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丁往道《英语写作手册(中文版)》复习笔记(段落)【圣才出品】

丁往道《英语写作手册(中文版)》复习笔记(段落)【圣才出品】
丁往道《英语写作手册(中文版)》复习笔记(段落)【圣才出品】

第四章段落

Ⅰ. 好段落的标准

1. 一致性

段落中的句子都应围绕着一个中心主题进行叙述。中心主题由一个中心句点出,即主题句。主题句可置于段首、段中或段尾。有些段落中,主题句也可不直接点出。

2. 连贯

内容连贯要求文字调理清晰,层次结构清楚,句与句之间有内在的逻辑关系。

3. 过渡

句与句之间恰当的过渡,会增加整个段落的连贯性。

加强句与句之间的连贯性的方法:

·使用平行结构;

·重复一个词或一个词组;

·在提及上一句提到的名词时使用代词;

·段落中名词和代词的人称和数应保持一致,动词时态也须保持一致;

·使用过渡词语。

Ⅱ. 段落的写作步骤

首先,要定下一个主题或一个中心意思,并用一句完整的话表达出来(即主题句);

其次,选择有助于阐述这一中心意思的细节、例子或事实;

最后,把这些细节按逻辑顺序排好。

Ⅲ. 段落的展开方法

1. 按时间展开

即按事件发生的时间顺序来叙述,这是讲故事或追述往事时最简单、也是最清楚的表达方式。

★表示时间顺序的常用词及短语

now, nowadays

between…and…,

since…,

later, afterwards, earlier, formerly

previous, previously, prior to

to begin with

in the first/second place, etc.

thereupon, thereafter

at the turn of the century/decade, etc.

at birth, in childhood, in infancy, in adolescence, as an adult, in adulthood, in old age

when, before, after, while, during

in…(year), in the 1900’s, etc.

from then on

after an interval, soon

first, second, etc.

next, then, subsequently, (somewhat) later

in conclusion, finally, lastly, in the end

presently, eventually, afterward, at last

in the first half of the century, etc.

2. 按过程展开

为讲清楚如何做一件事情,通常按其步骤的先后顺序逐项说明。在指示、说明一类文章里常常用祈使句和以不定代词you作主语。如果文章中的指示、说明至今有效,须在文中使用现在时。

★表示过程的常用词及短语

first (ly)

next

lastly

before

after

until

as

while

when

once

as soon as

at this point

at the same time

then

3. 按空间展开

对一个地方进行描述时,要首先确定描述的顺序。为此,就要先搞清楚所要描述的地方有哪些细节,它们之间的方位关系如何,从哪一个角度开始展开描述比较清楚。如:Mr. Cook, a renowned American historian, arranges the books on his bookshelves in a unique way. In the upper fight hand comer, there are books about the development of the early colonies in New England and the War of Independence. Right under them can be found books on the slave trade, the plantation system and the growth of the southern states. The left side of the shelf contains hundreds of books concerning subjects of the Westward Movement, Indian culture, the cowboys’ contributions to American society and the Gold Rush in California. From the description above, one can see that Mr. Cook regards his bookshelves as a map of the U.S. and arranges his history books accordingly. It is odd, but it is convenient.

—Student 【分析】

该段文字对藏书摆法的描述简单明了,令人一目了然。描述的顺序是从书架的右上方到右下方,然后再描述书架的左边。

★表示空间关系的常用词及短语

where

in which, to which, from which, etc.

under, below, beneath, down; over, above, up, on the top of; inside, beside, etc.

along, through, as far as, etc.

north, northern, south, southern etc.

to the left, to the right, to the north, etc.

on die left, on the right etc.

at the back, in front, in the middle, etc.

here, in the distance, beyond, further, etc.

next to, close to, near to

4. 用举例和归纳方式展开

通过举例来展开段落,可以使主题句的抽象意思具体化;生动的例证可以给读者留下一个清晰、有趣、深刻且信服的印象。例证可以只举一个,也可以举一组。

★表示举例和归纳的常用词及短语

for example

for instance

for one thing

to illustrate

in one instance

in other words

as follows

let me illustrate

let me cite as proof

generally speaking

on the whole

in substantiation

to substantiate

as an illustration

in one instance

in this instance

as an example

take (sth. as) an example

according to statistics

according to statistical evidence

in practice

5. 用类比和对比方式展开

(1)类比和对比

类比用于指出同一范畴的两个或多个人或事物之间的相似之处;而对比则用于指出他/它们之间的不同之处。

(2)用类比和对比的方法展开段落的常用做法

整体类比或整体对比法,即在全面阐述完一事物的特点之后,再摆出与之比较的另一事物的全部特点。需要注意的是,进行类比或对比的两事物的方面应一致,顺序应相同,否则就会相互脱离不成对比。

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b.用自己的语言,不要简单堆砌或重新编排原文词语。 c.按照原文的顺序写,不要随便打乱原文内容的顺序。 d.内容要完整,表达要清晰,不要有重大的遗漏。 e.学会删除细节;削减范文;简化描述;避免重复;缩长为短;以泛代实;以简代繁;以“间接”代“直接”。 (3)修改 a.对照原文,检查是否遗漏重要内容。 b.检查字数是否超出限制。 c.检查标点、拼写、语法和习语是否准确、简单明了。 (4)小说摘要 小说或剧本的摘要就是故事梗概,其长度可能只为原文的百分之一,甚至千分之一,且通常使用现在时态。 II.读书报告 1.作用 写读书报告能够帮助提高阅读理解能力以及分析和欣赏作品的能力,同时也是一项很好的写作练习。 2.主要部分 (1)作者生平和时代简介 (2)故事梗概 (3)评论

要结合作者所处的时代特点来写他的生平以及促使作者创作本作品的事件、与作品内容有关的历史及社会背景。 3.撰写读书报告 (1)故事梗概应内容完整,条理清晰,浅显易懂,客观忠实。 (2)评论是读书报告的核心部分,是对作品的评论与评价,应放在读书报告的第三部分。在这一部分,可以提出对作品内容、作品风格、作者的表现手法等的个人看法,评论优缺点,讨论其对现在及将来的影响等。 (3)小说或剧本的故事梗概通常使用一般现在时;非小说类作品的梗概需使用原著的时态。

兴趣爱好英语作文30篇

兴趣爱好英语作文30篇 兴趣爱好英语作文(一): My hobby is listening to music。When I was a child I enjoy listening to music especially the cartoon music。Though I'm not good at it,I often lose myself in it。When I am in trouble,music can make me calm down。When I am very tired,it can make me fortable。When I am angry with something,it also can make me happy again。Listening to music keeps me in a good mood and it's good for my health。 我的爱好是听音乐。当我还是个孩子的时候我喜欢听音乐异常是卡通音乐。尽管我不擅长它,我经常迷失了自我。当我陷入困境时,音乐能够让我平静下来。当我很累时,它能够让我很舒服。当我生气的东西,也能够让我欢乐。听音乐使我心境很好,它对我的健康有好处。 兴趣爱好英语作文(二): My hobbies are writing and songs。I like the quiet side of one side of writing songs。No matter what I write,I can be input。I do not like writing,I like to write novels。I also like listening to music,my favorite bination is the young girl,and their songs can bring me energy,make me optimistic。My favorite singer is Avril children,her songs have a variety of styles,so I enjoy the lyrical,cheerful I got my confidence and inspired me rock my youth,my energy。I grew up do not have to be a writer,but I will write novels。I grew up do not want to be a singer,but I will love to sing,listen to music。 我的爱好是写作和歌曲。我喜欢安静的一侧写歌。不管我写什么,我能够输入。我不喜欢写作,我喜欢写小说。我也喜欢听音乐,我最喜欢的组合是年轻的女孩,他们的歌曲能够给我能量,让我乐观。我最喜欢的歌手是艾薇儿的孩子,她的歌曲有着各种各样的风格,所以我喜欢抒情,开朗的我信心和激励我摇滚我的青春,我的能量。我没有长大成为一个作家,但我会写小说。我不长大想成为一名歌手,但我喜欢唱歌,听音乐。 兴趣爱好英语作文(三): My name is Qiou Ye。I am twelve。My favorite sport is ping-pong and swimming。I like basketbll and I like volletball。I can play the piano and draw,I can play them very well。This is Me。 Can you tell me about yourself ? 我的名字是丘叶。我十二岁,我最喜欢的运动是乒乓球和游泳。我喜欢篮球,我喜欢volletball。我能够弹钢琴和画画,我能够打得很好。这是我。 你能告诉我你自我吗?

高考英语作文优秀范文:兴趣与爱好

一、话题单词 1.chat n.&v.闲聊;聊天 2.choice n.选择 3.collect vt.收集,搜集 4.dislike vt.不喜爱,厌恶 5.enjoyable adj.令人愉快的,有乐趣的6.entertainment n.娱乐 7.enthusiastic adj.热情的,热心的 8.helpful adj.有益的,有帮助的 9.hobby n.爱好 10.interest n.兴趣,趣味;利息 11.pleasant adj.令人愉快的,舒适的 12.please v.请;使人高兴,使人满意 13.proper adj.恰当的,合适的 14.realize vt.认识到;实现 15.relaxation n.放松 16.skate v.溜冰 17.talent n.天才,天赋 18.temporary adj.短暂的,暂时的 19.temptation n.引诱;诱惑

20.treasure v.珍惜 二、话题短语 1.be crazy about对……着迷 2.be keen on热衷于 3.be good at擅长于 4.be fond of爱好 5.cheer up感到高兴;感到兴奋 6.collect stamps集邮 7.climb mountains爬山 8.enjoy doing sth.喜爱做某事 9.go sightseeing观光 10.have a taste for对……有兴趣 11.play the piano弹钢琴 12.play computer games玩电脑游戏 13.prefer...to(比起……来)更喜欢 14.seek after寻求,追求 15.take the dog for a walk遛狗 16.take up接受;开始从事;占据 17.would love/like to(表示喜欢,愿意)很想;很愿意18.would rather宁愿,宁可

我的兴趣爱好英语作文

我的兴趣爱好英语作文 My hobby is rich and colorful. I always read in the morning. I think reading is interesting. I can get a lot of knowledge from books. I like listening to English at noon. I think English is important and interesting. Sometimes I listen to popular music. Because music can relax myself. I often play basketball with my classmates after school. I think playing basketball is good for our health. It can get on with my friends. I like playing the piano very much. I practice playing the piano in the evening. Then I finish my homework. I am busy every day and I am very happy. 我的爱好是丰富多彩的。我总是在早上读。我认为读书很有趣。我可以从书中获得很多知识。我喜欢在中午听英语。我认为英语很重要而且很有趣。有时我听流行音乐。因为音乐可以放松自己。放学后我经常和我的同学们打篮球。我认为打篮球对我们的健康有好处。它可以和我的朋友们相处。我非常喜欢弹钢琴。我练习弹钢琴在晚上。然后我完成我的家庭作业。我每天都很忙,我很高兴。 there are a great many hobbies to choose from. some people enjoy collecting coins or stampes,ohers choose to spend their time on sports or music. I have many hobbies,but playing basketball is my favorite one.

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