerous/a large number of/countless simple questions, and as the student answers these questions, the facts are learned and reinforced/strengthened.
However /Whereas/While, in the learning and practice of more complex /complicated ideas, the computer is not adequate /enough. A computer can evaluate an answer as right or wrong, but it cannot determine why. It cannot find out why a student is making mistakes, and then re-present/reveal/re-demonstrate important concepts in a different way so that the student will understand /grasp. It cannot determine /judge at what stage in a mathematics problem the student has made an error/has gone wrong; it can only indicate/show/demonstrate that the final answer is wrong. Tasks involving reasoning cannot be taught by computers, as there are too many variables for a computer to deal with successfully/rationally.
Thus /Therefore/ Hence, while computers may be useful/ practical/helpful as a tool for practicing simple skills, they are not an essential feature/ quality/characteristic of modern education, because they cannot monitor a student’s grasp of concepts, nor evaluate /assess a student’s reasoning. Until further developments in computers are made the human teacher will remain/ stay indispensable.
Academic W ords List
A
analysis, approach, area, assess, assume, authority, available, achieve, acquire, administrate, affect, appropriate, aspect, assist, alternative, access, adequate, annual, apparent, approximate, attitude, attribute, academy, adjust, alter, amend, aware, abstract, accurate, acknowledge, aggregate, allocate, assign, attach, author, adapt, adult, advocate, aid, abandon, accompany, accumulate, ambiguous, append, appreciate, arbitrary, automate, accommodate, analogy, anticipate, assure, attain, adjacent, albeit, assemble
B
benefit, bond, brief, bias, bulk
C
concept, consist, constitutional, context, contract, create, categories, chapter, commission, community, complex, compute, conclude, conduct, consequences, construction, consumer, credit, cultural, circumstances, comments, compensation, components, consent, considerable, constant, constraints, contribution, convention, coordination, cores, corporate, correspond, criteria, civil, code, commitment, communication, concentration, conference, contrast, cycle, capacity, challenge, clause, compounds, conflict, consultation, contact, cite, cooperative, channel, chemical, classical, comprehensive, comprise, confirmed, contrary, converted, couple, chart, clarity, commodity, complement, conformity, contemporary, contradiction, crucial, currency, ceases, coherence, coincide, commenced, incompatible, concurrent, confined, controversy, conversely, collapse, colleagues, compiled, conceive, convinced
D
data, definition, derived, distribution, design, distinction, deduction, demonstrate, document, dominant, debate, despite, dimensions, domestic, decline, discretion, draft, discrimination, display, diversity, domain, decades, definite, deny, differentiation, disposal, dynamic, denote, detected, deviation, displacement, dramatically, device, devotedly, diminished, distorted, duration, depression
E
economic, environment, establishment, estimate, evident, export, elements, equation, evaluation, emphasis, ensure, excluded, emerged, error, ethnic, enable, energy, enforcement, entities, equivalent, evolution, expansion, exposure, external, edition, enhanced, estate, exceed, expert, explicit, eliminate, empirical, equipment, extract, eventually, exhibit, erosion, ethic, encountered, enormous
F
factors, financial, formula, function, features, final, focus, framework, fund, facilitate, fundamental, federal, flexibility, furthermore, file, finite, foundation, fluctuate, format, founded, forthcoming
G
goal, granted, generated, generation, gender, global, grade, guarantee, guidelines
H
hence, hypothesis, hierarchical, highlighted
I
identified, income, indicate, individual, interpretation, involved, issue, impact, injury, institute, investment, items, illustrated, immigration, implies, initial, instance, interaction, implementation, implications, imposed, integration, internal, investigation, image, ignored, incentive, incidence, incorporated, index, inhibition, initiatives, input, instructions, intelligence, interval, identical, ideology, inferred, innovation, insert, intervention, isolated, implicit, induced, inevitably, infrastructure, inspection, intensity, inherent, insights, integral, intermediate, inclination, integrity, intrinsic, invoked
J
journal, justification
L
labour, legal, legislation, link, location, label, liberal, license, logic, lecture, levy, likewise
M
major, method, maintenance, maximum, minorities, marginal, mental, monitoring, migration, minimum, ministry, motivation, media, mode, manipulation, minimized, mature, mediation, medium, military, minimal, mutual
O
occur, obtained, outcomes, obvious, occupational, option, output, overall, objective, orientation, overseas, offset, overlap
P
present, period, policy, principle, procedure, process, participation, perceived, positive, potential, previous, primary, purchase, partner, philosophy, physical, proportion, published, phase, predicted, principal, prior, professional, project, promote, perspective, precise, prime, psychology, pursue, preceding, presumption, paradigm, phenomenon, priority, prohibited, publication, paragraph, plus, practitioners, predominantly, prospect, passive, portion, preliminary, protocol, panel, persistently, posed
Q
quotation, qualitative
R
required, research, response, role, range, region, regulations, relevant, resident, resources, restricted, reacting, registered, reliance, removed, regime, resolution, retained, ratio, rejected, revenue, rational, recovery, revealed, released, reverse, radical, random, reinforce, restore, revision, refine, relaxed, restraints, revolution, route
S
section, sector, significant, similar, source, structure, security, sought, select, site, strategies, survey, scheme, sequence, sex, shift, specified, sufficient, series, statistics, status, stress, subsequent, sum, summary, stability, styles, substitution, sustainable, symbol, scope, subsidiary, simulation, solely, somewhat, submitted, successive, survive, schedule, scenario, sphere, subordinate, supplement, so-called, straightforward
T
theory, text, traditional, task, technical, techniques, technology, target, transition, trend, tapes, trace, transformation, transport, thesis, topic, transmission, tension, termination, theme, thereby, team, temporary, trigger
U
undertaken, underlie, utility, ultimately, unique, uniform, unified, undergo
V
variable, validity, version, vehicle, via, virtually, visual, violation, vision, volume
W
welfare, whereas, whereby
第二讲句子（1）
2.1 英语句子类型
英语句子类型主要有四种：简单句(simple sentence)、并列句(compound sentence)、复合句(complex sentence)、并列复合句(compound-complex sentence).
(1)The simple sentence expresses one idea only. It has one subject and one predicate.
e.g. The man knocked at the door.
(2)The compound sentence contains more than one idea. In this type of sentence all the ideas expressed have an
equal value.
e.g. The man knocked at the door and waited for an answer.
(3)The complex sentence contains one main idea (called the main clause) and one or more secondary ideas
(called subordinate clause)
e.g. As soon as he arrived at the house, the man knocked at the door.
(4)The compound-complex sentence is the combination of the compound sentence and the complex sentence.
e.g. As soon as he arrived at the house the man knocked at the door, and the dog was barking.
2.2 并列句(Compound Sentence)
用来连接句子的词称为并列连词(conjunctions)，构成并列句的主要并列连词有：and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet (ABFONSY)。
构成方法：simple sentence 1, and simple sentence 2
副词关联词可用来代替同义的并列连词，如：
but = however, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand
and = furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, additionally
so = therefore, consequently, as a result, consequently, accordingly, thus, hence
构成方法：simple sentence 1; however, simple sentence 2
分号也可用来连接两个简单句。
构成方法：simple sentence 1; simple sentence 2
成组关联词合并简单句，在使用这些关联词时应注意它们应连接平行成分。not only…but also, both…and, neither…nor, either…or。
构成方法：not only A, but also B
Join the following pairs of sentences using the conjunctions given in brackets.
(1)He was in Italy last year. Now he has returned home. (but)
(2)The talk on the radio was not amusing. It was not interesting. (neither…nor)
(3)He told me to leave. He told me never to call again. (not only…but also)
(4)I have often invited him here. He has never come. (yet)
(5)Hurry up. Y ou will be late. (or)
(6)The manager told him he must work hard. He must leave the firm. (either…or)
(7)She sent a present to my brother. She sent a present to me. (both…and)
(8)She finished her housework. She went out shopping. (so/and)
(9)He did not tell me the truth. I misunderstood him. (either…or)
(10)He learned how to read English. He learned how to write it. (not only…but)
●Translate the following sentences into English.
（1）饲养宠物给他们带来很大的快乐而且帮助他们减轻压力和抑郁。
（2）住在校园里对学生有益，不仅在学术上，而且在心理上。
（3）他们给年轻人带来很大的快乐，训练他们反映迅速，激起他们对计算机科学的兴趣。
（4）现在，人们面临激烈的竞争，承受巨大的压力，所以几乎没有时间和家人在一起。
（5）在某种程度上，穿校服不鼓励个性，阻碍创造力的发展。
2.3 复合句(Complex Sentence)
1．定语从句
●Join the following pairs of sentences using the RELA TIVE WORDS, who, whom, whose, which, where,
why, where necessary.
(1)There are common materials. We all are familiar with them.
(2)There were a lot of people at the party. I had not met them before.
(3)The firemen went into the building. It was full of smoke.
(4)My sister’s friend came to see me. Her parents died last year.
(5)The man came to visit me. He has just arrived from the Far East.
(6)This is the house. I lived there in my early days.
(7)This is the reason. Because of it, he didn’t agree.
●Translate the following sentences into English.
（1）这是一个有争议的问题，它引起了人们的热烈讨论。
（2）我们生活在人们享有合法权利的国家。
（3）赞成网络的人人为它给我们带来了很大的方便和效率。
（4）我之所以持有这个观点是有很多原因的。
（5）幼儿园有很多教育设施，孩子可以从中受益。
2．主语从句
●Join the following pairs of sentences using the conjunctions given in the brackets.
(1)Students should wear uniforms. It is a controversial issue. (whether)
(2)They emphasize it. Formal examinations are harmful to student’s creativity. (what)
(3)It is sagacious. All relevant factors should be taken into account before taking any action. (that)
●Translate the following sentences into English.
（1）老年人需要的是精神安慰。
（2）众所周知的是，在吸烟和一些严重的疾病之间有清楚的联系。
（3）年轻人是否应该出国留学，这应该留给个人去判断。
3．宾语从句
宾语从句由when, what, where, why, how, that 引导，作及物动词（短语）的宾语。如：
(1) They insist that the practice of censorship (should) be abolished.
(2) From friends, we can learn what we need.
(3) Some people suggest that the old people’s children have the obligation to look after their old parents.
●Translate the following sentences into English.
（1）他们想模仿他们所看到的东西。
（2）研究表明在吸烟和一些严重的疾病如肺癌和心脏病之间有确定的联系。
（3）这张图显示了伦敦地铁站从早上6点到晚上10点间来往乘客数量的变化情况。
（4）他们人为人们正在忘记他们的传统、历史和文化。
4．表语从句
●Join the following pairs of sentences.
We must consider another factor. Television plays an educational role in our daily life.
●Translate the following sentences into English.
（1）第一个原因是饲养宠物对人的健康有害。
（2）他们强调的是考试对学生的创造力有害。
（3）每个人都能看到的主要原因是电视在我们面前展现了一个生动形象的世界。
5．同位语从句
●Join the following pairs of sentences.
Some people propose a suggestion. Smoking should be totally banned in all public places.
●Translate the following sentences into English.
从上面我所提到的，不难得出这样一个结论：中学生应该出国留学。
6．原因状语从句
●Join the following pairs of sentences using the conjunctions given in brackets.
(1)Y ou had better not stay too long. I have a lot of work to do. (as)
(2)We should go home. The sun has set. (now that)
(3)He is sure to pass his examination. He has worked so hard. (since)
(4)I did not go to the theatre. I could not get tickets. (because)
(5)Canada is similar to the United States. The majority of its people speak English. (in that)
(6)He felt no fear. He was very brave. (for)
●Translate the following sentences into English.
（1）我还是喜欢和朋友一起旅行，因为我认为旅行中最重要的是得到快乐和休息。
（2）一些人认为我们不应该帮助探险者，因为任何形式的帮助都会破坏他们探险的乐趣。
表示原因的一些词组：because of, on account of, owing to, due to, thanks to。
Thank to the development of medical science, people live much longer than before.
表示原因可采用多种方法：
Smoking is responsible for cancer.
Smoking causes cancer.
Smoking produces cancer.
Smoking results in cancer.
Smoking is the cause of cancer.
Smoking brings about cancer.
Cancer is due to smoking.
Cancer results from smoking.
7．目的状语从句
●Join the following pair of sentences using to, in order to, so as to (followed by an infinitive) and so that,
in order that (followed by may, might, can, could, shall, should, will and would)
(1)He went to library. He wanted to borrow a book. (to)
(2)The students asked the teacher a question. He wanted to understand the exercise better. (in order that)
(3)The thief drove quickly out of town. He did not want the police to catch him. (so that)
(4)I went to the theatre early. I want to get a seat. (in order to)
(5)He went into the room quickly. He did not want to disturb his brother who was asleep. (so as to)
●Translate the following sentences into English.
（1）为了赶走孤独和消磨时光，他们可以培养其它的爱好，比如养花、集邮和学习绘画。
（2）他刻苦学习，以便能通过考试。
8．让步状语从句
●Join the following pair of sentences using although, even though, even if, however (much, many, long
etc.), in spite of the fact that.
(1)I wrote to him several times. I received no answer. (although)
(2)He plays well. He is still not good enough for the football team. (in spite of the fact that)
(3)We are determined to get there. It does not matter how far away it is. (however)
(4)The journey takes too long. It does not matter if you go by plane. (even if)
(5)He speaks French well. He has never been to France. (even though)
●Translate the following sentences into English.
（1）虽然小家庭有独特的优点，但它在很多方面不能和大家庭竞争。
（2）一些人认为我们不应该帮助探险者，即使他们处于危险中，因为任何形式的帮助都会破坏他们探险的乐趣。
（3）这个观点虽然看起来有道理和吸引人，但是它经不起推敲。
9．条件状语从句
●Join the following pair of sentences.
Y ou leave your present job. Y ou have to start at a much lower rank.
●Translate the following sentences into English
（1）如果吸烟被全面禁止，更严重的社会问题就会产生，如失业。
（2）如果我们推倒老建筑，我们就破坏了文化遗产和传统价值。
（3）如果他们继续以他们允许的方式工作，老年人仍然会为社会做很大贡献。
10．结果状语从句
●Joining the following sentences with so…that, such…that
(1) He is a good driver. I am surprised to hear he has an accident.
(2) I have many friends abroad. I cannot write to all of them.
●Translate the following sentences into English.
现在年轻人面临的竞争是如此之激烈，以至于他们不得不承受很大的生活压力。
2.4 分词结构
●Change the following complex sentences with the participle construction.
(1) Though I know where he lives, I never go to see him.
(2) While I was walking along the street, I met Tom.
(3) Because she was tired, she stopped to take a rest.
(4) As she did not know what to do. She began to cry.
(5) If you turn to the right, you will find the theatre.
(6) When it is seen from the mountain, the city looks more beautiful.
(7) After I had finished my work, I went shopping.
(8) Helen ran home and cried all the way.
●Translate the following sentences into English.
（1）和大家庭相比，小家庭有一个独特的优点。
（2）离家生活，人要忍受孤独和思乡。
（3）他们在电视前花费了太多的时间，忽略了他们的学习、户外活动，甚至他们的家庭。
（4）吸烟花费大量的钱，给吸烟者的家庭带来巨大的经济负担。
（5）有些弊端由饲养宠物引起。
●Change the following sentences with the independent structure.
在分词短语中，分词意义上的主语与主句的主语不同时，就称为独立主格结构。如：
The sun having set, we started for home. = As the sun had set, we started for home.
(1) If the weather permits, we will have a picnic tomorrow.
(2) After the experiment had been finished, they left the laboratory.
(3) Because there was no bus, he had to walk home.
2.5 WITH结构
●S + V…, with + O + V-ing/ p.p/ adj./ prepositional phrase
(1) The gas will expand with temperature increasing.
(2) She enjoys listening to music with her eyes closed.
(3) Electricity doesn’t go through with circuit open.
(4) The little girl looked me with tears in her eyes.
●Change the following sentences into complex sentences.
(1) With the limited budget, the government is unable to invest much money in education.
(2) With the development of society and the improvement of people’s living standard, a lot of changes have taken
place in their daily life.
(3) Without formal examination, it will be hard for universities to select qualified candidates.
综合练习
Link each set of sentences into one complex sentence.
(1) The percentage of one-person households in France has risen over the past 10 years.
(2) In 1989, 27 percent of households in France belonged to single people.
(3) In 1999, 30 percent of households in France belonged to single people.
(1) Students were asked how much they expect to earn when they start work.
(2) 40 percent of them expect to earn about $21,000.
(3) 2 percent expect to earn $40,000 or more.
(1) The graph is about student number in the UK.
(2) The number of students in higher education has risen.
(3) The rise has taken place over the last five years.
(1) A typical police force in Britain has 2,500 officers.
(2) A typical town has a population of 180,000.
(3) At any one time, there are only 10 officers patrolling the streets of a typical town.
(1) Drink-driving laws vary from country to country.
(2) In Poland it is illegal to drive with more than 20 mg of alcohol in your blood.
(3) In Italy it is illegal to drive with more than 80mg of alcohol in your blood.
Assignments:
1. (Simple Sentence)
●Translate the following sentences into English.
1)年轻人没有工作经验。
2)市场更需要实践型的人才。
3)理论是实践的基础。
4)杀动物取食是残忍的。
5)有些人喜欢经常更换工作。
6)书本、电影中的有些信息对孩子们产生不良影响。
2. (Compound Sentence)
●Translate the following sentences into English.
1)有些人认为高中生应该工作一年以积累工作经验，而有些人则认为他们这样做会给国家经济带
来不利的影响。
2)传统艺术和体育运动是国家文明的象征，只有建造剧院和体育馆才能使之延续。
3)计算机教学只能作为教学的一种辅助手段和工具，而不能替代教师在教学中所发挥的重要作用。
4)随着年龄的增长，老年人学习的目的在改变，他们或是为兴趣而学，或是为圆梦而学，他们不
再为以后的职业而学习。
5)全球一体化使一种语言成为国际语言，文化的差异也逐渐消失。
3. (simple sentences → compound or complex sentences)
Expand the following simple sentences into compound or complex sentences
1)Owing to ill health, Jack was unable to work.
→Compound Sentence:
→Complex Sentence:
2)Y ou must take exercise every day to preserve your heath.
→Compound Sentence:
→Complex Sentence:
3)Business being poor, Robert had to close his door.
→Compound Sentence:
→Complex Sentence:
4)The knowledge already gained is a step towards gaining some further knowledge of the things not at present
known to us.
→Compound Sentence:
→Complex Sentence:
5)In spite of knowing our present we do not know our future.
→Compound Sentence:
→Complex Sentence:
6)John’s explanation was not to the point.
→Compound Sentence:
→Complex Sentence:
7)The annual examination having just been finished, the boys went home for their holidays on the every day of
the closing of the school.
→Compound Sentence:
→Complex Sentence:
8)The depth of the sea equals the height of the mountains.
→Compound Sentence:
→Complex Sentence:
9)I was glad to hear of your having succeeded very well.
→Compound Sentence:
→Complex Sentence:
10)Tell me the time and place of your birth.
→Compound Sentence:
→Complex Sentence:
4. Reduce each sentence to simple
1)Smith was a student in the Department of History and so was naturally interested in museums.
2)Green broke his leg and could not go on the bike.
3)We not only advised him, but we also helped him.
4)If there were no programmer, the computer would be useless.
5)What he spoke at the meeting was encouraging.
第三讲句子（2）
3.1 有效句子(Effective Sentence)
衡量句子是否有效有四个标准：统一性(unity)、连贯性(coherence)、简洁性(concise)、变化性(variety)。1．统一性(Unity)
A unified sentence expresses a single thought: <1> not contains ideas that are not closely related; <2> not expresses a thought that is not complete by itself.
(1) Because TV advertisements exert negative influence on children.
Correct: Because TV advertisements exert negative influence on children, it is sagacious for the government to lay strict regulations on what can be advertised on TV.
(1) Born in a small town in Hubei in the early 1930s, he grew up to be a famous writer.
Correct:
2．连贯性(Coherence)
A sentence is coherent when its words or parts are properly connected and their relationships unmistakably clear. Sentences which are not coherent include: <1> Faulty parallel construction; <2> pronouns with ambiguous reference; <3> dangling or misplaced modifiers; <4> confusing shifts in person and number, or in voice, tense and mood.
(1) Watching TV not only broadens our horizon, but also entertaining.
Correct:
(2)We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.
Correct: We thought she was charming, intelligent, and very capable.
Correct:
(3)If one has talents and self-confidence, we will likely succeed.
Correct:
(4)I am going to the lecture on modern Chinese drama, because he is a dramatist I like.
Correct:
(5)Exploring the unknown places are a great pleasure to many people.
Correct:
(6)He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believed.
Correct: He gave a reason, which nobody believed, for not attending the meeting.
Correct:
(7)He reviewed the lesson taught last week and all the exercises assigned by the teacher were done.
Correct:
3．简洁性(Concise)
A concise sentence contains no unnecessary words.
●In my humble opinion, though I do not claim to be an expert on this complicated subject, drunk driving,
under most circumstances, would seem to be rather dangerous in many respects, or at least so it would seem to me.
●In my opinion, drunk driving would seem to be rather dangerous.
●In my opinion, drunk driving is dangerous.
●Drunk driving is dangerous.
(1)As far as I’m concerned, I personally think that it is improper for him to say so.
Correct:
(2)After analyzing the causes and effects of juvenile delinquency, we may easily draw a final conclusion that we
have to attach greater importance to the problem.
Correct:
(3) He gave many reasons for the failure, but the reasons he gave were not convincing.
Correct:
4．变化性(V ariety)
V ariety is achieved when the order of a sentence is changed, or when short sentences are used in between long ones, simple sentences in between compound and complex ones, periodic sentences in between strung-along ones. An occasional question, command, or exclamation among statements.
A. Order
She attributed these defects in her son’s character to the general weakness of mankind.
Change: These defects in her son’s character she attributed to the general weaknesses of mankind.
Change: To the general weakness of mankind she attributed the defects in her son’s character.
Almost all the employees are forced to retire by law at the age 60.
Change: At the age 60, almost all the employees are forced to retire by law.
He can benefit from playing games only if one has enough self-control.
Change: Only if one has enough self-control can he benefit from playing games.
Big cities have the highest crime rates.
Change: Where are the crime rates higher than in the big cities?
B. Length
(1) I want that car back here by ten o’clock. And when I say ten o’clock, I don’t mean ten-thirty or ten-fifteen or
ten-five. I mean ten. Y ou remember that. Because I’m telling you right now, this is the last time you drive that car if you come home late again. And that’s final.
(2) One of the things that is very important to an actor is a sense of timing. It is more important than a handsome
face or a good voice. An actor who does not have sense of timing can never be very good at acting. A good director can tell him what to do, but he will always be just like a puppet.
(3)Few things are so essential to an actor as sense of timing. Without that, nothing else about him matters very
much. He may have a handsome face. He may have splendid voice. But unless he has an innate sense of timing, the finest director in the world cannot make an actor of him. He can never be more than a puppet.
Assignments:
1. Compare the sentences in each pair and then choose the correct one.
1) A. The arguments for restrictions on gun ownership are, as we have seen,
overwhelming. Therefore, the law should be changed.
B. The arguments for restrictions on gun ownership are, as we have seen,
overwhelming, therefore, the law should be changed.
2) A. Although you have been expressly forbidden to leave before 3 pm, yet you
continue to do so.
B. Although you have been expressly forbidden to leave before 3 pm, but you continue to do so.
3) A. There are four main skills in language learning, like, speaking, listening, reading
and writing.
B． There are four main skills in language learning, namely: speaking, listening, reading and writing.
2. Simplified the following sentences.
1)I played badminton equally as well as my brother
I played badminton as well as my brother
2)What I am trying to say is that in my opinion he has not done his work very well and it needs
improving.
What I am trying to say is that he has not done his work very well and it needs improving.
3)There are about 50 patients or so in this ward, among whom many are being given acupuncture 针刺
疗法treatment.
There are about 50 patients in this ward, among whom many are being given acupuncture 针刺疗法
treatment.
There are 50 patients or so in this ward, among whom many are being given acupuncture 针刺疗法
treatment.
4)One reason why people are well informed in this country is because of the fact that there are many
newspapers which can easily be bought or subscribed to.
One reason why people are well informed in this country is that there are many newspapers which can
easily be bought or subscribed to.
5)I would like you to consider the question of whether or not you will let our journal publish your recent
article on women scientists in China.
I would like you to consider whether or not you will let our journal publish your recent article on
women scientists in China.
3．Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
1)Either I’m always in debt or in trouble
Either I’m always in debt or I’m always in trouble.
2)We have great faith and high hope for her.
We have great faith in and high hope for her
3)I am going to the lecture on modern Chinese dram, because he is a dramatist I like.
I am going to the lecture on modern Chinese dram, because the lecturer is a dramatist I like.
4)He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believed.
He gave a reason, which nobody believed, for not attending the meeting.
5)He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.
He was knocked down by a bicycle, but he was not seriously hurt.
6)His foot was injured while swimming in the river.
His foot was injured while he was swimming in the river.
7)He returned in the early part of the month of August.
He returned in early August.
8)John usually likes to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France.
John usually prefers wines produced in France.
9)He gave many reasons for the failure, but the reasons he gave were not convincing.
He gave many reasons for the failure, but they were not convincing.
10)After analyzing the causes and effects of juvenile delinquency, we may easily draw a final conclusion that we
have to attach greater importance to the problem.
After analyzing the causes and effects of juvenile delinquency, we may easily conclude that we have to attach greater importance to the problem.
3.2 扩展句子(Expanding Sentence)
(1) The Strung-along Sentence
Basic Statement: Bells rang.
Strung-along sentence: Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the street to hear the news.
(2) The Periodic Sentence
Basic Statement: Love is blind.
Periodic sentence: Love, as everyone knows except those who happen to be afflicted with it, is blind.
The biggest plant, which is growing in the smallest pot, needs replanting.
The biggest plant, growing in the smallest pot, needs replanting.
The biggest plant, in the smallest pot, needs replanting.
(3) The Combination Sentence
Basic Statement: John was angry.
Combination sentence: John, usually the calmest of men, was suddenly, violently angry, so angry that he lost control completely.
练习：扩展下列句子。
(1) Smoking is harmful.
(2) He liked the car.
Assignments:
Using each of the following basic statements, write expanding sentences according to the rules, at least fifteen words long.
1)Mary left the room.
2)John gave his mother flowers.
3)It was a special chair.
4)The cat scratched Sally.
5)He liked the car.
第四讲段落
4．1 段落的构成(Elements of Paragraph)
英语段落由以下主要部分所构成：
●Organizing the paragraph according to the rules of English writing.
●Each paragraph should make one main point.
●The main point should be expressed in a topic sentence, at or near the beginning of the paragraph.
●Each main point should be supported with an example or other kind of evidence.
●Ideas or terms that are crucial to the argument should be explained or defined.
英文写作基础知识 I 英语的句子成分 1. 主语 1）父母应该为年轻人提供机会让他们锻炼自己的能力和天赋。 2) 对于它们，我们既不能过高估计也不能否认其存在。 3) 吸烟只是一种个人爱好和娱乐。 4) 很难有定论。 5) 很明显，穿校服会使得校园生活变得乏味单调 在过去的几年中，随着经济的迅速发展，越来越多的父母在把孩子送到国外学习。 大学毕业生的就业形势越来越不乐观。 毫无疑问，不同人甚至不同的大学都会对此有不同观点。 2. 谓语 1）他们坚持认为审查制度应当废止。 2）孩子应当靠自己的努力获取成功。 3）广告增加了商品的成本。 4）换句话说，电脑影响了人们的日常生活，对人们有害。 5）当前，越来越多的人同意吸烟是一种不健康的嗜好，等同于自杀。 大学中的教师教授拥有丰富的专业知识和丰富的教学经验，会教给学生新的知识并引导他们解决现实中的问题。 3. 表语 1）审查制度是对言论自由的一种违犯。 2）放养涂在这些动物的方法经常是野蛮残忍的。 3）谈恋爱耗费时间，经常会使学生偏离他们的主要任务---学习。 4）我们所需要做的是告诉孩子如何正确的解决这些问题。 5）他们所强调的是那些正式的考试对不利于培养学生的创造力。 大学毕业生自身也对这种局面负有责任。 由于不同的习惯和不同的价值观，人们在和陌生人同住时会觉得不自在。 4. 宾语
1）垃圾食品对人的健康有害。 2）你甚至开始把工作带回家做并且一直工作到凌晨 3）研究表明吸烟和肺癌、心脏病等严重疾病之间存在着必然联系。 4）它给我们带来了许多欢乐和乐趣。 5. 定语 1）很难有定论。 2）近年来，因特网以极快的的速度越来越受欢迎。 3）资金不足的人们通常正确确定优先考虑的事情：他们在买奢侈品之前首先买必需品。4）那些强烈反对这种做法的人说这违犯人工作的基本权利。 6. 状语 1）户外活动能极大促进我们的健康。 2）根据法律，广告必须是完全真实的健康的。 3）为了赶走孤独和消磨时光，他们可以培养其它的爱好，比如养花、集邮和学画画。 4）远离家庭生活，人要忍受孤独和思乡。 5）我还是喜欢和朋友一起旅行，因为我认为在旅行中最重要的是得到快乐和休息。 他们完全沉溺于这些事，完全忽略了他们的学习。 7. 同位语 1）购物，这个每天生活中必须的活动，在城市里更方便。 2）爱情能将学生从学习，学生的主要工作中分开。 3）但是，这种解决办法的缺点是许多农业和居住用地会难以避免的被越来越多的公路占据。 8. 补语 1）我们认为强制服兵役是对人权的违犯。 2）克隆技术会使得人类人口过剩，变得可替代甚至灭绝。 3）我发现就业形势令人沮丧（不乐观）。 II 英语句子的基本结构 1. S + V 1）对于这个正在讨论中的问题人们看法不一。 2）全球化时代已经来临。 在人类教育很长的发展过程中，在每个学习领域都发生了巨大变化。
雅思大作文开头段模板 第一大模板法：①引题+ ②一方观点+另一方观点+ ③我方观点 ①引题：九大引题方法 一：①在谈到……时，人们对于这个充满争议的话题所持的观点各不相同。 ①When talking about （/it comes to /it refers to) _____, people’s opinions are divergent on such a controversial 有争议的issue. 有分歧的 二：①最近经常辩论的一个问题是…… ①A much debated issue these days is whether …… ①There is a public (/general) debate (/discussion/ controversy) today (/nowadays) on (/about/ over/ as to) the problem (/issue) of …… 三：①最近……的问题已经引起了人们广泛的争议。 ①Recently the problem（/issue）of _____ + has drawn(/aroused) public (/worldwide) attention. + has caused(/aroused) wide (/general/ considerable/ international) concern. + has arisen(/loomed up/ cropped up) as controversial(/as noteworthy/ more distinctly for settlement). 四：①近来……的问题已经广为天下人所知。 ①Recently the issue(/problem) of ……has been in the limelight (/brought into focus/ brought to public attention/ posed among the general public). 在公众的注意之下 五：①在过去的……年里，很多城市面临了……的严重问题。 ①In recent(/ the past ……) years, many cities (/nations/ people) have been faced with (/plagued with/ troubled with/ experienced/ witnessed/ undergone) the(/a/an) serious problem of(/acute shortage of/ alarming increase in) …… 六：①如今我们国家面临的最为紧迫的任务之一是…… ①One of the burning(/pressing/interesting) problems facing (/confronting/ troubling) our nation (/society/ world/ community) today is that …… 七：①现在很多人谈论的最热门的话题之一是…… ①One of the biggest issues（/ hottest topics/ most popular things/ most serious problems）many people talk (/complain) about now is …… 八：①随着…… ①With the rapid(/marked/ amazing) development(/increase/improvement/expansion/growth/ decline) of __, ①With the general(/growing/ common) recognition (/realization/ acknowledgment) of _____, ①With the general (/growing/ common) commitment (/devotion/ dedication) to_____, ①With the general(/growing/ common) interest in(/concern over/ enthusiasm for)_____, ①With _____ playing an increasingly big role in _____, a growing number of _____. ①With _____ attaching much importance to _____, an increasing number of _____. 九：①如今有一种……趋势。 ①Nowadays(Currently/ Recently), there is a growing (/ unhealthy) tendency to (/in/ that) …… ②一方观点+ 另一方观点：两大表述方法 一：②一些人认为……，另一些人认为……。
雅思写作语法学习：行为动词(Action Verbs ) 今天三立在线教育雅思网为大家带来的是雅思写作语法学习之行为动词的相关资讯，备考的烤鸭们，赶紧来看看吧！ Action Verbs 行为动词 An action verb is a verb that expresses physical or mental action. 行为动词是描述身体或思想行为的动词。 The action verb tells us what the subject of our clause or sentence is doing-physically or mentally. 行为动词告诉我们分句或句子的主语正在做什么或正在想什么。 行为动词的例子： To find an action verb: 1)找出句中某人或某物可以做的动作。 2)这种动作可以使身体上的也可以是思想上的。 行为动词的例子：skip smell love think Examples of action verbs in a sentence: 句子中行为动词的例子： Marie walked to school. Marie走到学校。 Walked tells us what Marie was doing.
“Walked”告诉我们Marie做了什么。 Louis thought about the math problem. Louis 思考数学题。 Thought tells us what Louis was doing (mentally). “Thought”告诉我们Louis在想什么。 下面是几个包含行为动词的例句： 行为动词被标注了下划线。 1) Sam and Eric ride the bus to school each morning. Sam 和Eric每天早晨坐公交车去学校。 2) Jan wants a horse for her birthday. Jan过生日想要一匹马。 3) Ian reads a chapter in his book each night. Ian 每晚读完书的一个章节。 4) Do you think it will rain today? 你觉得今天会下雨吗? 5) I believe in fairies and unicorns. 我相信有精灵和独角兽。 6) Will you help me with my homework? 你可以帮我完成家庭作业吗? 7) Please call your mom.
雅思作文常见开头结尾形式 注：如下方式，雅思写作针对性强，且略带模板印迹，同学应在充分理解结构的基础上，用上面的方法去灵活写作 雅思大作文第一段一定要包括这样三个基本要素：“背景句”，“话题”和“观点”。这三个部分是完整统一的，一定不能忽略。 第一，背景句：背景句主要起到引题的作用，但要紧密联系题目中的话题。其方法是围绕题干中的关键词或核心词展开。 背景句的写作方法： 1 联系社会背景：任何一个话题肯定都于一定的社会发展息息相关，所以联系关键词的社会背景是一种最简单、最常用的方法。具体可以有以下5种句式： 1) The 21st century witnesses --- 2) With the development of science and technology,--- 3) In modern society, --- 4) It is quite common these days that --- 5) Recently,--- 例如：There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones? 参考背景句： The late 20th century witnessed the boom of science and technology, which gave rise to a series of technological innovations, including the mobile phone. 或with the development of science and technology, the mobile phone is more and more available to and popular with common people. 2 重述话题：有的时候题干里是有一个背景介绍的，这时候我们只需将题目所给话题重新复述一遍即可。但切忌原样照搬照抄，不过可以将原文中的词汇和句式进行同义转换。转换句型可以有以下三种． 1) it is generally believed that --- 2) it is said that--- 3) it is reported that--- 例如：Nowadays, people are facing more and more work-related stress. State the possible reasons for this phenomenon and make some recommendations about how to combat it. 参考背景句： It is generally believed that individuals are confronted with psychological and physical stress coming from work. 3解释中心词: 即将中心词进行解释或展开说明。此种方法一般适合容易下定义的词比如图书馆。可以有以下三个句型： 1)It is known to all that --- 2)As is known to all, --- 3)--- is known as--- 例如：The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their
定语从句写作练习 1 许多人谈论的一个最严重的问题集中在缺乏足够的居住空间（center on） 2 任何忽视这一点的政府都将付出巨大的代价（be blind to） 3 对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老学到老（just as an old saying goes） 4 同时仍然有许多人持有传统的观点认为全日制学校对孩子的学习发挥着极其重要的作用（live under the traditional ideas） 5 同时，拥有私家轿车的数量在这几年快速地增加 6 违反交通规则的人应该受到惩罚（violate traffic regulations） 7 夏天很闷热，这就是我不喜欢它的原因（sultry） 8 最后一点，森林是人类可以接近自然的地方，如果人类学会了爱护自然，就会想保存地球上所有的天然资源（get close to） 9 另一方面，那些坚持自己本国风俗习惯的人，觉得这样做让他们更加自在（follow their own customs feel more at home） 10 沉迷于网络的人经常觉得孤独，感到与外面的世界隔绝开来，变得越来越内向和自闭（indulge in isolated withdrawn ） 11 经常沉迷于电视的小孩不懂得区分现实和虚幻（reality fantasy）
12 沉迷于上网的孩子往往比较内向，不善交际，甚至对人冷漠（unsociable indifferent） 13 死刑是个野蛮的做法，应该从现代社会中清除（death penalty cruel and barbaric do away with） 14 那些反对强制退休制度的人持有以下理由（mandatory retirement） 15 取得巨大成功的人，毫无例外，都是善于利用零碎时间的人（with no exception utilize their own odd moments wisely） 16 我喜欢到气候宜人的地方生活（agreeable） 17 博物馆是游客体验当地文化和了解当地历史的好地方 18 有些家长把小孩送到私立学校去学习，那里孩子们能够享有更好的教学质量和更好的教学设施（teaching facilities teaching quality） 19 许多政府禁止克隆的原因是因为它不符合伦理道德（ban human cloning） 20 这就是许多人强烈反对城市禁养宠物的原因（the ban on pets）
^ | You have to believe, there is a way. The ancients said:" the kingdom of heaven is trying to enter". Only when the reluctant step by step to go to it 's time, must be managed to get one step down, only have struggled to achieve it. -- Guo Ge Tech 雅思写作语法总结 1．时态问题： 四种时态：一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时，一般将来时 一般现在时：第三人称单数，例如： 打工对一个人的将来的事业有深远的影响。 Taking part-time jobs exerts profound impacts on one’s future career. 国际旅游业促进经济发展。 International tourism promotes the economic development. 现在进行时：表示逐渐的过程 is developing rapidly/dramatically. 现在完成时：表示结果，一般表示变化大，发展了。注意常用搭配：In recent years, In the past decades… 最近几十年期间，世界发生了巨大的改变。 In the past decades, dramatic changes have taken place in the world. 最近几年，科技极大的改变了人们的生活。 In recent years, technology has reshaped people’s life. 犯罪率急剧上升。 The crime rate has increased sharply.
雅思小作文开头段应该如何写 在雅思写作的小作文部分里，往往我们可以采纳“老三段”式的写法，以不变应万变，不论是线图，柱图，表格，饼图，亦或是流程图，我们都可以采用此种方式完成雅思小作文的写作。 那么老三段式的经典写法中，强调着第一段“开门见山”介绍出本文讨论内容，即改写题目。将必要内容进行改写，这样可以获得高分效应。 第二段“丰实的内容”尽量多地将图表中的信息表达明确，不时的需要我们之前总结的常用表达(敬请参见前几篇文章关于雅思作文经典表达介绍文章)。第三段也就是文章的最后一段，对全文进行一个总结概括即可。 本文将着眼于介绍雅思作文开头段的常用高频高分表达，希望对同学们准备雅思有所帮助。也请同学们积极准备! 五分表达： The chart depicts (that)…该图呈现出… The chart shows (that)… The figures/statistics show (that)… The diagram reveals … The chart illustrates (that)… 六分表达： The graph provides some interesting data regarding…该图为我们提供了有关…有趣数据。 The graph describes the trend of …这个图描述了…的趋势 As is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the chart/diagram/chart/table…如图所示… According to the chart …根据这些表格… As is shown in the table…如图所示… This table shows the changing proportion of A and B from …to …该表格描述了…年到…年之间A与B的比例关系。 This graph,presented in the chart,shows the general trend in…该图呈现了…总的趋势。
雅思基础写作题12则 雅思基础写作题12则 1. You are an university student who are living in the accommodation at the campus. One day you find something wrong with your accommodation. So you write a letter to the House Officer to tell them what happened, the reason you think, what you decide to do, and whether if it is right. 2. It is wrong that our government pay more money to the artist projects, for instance, there are more and more paintings and sculptures appearing at the public places, because there are more important thing to do. What‘s you opinion? Do you agree or disagree with it? 3. writing to an English speaking college about qualification, accommodation, fee, what courses do you want to choose and why. 4. Participating in a sport is as important for psychological health as it is for physical condition and social development. 5. You have left college. But you didn‘t say goodbye to your friend who live in the room with you because he had a
雅思写作教材 ?雅思写作必须为AcademicWriting，但是何为AcademicWriting，且看下面两段文字： E.g.:livinginbigcityisagoodchoice,becauseourchildrencouldgetbettereducation. Forexample,plentyofprimaryschoolsarelocatedinbigcity,so localcitizenscouldsend theirchildrenthere.Secondly,therearealotoftheatersinbigcitysowecouldenjoyfilms intheweekend. Thetwomeritsinbigcitiesasbetterservicejointlycontributetomakeurbanizationapriority. Firstofall,sufficienteducationalinstitutionsandfundshaveguaranteedthat higherlevelofeducationcouldbeacquiredinlargecity.Additionally,urbancitizenscanappreciate amorecolorfullifethanruralcitizens.Thecityprovides aplentyofplacesfor entertainmentwhilerurallifemayabitdull andtasteless. 第二段文字是典型的AcademicWriting，仅供参考。 ?雅思写作必备基础常识。首先从类型角度说五类小作文，四类大作文；从字数角度说是至少150+250=400字；从写作时间角度说是理论上20+40=60mins；从技术处理角度说建议先写大作文再写小作文。 ?官方给出每篇作文的分数是根据四个评分标准来的，小作文分别是：TA/CC/LR/GRA，大作文分别是：TR/CC/LR/GRA。两者结合白话一点说就是：题意理解/连贯衔接/词汇运用/语法准确。分别来看： 7分作文： ?写作内容涵盖写作任务的要求 ?（学术类）清晰地呈现关于主要趋势、区别或不同阶段的概述 ?（培训类）清晰地呈现写作目的，行文语气一致且恰当 ?能就主要内容/要点进行清晰的呈现与强调，但未能更为充分地展开 ?符合逻辑地组织信息及观点；清晰的行文推进贯穿全文 ?恰当地使用一系列衔接手段，尽管有时使用不足或过多 ?使用足够的词汇，体现一定灵活性及准确性 ?使用不常见词汇，对语体及搭配有一定认识 ?在选择用词、拼写及/或构词方面可能偶尔出现错误 ?运用各种复杂的语法结构 ?多数句子准确无误 ?对语法及标点符号掌握较好，但有时出现少许错误 6分作文：根据写作任 务要求作文 ?（学术类）选择恰当的信息进行概述 ?（培训类）写作目的基本清晰；行文语气有时未能保持前后一致 ?呈现并充分地强调了主要内容/要点，但有时含有不相关、不恰当或不准确的细节信息 ?连贯地组织信息及观点，总体来说，能清晰地推进行文发展 ?有效地使用衔接手段，但句内及/或句间的衔接有时有误或过于机械 ?有时无法保持一贯清晰或恰当地使用指代 ?使用足够的词汇开展写作任务
雅思大作文开篇如何让人眼前一亮 雅思写作除了词汇量要达到以外，还有很多提分点的哦。出guo 为雅思栏目大家带来雅思大作文开篇如何让人眼前一亮，希望对大家备考雅思有所帮助! 正所谓好的开始是成功的一半，雅思大作文的写作也一次次验证了这个道理。很多同学往往不重视雅思大作文开头段的写作，只是简单套用一些现成的模板，殊不知这样已经给考官留下“背诵模板”的印象，这样一来，不仅给后面的主体段带来了巨大压力，而且人的第一印象往往是很难改变的。大作文开头段往往要包含如下几个关键内容，即，介绍背景，引出有争议的话题，阐述对立观点和陈述作者自己的观点。无论使用还是不使用模板，这几个关键信息是一定要包含在开头段落当中的，不然云里雾里，只能是适得其反。 根据这些信息，备战过的考生们一定都熟悉下面这一套开头写作流程，首先It is quite mon these days...介绍背景，或者用The issue of ... is a plex and sensitive one.这样的句型来引出有争议话题，然后千篇一律地分别介绍对立双方观点，如Some individuals believe that..., while others hold the view that...最终用Personally, I agree with...至此，内容上完美无
瑕，但恐怕考官心中已经大大打下“模板”两个字的烙印，这无疑对于想取得6分及以上的同学最不利的事情。 例如，一道雅思写作高频题目，讨论到底大学应该教授实用性课程(如计算机和商科课程)还是传统课程(如历史和地理)。我们依然按照开头段应该包含的关键信息开始写作，但是却可以这样轻松突破：These day there is a growing tendency for college students to have difficulties in finding jobs when they graduate.(介绍背景)A large number of people hold the opinion that lack of practical knowledge, among other things, contributes to this situation. In light of this, they contend that college teachers should lay more stress on practical courses than on traditional ones. (引出有争议的话题，并阐述大多数人的观点)For my part, I am in favour of their viewpoint.(作者观点)这一段写得非常灵巧，第一句结合题目背景，介绍现如今有一种趋势，即大学毕业生很难找到工作，紧接着作者陈述有许多人认为这是由于学生缺少实用性的知识，并因此提出大学应该更多关注于教授实用性的知识，这一句将有争议话题的其中一方观点用因果链条清晰阐述。最后一句表达作者自己的立场，就是支持前面大多数人的想法。总的来看，这一段只提及了对立双方的其中一方观点，然后表达自己支持这一方观点。这就是一种对于开头段模板的超越，简单可行，只对其中一方观点清晰论
雅思写作基础段教学大纲 课程名称：雅思写作基础段 课程周期：16小时 课程安排：2小时 / 次；共8次 教学目标： 教学安排： 第一次：雅思写作task 1整体介绍；task 1常用词汇及运用 第二次：雅思写作task 1常见图表介绍及相应的表达 第三次：雅思写作task 2整体介绍和常用词汇及运用 第四次：雅思写作task 2分类介绍与背景构建 第五次：雅思写作task 2常用表达运用及强化进阶 第六次：雅思写作task 1 和task 2 混合基础分场景共建 第七次：雅思写作task 1和task 2混合表达及词汇共建 第八次：雅思写作基础段总结及强化段铺垫与衔接 雅思写作强化段教学大纲 课程名称：雅思写作强化段 课程周期：12小时 课程安排：2小时 / 次；共6次 教学目标： 在进行了起步段和基础段之后，通过强化段的课程来帮助学生更深入地理解雅思写作考试。帮助学生解决备考中的关键性问题——思维发散。通过强化段的课程来提高学生在雅思写 作方面的应试能力。 教学安排： 第一次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第二次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第三次：雅思写作task 1图表分类强化 第四次：雅思写作task 2分类强化 第五次：雅思写作task 2分类强化 第六次：雅思写作task 2分类强化篇二：定制雅思教学计划 雅思阅读【总学时】 24学时 教材选用 《剑桥雅思考试全真试题4-9》外语教研社 第一阶段：第一个月（4次*2h） 教学重点：基础词汇积累&定位信息，关键词的基本能力 授课内容： 1，扩充雅思基础阅读词汇。 2，学会寻找关键词，在原文中快速定位，教授雅思阅读中常见的3种题型：1heading sentence(找标题)summary(摘要填空) ture/false/not given(是非题) 再陈述与推理及true, false, not given 题的技巧。 培养学生雅思判断题需要的逻辑思维 4，教会学生读文章的步骤，利用文章中的图片图表信息做题。 模考安排：每4次课一次单科模考和分析反馈 第二阶段：第二个月（4次*2h） 教学重点：猜词与复杂句，基本题型的操练 授课内容：1，词根，词缀，词性，利用上下文猜词的能力；十大句子关系。 学会如何判断词性，句子成分，如何判断区分有用与无用的生词。 3，快速找到复杂句的重点，根据复杂句完成简单的问题；
雅思写作名词性从句翻译练习 一主语从句 1.It 开头的主语从句 我们保护野生动物是势在必行的。 人们普遍认为教育在一个国家的发展中发挥着重要的作用。 2.Whether 引导的主语从句 石油价格上升是否可以解决环境问题是一个有争议的话题。 手机给我们带来更多的危害还是好处引起了激烈的争论。 3.What 引导的主语从句 贫穷国家最需要的不是金钱，而是先进的技术和关键领域的人才。 他们所担心的是广告可能会产生的负面影响。 二宾语从句 很多人认为我们已经进入了一个丢弃式社会。（环境）
一些人认为改善公众健康的最好办法就是增加体育设施，其他一些人认为这个方法收效甚微 这篇文章将讨论为什么“幸福”很难定义以及哪些因素会影响幸福的获得。 教授在演讲中谈到了留学生可能会遇到哪些问题以及如何解决 三表语从句 常用句式 1one advantage of something is that…..…的好处主要在于? 2one disadva ntage of someth ing is that ......... 的弊端主要在于 3one cause of something is that ......... :的一个原因在于… 4列举原因的 1.2.3. One reas on of sth. is that … Another factor to be considered is that ….. The last eleme nt is that … 5解决措施的 1.2.3. One possible solutio n is that … Ano ther measure to be take n is that … The last acti on we should take is that … 在城市禁养宠物有很多原因。一个原因是它可能会危害人们的健康，另外一个原因就是会污染环境。
雅思写作语法专项训练之 名词性从句练习 It was last revised on January 2, 2021
雅思写作名词性从句翻译练习一主语从句 1.It 开头的主语从句 我们保护野生动物是势在必行的。 _____________________________________________________________ ______ 人们普遍认为教育在一个国家的发展中发挥着重要的作用。 ________________________________________________________________ __ 2.Whether引导的主语从句 石油价格上升是否可以解决环境问题是一个有争议的话题。 _____________________________________________________________ ______ 手机给我们带来更多的危害还是好处引起了激烈的争论。 _____________________________________________________________ ______ 3.What引导的主语从句 贫穷国家最需要的不是金钱，而是先进的技术和关键领域的人才。 _____________________________________________________________ ______
他们所担心的是广告可能会产生的负面影响。 _____________________________________________________________ ______ 二宾语从句 很多人认为我们已经进入了一个丢弃式社会。（环境）_____________________________________________________________ ______ 一些人认为改善公众健康的最好办法就是增加体育设施，其他一些人认为这个方法收效甚微。 _____________________________________________________________ ______ _____________________________________________________________ ______ 这篇文章将讨论为什么“幸福”很难定义以及哪些因素会影响幸福的 获得。 _____________________________________________________________ ______ _____________________________________________________________ ______ 教授在演讲中谈到了留学生可能会遇到哪些问题以及如何解决。 _____________________________________________________________ ______
雅思大作文万能开头 一提到雅思写作模板，有人想到的是一大篇完整的文章，其中有少许空缺，用来填上某个特定话题的特定内容，一篇及格的雅思文章即出炉，其实这是对模板的误解。 最有效且值得初学者模仿的内容，是句子！接下来为大家分享20种经典的雅思大作文开头句模板。 1、According to the first graph, it can be seen that ______________, it can also be concluded from it that ______________. 2、There is an interesting and instructive picture which goes like this: ______________. 3、Nowadays there is a growing concern over ______________. Many people like ______________, while others are inclined to ______________. 4、Nowadays, it is common to ______________. Many people like ______________ because ______________. Besides, ______________. 5、 ______________, just like many other things, are preferred by ______________. While being attacked by the idea that ______________, some people consider ______________. They point that ______________. 6、Everything has two sides and ______________ is not an exception, it has both advantages and disadvantages. 7、For years ______________ had been viewed as ______________. But people are taking a fresh look at it now. 8、It has stipulated by the government that ______________. To this stipulation, many people respond actively because ______________. 9、______________ is a common occurrence in our daily life. Whatever we do, ______________ can't be avoided. 10、______________ has become a hot topic among people, especially among the young, and heated debates are right on their way. 11、Recently, ______________ has become the focus of the society, and in this way.. People swarm to ______________.
开头常用模板 第一类：引出一个争议 1．The issue of … is of great interest to many people. 2．The topic of … is of great concern for many parents. 3．The subject of … is of great importance to many scientists. 4．The discussion about … is of great significance to both industrialized an d underdeveloped nations. 5．The question of … is a matter of much contention among the general public. 6．The problem … has been widely debated in the world of politics. 7．The inquiry into … has triggered an intense controversy in the realm of science. 第二类：驳斥对方观点 1.Although it is commonly believed that…, this is actually not the case. 2.Although it is widely accepted that…, this is simply untrue in our day-to-day experiences. 3.Although it is generally acknowledged that…, this can hardly be held true in many real-life situations. 4.Although conventional wisdom has it that…, the reality of the situation is often far more complicated than that. 5.Although the received opinion is that…, the harsh realities usually turn out to be a completely different picture. 6.Although many pe ople subscribe to the belief that…, this is in fact a common misconception that we need to clear up. 7.Although most individuals are convinced that… this is actually a myth that must be exploded. 第三类：引出一种现象 1．In recent years, there has been a growing trend th at… 2．In recent years, there has been an interesting tendency that/ of… 3．In recent years, there has been a common practice of… 4．In recent years, there has been a widespread belief /phenomenon that… 5．In recent decades, there has been a popular belief that… 6．Recen t decades have seen an increased awareness of… 7．Recent decades have witnessed a major transformation in… 第四类：摆出两种观点 1．While some people think that…, others believe that… 2．While some people say that…, others feel that… 3．While some people claim that…, others argue that… 4．Whereas some people assert that…, others declare that… 5．Some people hold that…, whereas others insist that… 6．Whereas some people maintain that…, others may disagree and contend that…7．Some people hold the opinion that…, whereas others who are not so convinced