伺服电机
1.伺服电机的定义
伺服电动机又称执行电动机，在自动控制系统中，用作执行元件，把所收到的电信号转换成电动机轴上的角位移或角速度输出。分为直流和交流伺服电动机两大类，其主要特点是，当信号电压为零时无自转现象，转速随着转矩的增加而匀速下降。伺服电机在伺服系统中控制机械元件运转的发动机.是一种补助马达间接变速装置。伺服电机可使控制速度,位置精度非常准确。将电压信号转化为转矩和转速以驱动控制对象。转子转速受输入信号控制，并能快速反应，在自动控制系统中作执行元件，且具有机电时间常数小、线性度高、始动电压低等特点。
2.伺服电机工作原理
1.伺服主要靠脉冲来定位，基本上可以这样理解，伺服电机接收到1个脉冲，就会旋转1个脉冲对应的角度，从而实现位移，因为，伺服电机本身具备发出脉冲的功能，所以伺服电机每旋转一个角度，都会发出对应数量的脉冲，这样，和伺服电机接受的脉冲形成了呼应，或者叫闭环，如此一来，系统就会知道发了多少脉冲给伺服电机，同时又收了多少脉冲回来，这样，就能够很精确的控制电机的转动，从而实现精确的定位，可以达到0.001mm。有刷电机成本低，结构简单，启动转矩大，调速范围宽，控制容易，需要维护，但维护方便（换碳刷），产生电磁干扰，对环境有要求。无刷电机体积小，重量轻，出力大，响应快，速度高，惯量小，转动平滑，力矩稳定。控制复杂，容易实现智能化，其电子换相方式灵活，可以方波换相或正弦波换相。电机免维护，效率很高，运行温度低，电磁辐射很小，长寿命，可用于各种环境。
2.交流伺服电机也是无刷电机，分为同步和异步电机，目前运动控制中一般都用同步电机，它的功率范围大，可以做到很大的功率。大惯量，最高转动速度低，且随着功率增大而快速降低。因而适合做低速平稳运行的应用。
3.永磁交流伺服电动机简介
20世纪80年代以来，随着集成电路、电力电子技术和交流可变速驱动技术的发展，
永磁交流伺服驱动技术有了突出的发展，各国著名电气厂商相继推出各自的交流伺服电动机和伺服驱动器系列产品并不断完善和更新。交流伺服系统已成为当代高性能伺服系统的主要发展方向，使原来的直流伺服面临被淘汰的危机。90年代以后，世界各国已经商品化了的交流伺服系统是采用全数字控制的正弦波电动机伺服驱动。交流伺服驱动装置在传动领域的发展日新月异。永磁交流伺服电动机同直流伺服电动机比较，主要优点有：⑴无电刷和换向器，因此工作可靠，对维护和保养要求低。⑵定子绕组散热比较方便。⑶惯量小，易于提高系统的快速性。⑷适应于高速大力矩工作状态。⑸同功率下有较小的体积和重量。自从德国MANNESMANN的Rexroth公司的Indramat分部在1978年汉诺威贸易博览会上正式推出MAC永磁交流伺服电动机和驱动系统，这标志着此种新一代交流伺服技术已进入实用化阶段。到20世纪80年代中后期，各公司都已有完整的系列产品。整个伺服装置市场都转向了交流系统。早期的模拟系统在诸如零漂、抗干扰、可靠性、精度和柔性等方面存在不足，尚不能完全满足运动控制的要求，近年来随着微处理器、新型数字信号处理器（DSP）的应用，出现了数字控制系统，控制部分可完全由软件进行，分别称为摪胧只瘮或抟旌鲜綌、撊只瘮的永磁交流伺服系统。到目前为止，高性能的电伺服系统大多采用永磁同步型交流伺服电动机，控制驱动器多采用快速、准确定位的全数字位置伺服系统。日本安川电机制作所推出的小型交流伺服电动机和驱动器，其中D系列适用于数控机床（最高转速为1000r/min，力矩为0.25～2.8N.m），R系列适用于机器人（最高转速为3000r/min，力矩为0.016～0.16N.m）。之后又推出M、F、S、H、C、G 六个系列。20世纪90年代先后推出了新的D系列和R系列。这样，只用了几年时间形成了八个系列（功率范围为0.05～6kW）较完整的体系，满足了工作机械、搬运机构、焊接机械人、装配机器人、电子部件、加工机械、印刷机、高速卷绕机、绕线机等的不同需要。以生产机床数控装置而著名的日本法那克（Fanuc）公司，在20世纪80年代中期也推出了S系列（13个规格）和L系列（5个规格）的永磁交流伺服电动机。L系列有较小的转动惯量和机械时间常数，适用于要求特别快速响应的位置伺服系统。日本其他厂商，例如：三菱电动机（HC-KFS、HC-MFS、HC-SFS、HC-RFS和HC-UFS系列）、东芝精机（SM系列）、大隈铁工所(BL系列）、三洋电气
（BL系列）、立石电机（S系列）等众多厂商也进入了永磁交流伺服系统的竞争行列。美国著名的伺服装置生产公司Gettys曾一度作为Gould 电子公司一个分部（Motion Control Division），生产M600系列的交流伺服电动机和A600 系列的伺服驱动器。后合并到AEG，恢复了Gettys名称，推出A700全数字化的交流伺服系统。I.D.（Industrial Drives）是美国著名的科尔摩根（Kollmorgen）的工业驱动分部，曾生产BR-210、BR-310、BR-510 三个系列共41个规格的无刷伺服电动机和BDS3型伺服驱动器。自1989年起推出了全新系列设计的掺鹣盗袛（Goldline）永磁交流伺服电动机，包括B（小惯量）、M（中惯量）和EB（防爆型）三大类，有10、20、40、60、80五种机座号，每大类有42个规格，全部采用钕铁硼永磁材料，力矩范围为0.84～111.2N.m，功率范围为0.54～15.7kW。配套的驱动器有BDS4（模拟型）、BDS5（数字型、含位置控制）和Smart Drive（数字型）三个系列，最大连续电流55A。法国Alsthom集团在巴黎的Parvex工厂生产LC系列（长型）和GC系列（短型）交流伺服电动机共14个规格，并生产AXODYN系列驱动器。原苏联为数控机床和机器人伺服控制开发了两个系列的交流伺服电动机。其中ДBy系列采用铁氧体永磁，有两个机座号，每个机座号有3种铁心长度，各有两种绕组数据，共12个规格，连续力矩范围为7～35N.m。2ДBy系列采用稀土永磁，6个机座号17个规格，力矩范围为0.1～170N.m，配套的是3ДБ型控制器。近年日本松下公司推出的全数字型MINAS系列交流伺服系统，其中永磁交流伺服电动机有MSMA系列小惯量型，功率从0.03～5kW，共18种规格；中惯量型有MDMA、MGMA、MFMA三个系列，功率从0.75～4.5kW，共23种规格,MHMA 系列大惯量电动机的功率范围从0.5～5kW，有7种规格。
伺服电机原理
1.交流伺服电动机
交流伺服电动机定子的构造基本上与电容分相式单相异步电动机相似.其定子上装有两个位置互差90°的绕组，一个是励磁绕组Rf，它始终接在交流电压Uf上；另一个是控制绕组L，联接控制信号电压Uc。所以交流伺服电动机又称两个伺服电动机。交流伺服电动机的转子通常做成鼠笼式，但为了使伺服电动机具有较宽的调速范围、线性的机械特性，无
“自转”现象和快速响应的性能，它与普通电动机相比，应具有转子电阻大和转动惯量小这两个特点。目前应用较多的转子结构有两种形式：一种是采用高电阻率的导电材料做成的高电阻率导条的鼠笼转子，为了减小转子的转动惯量，转子做得细长；另一种是采用铝合金制成的空心杯形转子，杯壁很薄，仅0.2-0.3mm，为了减小磁路的磁阻，要在空心杯形转子内放置固定的内定子.空心杯形转子的转动惯量很小，反应迅速，而且运转平稳，因此被广泛采用。交流伺服电动机在没有控制电压时，定子内只有励磁绕组产生的脉动磁场，转子静止不动。当有控制电压时，定子内便产生一个旋转磁场，转子沿旋转磁场的方向旋转，在负载恒定的情况下，电动机的转速随控制电压的大小而变化，当控制电压的相位相反时，伺服电动机将反转。交流伺服电动机的工作原理与分相式单相异步电动机虽然相似，但前者的转子电阻比后者大得多，所以伺服电动机与单机异步电动机相比，有三个显著特点：1、起动转矩大由于转子电阻大，与它可使临界转差率S0＞1，这样不仅使转矩特性（机械特性）更接近于线性，而且具有较大的起动转矩。因此，当定子一有控制电压，转子立即转动，即具有起动快、灵敏度高的特点。2、运行范围较广 3、无自转现象，正常运转的伺服电动机，只要失去控制电压，电机立即停止运转。当伺服电动机失去控制电压后，它处于单相运行状态，由于转子电阻大，定子中两个相反方向旋转的旋转磁场与转子作用所产生的两个转矩特性（T1－S1、T2－S2曲线）以及合成转矩特性（T－S曲线）交流伺服电动机的输出功率一般是0.1-100W。交流伺服电动机运行平稳、噪音小。但控制特性是非线性，并且由于转子电阻大，损耗大，效率低，因此与同容量直流伺服电动机相比，体积大、重量重，所以只适用于0.5-100W的小功率控制系统。
2.伺服电机选型方法
1.与步进电机的性能比较
步进电机作为一种开环控制的系统，和现代数字控制技术有着本质的联系。在目前国内的数字控制系统中，步进电机的应用十分广泛。随着全数字式交流伺服系统的出现，交流伺服电机也越来越多地应用于数字控制系统中。为了适应数字控制的发展趋势，运动控制系统中大多采用步进电机或全数字式交流伺服电机作为执行电动机。虽然两者在控制方式
上相似（脉冲串和方向信号），但在使用性能和应用场合上存在着较大的差异。现就二者的使用性能作一比较。
一、控制精度不同：两相混合式步进电机步距角一般为 1.8°、0.9°，五相混合式步进电机步距角一般为0.72 °、0.36°。也有一些高性能的步进电机通过细分后步距角更小。如三洋公司（SANYO DENKI）生产的二相混合式步进电机其步距角可通过拨码开关设置为1.8°、0.9°、0.72°、0.36°、0.18°、0.09°、0.072°、0.036°，兼容了两相和五相混合式步进电机的步距角。交流伺服电机的控制精度由电机轴后端的旋转编码器保证。以三洋全数字式交流伺服电机为例，对于带标准2000线编码器的电机而言，由于驱动器内部采用了四倍频技术，其脉冲当量为360°/8000=0.045°。对于带17位编码器的电机而言，驱动器每接收131072个脉冲电机转一圈，即其脉冲当量为360°/131072=0.0027466°，是步距角为1.8°的步进电机的脉冲当量的1/655。
二、低频特性不同，步进电机在低速时易出现低频振动现象。振动频率与负载情况和驱动器性能有关，一般认为振动频率为电机空载起跳频率的一半。这种由步进电机的工作原理所决定的低频振动现象对于机器的正常运转非常不利。当步进电机工作在低速时，一般应采用阻尼技术来克服低频振动现象，比如在电机上加阻尼器，或驱动器上采用细分技术等。交流伺服电机为恒力矩输出，即在其额定转速（一般为2000RPM或3000RPM）以内，都能输出额定转矩，在额定转速以上为恒功率输出。
三、过载能力不同步进电机一般不具有过载能力。交流伺服电机具有较强的过载能力。以山洋交流伺服系统为例，它具有速度过载和转矩过载能力。其最大转矩为额定转矩的二到三倍，可用于克服惯性负载在启动瞬间的惯性力矩。步进电机因为没有这种过载能力，在选型时为了克服这种惯性力矩，往往需要选取较大转矩的电机，而机器在正常工作期间又不需要那么大的转矩，便出现了力矩浪费的现象。
四．运行性能不同步进电机的控制为开环控制，启动频率过高或负载过大易出现丢步或堵转的现象，停止时转速过高易出现过冲的现象，所以为保证其控制精度，应处理好升、降速问题。交流伺服驱动系统为闭环控制，驱动器可直接对电机编码器反馈信号进行采样，
内部构成位置环和速度环，一般不会出现步进电机的丢步或过冲的现象，控制性能更为可靠。
五、2.选型计算方法
一、转速和编码器分辨率的确认。
二、电机轴上负载力矩的折算和加减速力矩的计算。
三、计算负载惯量，惯量的匹配，安川伺服电机为例，部分产品惯量匹配可达50倍，但实际越小越好，这样对精度和响应速度好。
四、再生电阻的计算和选择，对于伺服，一般2kw以上，要外配置。
五、电缆选择，编码器电缆双绞屏蔽的，对于安川伺服等日系产品绝对值编码器是6芯，增量式是4芯。
3.伺服电机安装注意事项
1、伺服电机油和水的保护 A：伺服电机可以用在会受水或油滴侵袭的场所，但是它不是全防水或防油的。因此，伺服电机不应当放置或使用在水中或油侵的环境中。B：如果伺服电机连接到一个减速齿轮，使用伺服电机时应当加油封，以防止减速齿轮的油进入伺服电机C：伺服电机的电缆不要浸没在油或水中。
2、伺服电机电缆→减轻应力 A：确保电缆不因外部弯曲力或自身重量而受到力矩或垂直负荷，尤其是在电缆出口处或连接处。B：在伺服电机移动的情况下，应把电缆（就是随电机配置的那根）牢固地固定到一个静止的部分（相对电机），并且应当用一个装在电缆支座里的附加电缆来延长它，这样弯曲应力可以减到最小。C：电缆的弯头半径做到尽可能大。
3、伺服电机允许的轴端负载 A：确保在安装和运转时加到伺服电机轴上的径向和轴向负载控制在每种型号的规定值以内。B：在安装一个刚性联轴器时要格外小心，特别是过度的弯曲负载可能导致轴端和轴承的损坏或磨损C：最好用柔性联轴器，以便使径向负载低于允许值，此物是专为高机械强度的伺服电机设计的。D：关于允许轴负载，请参阅“允许的轴负荷表”（使用说明书）。
4.直流伺服电机特点
一、直流无刷电机特点：
1.转动惯量小、启动电压低、空载电流小；
2.弃接触式换向系统，大大提高电机转速，最高转速高达100 000rpm；
3.无刷伺服电机在执行伺服控制时，无须编码器也可实现速度、位置、扭矩等的控制；
4.不存在电刷磨损情况，除转速高之外，还具有寿命长、噪音低、无电磁干扰等特点；
二、直流有刷伺服电机特点：
1.体积小、动作快反应快、过载能力大、调速范围宽；
2.低速力矩大, 波动小，运行平稳；
3..低噪音,高效率；
4.后端编码器反馈（选配）构成直流伺服等优点；
使用范围：直流伺服电机可应用在是火花机、机械手、精确的机器等。可同时配置2500P/R高分析度的标准编码器及测速器，更能加配减速箱、令机械设备带来可靠的准确性及高扭力。调速性好，单位重量和体积下，输出功率最高，大于交流电机，更远远超过步进电机。多级结构的力矩波动小。
Servo motor
1. Servo motor definition
Also known as the implementation of the motor servo motor, the automatic control system for the implementation of components to convert signals received from the motor shaft angular displacement or angular velocity output.DC and AC servo motor is divided into two categories, the main feature is that when the signal voltage is zero, no rotation of the phenomenon, the increasing speed with uniform torque decreased.Servo motors to control mechanical servo system in the operation of the engine components. Is a servomotors device.Servo motor can control the speed, position accuracy is very accurate.The voltage signal into a torque and speed to drive the control object.Rotor speed by the input signal control, and can respond rapidly, in the automatic control system for the implementation of components, and has electrical and mechanical time constant, linear and high initiating voltage low.
2. Servo motor works
1. Servo mainly rely on impulse to locate, basically can be understood, the servo motor receives
a pulse, a pulse will rotate the corresponding point of view, in order to achieve the displacement, because the servo motor itself has issued a pulse function, so the servoEach motor to rotate a point of view, is issued by the corresponding number of pulses, so that the pulse and servo motors to accept the formation of the echo, or called closed-loop, this way, the system will know the number of pulses sent to the servo motor, while the number of receivedpulse came back, so that we can very accurately control the motor rotation, in order to achieve accurate positioning, can reach 0.001mm.DC servo motor into brush and brushless motors.Brush motor low cost, simple structure, starting torque, wide speed range, easy control, need to maintain, but easy to maintain (replacement carbon brushes), generate electromagnetic interference, the environment requirements.So it can be used for cost-sensitive general industrial and civil applications.Brushless motor, small size, light weight, large output, fast response, high speed,
small inertia, rotational smoothness, torque and stability.Control complex, easy to implement intelligent, flexible way of their electronic commutation, the commutation can be square wave or sinusoidal commutation.Motor maintenance-free, high efficiency, low operating temperature, electromagnetic radiation is very small, long-life, can be used for a variety of environments.
2. Brushless AC servo motor is divided into synchronous and asynchronous motors, motion control in the current synchronous motor is generally used, and its power range, can do a lot of https://www.doczj.com/doc/a61296115.html,rge inertia, the maximum rotation speed is low, and with the power increases rapidly decreased.Thus suitable for applications that run on low speed steady.
3. Servo motor rotor is permanent magnet, the drive control of the U / V / W three-phase power to form fields, the rotor in the magnetic field under the rotation, while the motor comes with encoder feedback signal to the drive, the drive according to the feedback valuecompared with the target value, adjusting the angle of the rotor rotation.Depends on the accuracy of the servo motor encoder accuracy (lines).
Question:
AC servo motors and brushless DC servo motor function, what is the difference?
A: AC servo better because a sine wave control, torque ripple small.DC servo is a trapezoidal wave.But the DC servo is relatively simple, cheap.
3. Introduction permanent magnet AC servo motor
update products.AC servo system has become a contemporary high-performance servo systems the main developm 80 years since the 20th century, with the integrated circuits, power electronics and AC variable speed drive technology, permanent magnet AC servo drive technology with outstanding development, national electrical manufacturers have launched their own well-known AC servo motor and servo drive seriesand continue to improve and ent direction, so that the original DC servo facing the crisis of being eliminated.90 years later, the world has been commercialized by AC servo digital control system is a sine wave motor servo
drive.AC servo drive the rapid development of the field in the transmission.Permanent magnet AC servo motor compared with DC servo motor, the main advantages are: ⑴ without brush and commutator, it is reliable and maintenance requirements for maintenance and low.⑵ cooling the stator winding more convenient.⑶ inertia is small, easy-to improve the system fast.⑷ adapted to high-speed high torque working condition.⑸under the same power, smaller size and weight.Since the German MANNESMANN of Rexroth Indramat division in the company's Hanover Trade Fair 1978 was officially launched MAC permanent magnet AC servo motor and drive system, which marks this new generation of AC servo technology has entered the practical stage.To the late 20th century, 80 years, the company has a complete line of products.The servo-device market are turning to the exchange system.Early analog systems such as zero-drift, interference, reliability, accuracy and flexibility in areas such as lack of motion control is still not fully meet the requirements, in recent years with the microprocessor, the new digital signal processor (DSP) applicationsthe emergence of digital control system, the control section can be carried out entirely by the software, called Jiang hazy or Tuan Shen Jing only fresh coarse hempen fabric, valiant only Shen of the permanent magnet AC servo system.So far, high-performance servo systems mostly use electrical permanent magnet synchronous AC servo motor, control the drive to use more fast, accurate positioning of the all-digital servo system.Typical manufacturers such as Siemens of Germany, the United States and Japan Kollmorgen companies such as Panasonic and Yaskawa.Yaskawa Electric has launched a small-scale production of AC servo motors and drives, in which D series for CNC machine tools (maximum speed of 1000r/min, torque is 0.25 ~ 2.8Nm), R series is suitable for the robot (the highest speed of 3000r/min, torque is 0.016 ~ 0.16Nm).Launched after the M, F, S, H, C, G six series.90 20th century, has introduced a new D-series and R series.Rectangular wave drive from the old series, 8051 to control the sine wave drive, 80C, 154CPU and gate array chip control, torque ripple from 24% to 7%, and improved reliability.Thus, the formation of only a few years,
eight series (power range of 0.05 ~ 6kW) more complete system to meet the working machinery, transportation agencies, welding robots, assembly robots, electronic components, processing machinery, printing presses, high speed winding machine, winding machines for different https://www.doczj.com/doc/a61296115.html,C equipment to produce the famous Japanese law that g (Fanuc) company, in the 20th century has introduced the mid-80s S series (13 specifications), and L series (5 specifications) of the permanent magnet AC servo motor.L Series has a smaller moment of inertia and the mechanical time constant, particularly for applications that require fast response servo system.Other Japanese manufacturers, such as: Mitsubishi Motors (HC-KFS, HC-MFS, HC-SFS, HC-RFS and HC-UFS series), Toshiba Seiki (SM series), Okuma Iron Works (BL series), Sanyo Electric(BL series), standing stones motor (S series) and many other manufacturers have entered the permanent magnet AC servo system fray.Germany Rexroth (Rexroth) The MAC Indramat Division Series AC servo motor Total 7 Frame 92 specifications.Germany's Siemens (Siemens)'s IFT5 series three-phase permanent magnet AC servo motor standard and short form is divided into two categories, a total of 98 species of 8 frame size specifications.Allegedly the same series AC servo motor and DC servo motor output torque compared IHU series, which weighs only 1 / 2, supporting the transistor PWM drive 6SC61 series, the most for 6-axis motor control.Bosch (BOSCH) ferrite magnets produced the SD series (17 standard) and rare earth permanent magnet of the SE series (8 specs) AC servo motor and drive controller Servodyn SM series.American production companies Gettys servo device as Gould Electronics, once a division of (Motion Control Division), production of M600 series A600 series AC servo motor and servo drives.After the merger to the AEG, Gettys name restored, the introduction of A700 all-digital AC servo system.U.S. AB (ALLEN-BRADLEY) 1326-based production company driver division ferrite permanent magnet AC servo motor and servo controller PWM AC 1391.Frame size motors including 3 of 30 specifications.ID (Industrial Drives) is a famous Cole Morgan (Kollmorgen) of industrial drives division, has produced BR-210, BR-310, BR-510 a total of 41 specifications of
the three series of brushless servo motor and servo BDS3drive.Since 1989, launched a new series designed solely doped Jian Pirates (Goldline) permanent magnet AC servo motor, including the B (small inertia), M (Middle Inertia) and EB (explosion proof) three categories, 10,20,40,60,80 five frame sizes, each of 42 categories of specifications, all using NdFeB permanent magnet, torque range of 0.84 ~ 111.2Nm, a power range of 0.54 ~ 15.7kW.Supporting the drive has BDS4 (analog), BDS5 (digital type, with position control) and the Smart Drive (digital type) of three series, the maximum continuous current of 55A.Goldline Series represents contemporary art in permanent magnet AC servo technology.Ireland's Inland formerly a division of Kollmorgen abroad, now merged into the AEG, the production of DC servo motors, DC torque motor and servo amplifier is known.Production BHT1100, 2200,3300 three frame sizes of 17 kinds of specifications of SmCo permanent magnet AC servo motor and eight controllers.French Alsthom Group factory in Paris Parvex LC series (long form) and GC series (short) 14 AC servo motor specifications, and production AXODYN series of drives.The former Soviet Union for the CNC machine tools and robots servo control developed two series of AC servo motor.One ДBy series uses ferrite magnets, there are two frame sizes, frame sizes are 3 for each core length, each with two winding data, a total of 12 specifications, a continuous torque range of 7 ~ 35N.m.2ДBy series uses rare earth permanent magnet, 6 frame size 17 specifications, the torque range is 0.1 ~ 170N.m, supportin g the 3ДБ controller.In recent years, Panasonic has introduced the all-digital AC servo system based MINAS series, in which permanent magnet AC servo motor with MSMA series of small inertia-type, power from 0.03 ~ 5kW, a total of 18 kinds of specifications; the inertia type with MDMA, MGMA, MFMA threeseries, the power from 0.75 ~ 4.5kW, 23 kinds of specifications, MHMA series of large inertia motor power range from 0.5 ~ 5kW, 7 kinds of specifications.Samsung developed in recent years, all-digital AC servo motor and drive system, which FAGA AC servo motor series of CSM, CSMG, CSMZ, CSMD, CSMF, CSMS, CSMH, CSMN, CSMX a variety of models, the power from 15W ~ 5kW.Now often used (Powerrate)
This comprehensive index as the servo motor quality factor, measuring a variety of AC and DC servo motor contrast and dynamic response performance stepper motor.Continuous motor power, said the rate of change (rated) torque and rotor inertia ratio.Change rate is calculated by power analysis, the permanent magnet AC servo motor technology indicators for the United States ID, Goldline Series is the best, followed by Germany's Siemens in IFT5 series.
Principle of the servo motor
1. AC servo motor
AC servo motor stator phase structure is essentially single-phase capacitor induction motor similar. The stator is equipped with 90 ° difference between the two locations each winding, one field winding Rf, it is always connected to the AC voltage Uf; anotheris the control winding L, link control signal voltage Uc.Therefore, the two AC servo motor servo motors, also known as.AC servo motors are usually made of squirrel-cage rotor, but in order to make the servo motor has a wide speed range, the mechanical properties of the linear, no "rotation" phenomenon and the rapid response of the performance, it is compared with ordinary motor should bewith the rotor resistance and a small moment of inertia of these two characteristics.Rotor structure is currently used more often in two forms: one is the use of high resistivity conductive material made of high resistivity conducting bar of squirrel cage rotor, in order to reduce the rotational inertia of the rotor, rotor do slender; otherOne is made of aluminum alloy hollow cup-shaped rotor, Beibi thin, only 0.2-0.3mm, in order to reduce the reluctance of magnetic circuit, to be placed inside the hollow cup-shaped rotor fixed stator. hollow cupRotor moment of inertia is small, responsive, and smooth operation, so it is widely used.AC servo motor in the absence of control voltage, the stator field windings, only the magnetic field pulse generated by the rotor stationary.When a control voltage, the stator generates a rotating magnetic field, rotating magnetic field along the direction of the rotor rotation, in the case of constant load, the motor speed with the size of the control voltage changes, when the control voltage of the opposite phase, the servo motorwill be reversed.The working principle of AC servo motor with split phase single phase induction motor although similar, but the former is much greater than the latter of rotor resistance, so the induction motor servo motor, compared with stand-alone, there are three significant features: 1, high starting torqueAs a large rotor resistance, the torque curve shown in Figure 3, curve 1, with ordinary asynchronous motor torque curve than 2, a marked difference.It
will enable the critical slip S0> 1, so that not only the torque characteristics (mechanical properties) is closer to linear, and has a larger starting torque.Therefore, when one has control of stator voltage, rotor turning once, that has a quick start, high sensitivity.2, 3, wide operating range, no rotation of the phenomenon, the normal operation of the servo motor, as long as the loss of control voltage, the motor stop running.When the voltage of the servo motor control is lost, it is running single-phase, due to a large rotor resistance, stator rotating in the opposite direction of the role of rotating magnetic field generated by the rotor torque characteristics of the two (T1-S1, T2-S2 curves) and the synthesis of torque characteristics (T-S curve) AC servo motor output power is generally 0.1-100W.When the power frequency is 50Hz, voltage 36V, 110V, 220,380 V; when the power frequency is 400Hz, voltage 20V, 26V, 36V, 115V and other.AC servo motor to run smoothly, low noise.However, non-linear control characteristics, and because a large rotor resistance, loss, low efficiency, and is therefore compared with the capacity of DC servo motor, bulky, heavy weight, it applies only to a small 0.5-100W power control system.
2. Servo motor selection method
1. And compare the performance of the stepper motor
As an open-loop stepper motor control system, and modern digital control technology are intrinsically linked.In the current domestic digital control system, the stepper motor is widely used.With the all-digital AC servo-systems, AC servo motor also increasingly used in digital control systems.In order to meet the development trend of digital control, motion control systems they use digital stepper motors or AC servo motor as the implementation of the motor.While both are similar in the control (pulse train and direction signal), but in applications where performance and there are big differences.Performance of both is to make a comparison.
Control accuracy are different: two-phase hybrid step motor step angle is generally 1.8 °, 0.9 °, five-phase hybrid stepping motor step angle is usually 0.72 °, 0.36 °.There are also some
high-performance stepper motor through after the breakdown of a smaller step angle.Such as Sanyo (SANYO DENKI) production of two-phase hybrid step motor step angle by its DIP switch is set to 1.8 °, 0.9 °, 0.72 °, 0.36 °, 0.18 °, 0.09 °, 0.072 °, 0.036 °compatible with the two-phase and five-phase hybrid stepping motor step angle.Precision AC servo motor control back from the motor shaft rotary encoder guarantee.To Sanyo all-digital AC servo motor, for example, the standard for the 2000 line encoder with the motor, since the internal drive, four-frequency technology using a pulse equivalent to 360 ° / 8000 = 0.045 °.For the encoder with the motor 17, the driver receives 131 072 pulses per motor revolution, that is, a pulse equivalent to 360 ° / 131072 = 0.0027466 °, a step angle of 1.8 ° stepper motor pulse equivalent1 / 655.
Different frequency characteristics, the stepper motor at low speeds prone to low frequency vibration.Vibration frequency and load conditions and drive performance, generally considered no-load off the motor frequency half the frequency.This works by the stepper motor vibration frequency determined by the normal operation of the machine is very negative.When the stepper motor in low speed, generally should be used to overcome the low frequency vibration damping phenomena, such as additional damper on the motor, or drive with subdivision techniques.AC servo motor is running very smoothly, even if it does not appear in the low-speed vibration.AC servo system with resonance suppression, can cover the lack of mechanical stiffness, and function within the system has a frequency analysis (FFT), can detect mechanical resonance point, easy system tuning.
The different torque-frequency characteristics, the stepper motor output torque decreases with speed increases, and at higher speeds would drop dramatically, so its maximum operating speed is generally at 300 ~ 600RPM.AC servo motor for constant torque output, which in its rated speed (typically 2000RPM or 3000RPM) or less, can output rated torque above the rated speed constant power output.Fourth, generally do not overload with various stepper motor overload.AC
servo motor with a strong overload.AC servo system to Sanyo, for example, it has the speed and torque overload overload.Its maximum torque is two to three times the rated torque can be used to overcome the inertia of the load moment of inertia at the start moment.Stepper motor because there is no such overload, in the selection order to overcome this moment of inertia, often need to select a larger motor torque, while the machine during normal operation and does not require so much torque, giving rise to a torquewasting phenomenon.
Five different operating performance stepper motor control for the open-loop control, start frequency is too high or too prone to lose the load step or the phenomenon of stall, stop rotating speed is too high when the phenomenon prone to overshoot, so as to ensure their controlaccuracy, should handle up, spin-down problem.AC servo drive system for closed loop control, the drive can be directly on the motor encoder feedback signal is sampled, the internal structure of the position loop and speed loop, generally will not be lost step or stepper motor overshoot phenomenon, the control performance more reliable.Six-speed response performance of different stepper motors to accelerate from standstill to operating speed (typically several hundred per minute, rpm) 200 ~ 400 ms.AC servo system is better acceleration performance to Sanyo 400W AC servo motor, for example, accelerates from zero to its rated speed of 3000RPM is only a few milliseconds, fast start and stop can be used to control the situation requires.In summary, the AC servo system is superior in many performance stepper motor.But in some less demanding situations are often to do with the implementation of the stepper motor motor.Therefore, the control system design process control requirements to be taken into account, costs, and many other factors, the choice of the appropriate motor control.
2. Selection method
First, the speed and encoder resolution of confirmation.
Second, the motor shaft load torque conversion and processing gear torque calculations.
Third, calculate the load inertia, inertia of the match, Yaskawa servo motors, for example, some
products match up to 50 times the inertia, but the actual smaller the better, so good on the accuracy and response speed.
Fourth, the calculation of resistance and choice of regeneration, for the server, usually more than 2kw to external configuration.
Fifth, cable selection, the encoder cable shielded twisted pair, and for other Japanese Yaskawa servo system product is 6-cell absolute encoder, incremental is 4 core.
3. Servo Motor Installation Notes
1, the servo motor oil and water conservation A: servo motor can be used in water or oil droplets will be affected by the invasion of the place, but it is not fully waterproof or anti-oil.Therefore, the servo motor should not be placed or used in water or oil intrusion in the environment.B: If the servo motor connected to a reduction gear, use the servo motor fuel should be sealed to prevent the reduction gear oil into the servo motor C: servo motor cable not immersed in oil or water.
2, servo motor cable to reduce stress → A: Make sure the cable is not due to external bending moment, or by their own weight or vertical load, especially in the cable outlet or connection.B: In the case of the servo motor moves, should the cable (that is configured with the motor Flanagan) is firmly fixed to a stationary part of the (relative motor), and should be installed in the cable with a bearing in the attached cables to extendit, so the bending stress can be minimized .C: cable bend radius be as large as possible.
3, the servo motor allows the shaft load A: make sure when you add in the installation and operation of the servo motor shaft in radial and axial load control within the specified value for each model.B: When installing a rigid coupling to be cautious, especially over the curved shaft and bearing load may cause damage or wear C: best to use a flexible coupling, so that the radial load below the allowable value,This material is designed for high mechanical strength of the servo motor design.D: axial load on the permit, please refer to the "permissible axle load table"
(Manual).
4, the servo motor is installed Note A: In the install / remove components to the servo motor shaft coupling, do not directly tap with a hammer shaft.(Direct beat hammer shaft, the other side of the servo motor shaft encoder to be knocked bad) B: strive to align the shaft to the best state (on a bad vibration or bearing damage may result.)
4. DC servo motor characteristics
First, the DC brushless motor features:
1. A small moment of inertia, low starting voltage, load current is small;
2. Disposable contact change to the system, greatly improving the motor speed, maximum speed up to 100 000rpm;
3. Brushless servo motor servo control in the implementation, the encoder can also be achieved without the speed, position, torque control;
4. There is no brush wear, in addition to high speed, but also has a long life, low noise, electromagnetic interference and other characteristics;
Second, the DC brush servo motor characteristics:
1. The volume is small, the fast response quick, overloading capacity, wide speed range;
2. Low-speed torque, and fluctuations in small, smooth;
3 .. low noise, high efficiency;
4. Backend encoder feedback (optional) constitute the advantages of the DC servo;
Use: DC servo motor can be used in a spark machine, robot, precise machinery.Can also configure the 2500P / R analysis of the degree of high standard encoder and tachometer, with gear box plus more, so that the accuracy of machinery and equipment to bring reliable and high torque.Speed is good, unit weight and volume, the output power of the highest, more than AC motors, and much higher than the stepper motor.Multi-level structure of the torque ripple small.
红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique, drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos
etc. characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage. Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand. Keywords: Infrared dray；Code；Decoding；LM386；Red outside transceiver 1 Introduction 1.1 research the background and significance Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported. Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.
Step Motor Motor&&Servo Motor Systems and Controls Motion Architect?Software Does the Work for You...Configure,Diagnose,Debug Compumotor’s Motion Architect is a Microsoft?Windows?-based software development tool for6000Series products that allows you to automatically generate commented setup code,edit and execute motion control programs,and create a custom operator test panel.The heart of Motion Architect is the shell,which provides an integrated environment to access the following modules. ?System Configurator—This module prompts you to fill in all pertinent set-up information to initiate motion.Configurable to the specific6000Series product that is selected,the information is then used to generate actual6000-language code that is the beginning of your program. ?Program Editor—This module allows you to edit code.It also has the commands available through“Help”menus.A user’s guide is provided on disk. ?Terminal Emulator—This module allows you to interact directly with the6000product.“Help”is again available with all commands and their definitions available for reference.?Test Panel—You can simulate your programs,debug programs,and check for program flow using this module. Motion Architect?has been designed for use with all6000Series products—for both servo and stepper technologies.The versatility of Windows and the6000Series language allow you to solve applications ranging from the very simple to the complex. Motion Architect comes standard with each of the6000Series products and is a tool that makes using these controllers even more simple—shortening the project development time considerably.A value-added feature of Motion Architect,when used with the6000 Servo Controllers,is its tuning aide.This additional module allows you to graphically display a variety of move parameters and see how these parameters change based on tuning values. Using Motion Architect,you can open multiple windows at once.For example,both the Program Editor and Terminal Emulator windows can be opened to run the program,get information,and then make changes to the program. On-line help is available throughout Motion Architect,including interactive access to the contents of the Compumotor6000Series Software Reference Guide. SOLVING APPLICATIONS FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX Servo Control is Yours with Servo Tuner Software Compumotor combines the6000Series servo controllers with Servo Tuner software.The Servo Tuner is an add-on module that expands and enhances the capabilities of Motion Architect?. Motion Architect and the Servo Tuner combine to provide graphical feedback of
译文资料： 机器人 首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。另一方面它也是生产力发展的需求的必然结果，也是人类自身发展的必然结果，那么随着人类的发展，人们在不断探讨自然过程中，在认识和改造自然过程中，需要能够解放人的一种奴隶。那么这种奴隶就是代替人们去能够从事复杂和繁重的体力劳动，实现人们对不可达世界的认识和改造，这也是人们在科技发展过程中的一个客观需要。 机器人有三个发展阶段，那么也就是说，我们习惯于把机器人分成三类，一种是第一代机器人，那么也叫示教再现型机器人，它是通过一个计算机，来控制一个多自由度的一个机械，通过示教存储程序和信息，工作时把信息读取出来，然后发出指令，这样的话机器人可以重复的根据人当时示教的结果，再现出这种动作，比方说汽车的点焊机器人，它只要把这个点焊的过程示教完以后，它总是重复这样一种工作，它对于外界的环境没有感知，这个力操作力的大小，这个工件存在不存在，焊的好与坏，它并不知道，那么实际上这种从第一代机器人，也就存在它这种缺陷，因此，在20世纪70年代后期，人们开始研究第二代机器人，叫带感觉的机器人，这种带感觉的机器人是类似人在某种功能的感觉，比如说力觉、触觉、滑觉、视觉、听觉和人进行相类比，有了各种各样的感觉，比方说在机器人抓一个物体的时候，它实际上力的大小能感觉出来，它能够通过视觉，能够去感受和识别它的形状、大小、颜色。抓一个鸡蛋，它能通过一个触觉，知道它的力的大小和滑动的情况。第三代机器人，也是我们机器人学中一个理想的所追求的最高级的阶段，叫智能机器人，那么只要告诉它做什么，不用告诉它怎么去做，它就能完成运动，感知思维和人机通讯的这种功能和机能，那么这个目前的发展还是相对的只是在局部有这种智能的概念和含义，但真正完整意义的这种智能机器人实际上并没有存在，而只是随着我们不断的科学技术的发展，智能的概念越来越丰富，它内涵越来越宽。 下面我简单介绍一下我国机器人发展的基本概况。由于我们国家存在很多其
英文原文出自《Advanced Technology Libraries》2008年第5期 Robot Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development. With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal，The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding. With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration,
外文资料译文及原文 译文(一) 消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合 米契尔罗伯特 定义消费者体验旅游 制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段：制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。 参与的品牌 品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求： （1）功能（对消费者提供解决问题的办法）; （2）符号（提供心理欲望满意度）; （3）经历（提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激） CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣（或学习更多）。CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。 缺乏现有的直接研究关注 迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。米契尔和米契尔（2001年）对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象（米契尔和米契尔，2000年），非营利部门（米契尔和米契尔，2001年b），和整体经济（米契尔等， 2001）。米契尔和米契尔（2002）为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。
用于多跳认知无线电网络的分布式网络编码控制信道 Alfred Asterjadhi等著 1 前言 大多数电磁频谱由政府机构长期指定给公司或机构专门用于区域或国家地区。由于这种资源的静态分配，许可频谱的许多部分在许多时间和/或位置未使用或未被充分利用。另一方面，几种最近的无线技术在诸如IEEE802.11，蓝牙，Zigbee之类的非许可频段中运行，并且在一定程度上对WiMAX进行操作;这些技术已经看到这样的成功和扩散，他们正在访问的频谱- 主要是2.4 GHz ISM频段- 已经过度拥挤。为了为这些现有技术提供更多的频谱资源，并且允许替代和创新技术的潜在开发，最近已经提出允许被许可的设备（称为次要用户）访问那些许可的频谱资源，主要用户未被使用或零星地使用。这种方法通常被称为动态频谱接入（DSA），无线电设备发现和机会性利用未使用或未充分利用的频谱带的能力通常称为认知无线电（CR）技术。 DSA和CR最近都引起了无线通信和网络界的极大关注。通常设想两种主要应用。第一个是认知无线接入（CW A），根据该认知接入点，认知接入点负责识别未使用的许可频谱，并使用它来提供对次用户的接入。第二个应用是我们在这个技术中研究的应用，它是认知自组织网络（CAN），也就是使用 用于二级用户本身之间通信的无许可频谱，用于诸如点对点内容分发，环境监控，安全性等目的，灾难恢复情景通信，军事通信等等。 设计CAN系统比CW A有更多困难，主要有两个原因。第一是识别未使用的频谱。在CW A中，接入点的作用是连接到互联网，因此可以使用简单的策略来推断频谱可用性，例如查询频谱调节器在其地理位置的频谱可用性或直接与主用户协商频谱可用性或一些中间频谱经纪人另一方面，在CAN中，与频谱调节器或主要用户的缺乏直接通信需要二级用户能够使用检测技术自己识别未使用的频谱。第二个困难是辅助用户协调媒体访问目的。在CW A中存在接入点和通常所有二级用户直接与之通信（即，网络是单跳）的事实使得直接使用集中式媒体接入控制（MAC）解决方案，如时分多址（TDMA）或正交频分多址（OFDMA）。相反，预计CAN将跨越多跳，缺少集中控制器;而对于传统的单通道多跳自组织网络而言，这个问题的几个解决方案是已知的，因为假设我们处理允许设备访问的具有成
数控加工中心技术发展趋势及对策 原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju (CNC Machining Process and equipment, 2002,China) 一、摘要 Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry 二、译文 数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策 装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别，不在于生产什么，而在于怎样生产，用什么劳动资料生产”。制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料，而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最为核心的技术。当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。此外，世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战
人工智能的形成及其发展现状分析 冯海东 （长江大学管理学院荆州434023） 摘要：人工智能的历史并不久远，故将从人工智能的出现、形成、发展现 状及前景几个方面对其进行分析，总结其发展过程中所出现的问题，以及发展现状中的不足之处，分析其今后的发展方向。 关键词：人工智能，发展过程，现状分析，前景。 一．引言 人工智能最早是在1936年被英国的科学家图灵提出，并不为多数人所认知。 当时，他编写了一个下象棋的程序，这就是最早期的人工智能的应用。也有著名的“图灵测试”，这也是最初判断是否是人工智能的方案,因此，图灵被尊称为“人工智能之父”。人工智能从产生到发展经历了一个起伏跌宕的过程，直到目前为止，人工智能的应用技术也不是很成熟，而且存在相当的缺陷。 通过搜集的资料，将详细的介绍人工智能这个领域的具体情况，剖析其面临的挑战和未来的前景。 二．人工智能的发展历程 1. 1956年前的孕育期 (1) 从公元前伟大的哲学家亚里斯多德(Aristotle)到16世纪英国哲学家培根(F. Bacon)，他们提出的形式逻辑的三段论、归纳法以及“知识就是力量”的警句，都对人类思维过程的研究产生了重要影响。 （2）17世纪德国数学家莱布尼兹(G..Leibniz)提出了万能符号和推理计算思想，为数理逻辑的产生和发展奠定了基础，播下了现代机器思维设计思想的种子。而19世纪的英国逻辑学家布尔（G. Boole）创立的布尔代数，实现了用符号语言描述人类思维活动的基本推理法则。 （3） 20世纪30年代迅速发展的数学逻辑和关于计算的新思想，使人们在计算机出现之前，就建立了计算与智能关系的概念。被誉为人工智能之父的英国天才的数学家图灵（A. Tur-ing）在1936年提出了一种理想计算机的数学模型，即图灵机之后,1946年就由美国数学家莫克利（J. Mauchly）和埃柯特（J. Echert）研制出了世界上第一台数字计算机，它为人工智能的研究奠定了不可缺少的物质基础。1950年图灵又发表了“计算机与智能”的论文，提出了著名的“图灵测试”，形象地指出什么是人工智能以及机器具有智能的标准，对人工智能的发展产生了极其深远的影响。 （4） 1934年美国神经生理学家麦克洛奇(W. McCulloch) 和匹兹(W. Pitts )建立了第一个神经网络模型，为以后的人工神经网络研究奠定了基础。 2. 1956年至1969年的诞生发育期 (1)1956年夏季，麻省理工学院（MIT)的麦卡锡（J．McCarthy）、明斯基（M. Minshy）、塞尔夫里奇（O. Selfridge)与索罗门夫(R. Solomonff)、 IBM的洛
中英文资料对照外文翻译 FEM Optimization for Robot Structure Abstract In optimal design for robot structures, design models need to he modified and computed repeatedly. Because modifying usually can not automatically be run, it consumes a lot of time. This paper gives a method that uses APDL language of ANSYS 5.5 software to generate an optimal control program, which mike optimal procedure run automatically and optimal efficiency be improved. 1）Introduction Industrial robot is a kind of machine, which is controlled by computers. Because efficiency and maneuverability are higher than traditional machines, industrial robot is used extensively in industry. For the sake of efficiency and maneuverability, reducing mass and increasing stiffness is more important than traditional machines, in structure design of industrial robot. A lot of methods are used in optimization design of structure. Finite element method is a much effective method. In general, modeling and modifying are manual, which is feasible when model is simple. When model is complicated, optimization time is longer. In the longer optimization time, calculation time is usually very little, a majority of time is used for modeling and modifying. It is key of improving efficiency of structure optimization how to reduce modeling and modifying time. APDL language is an interactive development tool, which is based on ANSYS and is offered to program users. APDL language has typical function of some large computer languages. For example, parameter definition similar to constant and variable definition, branch and loop control, and macro call similar to function and subroutine call, etc. Besides these, it possesses powerful capability of mathematical calculation. The capability of mathematical calculation includes arithmetic calculation, comparison, rounding, and trigonometric function, exponential function and hyperbola function of standard FORTRAN language, etc. By means of APDL language, the data can be read and then calculated, which is in database of ANSYS program, and running process of ANSYS program can be controlled.
旅游品牌定位外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文： Destination brand positions of a competitive set of near-home destinations Abstract: Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only
5G无线通信网络中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
翻译： 5G无线通信网络的蜂窝结构和关键技术 摘要 第四代无线通信系统已经或者即将在许多国家部署。然而，随着无线移动设备和服务的激增，仍然有一些挑战尤其是4G所不能容纳的，例如像频谱危机和高能量消耗。无线系统设计师们面临着满足新型无线应用对高数据速率和机动性要求的持续性增长的需求，因此他们已经开始研究被期望于2020年后就能部署的第五代无线系统。在这篇文章里面，我们提出一个有内门和外门情景之分的潜在的蜂窝结构，并且讨论了多种可行性关于5G无线通信系统的技术，比如大量的MIMO技术，节能通信，认知的广播网络和可见光通信。面临潜在技术的未知挑战也被讨论了。 介绍 信息通信技术（ICT）创新合理的使用对世界经济的提高变得越来越重要。无线通信网络在全球ICT战略中也许是最挑剔的元素，并且支撑着很多其他的行业，它是世界上成长最快最有活力的行业之一。欧洲移动天文台（EMO）报道2010年移动通信业总计税收1740亿欧元,从而超过了航空航天业和制药业。无线技术的发展大大提高了人们在商业运作和社交功能方面通信和生活的能力无线移动通信的显著成就表现在技术创新的快速步伐。从1991年二代移动通信系统(2G)的初次登场到2001年三代系统（3G）的首次起飞，无线移动网络已经实现了从一个纯粹的技术系统到一个能承载大量多媒体内容网络的转变。4G无线系统被设计出来用来满足IMT-A技术使用IP面向所有服务的需求。在4G系统中，先进的无线接口被用于正交频分复用技术（OFDM），多输入多输出系统（MIMO）和链路自适应技术。4G无线网络可支持数据速率可达1Gb/s的低流度，比如流动局域无线访问，还有速率高达100M/s的高流速，例如像移动访问。LTE系统和它的延伸系统LTE-A，作为实用的4G系统已经在全球于最近期或不久的将来部署。 然而，每年仍然有戏剧性增长数量的用户支持移动宽频带系统。越来越多的
伺服电机 1. 伺服电机的定义 伺服电动机又称执行电动机，在自动控制系统中，用作执行元件，把所收到的电信号转换成电动机轴上的角位移或角速度输出。分为直流和交流伺服电动机两大类，其主要特点是，当信号电压为零时无自转现象，转速随着转矩的增加而匀速下降。伺服电机在伺服系统中控制机械元件运转的发动机. 是一种补助马达间接变速装置。伺服电机可使控制速度, 位置精度非常准确。将电压信号转化为转矩和转速以驱动控制对象。转子转速受输入信号控制，并能快速反应，在自动控制系统中作执行元件，且具有机电时间常数小、线性度高、始动电压低等特点。 2. 伺服电机工作原理 1.伺服主要靠脉冲来定位，基本上可以这样理解，伺服电机接收到1 个脉冲，就会旋转1 个脉冲对应的角度，从而实现位移，因为，伺服电机本身具备发出脉冲的功能，所以伺服电机每旋转一个角度，都会发出对应数量的脉冲，这样，和伺服电机接受的脉冲形成了呼应，或者叫闭环，如此一来，系统就会知道发了多少脉冲给伺服电机，同时又收了多少脉冲回来，这样，就能够很精确的控制电机的转动，从而实现精确的定位，可以达到0.001mm有刷电机成本低，结构简单，启动转矩大，调速范围宽，控制容易，需要维护，但维护方便（换碳刷），产生电磁干扰，对环境有要求。无刷电机体积小，重量轻，出力大，响应快，速度高，惯量小，转动平滑，力矩稳定。控制复杂，容易实现智能化，其电子换相方式灵活，可以方波换相或正弦波换相。电机免维护，效率很高，运行温度低，电磁辐射很小，长寿命，可用于各种环境。 2. 交流伺服电机也是无刷电机，分为同步和异步电机，目前运动控制中一般都用同步电机，它的功率范围大，可以做到很大的功率。大惯量，最高转动速度低，且随着功率增大而快速降低。因而适合做低速平稳运行的应用。 3. 永磁交流伺服电动机简介 20 世纪80 年代以来，随着集成电路、电力电子技术和交流可变速驱动技术的发展，永磁交流伺服驱动技术有了突出的发展，各国著名电气厂商相继推出各自的交流伺服电动机和伺服驱动器系列产品并不断完善和更新。交流伺服系统已成为当代高性能伺服系统的主要发展方向，使原来的直流伺服面临被淘汰的危机。90 年代以后，世界各国已经商品化了的交流伺服系统是采用全数字控制的正弦
人工智能 【摘要】：人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学，但也是一门边沿学科。它属于自然科学和社会科学的交叉。涉及的学科主要有哲学、认知科学、数学、神经生理学、心理学、计算机科学、信息论、控制论、不定性论、仿生学等。人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)，英文缩写为AI。它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学。人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支，它企图了解智能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人类智能相似的方式做出反应的智能机器，该领域的研究包括机器人、语言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和专家系统等1。 【关键词】：人工智能；应用领域；发展方向；人工检索。 1．人工智能描述 人工智能(Artificial Intelligence) ，英文缩写为AI。它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学2。人工智能是计 算机科学的一个分支，它企图了解智 能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人 类智能相似的方式作出反应的智能 机器，该领域的研究包括机器人、语 言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和 专家系统等。“人工智能”一词最初 是在1956 年Dartmouth学会上提出 的。从那以后,研究者们发展了众多 理论和原理,人工智能的概念也随之扩展。人工智能是一门极富挑战性的科学，从事这项工作的人必须懂得计算机知识，心理学和哲学。人工智能是包括十分广泛的科学，它由不同的领域组成，如机器学习，计算机视觉等等，总的说来，人工智能研究的一个主要目标是使机器能够胜任一些通常需要人类智能才能完成的复杂工作。但不同的时代、不同的人对这种“复杂工作”的理解是不同的。例如繁重的科学和工程计算本来是要人脑来承担的，现在计算机不但能完成这种计算, 而且能够比人脑做得更快、更准确，因之当代人已不再把这种计算看作是“需要人类智能才能完成的复 1.蔡自兴，徐光祐.人工智能及其应用.北京：清华大学出版社，2010 2元慧·议当人工智能的应用领域与发展状态〖Ｊ〗．2008
外文翻译 专业机械电子工程 学生姓名张华 班级 B机电092 学号 05 指导教师袁健
外文资料名称：Research，design and experiment of end effector for wafer transfer robot 外文资料出处：Industrail Robot：An International Journal 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
晶片传送机器人末端效应器研究、设计和实验 刘延杰、徐梦、曹玉梅 张华译 摘要：目的——晶片传送机器人扮演一个重要角色IC制造行业并且末端执行器是一个重要的组成部分的机器人。本文的目的是使晶片传送机器人通过研究其末端执行器提高传输效率,同时减少晶片变形。 设计/方法/方法——有限元方法分析了晶片变形。对于在真空晶片传送机器人工作,首先,作者运用来自壁虎的超细纤维阵列的设计灵感研究机器人的末端执行器,和现在之间方程机器人的交通加速度和参数的超细纤维数组。基于这些研究,一种微阵列凹凸设计和应用到一个结构优化的末端执行器。对于晶片传送机器人工作在大气环境中,作者分析了不同因素的影响晶片变形。在吸收面积的压力分布的计算公式,提出了最大传输加速度。最后, 根据这些研究得到了一个新的种末端执行器设计大气机器人。 结果——实验结果表明, 通过本文研究应用晶片传送机器人的转换效率已经得到显着提高。并且晶片变形吸收力得到控制。 实际意义——通过实验可以看出,通过本文的研究,可以用来提高机器人传输能力, 在生产环境中减少晶片变形。还为进一步改进和研究末端执行器打下坚实的基础,。 创意/价值——这是第一次应用研究由壁虎启发了的超细纤维阵列真空晶片传送机器人。本文还通过有限元方法仔细分析不同因素在晶片变形的影响。关键词：晶片传送机器人末端执行器、超细纤维数组、晶片 1.介绍