ICC Uniform Rules for Collections
ICC Publication No. 522
1995 Revision in force as of January 1, 1996
CONTENT
A. General Provisions and Definitions
Application of URC 522
Definition of Collection
Parties to a Collection
B. Form and Structure of Collections
C.Form of Presentation
Presentation
Sight/Acceptance
Release of Commercial Documents
Documents Against Acception (D/A) vs Documents Against Payment (D/P) Creation of Documents
D.Liabilities and Responsibilities
Good Faith and Reasonable Care
Documents vs. Goods/Services/Performances
Disclaimer for Acts of an Instructed Party
Disclaimer on Documents Received
Disclaimer on Effectiveness of Documents
Disclaimer on Delays,Loss in Transit and Translation
Force Majeure
E. Payment
Payment Without Delay
Payment in Local Currency
Payment in Foreign Currency
Partial Payment
F.Interest,Charges and Expenses
Interest
Charges and Expenses
G. Other Provisions
Acceptance
Promissory Notes and other Instructions
Protest
Case-of-Need
Advices
A. General Provisions and Definitions
Article 1
Application of URC 522
a. The Uniform Rules for Collections, 1995 Revision, ICC Publication No.522, shall apply to all collections as defined in Article 2 where such rules are incorporated into the text of the “collection instruction”referred to in Article 4 and are binding on all parties thereto unless otherwise expressly agreed or contrary to the provisions of a national,state or local law and/or regulation which cannot be departed from.
b. Banks shall have no obligation to handle either a collection or any collection instruction or subsequent related instructions.
c. If a bank elects, for any reason, not to handle a collection or any related instructions received by it, it must advise the party from whom it received the collection or the instructions by telecommunication or, if that is not possible, by other expeditious means, without delay.
Article 2
Definition of Collection
For the purposes of these Articles:
a.“Collection”means the handling by banks of documents as defined in sub-Article 2 (b), in accordance received, in order to:
I. obtain payment and/or acceptance, or
II. deliver documents against payment and/or against acceptance,or
III. deliver documents on other terms and conditions.
b.“Documents”means financial documents and/or commercial documents:
I. “Financial documents”means bills of exchange,promissory notes, cheques, or other similar instruments used for obtaining the payment of money;
II. “Commercial documents”means invoice,transport documents,documents of title or other similar documents,or any other documents whatsoever, not being financial documents.
c.”Clean collection”means collection of financial documents not accompanied by commercial documents.
d.”Documentary collection”means collection of:
I. financial documents accompanied by commercial documents;
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ae1675211.html,mercial documents not accompanied by financial documents.
Article 3
a. For the purposes of these Articles the “parties thereto”are:
I. the “principal”who is the party entrusting the handling of a collection to a bank;
II. the “remitting bank”which is the bank to which the principal has entrusted the handling of a collection;
III. “collecting bank”which is any bank,other than the remitting bank, involved in processing
the collection;
IV. the “presenting bank”which is the collecting bank making presentation to the drawee.
b. The “drawee”is the one to whom presentation is to be made in accordance with the collection instruction.
B．Form and Structure of Collections
Article 4
Collection Instruction
A i. All documents sent for collection must be accompanied by a collection instruction indicating that the collection is subject to URC522 and giving complete and precise instructions. Banks are only permitted to act upon the instructions given in such collection instruction,and in accordance with these Rules.
ii. Banks will not examine documents in order to obtain instructions.
iii. Unless otherwise authorized in the collection instruction, banks will disregard any instructions from any party/bank other than the party/bank from whom they received the collections.
B A collection instruction should contain the following items of information,as appropriate.
i. Details of the bank from which the collection was received including full name,postal and SWIFT addresses,telex,telephone,facsimile numbers and referece.
ii. Details of the principal including full name, postal address,and if applicable telex,telephone and facsimile numbers.
iii. Details of the drawee including full name,postal address,or the domicile at which presentation is to be made and if applicable telex, telephone and facsimile numbers.
iv. Details of the presenting bank,if any,including full name,postal address,and if applicable telex, telephone and facsimile numbers.
v. Amount(s) and currency(ies) to be collected.
vi. List of documents enclosed and the numerial count of each document.
vii. a) Terms and conditions upon which payment and/or acceptance is to be obtained.
b) Terms of delivery of documents against:
1) payment and/or acceptance
2)other terms and conditions
It is the responsibility of the party preparing the collection instruction to ensure that the terms for the delivery of documents are clearly and unambiguously stated, otherwise banks will not be responsible for any consequences arising therefrom.
viii. Charges to be collected, indicating whether they may be waived or not.
ix. Interest to be collected, if applicable, indicating whether it may be waived or not, including:
a) rate of interest
b) interest period
c) basis of calculation (for example 360 or 365 days in year) as applicable.
x. Method of payment and form of payment advice.
xi. Instrucitons in case of non-payment, non-acceptance and/or non-compliance with other instructions.
i. Collection instructions should bear the complete address of the drawee or of the domicile at
which the presentation is to be made. If the address is incomplete or incorrect, the collecting bank may, without any liability and responsibility on its part, endeavour to ascertain the proper address. ii. The collecting bank will not be liable or responsible for any ensuing delay as a result of an incomplete.incorrect address being provided.
B. Form of Presentation
Article 5
Presentation
a. For the purposes of these Articles, presentation is the procedure whereby the presenting bank makes the documents available to the drawee as instructed.
b. The collection instruction should state the exact period of time within which any action is to be taken by the drawee.
Expressions such as “first”, “prompt”,”immediate”, and the like should not be used in connection with presentation or with reference to any period of time within which documents have to be taken up or for any other action that is to be taken by the drawee. If such terms are used banks will disregard them.
c. Documents are to be presented to the drawee in the form in which they are received, except that banks are authorized to affix any necessary stamps, at the expense of the party from whom they received the collection unless otherwise instructed, and to make any necessary endorsements or place any rubber stamps or other identifying marks or symbols customary to or required for the collection operation.
d. For the purpose of giving effect to the instructions of the principal, the remitting bank will utilize the bank nominated by the principal as the collecting bank. In the absence of such nomination, the remitting bank will utilize any bank of its own, or another bank’s choice in the country of payment or acceptance or in the country where other terms and conditions have to be complied with.
e. The documents and collection instruction may be sent directly by the remitting bank to the collecting bank or through another bank as intermediary.
f. If the remitting bank does not nominate a specific presenting bank, the collecting bank may utilize a presenting bank of its choice.
Article 6
Sight/Acceptance
In the case of documents payable at sight the presenting bank must make presentation for payment without delay.
In the case of documents payable at a tenor other than sight the presenting bank must, where acceptance is called for, make presentation for acceptance without delay, and where payment is called for, make presentation for payment not later than the appropriate maturity date.
Article 7
Release of Commercial Documents
Documents Against Acceptance (D/A) vs. Documents Against Payment (D/P)
a.Collection should not contain bills of exchange payable at a future date with instruction that
commercial documents are to be delivered against payment.
b. If a collection contains a bill of exchange payable at a future date, the collection instruction should state whether the commercial documents are to be released to the drawee against acceptance (D/A) or against payment (D/P).
In the absence of such statement commercial documents will be released only against payment and the collecting bank will not be responsible for any consequences arising out of any delay in the delivery of documents.
c. If a collection contains a bill of exchange payable at a future date and the collection instruction indicates that commercial documents are to be released against payment, documents will be released only against such payment and the collecting bank will not be responsible for any consequences arising out of any delay in the delivery of documents.
Article 8
Creation of Documents
Where the remitting bank instructs that either the collecting bank or the drawee is to create documents (bills of exchange promissory notes, trust receipts,letters of undertaking or other documents) that were not included in the collection, the form and wording of such documents shall be provided by the remitting bank, otherwise the collecting bank shall not be liable or responsible for the form and wording of any such document provided by the collecting bank and/or the drawee.
C. Liabilities and Responsibilities
Good faith and Reasonable Care
Banks will act in good faith and exercise reasonable care.
Article 10
Documents vs. Goods/Services/Performances
a.Goods should not be dispatched directly to the address of a bank or consigned to or to the order of a bank without prior agreement on the part of that bank.
Nvertheless, in the event that goods are dispatched directly to the address of a bank or consigned to or to the order of a bank for release to a drawee against payment or acceptance or upon other terms and conditions without prior agreement on the part of that bank, such bank shall have no obligation to take delivery of the goods, which remain at the risk and responsibility of the party dispatching the goods.
b. Banks have no obligation to take any action in respect of the goods to which a documentary collection relates, including storage and insurance of the goods even when specific instructions are given to do so. Banks will only take such action if, when, and to the extent that they agree to do so in each case, notwithstanding the provisions of sub-article 1 (c), this rule applies even in the absence of any specific advice to this effect by the collecting bank.
c. Nevertheless, in the case that banks take action for the protection of the goods, whether instructed or not, they assume no liability or responsibility with regard to the fate and/or condition of the goods and/or for any acts and/or omissions on the part of any third parties entrusted with the custody and/or protection of the goods. However, the collecting bank must advise without delay
the bank from which the collection instruction was received of any such action taken.
d. Any charges and/or expensed incurred by banks in connection with any action taken to protect the goods will be for the account of the party from whom they received the collection.
e. i. Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-article 10 (a), where the goods are consigned to or the order of the collecting bank and the drawee has honoured the collection by payment, acceptance or other terms and conditions, and the collecting bank arranges for the authorized the collecting bank to do so.
ii.Where a collecting bank on the instructions of the remitting bank or in terms of sub-article 10 (e) i, arranges for the release of the goods, the remitting bank shall indemnify such collecting bank for all damages and expenses incured.
Article 11
Disclaimer For Acts of an Instructed Party
a. Banks utilizing the services of another bank or other banks for the purposes of giving effect to the instructions of the principal, do so for the account and at the risk of such principal.
b. Banks assume no liability or responsibility should the instructions they transmit not be carried out, even if they have themselves taken the initiative in the choice of such other bank(s).
c. A party instructing another party to perform services shall be bound by and liable to indemnify the instructed party against all obligations and responsibilities imposed by foreign laws and usages.
Article 12
Disclaimer on Documents Received
a.Bank must determine that the documents received appear to be as listed in the collection instruction and must advise by telecom-munication or, if that is not possible, by other expeditious means, without delay, the party from whom the collection instruction was received of any documents missing, or found t be other than listed.
Banks have no further obligation in this respect.
b. If the documents do not appear to be listed, the remitting bank shall be precluded from disputing the type and number of documents received by the collecting bank.
c. Subject to sub-article 5 (c) and sub-article 12 (a) and 12 (b) above, banks will present documents as received without further examination.
Article 13
Disclaimer on Effectiveness of Documents
Banks assume no liability or responsibility ofr the form, sufficiency,accuracy,genuineness,falsification or legal effect of any document (s) or superimposed thereon; nor do they assume any liability, condition,packing ,delivery, value of existence of the goods represented by any document (s),or for the good faith or acts and/or omission,solvency,performance or standing of the consignors, the carriers,the forwarders,the consignees or the insurers of the goods, or any other person whomsoever.
Article 14
Disclaimer on Delays,Loss in Transit and Translation
a.Banks assume no liability or responsibility for the consequences arising out of delay and/or loss
in transit of any message (s), letter(s) or document(s), or for delay,mutilation or other error(s) arising in transmission of any telecommunication or for error(s) in translation and/or interpretation of technical terms.
b. Banks will not be liable or responsible for any delays resulting from the need to obtain clarification of any instructions received.
Article 15
Force Majeure
Banks assume no liability or responsibility for consequence arising out of the interruption of their business by Acts of God, riots,civil commotios,insurrections, wars, or any other causes beyond their control or by strikes or lockouts.
D. Payment
Article 16
Payment Without Delay
a.Amounts collected (less charges and/or disbursements and/or expenses where applicable) must be made available without delay to the party from whom the collection instruction was received in accordance with the terms and conditions of the collection instruction.
b. Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-article 1 (c) and unless otherwise agreed, the collecting bank will effect payment of the amounts collected in favour of the remitting bank only.
Article 17
Payment in Local Currency
In the case of documents payable in the currency of the country of payment (local currency), the presenting bank must, unless otherwise instructed in the collection instruction, release the documents to the drawee against payment in local currency only if such currency is immediately available for disposal in the manner specified in the collection instruction.
Article 18
Payment in Foreign Currency
In the case of documents payable in a currency other than of the country of payment (foreign currency), the presenting bank must, unless otherwise instructed in the collection instruction,release the documents to the drawee against payment in the designed foreign currency only if such foreign currency can immediately remitted in accordance with the instructions given in the collection instruction.
Article 19
Partial Payments
a.In respect of clean collections, partial payments may be accepted if and to the extent to which and on the conditions on which partial payments are authorized by the law in force in the place of payment. The financial document(s) will be released to the drawee only when full payment thereof has been received.
b. In respect of documentary collection, partial payments will only be accepted if specifically
authorized in the collection instruction. However,unless otherwise instructed, the presenting bank will release the documents to the drawee only after full payment has been received, and the presenting bank will not be responsible for any consequence arising out of any delay in the delivery of documents.
c.In all cases partial payments will be accepted only subject to compliance with the provisions of either Article 17 or Article 18 as appropriate. Partial payment, if accepted, will be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Article 16.
E. Interest, Charges and Expenses
Article 20
Interest
a.If the collection instruction specifies that interest is to be collected and the drawee refuses to pay such interest, the presenting bank may deliver the document (s) against payment of acceptance or on other terms and conditions as the case may be, without collecting such interest, unless sub-article 20 (c) applies.
b. Where such interest is to be collected, the collection instruction must specify the rate of interest,interest period and basis of calculation.
c.Where the collection instruction expressly states that interest may not be waived and the drawee refuses to pay such interest the presenting abnk will not deliver document and will not be responsible for any consequences arising out of any delay in the delivery of document(s). When payment of interest has been refused, the presenting bank must inform by telecommunication or, if that is not possible, by other expeditious means without delay the bank from which the collection instruction was receive
d.
Article 21
Charges and Expenses
a.If the collection instruction specifies that collection charges and/or expenses are to be ofr account of the drawee and the drawee refuses to pay them, the presenting bank may deliver the document(s) against payment or acceptance or on other terms and conditions as the case may be, without collecting charges and/or expenses,unless sub-article 21 (b) applies.
Whenever collection charges and/or expenses are so waived they will be for the account of the party from whom the collection was received and may be deducted from the proceeds.
b.Where the collection instruction expressly states that charges and/or expenses may not be waived and the drawee refuses to pay such charges and/or expenses, the presenting bank will not deliver documents and will not be responsible for any consequence arising out of any delay in the delivery of the document(s). When payment of collection charges and/or expenses has been refused the presenting bank must inform by telecommunication or, if that is not possible, by other expeditious means without delay the bank from which the collection instruction was received.
c.In all cases where in the express terms of a collection instruction or under these Rules, disbursements and/or expenses and/or collection charges are to be borne by the principal, the collecting bank(s) shall be entitled to recover promptly outlays in respect of disbursements,expenses and charges from the bank form which the collection instruction ws received, and the remitting bank shall be entitled to recover promptly from the principal any
amount so paid out by it,together with its own disbursements,expenses and charges,regardless of the fate of the collection.
d.Banks reserve the right to demand payment of charges and/or expenses in advance from the party from whom the collection instruction was received, to cover costs in attempting to carry out any instructions, and pending receipt of such payment also reserve the right not to carry out such instructions.
F. Other Provisions
Article 22
Acceptance
The presenting bank is responsible for seeing that the form of the acceptance of a bill of exchange appears to be complete and correct, but is not responsible for the genuineness of any signature or for the authority of any signatory to sign the acceptance.
Article 23
Promissory Notes and Other Instructions
The presenting bank is not responsible fo the genuineness of any signature or for the authority of any signature to sign a promissory note, receipt,or other instruments.
Article 24
Protest
The collection instruction should give specific instructions regarding protest (or other legal process in lieu thereof), in the event of non-payment or non-acceptance.
In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned with the collection have no obligation to have the document(s) protested (or subjected to other legal process in lieu thereof) for non-payment or non-acceptance.
Any charges and/or expenses incurred by banks in connection with such protest, or other legal process,will be for the account of the party from whom the collection instruction was received.
Article 25
Case-of-Need
If the principal nominates a representative to act as case-of-need in the event of non-payment and/or non-acceptance the collection instruction should clearly and fully indicate the powers of such case-of-need. In the absence of such indication banks will not accept any instructions from the case-of-need.
Article 26
Advices
Collecting banks are to advise fate in accordance with the following rules:
a.Form of Advise
All advices of information from the collecting bank to the bank from which the collection instruction was received, must bear appropriate details including, in all cases,the latter bank’s reference as stated in the collection instruction.
b.Method of Advice
It shall be the responsibility of the remitting bank to instruct the collecting bank regarding the method by which the advices detailed in (c) i, (c) ii and (c) iii are to be given. In the absence of such instructions, the collecting bank will send the relative advices by the method of its choice at the expense of the bank from which the collection instruction was received.
c. i. Advice of Payment
The collecting bank must send without delay advice of payment to the bank from which the collection instruction was received, detailing the amount or amounts collected,charges and/or disbursements and/or expenses deducted, where appropriate, and method of disposal of the funds. ii.Advice of Acceptance
The collecting bank must send without delay advice of acceptance to the bank from which the collection instruction was received.
iii.Advice of Non-payment and/or Non-acceptance
The presenting bank should endeavour to ascertain the reasons for non-payment and/or non-acceptance and advise accordingly, without delay,the bank from which it received the collection instruction.
The presenting bank must send without delay advice of non-payment and/or advice of non-acceptance to the bank form which it received the collection instruction.
On receipt of such advice the remitting bank must give appropriate instructions as to the further handling of the documents. If such instructions are not received by the presenting bank within 60 days after its advice of non-payment and/or non-acceptance, the documents may be returned to the bank from which the collection instruction was received without any further responsibility on the part of the presenting bank.
最肉麻的英语~ 让你过个纯正情人节！！ Do you have a map? Because I just keep losing in your eyes. 你有地图么?因为我刚在你的眼神中迷失了. 2) Meeting you was fate,and falling in love with you was out of my control. 遇见你是命运的安排而爱上你是我情不自禁. 3) No man or woman is worth your tears and the one who is,won't make your cry. 没人值得你为ta流泪,真正爱你的人不会让你哭泣. 4) There are two reasons why I wake up in the morning: my alarm clock and you.我早上愿意醒来为两个理由: 闹钟和你. 5) You are everything to me, and I was so blessed when god sent you here for me 你是我的一切,我是如此幸运上帝让你来到我身边. 6) In spite of you and me and the silly world going to pieces around us,I love you. 哪怕是世界末日,我都会爱你. 7) If I could rearrange the alphabet,I'd put Y and I together. 如果我能重新来排列字母,我要把Y(你)跟I(我)在一起. 8) It's not being in love that makes me happy, but is being in loving with you. 不是恋爱的感觉让我幸福而是爱上你的感觉让我幸福. 9) There are 4 steps to happiness: 1 you 2 me 3 our hearts 4 together 通.过四步就能幸福1 你2 我3 我们的心4 在一起. 10) Love you so I don`t wanna go to sleep, for reality is better than a dream. 想你，是一种美丽的忧伤的甜蜜的惆怅，心里面，却是一种用任何语言也无法表达的温馨。 It is graceful grief and sweet sadness to think of you, but in my heart, there is a kind of soft warmth that can’t be expressed with any choice of words.
船舶结构与设备 特点： 1、知识点多、杂。考点知识多为书本原文，计算、思考等题目较少； 2、与货运、避碰同考，所占比例较小。其中货运160道题目，结构占20-30道题； 3、后期新题更新不多； 4、难点不多，需记忆。如船舶种类及特点、轻型吊杆、舵设备等。
第一章船舶常识（结构货运） 第一节船舶的基本组成与主要标志 一、船舶基本组成 由主船体、上层建筑及其他各种配套设备等组成。 1、主船体 船底：分单层底、双层底。舭部 ★舷侧：首/尾部船首/尾 甲板：上甲板、平台甲板（注：强力甲板、遮蔽甲板、量吨甲板、舱壁甲板定义见“甲板结构”）、甲板命名 舱壁：按方向分横舱壁、纵舱壁（其他分类方式见“舱壁结构”）。★船底、舷侧、舭部构成船壳板 2、上层建筑 定义： 分类：长上层建筑、短上层建筑（定义） 组成：首楼、尾楼、桥楼（位置、作用）、甲板室（长甲板室、短甲板室） ★桅屋属于短甲板室 上层建筑各层甲板：艇甲板、罗经甲板 3、舱室名称 机舱、货舱、压载舱、深舱（定义）、其他舱室 ★隔离空舱（干隔舱）：仅有一个肋骨间距的空舱 二、船舶主要标志
1、球鼻首和首侧推器标志：位置（前、后） 2、吃水标志：公制/英制（10cm/6英尺），★读取 3、甲板线标志：尺寸（300mm×25mm）、★位置 ★4、载重线标志：位置、堪划要求、字母涵义、丈量最小干舷 5、其他标志： 船名船籍港标志：船名字高比船首字高小10%-20%；船籍港字高为船名字高60%-70% 烟囱标志：位置 分舱与顶推位置标志：位置、形状 引航员登离船标志：上白下红 船舶识别号：100总吨及以上客船/300总吨及以上货船，位置 公司名称标志： 第二节船舶尺度与船舶吨位 一、船舶尺度 分为：最大尺度、船型尺度、登记尺度
雨巷·路灯下的小姑娘诗歌 你，从雨巷 走来 执一把小伞，捧一束丁香 路灯拉长你的身影 照亮弯弯的雨巷 你孤独地，任丁香芬芳 你无助地，任长发飘荡 迷茫的脚步，消瘦的倩影 飘飞的盈盈清泪 如此愁绪满怀，又焉不似黄花？ 烟雨空蒙，雨巷狭长 路灯下的小姑娘 眼如盈盈春水，眉如淡淡春山 一脸的哀伤，满腹的惆怅 你的长发如千丝万缕的情丝 飘散在雨巷 灯下的细雨如千扣万结的情网 把你缠绕在雨巷 你，孤独得像一只小鸟 被雨水淋湿了翅膀 你，会依在谁人怀中 伴在谁人身旁？ 你寂寞得似一支寒梅 经历了几度风霜 你会插在谁人瓶中 供给谁人欣赏？ 路灯下的小姑娘 一路走来，一路感伤 为何，没人开启你关闭的心房？ 你的长发依然飘荡 飘荡在长长的雨巷 你的眼神依然忧郁
忧郁着诉说往事的凄凉 哦，长长的雨巷 弯弯的雨巷 没有尽头的雨巷！ 雨巷里的青石碎砖， 总是令人难忘; 雨巷里的丁香 总是令人回想 你就如一片云雾，穿一身白裙 执一把红伞，捧一束丁香 走在雨巷里，走在路灯下 你数着脚下的石块 任泪水伴着雨水，流过脸庞 你仰望雨中的路灯 泪水便闪闪发光 哦，路灯下的小姑娘 究竟是谁让你如此心伤 是谁，让你把美丽和痛苦一起收藏 什么时候，你才能走过长长的雨巷 什么时候，你才能走出高高厚墙 雨巷悠长，夜灯昏黄 你扶着厚墙，踩着青石，踩着破碎的雨浪 你执着小伞，踏着灯光，踏进别人的梦乡 没有星星，没有月亮 风中的承诺雨中的誓言 让你在苦涩中品尝 风在告诉你，等待只会荒芜青春 雨在提醒你，寻找只是浪费时光 哦，路灯下的小姑娘 你是一只鸟，却不能飞翔 你是一叶舟，却不能起航 路灯下的小姑娘 你是一朵花，为何不连同心雨一起开放？ 你是一片云，为何不飘进生命的温柔港？ 路灯下的小姑娘 究竟是谁让你如此的牵肚挂肠 负心的人，拿什么给你补偿？ 雨巷昏暗，路灯悠长
附：外文翻译 外文原文： Fundamentals of Mechanical Design Mechanical design means the design of things and systems of a mechanical nature—machines, products, structures, devices, and instruments. For the most part mechanical design utilizes mathematics, the materials sciences, and the engineering-mechanics sciences. The total design process is of interest to us. How does it begin? Does the engineer simply sit down at his desk with a blank sheet of paper? And, as he jots down some ideas, what happens next? What factors influence or control the decisions which have to be made? Finally, then, how does this design process end? Sometimes, but not always, design begins when an engineer recognizes a need and decides to do something about it. Recognition of the need and phrasing it in so many words often constitute a highly creative act because the need may be only a vague discontent, a feeling of uneasiness, of a sensing that something is not right. The need is usually not evident at all. For example, the need to do something about a food-packaging machine may be indicated by the noise level, by the variations in package weight, and by slight but perceptible variations in the quality of the packaging or wrap. There is a distinct difference between the statement of the need and the identification of the problem. Which follows this statement? The problem is more specific. If the need is for cleaner air, the problem might be that of reducing the dust discharge from power-plant stacks, or reducing the quantity of irritants from automotive exhausts. Definition of the problem must include all the specifications for the thing that is to be designed. The specifications are the input and output quantities, the characteristics of the space the thing must occupy and all the limitations on t hese quantities. We can regard the thing to be designed as something in a black box. In this case we must specify the inputs and outputs of the box together with their characteristics and limitations. The specifications define the cost, the number to be manufactured, the expected life, the range, the operating temperature, and the reliability. There are many implied specifications which result either from the designer's particular environment or from the nature of the problem itself. The manufacturing processes which are available, together with the facilities of a certain plant, constitute restrictions on a designer's freedom, and hence are a part of the implied specifications. A small plant, for instance, may not own cold-working machinery. Knowing this, the designer selects other metal-processing methods which can be performed in the plant. The labor skills available and the competitive situation also constitute implied specifications. After the problem has been defined and a set of written and implied specifications has been obtained, the next step in design is the synthesis of an optimum solution. Now synthesis cannot take place without both analysis and optimization because the system under design must be analyzed to determine whether the performance complies with the specifications. The design is an iterative process in which we proceed through several steps, evaluate the results, and then return to an earlier phase of the procedure. Thus we may synthesize several components of a system, analyze and optimize them, and return to synthesis to see what effect this has on the remaining parts of the system. Both analysis and optimization require that we construct or devise abstract models of the system which will admit some form of mathematical analysis. We call these models
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart 第一篇 1、想你，是一种美丽的忧伤的甜蜜的惆怅，心里面，却是一种用任何语言也无法表达的温馨。 It is graceful grief and sweet sadness to think of you, but in my heart, there is a kind of soft warmth that can’t be expressed with any choice of words. 2、你知道思念一个人的滋味吗，就像喝了一大杯冰水，然后用很长很长的时间流成热泪。Do you understand the feeling of missing someone? It is just like that you will spend a long hard time to turn the ice-cold water you have drunk into tears. 3、我知道你最喜欢这首歌，我也知道你的心思，我想你。 I know you like this song most and I know what you are thinking about ,too, I miss you . 4、常常想起曾和你在一起的那些日子。开心、快乐、幸福、失落、伤心、痛苦的所有日子。很想你，很想你…… Those days when we were together appear in my mind time after time, because they were so joyful, happy, blest, disappointing, sad and painful. I miss you ,and miss you so much…… 5、你知道么，有个人时时想念着你，惦记你，你含笑的眼睛，象星光闪闪，缀在我的心幕上，夜夜亮晶晶。 Do you know there is someone thinking of you and caring you all the time ? Your smiling eyes are just like the sparkling stars hanging on the curtain of my heart. 6、心要让你听见，爱要让你看见，不怕承认对你有多眷恋；想你的时候，盼你能收到我的真情留言！ Listening to my heart beating. Seeing how much I love you ,I dare to admit how much I love you .When thinking of you, I hope you can receive the passionate words I left for you! 7、千万个思念，在空气中凝固。扬起风吹向你，带着我的祝福，寂寞我不在乎，你快乐我就满足，想你是我的幸福！ Thousand of time I have thought of you .My heart is going high into the air and flying with my blessing towards you I don’t care loneliness. I am satisfied when you are happy and I am happy when I think of you! 8、不是因为寂寞才想你，是因为想你才寂寞。孤独的感觉之所以如此之重，只是因为太想你。 I miss you not because of my loneliness but I do feel lonely when I miss you. Only when I miss you deeply I feel so lonely. 9、长长的思念，就像风筝断了线，飘啊飘啊，飘到你的身边。
《船舶结构与设备》第四章题库 第四章系泊设备 题库与答案 1)大型船舶的导缆钳多用________。 A．闭式和开式 B．单柱式 C．双滚轮或三滚轮式 D．单滚式 答案：C 2)下列属于植物纤维绳的有________。 ①白棕绳；②马尼拉绳；③油麻绳；④尼龙绳；⑤涤纶绳；⑥椰棕绳。 A．①～③⑥ B．①～⑥ C．①③⑤⑥ D．①②⑥ 答案：A 3)下列类型的钢丝绳中________是半硬钢丝绳。 A．7×7 B．7×19 C．6×24 D．6×19 答案：D 4)在英制中，各种缆绳的大小尺寸是以________来表示的。 A．半径 B．周径 C．直径 D．以上均可 答案：B 5)钢丝缆绳每百米重量W（kg）计算公式为＝0.35D2，其公式中D的单位是________。A．mm B．cm C．in D．dm 答案：A 6)钢丝缆绳每米的重量计算公式W（kg）＝0.35d2，其公式中d的单位是________。A．mm B．cm C．in D．dm 答案：B 7)各种不同规格钢丝绳的重量可用公式W＝0.35D2估算，其中"W"的含义是________。A．每200m钢丝绳重（kg）
B．每10m钢丝绳重量（kg） C．每50m钢丝绳重量（kg） D．每100m钢丝绳重量（kg） 答案：D 8)7×19的钢丝绳为________钢丝绳。 A．硬 B．软 C．半硬 D．A、C都对 答案：A 9)化纤缆的规格用直径表示时单位为________，用周径表示时单位为________。A．mm；in B．in；mm C．mm；mm D．in；in 答案：A 10)半硬钢丝绳常用于做________。 A．静索 B．拖缆或系船缆 C．绑扎 D．大桅支索 答案：B 11)钢丝缆中油麻心的作用是________。 ①使缆绳变软便于操作；②起软垫作用减少缆绳内部摩擦；③防锈和润滑缆绳内部；④减轻缆绳重量。 A．①②③ B．②③④ C．①③④ D．①②③④ 答案：A 12)各种不同规格钢丝缆的重量可用公式W＝0.0035d2估算，其中W的含义是________。A．每米钢丝缆的重量（kg） B．每10m钢丝缆的重量（kg） C．每50m钢丝缆的重量（kg） D．每100m钢丝缆的重量（kg） 答案：A 13)缆绳的长度一般以每捆220m计算，但也有每捆以________计算的。 A．100m B．200m C．300m D．500m 答案：D 14)缆绳的粗细一般以________来衡量的。 A．直径 B．周径 C．半径
1.蜗牛与黄鹂鸟 2. 吉祥三宝 3. 童年 4. 采蘑菇的小姑娘 5. 让我们荡起双浆 6. 龙珠 7. 雪绒花 8. 路灯下的小姑娘 9. 蜗牛 10. 数鸭子 11. 犬夜叉 12. 虫儿飞 13. 灌篮高手 14. 生日快乐 15. 西游记 16. 月亮船 17. 明天会更好 18. 茉莉花 19. 娃娃 20. 三只熊 21. 加油歌 22. 同一首歌 23. 名侦探柯南 24. 世上只有妈妈好 25. 蚂蚁 26. 摇篮曲 27. 橄榄树 28. 牧羊曲 29. 卓玛 30. 红蜻蜓 31. 兰花草 32. 鲁冰花 33. 光阴的故事 34. 送别 35. 祝你生日快乐 36. 晓之车 37. 四季歌 38. 友谊地久天长 39. 小蜜蜂 40. 外婆的澎湖湾 41. 生日歌 42. 两只老虎 43. 圣斗士星矢 44. 青春舞曲 45. 小燕子 46. 妈妈的吻 47. 春光美 48. 叮咚 49. 小草 50. 花仙子 51. 月光光 52. 小白船 53. 百变小樱 54. 猫和老鼠 55. 樱桃小丸子 56. 欢乐颂 57. 乌兰巴托的爸爸 58. 想大声说爱你 59. 健康歌 60. 浏阳河 61. 蓝精灵 62. 直到世界的尽头 63. 我爱洗澡 64. 摇啊摇 65. 黑猫警长 66. 毕业歌 67. 小毛驴 68. 小背篓 69. 多啦A梦 70. 打电话 71. 捉泥鳅 72. 美少女战士 73. 白龙马 74. 浪客剑心 75. 友谊之光 76. 我的朋友 77. 七子之歌 78. 铃儿响叮当 79. 新世纪福音战士 80. 萤火虫 81. 草原夜色美 82. 好朋友 83. 小叮当 84. 歌声与微笑 85. 蜗牛的家 86. 幽灵公主 87. 小小少年 88. 泥娃娃 89. 葫芦娃 90. 变形金刚 91. 春天在哪里 92. 小螺号 93. 三月里的小雨 94. 小星星 95. 野菊花 96. 聪明的一休 97. 小龙人 98. 红星照我去战斗 99. 娃哈哈 100. 花儿与少年 101. 听妈妈讲那过去的事情 102. 小红帽 103. 齐天大圣 104. 三个和尚 105. 床前明月光 106. 种太阳 107. 读书郎 108. 卖报歌 109. 我爱北京天安门 110. 哪吒 111. 找朋友 112. 猪你生日快乐 113. 月儿弯弯 114. 小兔子乖乖 115. 学习雷锋好榜样 116. 大海啊故乡 117. 凤阳花鼓 118. 路灯下的小女孩 119. 跷跷板 120. 乡间的小路 121. 半个月亮爬上来 122. 小白菜 123. 有一个美丽的传说 124. 丢手绢 125. 新年好 126. 上学歌 127. 牧歌 128. 风之彩 129. 翘翘板 130. 新年快乐 131. 拔萝卜 132. 草原牧歌 133. 济公 134. 只要我长大 135. 铁臂阿童木 136. 丑小鸭 137. 稍息立正站好 138. 哆来咪 139. 小放牛 140. 歌唱二小放牛郎 141. 石头剪刀布 142. 恭喜恭喜 143. 秀逗魔导士 144. 好爸爸坏爸爸 145. 小二郎 146. 一分钱 147. 又唱浏阳河 148. 只凝视着你 149. 字母歌 150. 奇异恩典 151. 豆豆龙 152. 当我们同在一起 153. 布娃娃 154. 泼水歌 155. 捕捉闪耀的瞬间 156. 小鸭子 157. 劳动最光荣 158. 打起手鼓唱起歌 159. 长城谣 160. 欢聚一堂 161. 采茶歌 162. 小老鼠上灯台 163. 听妈妈讲那过去的故事 164. 拍手歌 165. 圣斗士冥王篇 166. 我在马路边捡到一分钱 167. 少年英雄小哪吒 168. 粉刷匠 169. 海边 170. 踏雪寻梅 171. 我们是共产主义接班人 172. 校园的早晨
《航海概论》课程教学大纲 一、本课程的性质和目的 《航海概论》课程是一门理性和实践性很强的综合性学科，涉及的内容及其广泛。本书针对船舶驾驶专业所必须了解和掌握的航海基本原理和基础知识进行介绍，力求简明扼要，由浅入深，内容新颖，重点突出，篇幅适中，使读者易于接受，便于掌握。 本课程是根据高等海运院校船舶驾驶专业的特点和需要而设置的，是船舶驾驶专业了解航海的船员组织、职责和船舶常识及航行的特点、操纵要点的主要途径，是船舶驾驶专业学生必备的知识。 本课程也做为其它有关专业学生了解航海知识的一门选修课。 二、课程简介 本书共分为五章节。第一章讲述船员组织、船员职责和船员的职业资格；第二章讲述船舶常识、船舶设备和船舶的航行性能；第三章讲述航海基础知识，包括地理坐标、航向与方位、能见距离、航速和航程、时间系统、航标、航海图书资料以及气象与海况；第四章讲述船舶航行中的航行计划、值班、通信、定位、操纵与避碰以及特殊航行方法；第五章讲述海上运输和船舶营运方式、主要货运单证、货物配载和装卸以及航行途中货物的保管等。 三、课程教学内容 第一章船员 第一节船员组织 第二节船员的职责 第三节船员的职业资格 第二章船舶
第一节船舶常识 第二节船舶设备 第三节船舶的航行性能 第三章航海基础知识 第一节地理坐标 第二节航向与方位 第三节能见距离 第四节航速与航程 第五节时间系统 第六节航标 第七节航海图书资料 第八节气象与海况 第四章船舶航行 第一节航行计划 第二节航行值班 第三节船舶通信 第四节船舶定位 第五节船舶操纵和避碰 第六节特殊航行方法 第五章海上运输业务 第一节海上运输和船舶营运方式第二节海上主要货运单证 第三节货物配载和装卸 第四节航行途中的货物保管
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining Serope kalpakjian；Steven R.Schmid 机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in
基于性能导航运行的管制工作负荷分析 摘要 由于区域导航程序点对点直飞操作时间稍长，但远距离引导精度更高，通话量更少，管制员 思考和判断时间更短。而且区域导航程序较高的导航精度能够确保航空器保持精确航迹，雷 达显示屏上雷达航迹更加清晰、规律，能够有效减轻管制员扫视强度，缓解视觉疲劳。管制 员只需要干预航空器的速度和高度，可以把更多精力用到对间隔的准确调配上，有助于加速 飞行流量，节省管制间隔，同时也减轻了工作负荷，避免频率拥挤。而且区域导航技术以飞 行员沿程序自主飞行为主、管制员监控为辅，可以有效减少陆空通话数量以及指令复诵错误。关键词：基于性能导航管制运行负荷分析 引言 随着全球航空业的飞速发展，空中交通流量急剧增加，基于传统运行方式的航路结构难 以满足航班量增加的要求，航路和终端区空中交通拥堵的现象时有发生，影响了飞行安全， 降低了运行效益。为此，国际民航组织提出了基于性能的导航的概念，在这个概念的影响下，全球航空运输发生了巨大变化，产生了全球统一标准的大地坐标系 WGS-84 坐标系，进行了 空域再设计，调整了适航批准的方式，以研讨会的形式对相关人员进行培训，产生了很好的 效益。研究管制员工作负荷对于空域容量、空域利用率以及空域的安全等有重要意义。 一 PBN 的概念及主要因素 PBN是指在相应的导航基础设施条件下，航空器在指定的空域内或者沿航路、仪表飞行 程序飞行时，对系统精确性、完好性、可用性、连续性以及功能等方面的性能要求，PBN的 引入体现了导航方式从基于设备的导航到基于性能导航的转变。由于 PBN 产生于 RNAV 和RNP 的基础之上，因此，RNAV 和 RNP 的所有技术标准都包括在 PBN 中，包括了飞行的所有 阶段。针对 RNP 的不足，PBN 还加强了对协同概念的描述，提供了完整和详细的导航标准， 并描绘了未来 PBN 标准及导航应用发展的全球框架，使PBN 系统使用的方式更明确，RNAV 和 RNP 是 PBN 中最关键的要素。 PBN 与通信（C）导航（N）监视（S）和空中交通管理系统（ATM）协同工作，共同构建了 空域的概念，PBN 运行的三个基础要素是：导航应用；导航标准；导航设施。导航标准是在 已确定的空域范围内对飞机和飞行机组提出的一系列要求，它定义了实施 PBN 所需要的性能 及具体功能要求，同时也确定了导航源和设备的选择方式。PBN 包含两类基本导航标准：区 域导航（RNAV）和所需导航性能（RNP）。国家一般将导航标准作为其适航和运行批准的基础。导航标准包括 PBN 系统在精确性、完整性、可用性和连续性方面要求，PBN 导航标准包 括 RNP 标准和 RNAV标准，RNP 标准包括完备的 RAIM 要求，RNAV 标准不包括此内容，目前，RNAV 和RNP 标准的精度要求只是在横向和纵向两个维度上，不包括纵向的飞行技术容差（FTE)。RNP 标准用 RNP-X 来表示，如 RNP-1；RNAV 标准表示为 RNAV-X，如 RNAV-1，其中，X 代表以海里为单位的横向导航精度，要求飞机至少 95％的飞行时间内能在规定的空域、航 路或飞行程序范围内飞行。 二国内管制员工作负荷评估发展概况 国内在管制员的工作负荷及空域规划方面的研究开展相对较晚。工作负荷方面的研究， 主要是在人为因素方面的研究涉及对于管制员工作负荷，进行有关探讨。韩松臣等针对广州 管制区，对于管制员工作负荷进行定量统计，采用国际上较为成熟的主观容量评估方法DORATASK 方法，进行扇区容量评估实验；邢诒吉采用修改的 MBB 方法，评估扇区内管制员 管制一架飞机的工作负荷，用总的滞留时间除以单架航空器的管制负荷来得到扇区的容量。 万莉莉采用对管制员工作内容进行分类的方法，评估每个扇区内管制员的工作负荷，用最繁 忙时段的管制员工作负荷值所对应的航空器数量得到扇区的容量。 三管制员工作负荷的影响因素 管制员在管制航空器时，管制过程会受到管制区内各种各样的内在和外在因素的影响， 从而导致管制员工作负荷发生相应地变化。 3.1影响管制员工作负荷的因素分析
Int J Interact Des Manuf(2011)5:103–117 DOI10.1007/s12008-011-0119-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Benchmarking of virtual reality performance in mechanics education Maura Mengoni·Michele Germani· Margherita Peruzzini Received:27April2011/Accepted:29April2011/Published online:27May2011 ?Springer-Verlag2011 Abstract The paper explores the potentialities of virtual reality(VR)to improve the learning process of mechanical product design.It is focused on the definition of a proper experimental VR-based set-up whose performance matches mechanical design learning purposes,such as assemblability and tolerances prescription.The method consists of two main activities:VR technologies benchmarking based on sensory feedback and evaluation of how VR tools impact on learning curves.In order to quantify the performance of the technol-ogy,an experimental protocol is de?ned and an testing plan is set.Evaluation parameters are divided into performance and usability metrics to distinguish between the cognitive and technical aspects of the learning process.The experi-mental VR-based set up is tested on students in mechanical engineering through the application of the protocol. Keywords Mechanical product design·Virtual reality·Experimental protocol·Learning curve· Mechanics education 1Introduction Modern society is dominated by continuous scienti?c and technical developments.Specialization has become one of the most important enablers for industrial improvement.As a result,nowadays education is more and more job-oriented and technical education is assuming greater importance.In this context both university and industry are collaborating to create high professional competencies.The?rst disseminates M.Mengoni(B)·M.Germani·M.Peruzzini Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche,60131Ancona,Italy e-mail:m.mengoni@univpm.it knowledge and innovative methods while the second pro-vides a practical background for general principles training. The main problem deals with the effort and time required to improve technical learning,while market competitiveness forces companies to demand young and high-quali?ed engi-neers in short time.Therefore,the entire educational process needs to be fast and ef?cient.Novel information technolo-gies(IT)and emerging virtual reality(VR)systems provide a possible answer to the above-mentioned questions.Some of the most important issues,in mechanical design?eld,are the investigation of such technologies potentialities and the evaluation of achievable bene?ts in terms of product design learning effectiveness and quality.While IT has been deeply explored in distance education,i.e.e-learning,VR still rep-resents a novelty. VR refers to an immersive environment that allows pow-erful visualization and direct manipulation of virtual objects. It is widely used for several engineering applications as it provides novel human computer interfaces to interact with digital mock-ups.The close connection between industry and education represents the starting point of this research. Instead of traditional teaching methods,virtual technolo-gies can simultaneously stimulate the senses of vision by providing stereoscopic imaging views and complex spatial effects,of touch,hearing and motion by respectively adopt-ing haptic,sound and motion devices.These can improve the learning process in respect with traditional teaching meth-ods and tools.The observation of students interpreting two-dimensional drawings highlighted several dif?culties:the impact evaluation of geometric and dimensional tolerances chains,the detection of functional and assembly errors,the recognition of right design solutions and the choice of the proper manufacturing operations.These limitations force tutors to seek for innovative technologies able to improve students’perception.