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010《经济学家》读译参考之十:不祥之兆-禽流感又来了

010《经济学家》读译参考之十:不祥之兆-禽流感又来了
010《经济学家》读译参考之十:不祥之兆-禽流感又来了

TEXT 10

Ominous

Feb 23rd 2006

From The Economist print edition

FOR most of the past three years, the highly pathogenic bird flu k________①as H5N1 has been found mainly in Asia. Suddenly it has arrived in many countries in Europe, triggering widespread alarm. The detection of the virus in wild birds across Europe is certainly a cause for concern, particularly to Europe's poultry farmers▲, who are rightfully worried that the presence of the virus in wild birds will increase the risk to their flocks. However, in the m_________②of a European debate about the benefits of vaccinating chickens and whether or not poultry should be brought indoors, there is a danger that far more significant events elsewhere will be ★overlooked[1].

In particular, most attention should be f________③on the fact that bird flu is now widespread in the poultry flocks of two nations in Africa—Egypt and Nigeria—and in India. And on the fact that, in Nigeria, the disease is continuing to spread despite great efforts undertaken by the government. An outbreak in Afghanistan also appears to be inevitable.

Arguably, these matter much more than the (also inevitable) arrival of the disease in Europe▲. Poor countries with large rural populations are in a far weaker position to handle, and ★stamp out[2], outbreaks of bird flu in poultry, through both ★culling[3] and the prevention of the movement of animals in the surrounding areas. In Africa and India, chickens and ducks are far more likely to be found ★roaming[4] in people's backyards, where they can mingle with humans, other d________④animals and wildlife, thus spreading the disease. In Europe, by c_______⑤, most poultry are kept in regulated commercial farms.

The opening up of a new African front for the bird-flu virus▲is a problem because eradication there will be tremendously difficult. There is a high risk that the disease will spread to other countries on the continent and it could easily become endemic—as it has in Asia. This offers the virus huge new scope to mutate▲and become a disease that can pass between humans. The virus is certainly mutating—genetic changes have already affected its biological behaviour, although apparently not yet its transmission between humans. Experts are unsure as to how much, and what kind, of genetic changes would be required for the virus to become a global health threat. N_____⑥do they know how long this process might take.

But to ★dwell on[5] the increased risk of a pandemic of influenza is to miss a serious point about the direct risks posed by the loss of a large numbers of chickens and ducks across Africa. For some time, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation has been warning that if avian flu gets out of c_______⑦in Africa, it will have a devastating impact on the livelihoods of millions of people. Poultry is a vital source of protein. For example, it provides almost 50% of the protein in the diet of Egyptians. The spread of a disease that is highly lethal to poultry, and requires culling, could have a ★dire[6] nutritional impact, there as elsewhere▲. Africa would also have to contend with huge economic losses. People who ★scratch out[7] a living in poor African nations simply cannot a_______⑧to lose their chickens. Most of the world's poor live in rural areas and depend on agriculture. In Africa, rather a lot of these poor people depend heavily on their poultry. It is easy to see why some believe that bird flu could turn out to be primarily a development—rather than just a health—issue for the whole African continent.

No game of chicken

What can be done? It is clear that the movement and trade of poultry is making a big contribution to the spread of the virus. That trade needs tighter regulation, as does the movement of live birds from countries with H5N1 infections. In such places trade should be suspended u_______⑨flocks have been cleaned up.

In addition, Nigeria and surrounding countries need serious public-education campaigns about the danger of contact with dead birds. When outbreaks o______⑩,governments should immediately offer realistic compensation to farmers for birds lost to disease and culling▲. Without this, poor farmers will be tempted to hide bird-flu outbreaks and continue to sell poultry that should be culled. Farming practices that mix poultry species in farms or live animal markets are a danger too, and must be addressed—although that might take longer. The effort would be helped if those in the poultry industry and governments in poultry-exporting nations would stop simply pointing to the risks posed by wild birds and start paying more attention to the movement of animals, products and people from infected to un-infected regions and countries.

Unusually for a complex problem with international ★ramifications[8], money is available to make a serious attempt at tackling it▲—$1.9 billion was pledged by the world's wealthier nations last month in Beijing. There is no excuse for delay, unless we want more dead people to follow lots more dead ducks.

☆★注释☆★

[1]overlook vt.(1)俯瞰,俯视

The house on the hill overlooks the village.

从小山上的房子可以俯视村庄。

(2)忽略;没注意;漏看

Y ou have overlooked several of the mistakes in this work.

你忽略了这个工作中的几个错误。

The secretary is very careful and never overlooks any little points.

秘书是个很细心的人她从不忽视细节。

[2]stamp out 扑灭,踩灭;毁灭,根除=do away with; eradicate

[3]cull vt.挑出老弱或劣质动物杀死:Every year the groups of seals that live off our coasts are culled because they eat too much fish. 每年居住在我们海岸边的海豹群都被人挑出一部分杀死,因为他们吃掉太多的鱼。

[4]roam vi.& vt. 游荡;闲逛

The visitors roamed around the town.这些来访者在城里游逛。

[5]dwell on vt.细想,说得过于详细: Don't dwell so much on your past.过去的事不必再长篇大论了。

[6]dire adj.(1)迫切的,重大的(指需要;危险):be in dire need of food极需食物(2)可怕的:a dire warning 可怕的预兆

[7]scratch a living =to scrape a living (收入)勉强足以糊口

[8]ramification n.(通常复数)分支,支派(尤指看法、规律等);(网状组织的)分支,支流,分叉:the ramifications of a business/of a railway system 商店分号/铁路系统分支

不祥之兆(全文)

过去的近三年中,H5N1型高致病性禽流感主要出现在亚洲,如今已波及许多欧洲国家,为我们敲响了疫情广泛流行的警钟。从途经欧洲的野生禽类体内检测出的禽流感病毒肯定让人们感到担忧,尤其是对于欧洲家禽养殖农户而言更是如此。这些农户担心野生禽类携带的病毒将危及到他们的家禽,这种担心无可厚非。不过,在关于给鸡注射疫苗到底有没有用以及应不应该对家禽实行圈养的这场争论中,欧洲人可能会忽视别的一些极为重要的事情,这很危险。

需要特别指出的是,目前禽流感疫情在非洲的两个国家——埃及和尼日利亚——以及印度家禽中已经蔓延开来,而且在尼日利亚,虽然政府已全力以赴,但疫情仍在不断地扩散。阿富汗发生疫情暴发流行似乎也在所难免。人们对此应当予以高度重视。

也许可以这么说,相比疫情进入欧洲(同样不可避免)而言,这些更至关紧要。贫穷国家农村人口多,对家禽中暴发的禽流感疫情处置和扑灭能力,都远远弱于欧洲国家,无论是通过控制和阻止周边地区内动物的流动。在非洲和印度,人们的院子里来回走动的鸡、鸭随处可见,它们与人群、其他家畜以及野生动物密切接触后,疫情遂得以传播。而在欧洲,大多数家禽都养殖在管控严格的经济农场中。

禽流感病毒新近侵入非洲为人们提出了一个难题,因为那里的人要想根除疫情将非常困难。疫情很可能会蔓延到欧洲其他国家,而且会跟亚洲一样,无疑将导致地方性流行,从而增加了病毒变异的可能性,人畜禽流感就会变成人与人之间传播的疾病。的确,禽流感病毒正在发生变异——很显然,基因上的改变尚未引起病毒在人间传播,但已经对病毒的生物学特性产生影响。至于病毒变异为人间传播类型从而威胁人类健康,其基因到底需要改变多少和发生何种改变,有关专家还难以确定,也无从知晓这种变异到底需要多长时间。

但是,过分关注禽流感大流行的危险,就会无法认识到非洲大陆丧失大批鸡、鸭所带来的直接威胁。联合国粮农组织曾一度发出警告,非洲禽流感疫情一旦失控,数百万人的生计将遭到灭顶之灾。家禽是蛋白质的重要来源,比如埃及人饮食中摄取的蛋白质50%来自家禽。不论在哪里,一种对家禽极具毁灭性的疫病流行,必然导致家禽(染病的以及可疑病禽)被大范围捕杀,从而可能引发严重的营养问题。此外,非洲还必须应付巨大的经济损伤。对非洲穷国中靠养鸡勉强糊口的人们来说,鸡没了,这日子就完全过不下去了。世界上大多数穷人居住在农村,以农为生,而非洲这些人中一多半又主要依靠家禽养殖维持生计。所以不难理解,为什么有人认为,禽流感所引发的不仅仅是健康问题,更主要的还是发展问题。

别拿鸡当儿戏

如何是好呢?显而易见,家禽的流动和交易对禽流感病毒的播散起到了很大作用。我们必须对禽类交易以及来自H5N1病毒感染疫区国家的活禽流动进行严格管控。在病禽尚未彻底扑杀之前,这些地区应当停止禽类交易。

此外,尼日利亚及其周边国家要认真开展教育活动,让民众认识到接触死禽的危险性。各国政府在疫情暴发时,应当立即向农民提供相应补偿,以弥补因家禽染病以及大范围扑杀给他们造成的损失。若非如此,穷苦的农民就会冒险隐情不报,继续售卖那些本应被扑杀的家禽。同时,农民习惯在农场或者活禽交易市场将不同禽类混养混卖,这也很危险,必须处理妥当——尽管也许这需要更长时间。如果禽类产业人士和家禽输出国政府不再只强调野生禽类的危害,而开始高度重视动物、禽类产品以及人群在有疫情和无疫情国家及地区之间的流动,上述疫情防控措施才会不至于白费力气。

异乎寻常地是,为了认真解决一个如此纷繁复杂的国际性问题,所需资金已然到位——上个月世界一些富裕国家在北京承诺将拨款19亿美元。我们没有任何理由拖延下去,除非希望在死了很多鸭子之后再死去更多的人。

完形填空答案(以原文为准,请自行辨析):

①known ②midst ③focused ④domestic ⑤contrast ⑥Nor ⑦control ⑧afford ⑨until ⑩occur

文心雕龙_神思_翻译

《文心雕龙·神思》原文及翻译 (一) 古人云1:“形在江海之上,心存魏阙之下。”2神思之谓也3。文之思也,其神远矣。故寂然凝虑,思接千载;悄焉动容4,视通万里。吟咏之间5,吐纳珠玉之声;眉睫之前6,卷舒风云之色:其思理之致乎7!故思理为妙,神与物游8。神居胸臆9,而志气统其关键10;物沿耳目,而辞令管其枢机11。枢机方通12,则物无隐貌;关键将塞13,则神有遁心14。是以陶钧文思15,贵在虚静,疏瀹五藏16,澡雪精神17。积学以储宝18,酌理以富才19,研阅以穷照20,驯致以怿辞21。然后使玄解之宰22,寻声律而定墨23;独照之匠24,窥意象而运斤25。此盖驭文之首术26,谋篇之大端27。夫神思方运,万涂竞萌28;规矩虚位29,刻镂无形30。登山则情满于山31,观海则意溢于海;我才之多少,将与风云而并驱矣。方其搦翰32,气倍辞前33;暨乎篇成34,半折心始35。何则?意翻空而易奇36,言征实而难巧也37。是以意授于思,言授于意;密则无际38,疏则千里39。或理在方寸40,而求之域表41;或义在咫尺42,而思隔山河。是以秉心养术43,无务苦虑44;含章司契45,不必劳情也46。 〔译文〕 古人曾说:“有的人身在江湖,心神却系念着朝廷。”这里说的就是精神上的活动。作家写作时的构思,他的精神活动也是无边无际的。所以当作家静静地思考的时候,他可以联想到千年之前;而在他的容颜隐隐地有所变化的时候,他已观察到万里之外去了。作家在吟哦推敲之中,就像听到了珠玉般悦耳的声音;当他注目凝思,眼前就出现了风云般变幻的景色:这就是构思的效果啊!由此可见,构思的妙处,是在使作家的精神与物象融会贯通。精神蕴藏在内心,却为人的情志和气质所支配;外物接触到作者的耳目,主要是靠优美的语言来表达。如果语言运用得好,那么事物的形貌就可完全刻划出来;若是支配精神的关键有了阻塞,那么精神就不能集中了。因此,在进行构思的时候,必须做到沉寂宁静,思考专一,使内心通畅,精神净化。为了做好构思工作,首先要认真学习来积累自己的知识,其次要辨明事理来丰富自己的才华,再次要参考自己的生活经验来获得对事物的彻底理解,最后要训练自己的情致来恰切地运用文辞。这样才能使懂得深奥道理的心灵,探索写作技巧来定绳墨;正如一个有独到见解的工匠,根据想象中的样子来运用工具一样。这是写作的主要手法,也是考虑全篇布局时必须注意的要点。在作家开始构思时,无数的意念都涌上心头;作家要对这些抽象的意念给以具体的形态,把尚未定形的事物都精雕细刻起来。作家一想到登山,脑中便充满着山的秀色;一想到观海,心里便洋溢着海的奇景。不管作者才华的多少,他的构思都可以随着流风浮云而任意驰骋。在刚拿起笔来的时候,旺盛的气势大大超过文辞本身;等到文章写成的时候,比起开始所想的要打个对折。为什么呢?因为文意出于想象,所以容易出色;但语言比较实在,所以不易见巧。由此可见,文章的内容来自作者的思想,而语言又受内容的支配。如果结合得密切,就如天衣无缝,否则就会远隔千里。有时某些道理就在自己心里,却反而到天涯去搜求;有时某些意思本来就在跟前,却又像隔着山河似的。所以要驾驭好自己的心灵,锻炼好写作的方法,而无须苦思焦虑;应掌握好写作的规则,而不必过分劳累自己的心情。 〔注释〕 1古人:指战国时魏国的公子牟。他的话载《庄子·让王》:“中山公子牟谓瞻子曰:‘身在江海之上,心居乎魏阙之下,奈何!’” 2“形在”二句:原指身在江湖,心在朝廷。这里借喻文学创作的构思活动。魏阙(què却):指朝廷。魏:高大。 3神思:宗炳《画山水序》:“圣贤映于绝代,万趣融其神思。”(《全宋文》卷二十) 4悄(qiǎo巧):静寂。 5“吟咏”二句:指作家刚沉吟构思,文章尚未写成,可是在作家心目中,好像已听到那篇未来作品的音节铿锵了。吐纳:发出。 6睫(jié节):眼毛。 7致:达到。 8神与物游:指作者的精神与外物的形象密切结合,一起活动。 9胸臆:指内心。臆:胸。 10志气:作者主观的情志、气质。统:率领,管理。 11辞令:动听的言语。枢机:指主要部分。《周易·系辞上》:“言行,君子之枢机,枢机之发,荣辱之主也。”孔颖达疏: “枢,谓户枢;机,谓弩牙。言户枢之转, 或明或暗;弩牙之发,或中或否,犹言行之 动,从身而发,以及于物,或是或非也。” 12枢机:这里指“辞令”。 13关键:这里指“志气”。 14遁:隐避。 15陶:制瓦器。钧:造瓦器的转轮。 这里以“陶钧”指文思的掌握和酝酿。 16瀹(yuè月):疏通。藏:同“脏”, 内脏。 17雪:洗涤。《庄子·知北游》:“老 聃曰:‘汝齐(斋)戒疏瀹而(你)心,澡 雪而精神。’” 18宝:这里指人的知识。 19酌:斟酌,有考虑、思辨的意思。 20阅:阅历、经验。穷:探索到底。 照:察看,引申为理解。 21致:情致。怿(yì意):一作“绎”, 译文据“绎”字。“绎”是整理、运用。 22玄:指深奥难懂的事物或道理。宰: 主宰,这里指作家的心灵。 23声律:指作品的音节。安排音节本 来只是写作的技巧之一,这里用以代表一切 写作技巧。墨:绳墨。“墨”与下句“斤” 相对,和《文选·琴赋》中的“离子督墨, 匠石奋斤”用法同。 24独照:独到的理解。 25窥:视。意象:意中之象,指构思 过程中客观事物在作者头脑中构成的形象。 斤:斧。 26驭文:就是写作。驭:驾驭,控制。 术:方法。 27大端:重大的端绪,也就是要点。 28万涂:即万途,指思绪很多。 29规:画圆形的器具。矩:画方形的 器具。这里是用“规矩”指赋予事物以一定 的形态。虚位:指抽象的东西。 30镂(l?u漏):也是刻。无形:和 上句“虚位”意同,这两句和陆机《文赋》 中说的“课虚无以责有,叩寂寞而求音”意 义相近,都指通过艺术构思而赋予抽象的东 西以生动具体的形象。 31登山:指构思中想到登山的情景。 下句“观海”同。

019《经济学家》读译参考之十九:还算公道—中美洲咖啡贸易与“啡农”

TEXT 19 Fair enough Mar 30th 2006 | MEXICO CITY AND SAN JOSé From The Economist print edition MAKING good coffee is not a simple business. Coffee bushes must be grown in shade—neither too much, nor too little. A hillside is best—but it mustn't be too s______ ①. After three years, the bushes will start to produce bright-red coffee “cherries”, which are picked, processed to remove the pulp, and spread out to dry for days, ideally on concrete. They are m_______②again to separate the bean, which needs to rest, preferably for a few months. (1)Only then can it be roasted, ground and brewed into the stuff that dreams are ★quelled with[1]. In Mexico and parts of Central America, as in Colombia and Peru further south but not in Brazil, most coffee farmers are smallholders. (2)They found it especially hard to deal with the recent ★slump[2] in the coffee price. The price has since recovered: the benchmark price applied to m________③coffee now ranges from $1.11 to $1.14 per pound. That is roughly double its ★rock-bottom[3] level of August 2002. But the v_________④of their income makes it hard for farmers to invest to sustain their crop, says Fernando Celis of the Mexican National Organisation of Coffee Growers. The slump forced many small farmers to switch to other crops, or migrate to cities. Mexico's exports of coffee are less than half of what they were six years ago. (3)For farmers, one way out of this dilemma is to decouple the price they are paid from the international commodities markets. This is the a_______⑤of Fairtrade, a London-based organisation which certifies products as “responsibly” sourced. Fairtrade determines at what price farmers make what it considers a reasonable profit. Its current calculation is that the appropriate figure is 10% above the market price. W________⑥, sales of Fairtrade-certified coffee have increased from $22.5m per year to $87m per year since 1998. This is still only a tiny fraction of the overall world coffee trade, worth $10 billion annually. But there are plenty of other ★niche markets[4] for high-quality coffee. Some small producers can c_________⑦more by marketing their coffee as organic—a switch which takes five years or so—or “bird-friendly” (4)because, unlike large, mechanised plantations, they have retained shade trees. Starbucks, the Seattle-based coffee-bar c________⑧, says it uses a similar formula to that of Fairtrade in buying its coffee. All is bought at a “fair price”, says Peter Torrebiarte, who manages Starbucks' buying operation in Costa Rica. (5)Some niches can be large. Only 6% of world o________⑨is of top quality, but in Costa Rica and Guatemala the figure rises to 60%, says Mr Torrebiarte. Starbucks bought 37% of Costa Rica's entire coffee crop in the 2004-05 season, according to Adolfo Lizano of the country's coffee institute. Mexico lags behind its neighbours in extracting higher prices. But 95% of the coffee in Mexico is arabica—the

文心雕龙原道原文及翻译

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文心雕龙·体性 《体性》是《文心雕龙》的第二十七篇,从作品风格(“体”)和作者性格(“性”)的关系来论述文学作品的风格特色。刘勰以征圣、宗经的观点来强调或贬低某种风格,这给他的风格论带来一定局限。但在理论上,他正确地总结了风格形成的主要原因,明确了风格和个性的关系,强调后天学习的重要,这对古代风格论的建立和发展,都是有益的。 夫情动而言形1,理发而文见2;盖沿隐以至显3,因内而符外者也4。 1情动而言形:《毛诗序》:“情动于中而形于言。”形:表达。 2见:同现,显露,和上句“形”字意近。 3隐:指上文所说的“情”和“理”。显:指上文所说的“言”和“文”。 4因内符外:《论衡·超奇》:“有根株于下,有荣叶于上;有实核于内,有皮壳于外。文墨辞说,士之荣叶皮壳也。实诚在胸臆,文墨著竹帛,外内表里,自相符称;意奋而笔纵,故文见而实露也。” 人的感情如果激动了,就形成为语言,道理如果要表达,便体现为文章。这是把隐藏在心中的情和理发表为明显的语言文字,表里应该是一致的。 然才有庸俊5,气有刚柔6,学有浅深,习有雅郑7并情性所铄8,陶染所凝9,是以笔区云谲10,文苑波诡者矣11。 5庸:平凡。俊:杰出。 6气:指作者的气质。刚柔:强弱。 7雅:雅乐。郑:郑声。这里是借“雅郑”指正与邪。 8情性:指先天的质性,包括才和气在内。铄(shuò朔):原指金属的熔化,这里引申为影响的意思。 9陶染:指后天的影响,如学和习。 10笔区:和下句的“文苑”意义相近。谲(jué决):变化。 11诡:反常。扬雄《甘泉赋》:“于是大厦云谲波诡。”李善注引孟康曰:“言厦屋变巧,乃为云气水波相谲诡也。” 不过人的才华有平凡和杰出之分,气质有刚强和柔弱之别,学识有浅薄及湛深之异,习惯有雅正跟邪僻之差。这些都是由人的情性所决定,并受后天的熏陶而成;这就造成创作领域内千变万化,奇谲如天上流云,诡秘似海上波涛。 故辞理庸俊,莫能翻其才12;风趣刚柔13,宁或改其气14;事义浅深15,未闻乖其学16;体式雅郑17,鲜有反其习18:各师成心19,其异如面。 12翻:转动,这里有改变的意思。 13风:指作品所起的教育作用。 14宁:难道。 15事义:事情和意义。《事类》篇说:“学贫者,迍邅于事义。” 16乖:不合。 17体:风格。 18鲜:少。 19 “各师”二句:《左传·襄公三十一年》:“人心之不同,如其面焉。”成心:本性,指作者的才、气、学、习。《庄子·齐物论》:“夫随其成心而师之,谁独且无师乎。”郭象注:“夫心之足以制一身之用者,谓之成心。” 那么,在写作上,文辞和道理的平凡或杰出,总是同作者的才华相一致的;作品的教育作用和趣味的刚健或柔弱,难道会和作者的气质有差别?所述事情和意义的浅显或湛深,也不会和作者的学识相反;所形成的风格的雅正或邪僻,很少和作者的习惯不同。各人按照自己本性来写作,作品的风格就像人的面貌一样彼此互异。 若总其20,则数穷八体21:一曰典雅22,二曰远奥23,三曰精约24,四曰显附25,

037《经济学家》读译参考之三十七:袍泽之情-哥哥多少影响男孩性取向

TEXT 37 Brothers in arms 袍泽之情(陈继龙编译) Jun 29th 2006 | TORONTO From The Economist print edition RAY BLANCHARD, a researcher at Toronto's Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, was reviewing some data a few years ago when he noticed something odd: gay men seemed to have more older brothers than straight men. 几年前,多伦多毒瘾与心理健康中心研究员雷·布朗夏尔在回顾一些数据时注意到一个奇怪的现象——同性恋男子的哥哥似乎比异性恋男子多。 Intrigued—and sceptical—he decided to investigate. He recruited 302 gay men and the same number of heterosexual controls and inquired about their families. How many siblings[1] did they have, _______①what sex, and how had the births been spaced? How old had their parents been when they had had them? Dr Blanchard found that only one detail seemed to predict sexual orientation: the more elder brothers a man had, the more likely he was to be gay. (1)Neither elder sisters nor younger siblings of either sex had any effect, but each additional elder brother increased his chance of being gay by about 33% from the population average of one man in 50. 由于对此感到好奇和怀疑,他决定做个调查。他招募了302名同性恋男子和一样多的异性恋男子,并问及一些与家庭有关的问题:有几个兄弟,几个姐妹,前后出生间隔多长时间?出生时父母多大年龄?布朗夏尔博士发现,预示性取向的似乎只有一个细节:哥哥越多,成为同性恋的可能性就越大。姐姐以及弟妹的数量对某人的性取向没有任何影响。一般而言,平均50个男人中就有1人可能成为同性恋,每多一位哥哥,此人成为同性恋的可能性就增加33%左右。(译者注:这句有些费解,我的理解是:from the population average of one man in 50中的“from”与前面的“increase”相对应,也就是在此基础上增加了33%。这个基础就是指“平均每50个男人中就有一个人可能成为同性恋”,这是一般而言的,如果这“一个”人多一位哥哥,他成为同性恋的可能性就增加33%,也就是这个“50分之一”发生的可能性增加33%。有点乱,仅供参考。) It was a rather perplexing discovery. It implied either that being brought _______②with a lot of elder brothers affects a boy's sexual orientation, or that a mother's body is somehow able to keep count of how many sons she has conceived, and that this count affects the orientation of future children. (2)Hard as it was to explain, though, the finding was replicated again and again, across different cultures, eras and even psychiatric groups. 这一发现很是令人费解。它意味着和许多哥哥一起成长会影响某个男孩的性取向,抑或是指母体有可能计下了其曾经孕育的男孩数,而这一计数过程则会影响后出生男孩的性取向。这一现象虽难解释,但是在不同文化、不同时期甚至不同心理状况的人身上都得到了反复再现。 Those who argued for a social explanation suggested that having lots of elder brothers makes a boy more likely to engage _______③same-sex play, and might also increase the chance he is a victim of sexual abuse. But, regardless of whether either of these conjectures[2] is true, neither playing with other boys nor sexual abuse has been scientifically linked to homosexuality. 那些认为应该从社会学角度解释这一现象的人指出,哥哥多会使得一个男孩与同性别的人在一起玩耍的可能性加大,也更有可能使之成为不正当性行为的受害者。不过,不管这两个猜测哪一个正确,从科学的角度看,同别的男孩一起玩耍或者不正当性行为都与同性恋毫无关联。

文心雕龙 英文翻译

WEN XIN DIAO LONG ShiQingTai,Guangdong University of Foreign Study Chapter 1: The origin of the truth Part one The power of article is tremendous,but why some said that it came out along with the sky and the earth? Cause the colors are vary from the sky and the earth, those shapes and patterns consist of different objects, the sun and the moon are like the overlapped jades, suspended on the sky to brighten the world and show the magnificent scene, the green hill and blue stream giving out the luster, spreading over the earth and was dedicated into different objects, this is the literariness of the universe. When we look up the sky, we could see the light; and when we look down, we could find that literariness on the earth. When that position of high and low was determined, the sky and earth got birthed. Human came into being as the third one, because we are the intensity of the essence of the world, that is why we called sky, earth, human ‘The three elites’. Human is not only formed by the five-elements(the mental, wood, water, fire, soil), but also the heart of world,. The language came after the human, language became the articles, and this is the way of nature. To others, like animals and plants have it’s literariness too: dragon and phoenix become the symbol of luck by their gorgeous scale and furthers; tiger and leopard look robust because they have bright fur; the cloud has it’s nature color, they look more vivid than the cloud in the picture painted by the masters; the flowers bloom out from the grass and tree, they are more fragrant than the flower made by the woman weavers; it’s not the artificial beauty, but come out of the nature. The sound made by the forest of mountain and the hole of rocks is so coordinative that it just like the music of YU and SE; the rhyme of the percussion of stream and rocks is so harmonious that it just like the music of XIN and ZHONG; so the literariness come along with the production of objects, when there’s sound, there’s rhyme. Even those unconscious wood and rock have it’s own colors, will the human with soul have no literariness? 第一节原道 文之为德也大矣,与天地并生者何哉?夫玄黄色杂,方圆体分,日月叠璧, 以垂丽天之象;山川焕绮,以铺理地之形:此盖道之文也。仰观吐曜,俯察含章,高卑定位,故两仪既生矣。惟人参之,性灵所锺,是谓三才。为五行之秀,实天 地之心,心生而言立,言立而文明,自然之道也。 傍及万品,动植皆文:龙凤以藻绘呈瑞,虎豹以炳蔚凝姿;云霞雕色,有逾 画工之妙;草木贲华,无待锦匠之奇。夫岂外饰,盖自然耳。至于林籁结响,调 如竽瑟;泉石激韵,和若球锽:故形立则章成矣,声发则文生矣。夫以无识之物,郁然有采,有心之器,其无文欤?

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