《五人墓碑记》原文及译文（翻译）
原文：
五人者，盖当蓼洲周公之被逮，激于义而死焉者也。至于今，郡之贤士大夫请于当道，即除魏阉废祠之址以葬之。且立石于其墓之门，以旌其所为。呜呼，亦盛矣哉！
夫五人之死，去今之墓而葬焉，其为时止十有一月耳。夫十有一月之中，凡富贵之子，慷慨得志之徒，其疾病而死，死而湮没不足道者，亦已众矣；况草野之无闻者欤！独五人之皦皦，何也？
予犹记周公之被逮，在丁卯三月之望。吾社之行为士先者，为之声义，资财，以送其行，哭声震动天地。缇骑按剑而前，问：“谁为哀者？”众不能堪，抶而仆之。是时以大中丞抚吴者，为魏之私人，周公之逮所由使也，吴之民方痛心焉。于是乘其厉声以呵，则噪而相逐，中丞匿于溷藩以免。既而以吴民之乱请于朝，按诛五人，曰：颜佩韦、杨念如、马杰、沈扬、周文元，即今之傫然在墓者也。然五人之当刑也，意气扬扬，呼中丞之名而詈之，谈笑以死；断头置城上，颜色不少变。有贤士大夫发五十金，买五人之脰而函之，卒与尸合。故今之墓中，全乎为五人也。
嗟夫！大阉之乱，缙绅而能不易其志者，四海之大，有几人欤？而五人生于编伍之间，素不闻《诗》、《书》之训，激昂
大义，蹈死不顾，亦曷故哉？且矫诏纷出，钩党之捕遍于天下，卒以吾郡之发愤一击，不敢复有株治；大阉亦逡巡畏义，非常之谋，难于猝发，待圣人之出而投缳道路：不可谓非五人之力也！
由是观之，则今之高爵显位，一旦抵罪，或脱身以逃，不能容于远近，而又有剪发杜门、佯狂不知所之者，其辱人贱行，视五人之死，轻重固何如哉？是以蓼洲周公忠义暴于朝廷，赠谥美显，荣于身后；而五人亦得以加其土封，列其姓名于大堤之上，凡四方之士，无有不过而拜且泣者，斯固百世之遇也！不然，令五人者保其首领以老于户牖之下，则尽其天年，人皆得以隶使之，安能屈豪杰之流，扼腕墓道，发其志士之悲哉！故予与同社诸君子哀斯墓之徒有其石也，而为之记，亦以明死生之大，匹夫之有重于社稷也。
贤士大夫者：冏卿因之吴公、太史文起文公、孟长姚公也。
——选自明刻本《七录斋文集》
译文：
这五个人，是在周公蓼洲被逮捕时，激于大义而死的。到如今，吴郡的贤明士大夫向当局申请，就把魏忠贤废祠的地基加以清理，用来埋葬他们。而且在其墓门前竖立石碑，以表扬他们的所作所为。唉，这也真是隆盛啊！
这五人的死亡，离开今天的建墓埋葬，只有十一个月的时间。
在这十一个月中，富贵的人，意气激昂、志得意满之辈，由于疾病而死亡，死去以后就此泯没、不再值得称道的，也已多得很了，何况是民间的没有名声的人呢！但独独这五个人仍然光明昭著，这是什么缘故呢？
我还记得周公的被捕，是在天启七年丁卯三月十五。我们复社中那些在行为上为士子带头的人，为他宣扬正义，聚集钱财，乃送他北行，哭声震天动地。来逮捕他的锦衣卫官校手按剑柄，跑到群众面前，喝问道：“谁在替他哀哭？”大家再也不能忍受了，就把他们打得跌倒在地。当时以中丞的官衔而担任吴地巡抚的，是魏忠贤的党羽，周公的被捕就是由于他的指使，当地人民正对他满心痛恨，于是趁他厉声呵责之时，鼓噪起来，上前追逐，中丞躲藏在厕所的篱笆内才得以倖免。其后就以吴地人民暴乱申报朝廷，处死五人：颜佩韦、杨念如、马杰、沈扬、周文元，也就是现在高居于墓中之人。然而这五人临刑时，意气自得，喊着中丞的姓名斥骂着，在谈笑中从容就义。砍下的头挂在城上，脸色毫无改变。有贤明的士大夫拿出五十两银子，买下五人的头颅，用盒子保藏起来，最后与尸体合在一起。所以，现在的坟墓中是完整的五个人。
唉，在那个阉人头子乱政时，为官作宰而能不改变其志操的，虽以天下之大，又能有几个人呢？而这五个人生于民间，从来没有听到过儒家经典所载的训诫，却能为大义所激昂，身
蹈死地而毫不顾惜，这是什么缘故呢？况且当时伪造的诏书纷纷下达，整个天下都在逮捕所谓“钩党”，最后由于我们地区的这一次发愤抗击，才不敢再株连、迫害别人，魏忠贤这个阉人头子也犹豫畏缩，害怕大义，谋朝篡位的阴谋不敢贸然发动，待到圣人——崇祯皇帝即位而在路上上吊自杀，这不能说不是由于这五个人的力量吧。
由此看来，当今那些曾经位高权重的人，一旦因犯罪而受到相应的惩罚，有人脱身逃走，而不能被远处或近处百姓所容留，也有的剪掉头发、关起门来、假装发疯而不知到何处去好，他们使自己的为人受到侮辱，品行变得卑贱，与这五个人的死亡相比，其轻重竟如何呢？所以，蓼洲周公的忠义显露于朝廷，被赠予美好光明的谥号，荣耀于身死之后，而这五个人也得以增高其坟墓，把他们的姓名排列于大堤之上，四方人士经过此地没有不下拜而哭泣的，这实在是百世一逢的遭遇呀！否则，使这五个人保全其头颈而老死于家中，那么虽然能活满其自然的寿数，但人们都能役使他们，又怎能使豪杰一流人为之倾倒，在墓门前握腕痛惜，抒发其志士的悲感呢？因此，我与同社诸君子哀伤此墓徒有墓碑而为它写了这篇《墓碑记》，也是想要说明生死之间的巨大意义、平民对于国家的重要性。
古诗五人墓碑记翻译赏析 《五人墓碑记》作者为唐朝文学家张溥。其古诗全文如下： 五人者，盖当蓼洲周公之被逮，激于义而死焉者也。至于今，郡之贤士大夫请于当道，即除魏阉废祠之址以葬之。且立石于其墓之门，以旌其所为。呜呼，亦盛矣哉！ 夫五人之死，去今之墓而葬焉，其为时止十有一月耳。夫十有一月之中，凡富贵之子，慷慨得志之徒，其疾病而死，死而湮没不足道者，亦已众矣；况草野之无闻者欤！独五人之皦皦，何也？ 予犹记周公之被逮，在丁卯三月之望。吾社之行为士先者，为之声义，赉以资财，以送其行，哭声震动天地。缇骑按剑而前，问：“谁为哀者？”众不能堪，抶而仆之。是时以大中丞抚吴者，为魏之私人，周公之逮所由使也，吴之民方痛心焉。于是乘其厉声以呵，则噪而相逐，中丞匿于溷藩以免。既而以吴民之乱请于朝，按诛五人，曰：颜佩韦、杨念如、马杰、沈扬、周文元，即今之傫然在墓者也。然五人之当刑也，意气扬扬，呼中丞之名而詈之，谈笑以死；断头置城上，颜色不少变。有贤士大夫发五十金，买五人之脰而函之，卒与尸合。故今之墓中，全乎为五人也。 嗟夫！大阉之乱，缙绅而能不易其志者，四海之大，有几人欤？而五人生于编伍之间，素不闻《诗》、《书》之训，激昂大义，蹈死不顾，亦曷故哉？且矫诏纷出，钩党之捕遍于天下，卒以吾郡之发愤一击，不敢复有株治；大阉亦逡巡畏义，非常之谋，难于猝发，待圣人
之出而投缳道路：不可谓非五人之力也！ 由是观之，则今之高爵显位，一旦抵罪，或脱身以逃，不能容于远近，而又有剪发杜门、佯狂不知所之者，其辱人贱行，视五人之死，轻重固何如哉？是以蓼洲周公忠义暴于朝廷，赠谥褒美，显荣于身后；而五人亦得以加其土封，列其姓名于大堤之上，凡四方之士，无有不过而拜且泣者，斯固百世之遇也！不然，令五人者保其首领以老于户牖之下，则尽其天年，人皆得以隶使之，安能屈豪杰之流，扼腕墓道，发其志士之悲哉！故予与同社诸君子哀斯墓之徒有其石也，而为之记，亦以明死生之大，匹夫之有重于社稷也。 贤士大夫者：冏卿因之吴公、太史文起文公、孟长姚公也。 【注释】 ⑴本文作于明崇祯元年（1628）。天启年间，宦官魏忠贤专权，网罗遍天下，以残暴手段镇压东林党人。天启六年（1626），派人到苏州逮捕曾任吏部主事、文选员外郎的周顺昌，激起苏州市民的义愤，爆发了反抗宦官统治的斗争。本文是为这次斗争中被阉党杀害的五位义士而写的碑文。文章议论随叙事而入，感慨淋漓，激昂尽致，题外有情，题外有旨，开人心胸。 ⑵蓼（iǎo）洲周公：周顺昌，字景文，号蓼洲，吴县（今苏州）人。万历年间进士，曾官福州推官、吏部主事、文选员外郎等职，因不满朝政，辞职归家。东林党人魏大中被逮，途经吴县时，周顺昌不避株连，曾招待过他。后周顺昌被捕遇害。崇祯年间，谥忠介。 ⑶郡：指吴郡，即今苏州市。当道：执Org掌政权的人。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, 作为 .NET Framework 的一部分提供。当您编写 https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, 应用程序的代码时，可以访问 .NET Framework 中的类。您可以使用与公共语言运行库 (CLR) 兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码，这些语言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。使用这些语言，可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, 应用程序。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, 包括： ?页和控件框架 ?https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, 编译器 ?安全基础结构 ?状态管理功能 ?应用程序配置 ?运行状况监视和性能功能 ?调试支持 ?XML Web services 框架 ?可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理 ?可扩展的设计器环境 https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, 页和控件框架是一种编程框架，它在 Web 服务器上运行，可以动态地生成和呈现 https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, 网页。可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求 https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, 网页，https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, 会向请求浏览器呈现标记（例如 HTML）。通常，您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页，因为 https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, 会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。但是，您可以针对诸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定浏览器设计https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, 网页，并利用该浏览器的功能。https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html, 支持基于 Web 的设备（如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理 (PDA)）的移动控件。
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
五人墓碑记 张溥1 五人者2，盖3当蓼洲周公4之5被逮6，激7于8义而9死焉10者11也12。至于今，郡之13贤士大夫请于14当道15，即16除魏阉17废祠之18址19以20葬之21；且立石于22其墓之23门，以24旌25其26所为27。呜呼，亦盛28矣29哉！ 1.张溥：pǔ (1602-1642),字天如。号西铭，太仓（今属江苏）人。明思宗崇祯四年（1631）中进士。 2.者：与（11）“也”组成“者......也”格式，典型的判断句格式。 3.盖：句首语气词，无实际意义。
4.蓼洲周公：liǎo 周顺昌（1584-1626），号蓼洲，明末吴县（今江苏）人。明熹（xī）宗时任吏部郎中，因得罪魏忠贤而被逮捕，死在狱中。 5.之：<连>用在主谓之间取消句子独立性。 6.逮：dài 逮捕。 7.激：鼓动，激发。激于义，被义理所激发。 8.于：<介>介绍原因。 9.而：<连>顺承关系，连接的前后两项在事理上前后前后相承。 10.焉：指示代词，指代处所。 11.者：与动词性词组组成名词结构，“......的人。” 12.也：参考注释（2）。 13.之：<助>用于定语与中心语之间。 14.于：<介>介绍对象。 15.当道：执掌政权的人。 16.即：<副>表示急速。立即，立刻。 17.魏阉：yān 此处指魏忠贤，明熹宗时为秉笔太监，兼管特务机关东厂，权倾一时，各地纷纷给他建生祠（cí）。阉，指宦官。 18.之：<助>同<14>。 19.址：<名>地基。 20.以：<连>连接前后两项，后项是前项的目的。 21.之：<代>代指此五人。 22.于：<介>表示动作行为在何地发生。 23.之：<助>用于定语与中心语之间。 24.以：<连>连接前后两项，后项是前项的目的。 25.其：<代>代指五人。 26.旌：jīng 表彰。 27.所为：“所+动”表示行为的对象。 28.盛：shèng 盛大，隆重。 29.矣：“了”。通常情况下“矣”报道一种新情况。 夫30五人之31死，去今之32墓33而34葬焉35，其36为时37止38十有39一月耳40。夫41十有42一月之43中，凡44富贵之45子，慷慨得志46
外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.doczj.com/doc/a310724633.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-
提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要： 努力保护水源，尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源，是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用，目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的，处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景，人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率，一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地（thcw）应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构，第二部分分三层，呈圆形，呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层，形成瀑布溢流，因此水中溶解氧浓度增加，从而提高了硝化反应效率，反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善，增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏（Taxodium ascendens），经济作物蔺草（Schoenoplectus trigueter），野茭白（Zizania aquatica），有装饰性的多花植物睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona），香蒲（Typha angustifolia）被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷（16 cm/d 和32 cm/d）对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定，发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词： 人工湿地；硝化作用；反硝化作用；生活污水；脱氮；硝化细菌；反硝化细菌 １. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求，尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区，生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因，废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺，经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效，并且要便于施用，能量输入及维护费用较低，而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂，对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性，主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering，Fen xia ，Ying Li。
西湖游记二则原文及翻译_袁宏道_全文译文_对照翻译 前一篇：五人墓碑记后一篇：峡江寺飞泉亭记 西湖游记二则全文阅读：出处或作者：袁宏道初至西湖记 从武林门而西，望保叔塔突兀层崖中，则已心飞湖上也。午刻入昭庆，茶毕，即棹小舟入湖。山色如娥，花光如颊，温风如酒，波纹如绫；才一举头，已不觉目酣神醉，此时欲下一语描写不得，大约如东阿王梦中初遇洛神时也。余游西湖始此，时万历丁酉二月十四日也。晚同子公渡净寺，觅阿宾旧住僧房。取道由六桥、岳坟、石径塘而归。草草领略，未及偏赏。次早得陶石篑帖子，至十九日，石篑兄弟同学佛人王静虚至，湖山好友，一时凑集矣。 晚游六桥待月记 西湖最盛，为春为月。一日之盛，为朝烟，为夕岚。今岁春雪甚盛，梅花为寒所勒，与杏桃相次开发，尤为奇观。 石篑数为余言：傅金吾园中梅，张功甫玉照堂故物也，急往观之。余时为桃花所恋，竟不忍去。湖上由断桥至苏堤
一带，绿烟红雾，弥漫二十余里。歌吹为风，粉汗为雨，罗纨之盛，多于堤畔之草，艳冶极矣。 然杭人游湖，止午未申三时；其实湖光染翠之工，山岚设色之妙，皆在朝日始出，夕春未下，始极其浓媚。月景尤不可言，花态柳情，容水意，别是一种趣味。此乐留与山僧游客受用，安可为俗士道哉。 西湖游记二则全文翻译：初至西湖记 从武林门往西走，就望见保叔塔高耸在重山叠岭之中，这时我的心已经飞到西湖上面。午间进入昭庆寺，用茶过后，立即雇小船划向湖中。山是青黑色的，如同美女的眉毛；桃花红艳艳的，如同少女的面颊；温风拂面，使人如饮醇酒；微波荡漾，如同绫罗一般轻软。我刚刚抬头一看，不知不觉间就已经是如痴如醉了。这时我想用一个词语来描写（这光景），竟然想不出来，大约像东阿王曹植最初见到洛神时一样。我游西湖就从这一次开始，时间是万历二十五年二月十四日。 晚游六桥待月记 西湖最美的时间是春天和月夜，一天之中最美的时刻
外文原文及译文 一、外文原文 Subject：Financial Analysis with the DuPont Ratio: A UsefulCompass Derivation：Steven C. Isberg, Ph.D. Financial Analysis and the Changing Role of Credit Professionals In today's dynamic business environment, it is important for credit professionals to be prepared to apply their skills both within and outside the specific credit management function. Credit executives may be called upon to provide insights regarding issues such as strategic financial planning, measuring the success of a business strategy or determining the viability of an acquisition candidate. Even so, the normal duties involved in credit assessment and management call for the credit manager to be equipped to conduct financial analysis in a rapid and meaningful way. Financial statement analysis is employed for a variety of reasons. Outside investors are seeking information as to the long run viability of a business and its prospects for providing an adequate return in consideration of the risks being taken. Creditors desire to know whether a potential borrower or customer can service loans being made. Internal analysts and management utilize financial statement analysis as a means to monitor the outcome of policy decisions, predict future performance targets, develop investment strategies, and assess capital needs. As the role of the credit manager is expanded cross-functionally, he or she may be required to answer the call to conduct financial statement analysis under any of these circumstances. The DuPont ratio is a useful tool in providing both an overview and a focus for such analysis. A comprehensive financial statement analysis will provide insights as to a firm's performance and/or standing in the areas of liquidity, leverage, operating efficiency and profitability. A complete analysis will involve both time series and cross-sectional perspectives. Time series analysis will examine trends using the firm's own performance as a benchmark. Cross sectional analysis will augment the process by using external performance benchmarks for comparison purposes. Every meaningful analysis will begin with a qualitative inquiry as to the strategy and policies of the subject company, creating a context for the investigation. Next, goals and objectives of the analysis will be established, providing a basis for interpreting the results. The DuPont ratio can be used as a compass in this process by directing the analyst toward significant areas of strength and weakness evident in the financial statements.