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【直击中考】广西2014中考英语总复习 第二部分 语法专题突破 专题一 名词(含历年中考真题)

【直击中考】广西2014中考英语总复习 第二部分 语法专题突破 专题一 名词(含历年中考真题)
【直击中考】广西2014中考英语总复习 第二部分 语法专题突破 专题一 名词(含历年中考真题)

第二部分语法专题突破

专题一名词

考点分析解读

广西中考对名词的考查重点是名词辨析,而且多为语境辨析,话题涉及饮食健康、职业信息、季节、动物、地方名称等日常生活类。同时也考查到名词单复数,名词所有格,名词作定语的用法。其中题干多以对话形式呈现,词数在9到15词之间。具体考查如下:

1.名词辨析:名词辨析的考查角度以语境类辨析和近义词辨析为主,少量涉及词性辨析、常识辨析及固定搭配。

2.名词单复数:名词单复数考查数量较少,包括规则变形和不规则变形两种。

3.名词所有格:名词所有格考查数量较少,包括两者共有的所有格,时间名词所有格,数量词所有格的用法。

4.名词作定语:在名词作定语的考查中,复合名词作定语的考查较多,少量涉及了普通名词作定语的考查。

考点精讲

考点一名词词义辨析

1.语境类辨析(2013年考查4次;2012年考查7次;2011年考查1次)(语法专题部分统计考查次数均来自广西人教版本使用区域中考试题。)

分析广西近三年真题,名词辨析侧重语境辨析,同时多与单复数、固定搭配混合考查。涉及较多的是饮食类(如potatoes、chicken、eggs、noodles)、职业信息(如singer、dancer 、writer、reader)、季节(如spring、summer、autumn、winter)和地方名称(如Beijing、London、New York、Pairs)等日常生活类。考生需要注意对日常的生活经验及知识积累 ,根据上下文推测出空格所要表达的意思,选择正确的词。

2.近义词辨析(2012年考查1次)

广西近三年对近义名词有考查,如message口信,information信息。

message为可数名词,指口信,常用词组:leave或take a message; information指消息、信息、资料。

常见近义词组(学生可以根据以下词条进行归纳记忆)。

1. advice与suggestion

2. problem与question

3. house, home, family与room

4. idea, thought与opinion

5. job与work

6. voice, noise与sound

7. message, news与information

8. place与room

1. 名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词与不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,名词复数构成的规则如下:

一般情况加s 例词cake-cakes day-days student-students bed-beds

以字母s,x, s h, c h等结尾的词加e s例词bus-buses class-classes watch-watches

以字母f,f e结尾的词变f,f e为v再加e s例词leaf-leaves knife-knives wife-wives life-lives

以辅音字母加y结尾的词先变y为i,再加e s例词baby-babies city-cities country-countries

以辅音字母加o结尾的词,若表示有生命的加e s;若表示无生命的加s。例词

tomato-tomatoes photo-photos hero-heroes

有一些事不规则变化,需改变单数名词中的元音字母如:man-men woman-women

foot-feet tooth-teeth

还有单复数形式相同的情况,读音不变,如:fish-fish sheep-sheep deer-deer Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese

不规则变化还包括只有复数形式的名词,读音依情况而定如trousers; glasses;thanks; clothes;goods; chopsticks;people

其他不规则形式,如mouse-mice child-children

2. 集体名词public, police, family, team, group, class, crowd等作主语时,如果表示一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;

如果表示集体中的每个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。如:

The police are searching for the thieves everywhere.警察们正在到处寻找盗贼。 My family is a happy one and the family are watching TV. 我的家是一个幸福的家,这会儿我的家人正在看电视。

3. 复合名词前面的名词是man, woman变复数时,构成复合名词的两个名词全部都要变成复数形式,

如果是其他词,变复数时,只要把后面的名词变成复数形式。如:man teacher 变为men teachers, woman driver变为women drivers, boy student变为boy students, apple tree变为apple tress。

4. 表示民族的单复数常有下列三种变化形式:

①单复数相同:Chinese变为Chinese; Japanese变为Japanese

②将man变为men:Englishman变为Englishmen; Frenchman变为Frenchmen

③其余全在后面加s:

German变为Germans; American变为Americans;

Indian变为Indians; Australian变为Australians;

Canadian变为Canadians

规则名词单数变复数口诀

名词单数变复数,直接加s占多数;

词尾若是s,x,s h,c h,直接加上es;

词尾若是f或f e, 加s之前先变v e;

“辅音字母加y”结尾,把y变i再加e s;

若是遇见西红柿(tomato)和土豆(potato),词尾直接加上e s.

1.常见不可数的物质名词和抽象名词

物质名词表液体的有milk 牛奶 water 水 wine 酒 oil 油

表自然物质的有soil 土壤 sand 沙子 wood 木头

抽象名词表情感的有joy 高兴 friendship 友情 peace 和平 courage勇气

表学科的有math 数学 geography 地理 physics 物理 chemistry 化学

表概念的有population 人口 knowledge 知识 energy能量;精力 change改

变 space空间 room空间;余地 advice建议

特别提醒:不可数名词量化的表示

◆不可数名词表示数量的多少时,必须与表示数量的名词连用,即“数词加表示计量的名词(为可数名词)加of再加不可数名词”。

常见的计量名词有:bottle,cup, bowl, glass, plate, pair, drop, piece等。如:a cup of tea一杯茶,five drops of water五滴水。

◆修饰不可数名词要用much,a little, little,a lot of, lots of等词。

四名词所有格

1.表示有生命的东西的名词所有格一般在该名词后加s。如:Jim's sister吉姆的姐姐, Children's Day儿童节。

2.以s或es结尾的复数名词的所有格,只在名词右上方加“逗号”。如:Teachers’Day 教师节, the twins’ bedroom双胞胎的卧室。

3.以s结尾的单数名词或以s结尾的人名,只在其后加“撇”构成所有格。如:Charles’address 查尔斯的地址。

4.如果某物为两人共有,则只在后一个名词词尾加撇s;如果不是共有的而是各自分别拥有的物品时,则两个名词后都要加撇s。

如:Jim and Tom’s room吉姆和汤姆的房间; Lily’s room and Lucy’s room莉莉的房间和露西的房间。

5.复合名词的所有格在最后一个名词词尾加s构成。如:her son in law’s photo 她女婿的照片。

6.如果表示所属物的名词前面有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时,常用“of加名词所有格”形式,即双重所有格,来表示所属关系。如:

The boy is the son of my friend's. 那个男孩是我朋友的儿子。

7.有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等的名词也可以在词尾加撇s构成所有格。如:today's newspaper今天的报纸, ten minutes'walk十分钟的路程。

名词所有格口诀

英语名词所有格,表示物品所有权。

名词后加撇s,这种情况最常见。

两者共有添最后,各有各添记心间。

复数名词有s,后面只把撇来添。

名词若为无生命,我们常把of用。

A of B即B的A,体现英汉序不同。

考点五名词作定语(2013年考查1次;2012年考查1次)

名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外:

◆用复数作定语。

sports meeting运动会; students reading room学生阅览室; talks table谈判桌◆man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。即:如果其后面的名词为复数,它们也变为复数;其后面的名词为单数,它们也为单数。

men workers男工人; women teachers女教师; gentlemen officials男性官员

◆以s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。

goods train货车; arms produce武器生产; customs papers海关文件; clothes brush 衣刷

◆“数词加名词”作定语时,这个名词一般保持单数形式。

a ten mile walk步行十里的路程; a five year plan一个五年计划

◆复合形容词作定语, 其结构是“数词+连字符+名词单数形式”。

a two day holiday两天的假期

2.1 不定冠词的用法

冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在

名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,

一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠

词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero

Article)。

不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a

用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,

一般读做[en]。

1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。

A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

2) 代表一类人或物。

A knife is a tool for cutting with.

Mr. Smith is an engineer.

3) 词组或成语。

a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile /

a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a

minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while

/ have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of

a sudden

.2 定冠词的用法

定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

1)特指双方都明白的人或物:

Take the medicine. 把药吃了。

2)上文提到过的人或事:

He bought a house. I've been to the house.

他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

3)指世上独一物二的事物:

the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth

4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元;

the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。

5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only, very, same等前面: Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。

That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。

6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:

They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)

They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)

7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。

8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前: the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国

the United States 美国

9)用在表示乐器的名词之前: She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:

the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)

11) 用在惯用语中:

in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow

the day before yesterday, the next morning,

in the sky (water,field,country)

in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,

in the middle (of), in the end,

on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre

2.3 零冠词的用法

1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary;

2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;

They are teachers. 他们是教师。

3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;

Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。

4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;

Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。

5)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;

We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。

6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;

The guards took the American to General Lee.

士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词如:have breakfast,play chess

8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;

I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了

字。

9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus,by train;

10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:

school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,

church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;

go to hospital 去医院看病

go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)

11)不用冠词的序数词;

a. 序数词前有物主代词

b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race.

c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,first of all, from first to last

2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构

1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。

He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一

只黑猫和一只白猫。

The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑

猫和白猫都是他的。

2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。

He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只

花猫。

中考英语语法专项练习题及 答案

中考英语语法专项练习题及答案中考英语专项练习之主谓一致及直接引语和间接引语 主谓一致 英语中句子的主语要与其后的谓语保持一致,即“主谓一致”。一般遵循三个原则:语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。 【练习导航】 Ⅰ. 用适当的be动词或助动词填空。 1. Every student _______ got a book. 2. The number of students in the school _______ now rising. 3. A number of boys _______ playing basketball at the moment. 4. There _______ something else in the desk. 5. Tom, together with his mother, _______ gone to New York. 6. The teacher with two students _______ playing sports. 7. This pair of trousers _______ made by my aunt last year. 8. Five months _______ a long time to wait. 9. Here _______ some books. 10. To clean the room _______ your duty. Ⅱ. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。 11. When I got there, they each _______ (read) a book. 12. Neither of us _______ (like) the storybook. 13. Everyone except me _______ (go) to the cinema yesterday. 14. A football team often _______ (have) eleven players. 15. No one but my parents _______ (know) the truth. 16. Jim’s family _______ (enjoy) watching TV after supper. 17. What you said _______ (be) quite useful to us. 18. Look! The class _______ (do) morning exercise on the playground. 19. Twenty years _______ (have) passed since he left his hometown. 20. Three glasses of milk _______ (be) enough for us. Ⅲ. 单项选择 ( )21. Either Tom or I ______ going there tomorrow. A. are B. is C. am D. be ( )22. Jenny as well as her friends ______ swimming. A. are going B. has gone C. were going D. have gone ( )23. No one ______ swimming in such bad weather. A. like B. likes C. liking D. liked ( )24. —What ______ the number of the students in your school? —About two thousand. A number of them ______ from the USA.

中考中考英语总复习名词专题(含答案)

中考中考英语总复习名词专题(含答案) 一、初中英语名词 1.—Whose room is this? Is it the______? -—Yes, it is ______. A. twins'; Tom and Tim's B. twin's; Tom's and Tim's C. twins'; Tom and Tim 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意:——这是谁的房间?它是那对双胞胎的吗?——是的,它是汤姆和蒂姆的。在名词所有格中,若表示两个人各自所有的两个东西,则应在两个名词后面分别加上“‘s”,而且后面要接复数名词;若表示两个人共同拥有的一个东西,则只能在后面那个名词后面加上“‘s”,而且后面要接单数名词。根据指一间房间,故选A。 2.—I'm looking forward to the final of the 2018 World Cup. —Me too. I hope the German team will be the . It's my favourite. A. player B. winner C. loser 【答案】B 【解析】【分析】句意:---我正盼望着2018年世界杯的决赛。---我也是,我希望德国队会是获胜者。它是我最喜欢的。player运动员;winner获胜者;loser失败者。根据后一句my favorite可知德国队是“我”支持的球队,当然希望它“赢”,故答案为B。 【点评】考查名词辨析,理解句意,根据语境判断答案。 3.After playing football for more than half an hour, the students took rest. A. a few minute's B. a little minute's C. a few minutes' D. a little minutes' 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意:踢了一个半小时后,学生们进行了几分钟的休息。a few修饰可数名词复数,a little修饰不可数名词,minute 分钟,可数名词,a few minutes 几分钟;这里用复数名词的所有格修饰名词rest,take a few minutes' rest,休息几分钟,故选C。 【点评】此题考查名词所有格。根据上下文的联系确定名词所有格的形式。 4.After years of war, the people in Syria are thirsty for ____________. A. price B. noise C. peace D. course 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意:在战后几年里,叙利亚人们渴望和平。A.价格;B.噪音;C.和平; D.课程。根据常识可知战后人们肯定是渴望和平,故选C。 【点评】考查名词辨析,注意平时识记其词义,理解句意。 5.(?黑龙江龙东)Could you give me some ______ ? I tried several times but failed.

2014中考英语专题复习提高训练篇Test11含解析

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