阅读理解+第三十四篇谁想永生？
If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it?
The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date，Scientists have already extended the lives of flies ，worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watching our families grow and have families of their own.
"Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking," says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. "It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work."
Longer lives don't just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. "We have war，poverty，all sorts of issues around，and I don't think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer," says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan."The question is 'What will we get as a society? 'I suspect it won't be a better society."
It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would happen to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?
Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents，or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.
Working life would also be affected，especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age-skill，wisdom and good judgment.
On the other hand，more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. T op posts would be dominated by the same few individuals，making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss?
Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people，and more on making life comfortable for the old.
And society would feel very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom，but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend to think without acting. Young people are curious and like to experience different things. Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact ，they are less enthusiastic about everything.
The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances，we need to think about these changes now. " If this could ever happen，then we'd better ask what kind of society we want to get，" says Daniel Callahan. "We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out."
live a long life is describes Callahan 's attitude to anti-ageing
如果你的医生能给你一种药，这个药能让你健康的活两倍长的时间，你会服用吗？好消息是我们离这一天越来越近了。科学家已经在实验中延长了苍蝇、螨虫和老鼠的寿命。许多人认为，采用基因疗法，我们很快就能将人类的寿命延长到至少140年。这獠似一个好主意。想想我们将会延长多少时间来追逐我们的梦想、与爱人厮守、猾着我们的孩子成长并组成他们自己的家庭。加州大学公共健康学院的格里戈里?斯托克博士认为：“长寿能使我们有机会改正错误，亦能促使人从长计划。同时，长寿还延长了人的工作时间,从而使生产力得到提髙。" 长寿不仅会影响到寿命延长的这个人的生活，还会影响到整个社会。"战争、贫困，所有这类问题都确实存在着，而我认为延长人的海命并不能缓解这些问题美国的生命伦理学家丹尼尔?卡拉汉如是说，“我们应该考虑的是‘长寿将给我们的社会带来什么？’我想那将不是一个更好的社会。”
当然，那将是一个非常不同的社会。如今的人们已经觉得保持一段婚姻比以往更加困难。离婚率在不断上升。如果一个社会里的人都能活到140岁，那时候的婚姻将是什么样的呢？如果一个家庭里同时生活着九或十代人，那样的家庭生活又将是怎样的一种悄景呢？对老龄化的研究有可能延长女性的育龄。那样的话，就可能出现百岁的父母，或者年龄相差50岁的兄弟姐妹。其实我们是希望W舟或姐姐能够给予我们帮助、建议和保护，但是如果他们厲于另一个完全不同的年代，就很难做到这些。
长寿也将影响到人的职业生涯，尤其是退休年龄被推后了。更多的人将工作更长的时间。这能带给我们年龄上的优势：熟练的技术、智蒽以及准确的判断。而另一方面，更多的人工作更长的时间将使求职的竞争更加激烈。年轾人更难找到工作。永远是少数的那几个人占据聍商端职位，这使职业发展更加困难。想象一下：一个25岁的员工在与125岁的老板沟通时将遇到怎样的困难？在一个人的寿命长达140年的社会，年轻人将是一个很小的人群。因此，这样的社会很可能不会太看重对年轻人的教育和引导，反而会更重视改善老年人的生活质世。如果一个社会的绝大多数是老年人，它将给人带来很不同的感受。它更有智蒽，却缺乏活力。年轻人喜动，老年人喜静；
+
Single mums are better at raising their kids than two parents 一at least in the bird world. Mother zebra finches1 have to work harder and raise fewer chicks on their own，but they also produce more attractive sons who are more likely to get a mate.
The finding shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as ecological factors2 such as hunting and food supply. With two parents around, there's always a conflict of interests3，which can have a detrimental effect on the quality of the offspring.
In evolutionary terms4，the best strategy for any parent in the animal world is to find someone else to care for their offspring，so they can concentrate on breeding again. So it's normal for parents to try to pass the buck5 to each other. But Ian Hartley from the University of Lancaster and his team wondered how families solve this conflict, and how the conflict itself affects the offspring.
To find oiit6，they measured hoW much effort zebra finch parents put into raising their babies. They compared single females with pairs, by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected, and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks，and each single mum had two — supposedly the same amount of work.
But single mums, they found, put in about 25 per cent more effort than females rearing with their mate. To avoid being exploited, mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if the father is being lazy, and it's the chicks that pay the price. “The offspring suffer some of the cost of this conflict, ” says Hartley.
The cost does not show in any obvious decrease in size or weight, but in how attractive they are to the opposite sex. When the chicks were mature, the researchers tested the ” fitness" of the male offspring by offering females their choice of partner. Those males reared by single mums were chosen more often than those from two-parent families.
Sexual conflict has long been thought to affect the quality of care,given to offspring, says zoologist Rebecca Kilner at Cambridge University, who works on conflict of parents in birds. ” But the experimental evidence is not great. The breakthrough here is showing it empirically. ”
More surprising, says Kilner, is Hartley's statement that conflict may be a strong influence on the evolution of behaviour, clutch size and even appearance. “People have not really made that link," says Hartley. A female's reproductive strategy is usually thought to be affected by hunting and food supply. Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken into account as well.
With which of the following statements would the author probably agree? C Two-parent families produce less attractive children.
to the passage, in what way does family conflict affect the quality of the offspring? A The young males get less
the following is NOT influenced by sexual conflict? D The offspring's body size.、
According to the passage, people believe that a female's reproductive strategy is influenced by C ecological factors.
第三十五篇单亲幼儿最出色Single-parent Kids Do Best
单亲母亲在抚养孩子方面比双亲要好——至少在鸟的世界是这样的。母斑胸草雀必须在努力工作并且亲自抚养较少的鸟，但是她们抚养的雄性后代更有吸引力，更容易得到配偶。
这个发现显示家庭冲突是与捕食和食物提供方式这样的生态因素同样重要的进化推动力。身边有双亲就总有利益冲突，这会对后代的质量产生的害的影响。
从进化的角度讲，在动物界，任何一个父亲或母亲的最佳策略是让他人来照顾后代，这样，他们就可以集中精力再次繁殖后代了。所以父母之间很自然就出现了相互推卸的责任的现象。但是兰卡斯特大学的IanHartley及他的工作组想知道家庭是如何解决这个冲突的，以及冲突本身是如何影响后代的。
为了找到答案他们衡量斑胸草雀抚养它们的子女花了多少力气。他们监控每个母亲或父亲采集的食物量，以及移动或增加小鸟，因此每对草雀养4只小鸟，每只单身母雀养两只——假定这是相同的工作量。通过这些方法他们对单身母雀和成对草雀做了比较。
但是他们发现单身母雀比与配偶共同抚养后代的母雀多付出25%。如果公雀太懒的话，为了避免筋疲力尽，有配偶的母雀并不十分努力工作。这样做的后果就是后代付出代价。Hartley说：“后代要为这种冲突付出某些代价。”
这种代价不是表现在身材和体重的锐减，而是表现在他们对异性有多大吸引力上。当小鸟长大后，研究者通过提供给雌性她们所选择的伴侣的方法检验雄性后代的健康情况。那些由单身母亲扶养大的雄性比由父母抚养大的雄性更多地被选中。
+第三十六篇
Two United Nations1 agencies warned on Tuesday that children are most at risk of developing skin cancers as a result of the long-term decline in the earth's protective ozone layer. The agencies, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN Environmental Programme (UNEP)2,issued the warning as they launched a global programme aimed at alerting schools to the dangers of exposure to the sun.
"As ozone depletion becomes more marked, and as people around the world engage more in sun-seeking behaviour, the risk of health complications from over-exposure to ultra-violet radiation is becoming a substantial public health concern," said WHO Director-general3 Lee Jong-wook. By reducing the time children and adolescents are exposed to direct sunlight, he said："We can substantially reduce the risk of contracting skin cancers，cataracts and other conditions4 which might only appear much later in life. ”
In its 2002 World Health Report, the WHO said around the world an average of 66,000 people died every year from melanoma or other types of skin cancer. Independent scientific research shows that every year there are between two to three million new cases of non-malignant melanoma and around 130,000 malignant — and normally fatal 一new full-blown skin cancer cases.
Although most known skin cancers seemed to occur in the industrialized world, WHO radiation and environmental health specialist Mike Repacholi told a news conference5，there were many cases believed to be unreported in poorer countries. Although people with darker skins were less susceptible to6 skin cancers, they were just as likely to contract eye cataracts as fairer-skinned populations，and people living close to the equator were even more likely to develop them.
As for the protection method, the WHO said that under the school plan, dubbed the Intersun Project7，the two agencies will distribute packages showing teachers how to develop their own sun education programmes, the WHO said. In a joint statement from the two agencies which also marked the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, UNEP Executive Director8 Klaus Toepfer said latest studies showed the protective shield was on the road to9 recovery. This was the result of international agreements over the past two decades to phase out10 use of various chemicals 一like those used in some pesticides, refrigerators and aerosols.
“ But we must remain vigilant and more needs to be done before we can say that the problem is solved for good11，” said Toepfer. This included stopping illegal trade in banned chemicals and enforcing the agreements in developing countries. ” Onl y then can we . say that the sky above our heads will be safe for our children and their children to come, the former German environment minister said.
he risk of dev eloping skin can cers in ch ild r en becom e g r ea ter and gr eat
many people die fr om skin cancers inclu din g melan oma all ov er th e w orld every yea e mor e lik ely t o develop eye catara ct s?C
t he f ollow ing art icles ma y u se som e chem icals un fav ora ble for th e pr eserv ation of th e ozone la yer EX h e
phra se "for good” in th e la st pa ragraph can be best r epla ced by A permanently.
第三十六篇日光有害儿童健康Dangerous Sunshine to Children
星期二世界卫生组织和联合国环境规划署联合发出警告称，儿童由于长期缺乏地球臭氧层的保护，感染皮肤癌的可能性很大。同时，这两家联合国机构发布了一项全球性计划，旨在引起学校对日光的警觉。
世界卫生组织总干事Lee Jong—wook说：“随着臭氧消耗愈加明显，和全球进行日浴人群的增加，由于过度受到紫外线辐射而引起的并发症成为危害公众健康的一大隐患。”他说，通过减少儿童和青少年直接接受阳光的时间，“我们可以从根本上减少也许在年龄大一些时才可能患上的皮肤癌、白内障和其他的一些疾病的风险。”
在2002年的世界健康状况报告中，世界卫生组织称，全世界每年平均有66，000人死于黑素瘤和其他类型的皮肤癌。独立的科学研究表明，每年会产生2，000，000到3，000，000例新的非恶性黑素瘤和大约130，000例致命的恶性黑素瘤晚期皮肤癌的病例。
尽管众所周知，皮肤癌似乎常发生在工业化的国家，联合国辐射和环境卫生专家Mike Repacholi在一次记者招待会上称，贫穷国家一定也有很多这样的病例，只是未报告统计罢了。尽管深肤色的人相对不易感染皮肤癌，但他们和浅肤色的人一样易患白内障，而且住在赤道附近的人更容易患白内障。
至于保护措施，世界卫生组织说将会在学校中实行“保护儿童免受紫外线辐射的规划”，两家联合国机构将会发布一揽子建议供老师们参考制订自己的阳光教育计划。两家机构联合发表了声明，定了“国际臭氧层保护日”，在声明中，联合国环境规划署执行主任Klaus Toepfer说，最新的研究表明保护层正在逐渐得到恢复，这是过去二十年来国际协议规定逐步结束使用各种化学物质(比如在杀虫剂，冰箱，烟雾剂中使用的)
+第三十八篇
Certain abnormalities occurring in problem pregnancies are associated with a long-term reduction in risk of breast cancer, according to a study released on Tuesday that tracked women for four decades. Researchers led by epidemiologist Barbara Cohn of the Public Health Institute in Berkeley，California1, examined records on 3,804 white women in the San Francisco2 area who were pregnant during the period from June 1959 through April 1967."
The study found that three anomalies 一two relating to the placenta and one involving the women's blood pressure 一were linked with a big decline in breast cancer occurrence. Cohn said changes in the levels of hormones and other substances in the body caused by the abnormalities may produce a protective effect. She also noted that most of the women who experienced the anomalies still gave birth to3healthy babies. "It's more subtle than to say what's bad for the baby is good for the mother.4 It's really not quite like that5，” Cohn said in a telephone interview. '
She said she was hopeful that researchers could nail down the exact mechanisms6 at work in providing the long-term cancer protection for the women who experienced these complications. "It's certainly possible that one might be able to design a treatment or possibly a prevention that is related to these factors," Cohn said.
She said scientists have known for many years that events that occur in pregnancy have an impact on the risk of breast cancer. Cohn said her study provides new details about some specific characteristics of pregnancies that may relate to long-term protection against breast cancer.
A blood pressure increase experienced by the mother between the second and third trimesters of the pregnancy was associated with lower breast cancer incidence, the study found. Women whose increase was in the highest 25 percent of population studied had a 51 percent reduction in breast cancer rate.
Women with a smaller placenta size (weight and diameter) also had lower breast cancer rates. The placenta, the tissue that connects the mother and fetus, produces hormones to help maintain the pregnancy and allows the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste materials.
In addition, women who experienced a condition known as maternal floor infarction of the placenta 一a serious abnormality that can block the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus 一had a 60 percent reduction in breast cancer rate.
All three risk factors in combination were linked with up to a 94 percent reduction in breast cancer incidence, the study concluded.
D Experiencing serious morning
breast cancer the fifth
paragraph we may infer that pregnant women whose blood pressuremay
Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta? C Protecting the
A confident
第三十八篇怀孕异常会降低乳腺癌发生率Pregnancy Anomalies May Lower Breast Cancer Risk
本周二，一项对妇女作了40年跟踪调查的报告说，在一些有问题的怀孕中出现的特定的异常与乳腺癌的患病危险性长期下降有关。由加利福尼州伯克利市公共卫生研究所的流行病学家巴巴拉·科恩领导的研究人员，对圣弗兰西斯科3,804名在1959年6月至1967年4月期间怀孕妇女的记录作了检查。
研究发现三种异常——两种胎盘有关，一种与血压有关——与产后妇女乳腺癌的发生率下降大有关系。科恩说，由异常引起的体内激素及其他物质水平发生的变化可能会产生一个保护作用。她还指出大多数有过异常反映的妇女仍能生下健康的婴儿。“这个问题并不像说对婴儿有害就是对母亲有利这么简单。的确完全不是那么回事，”科恩在一次电话采访中说道。
她说，妇女孕期并发症能够起到长期预防癌症的作用，她对研究人员能确切地把这方面的机理搞清楚抱有希望。“当然有可能设计出一种与这些因素有关的治疗或预防方案，”科恩说道。
她说，科学家们许多年前就知道了怀孕中的一些事项会对乳腺癌患病危险率起到影响作用。科恩还说道，她的研究提供了与乳腺癌长期预防有关的怀孕方面一些特点的细节资料。
+
Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath，or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and' pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges.
The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “ savusauna”，is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.
Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving, Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion arid speed recovery time. The body’s core temperature usua lly rises a 1-2 degrees whi le in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying “feed a cold，starve a fever' The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.
Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body's physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from
72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.
A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor's advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.
What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?B)
Saunas with smoke.
to the fourth
Who are advised not to take a sauna? D)
仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并S有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干热浴。日本人、希腊人、土耳其人、俄国人以及美洲土著人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。用干热浴发汗的方式是古罗马优先使用的，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用发汗小屋。
最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于当时还没有掌握烟?技术，山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的。人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持几个小时的高温。今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”，才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。现在，尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，大多数的桑拿浴都是用电妒。
桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。热气还可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感，加快康复的速度。在蒸桑拿浴时，人体温度通常会上升1~2摄氏度，就像发低烧一样的感觉。因此，蒸桑拿可以说是印证了一句老话：“伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿。”定期蒸桑拿浴可以在第一时间预防感冒的发生。
蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处，它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。在这个过程中，成年人一般每小时要蒸发2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中:的污垢Y使皮肤变得光洁。失水只是暂时性的，人体机能能够很快补充合适的水量。在热气交换的过程中，心脏跳动得更快，这就使心血管系统也得到了锻炼。蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的平均每分钟72下增加到每分钟100 -150下。
健康的心脏可以承受这种变化，而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该征求医生的建议。同样的，老年人和糖尿病患者也应如此。孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是在怀孕的头三个月。其实，每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴时都应该先是短时间的，直到适应了这种沐浴方式。
+第四十一篇
Hearts and kidneys：If one's diseased, better keep a close eye on1 the other. Surprising new research shows kidney disease somehow speeds up heart disease well before it has ravaged the kidneys. And perhaps not so surprising, doctors have finally proven that heart disease can trigger kidney destruction, too.
The work，from two studies involving over 50,000 patients, promises to boost efforts to diagnose simmering kidney disease earlier. All it takes are urine and blood tests that cost less than $25, something proponents want to become as routine as cholesterol checks.2"The average patient knows their cholesterol，，’ says Dr. Peter McCuilough, preventive medicine chief at Michigan's William Beaumont Hospital. "The average patient has no ide a of their kidney function. ”
Chronic kidney disease，or CKD，is a quiet epidemic ：Many of the 19 million Americans estimated to have it don't know they do. The kidneys lose their ability to filter waste out of the bloodstream so slowly that symptoms aren't obvious until the organs are very damaged.4 End-stage kidney failure is rising fast, with 400,000 people requiring dialysis or a transplant to survive, a toll that has doubled in each of the last two decades.5
And while CKD patients often are terrified of having to go on dialysis，the hard truth is that most will die of heart disease before their kidneys disintegrate to that point, something kidney specialists have recognized for several years but isn't widely known.6 Indeed, the new research is highlighted in this month's Archives of Internal Medicine with a call for doctors who care for heart patients to start rigorously checking out the kidneys，and for better care of early kidney disease.7
The link sounds logical. After all8，high blood pressure and diabetes are chief risk factors for both chronic kidney disease and heart attacks. But the link goes beyond9 those risk factors，stresses McCuilough：Once the kidneys begin to fail, something in turn10 accelerates heart disease, not just in the obviously sick or very old, but at what he calls "a shockingly early age. ” McCuilough and colleagues tracked more than 37,000 relatively yo ung people 一average age 53 —who volunteered for a kidney screening. Three markers of kidney function were checked ：The rate at which kidneys filter blood, called the GFR or glomerular filtration rate11 ；levels of the protein albumin in the urine；and if they were anemic. They also were asked about previously diagnosed heart disease.
The odds of having heart disease rose steadily as each of the kidney markers worsened. More striking was the death data. At this age，few deaths are expected，and indeed just 191 people died during the study period. But those who had both CKD and known heart disease had a threefold increased risk of death in a mere 2 years, mostly from heart problems. "This study is very much
a wake-up call," McCullough says.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three markers of kidney function? B Levels of the white blood cells in the blood.
第四十一篇肾病和心脏病相互刺激Kidney Disease and Heart Disease Spur Each Other
心脏和肾如果有一方感染上疾病，那一定要密切观察另一方。新的研究令人惊奇地发现肾病早在感染到肾之前会在一定程度上加速心脏病的发生。可能不会使人感到奇怪的是，医生们最终证明：心脏病同样也会引起肾疾病的发生。
根据对50，000多名病人的研究，这种对缓慢形成的肾病的早期诊断所采取的全部措施就是尿检和血检，其费用不到25美元，提出这项建议的人希望它能像胆固醇检查那样成为一种常规检查。
密歇根州William Beaumont医院预防性医药部主任Peter McCullough医生说：“一般的病人都知道他们自己的胆固醇，但并不了解他们的肾功能。”
慢性肾病是一种悄然的流行性疾病。估计l，900万得此病的美国人中多数人并未意识到他们已经感染上这种疾病。肾脏如此缓慢地丧失它从血流中滤㈩废物的能力，以至于直到该器官受到严重损伤时才有明显症状。终末期肾衰竭病人数目迅速增加，有40万人需要肾透析或肾移植才能存活，这个数字在近20年中每10年翻一番。
尽管慢性肾病患者常常害怕不得不去做肾透析，但是严酷的事实是，大多数人在肾脏还没有那么糟糕以前就死于心脏病，这一点肾病专家几年前就已经知道，只是不被广为人知而已。其实，这项新的研究在本月的《内科档案》杂志上就受到重视，该研究号召为心脏病人治病的医生要开始严格地检查病人的肾脏，并要更好地关注早期肾病。
这种关联听起来符合逻辑。毕竟，高血压和糖尿病是得慢性肾病和心脏病的主要风险因素。但McCullough强调说，这种关联超过了那些风险因素：一旦肾开始衰竭，就会加速心脏病的发作，这不只发生在那些病情明显或年纪很大的人身上，而且是他认为“令人吃惊的较早的年龄”。McCullough和他的同事们跟踪调查了37，000名平均年龄为53岁的相对年轻的自愿接受肾检测的人，检查了一项标示肾功能的项目：肾过滤血液率，称为肾小球滤过率；尿中白蛋白水平；以及是否贫血。同时还询问了是否曾经得过心脏病。
每项肾标示恶化，则得心脏病的几率就会稳步增加。更令人吃惊的是死亡率。尽管在这个年龄，死亡率并不高，确实在研究期间仅有191人死亡，但是那些同时有慢性肾病和心脏病的人在两年半的时间里则有两倍的死亡的风险，而且大多数是由于心脏病造成的。McCullough说：“这项研究给人们敲了一个警钟。”
+第四十二篇
Scientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimer's disease1 and may ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of getting this neurological disorder.
' The only current means of diagnosing the disease in a living patient is a long and expensive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.
“ Since Alois Alzheimer described the disease nearly a century ago，people have been trying to find a way to accurately diagnose it in its early stages2，” said Patricia Grady，acting director3 of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland. "This discovery, if confirmed, could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease. ”
Alzheimer's is the single greatest cause4 of mental deterioration in older people, affecting between 2. 5 million and 4 million people in the United States alone5. The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function，and eventually causes death.6 There is currently no known treatment for the disease.
Researches discovered that the skin cells of Alzheimer' s patients have defects that interfere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells. The fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that7 Alzheimer's results from physiological changes throughout the body，and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain, scientists said.
The flow of potassium is especially critical in cells responsible for memory formation8. The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells' supply of calcium, another critical element.
One test developed by researches calls for9 growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that govern the flow of potassium are open. Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.
A spokesman for the Alzheimer's Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic test can be proven it would be an important development, but cautioned that other promising tests for Alzheimer's have been disappointing.10
C predict who
，old and young.D not
D There are many ways to
What is the relationship between Alzheimer's and dementia? A Dementia is one of the signs
The last paragraph implies that the diagnostic test C may not be proven valid smoothly.
第四十二篇早老性痴呆研究的新进展More about Alzheimer’s Disease
科学家们发现，采用皮肤化验的方法今后可以判断病人是否患有早老性痴呆症，并且重要的是能够有助于医生预测哪些人有患上这种神经功能紊乱性疾病的危险。
要诊断一个病人是否患有这类疾病，目前惟一的方法是进行一系列长期而昂贵的测试，以排除导致痴呆的其他病因。
“自从艾洛伊斯·阿尔采默记载了这一病症以后，一百年来人们一直在努力寻找用某种方法能够在早期价段就精确地诊断出这种疾病。”马里兰州贝色斯达神经紊乱与中风国家研究院执行主任特里沙·格拉弟如是说。“这个发现如果得到证实，将会意味着我们在治疗和了解这种病症方面前进了一大步。”
早老性痴呆是导致老年人大脑功能退化的最主要原因。仅在美国一地，就有约250万到400万人患有这种疾病。这种毁灭性的疾病会逐渐破坏记忆和行动的能力，并最终导致死亡。目前仍然没有办法治愈这种病症。
研究者发现早老性痴呆症患者的皮肤细胞有缺损。这种缺损会影响人体对出入于细胞的钾的流量的调控。科学家认为皮肤细胞有缺损这个事实表明，早老性痴呆是由人体全身的生理变化引起的，并且大脑细胞受损这个事实表明，早老性痴呆是由人体全身的生理变化引起的，并且大脑细胞受损带来的变化所产生的最为明显的后果就是痴呆。
钾的流量对于与记忆密切相关的细胞至关重要。科学家还发现还有两种细胞的缺损会影响细胞中钙的含量。钙也是一种关键的元素。
研究者进行的皮肤测试中有一种要求在实验室环境中培养皮肤细胞，然后使用检电器进行测试，检查输送钾的极微小管道是否畅通。如果畅通无
+第四十三篇
This is specially designed education for children who are either partially sighted or blind1. Vision impairments are diagnosed by medical doctors who examine the physical structures in the eye and evaluate the child's ability to see shapes of different sizes at various distances. In the United States, approximately 12 out of 1,000 children receive some form of special education because of visual impairments.
Partially sighted children may use a variety of adaptive aids2 to see more clearly and to read printed text. These aids include magnifiers, which may be attached to eyeglasses；electronic systems for enlarging print3 and making it easier to see；and large-print books. Blind children usually are taught to read Braille，a system of raised dots embossed on paper and read by touch.4 In the past, turning conventional books into pages of Braille was very time-consuming, and the large books required enormous storage areas.5 However, most Braille texts are now done electronically.6 Many students read paperless Braille with the aid of machines that mechanically raise the dots in a small panel as the reader progresses through the text. Because Braille cannot be read very rapidly，many blind students prefer to listen to books being read on tapes. Some students also use reading machines equipped with cameras that scan lines of print, which computers then convert to synthesized speech.7
Many blind and partially sighted children receive orientation and mobility training8 as a part of their education. Specialists teach them how to travel independently in their schools and communities, often with an aid，such as a cane.
Most children with vision impairments are educated in schools within their communities. Vision specialists may provide special materials and equipment, help teachers and classmates understand the children's condition, and possibly provide additional instruction. The specialists may also teach partially sighted children how to use their remaining vision more effectively9 and instruct them in the use of adaptive aids.
Some children with vision impairments attend special schools designed to meet their particular needs. Like boarding schools, these schools often provide residential services as well as educational programs.10 They also have specially designed facilities, which m^y not be found in neighborhood schools, for blind children to participate in athletics and other activities.
The education of many children with vision impairments is further complicated by their having other disabilities, such as physical disabilities, developmental impairments, or hearing loss.11 Education for those children might emphasize the development of language and communication，and personal, social, and vocational skills rather than academic skills.12?
may be good for children with vision impairments to live in special schools because these schools A can save them the trouble of coming from and going back to their homes.
第四十三篇视力损伤的学生的教育Education of Students with Vision Impairments
这种教育是专为全盲或半盲儿童设立的。医生通过检查眼球的结构和测试儿童在不同的距离看大小不同的物体的情况来诊断视力是否受到损伤。在美国，1000个儿童中约有12个因为视力损伤而接受某种特殊教育。
半盲的儿童使用多种可调节的辅助装置可以看得更清楚并能阅读印刷品。这些装置包括安装在眼镜上的放大镜。能够放大印刷字体方便阅读的电子设备以及大号字体的书籍。而全盲的儿童通常学习阅读盲文，盲文是由在纸上浮突出来的小圆点构成的（文字）系统，用手触摸着读。把普通的书籍转化成盲文在过去是很花时间的事，保存大开本的书也要占很多地方。然而，现在大多数盲文文体是用电子手段转化而成的、许多学生阅读的是非书本形式的盲文。阅读时使用权的辅助装置可以自动抬升一块小板上的圆点。盲文读起来速度不快，所以盲人学生更喜欢听录在磁带上的文章。有些学生还使用阅读机，这种阅读机装有摄像机来扫描印刷字体，然后电脑再把它们转化成电子合成的声音。许多全盲和半盲儿童接受方位和移动训练的教育。在专家的指导下，他们学习如何在学校和社区里独立行走，当然经常要依靠一个辅助装置，比如拐杖。
大多数视力损伤的儿童都是就近入学。眼科专家提供专门的材料和设备，帮助老师和同学了解盲童的境况还可以提供额外指导。这些专家还会指导儿童如何更有效地运用他们微弱的视力并指导他们使用可调节的辅助装置。
有些视力损伤的儿童进入那些能够满足他们特殊需要的专门学校。如同寄宿学校一样，这些学校除了教学课程以外还提供各种住宿设施。这些学校还拥有别的学校没有的特殊设备，以方便盲童参加体育等活动。
对于许多视力损伤的儿童来说，他们还患有其他伤残，如身体残疾，发育不良，听力消失，因而这种教育更加复杂化。对这样的儿童的教育也许
The demand for freshwater rises continuously as the world's population grows. From 1940 to 1990，withdrawal of fresh water from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and other sources has increased fourfold.1 Of the water consumed each year, 69 percent is used for agriculture, 23 percent for industry, and 8 percent for domestic uses.
Sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides are the main causes of water pollution. In 1995，the US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA)2 reported that about 37 percent of the country's lakes and estuaries, and 36 percent of its rivers, are too polluted for basic uses such as fishing or swimming, during all or part of the year. In developing nations，over 95 percent of urban sewage is discharged untreated3 into rivers and bays，creating a major human health hazard.
Water runoff carries fertilizing chemicals such as phosphates and nitrates from agricultural fields and yards into lakes, streams, and rivers. These combine with the phosphates and nitrates from sewage to speed the growth of algae，a type of aquatic plant. The water body may then become choked with decaying algae,4 which severely depletes the oxygen supply. This process can cause the death of fish and other aquatic life. Runoff also carries toxic pesticides and urban and industrial wastes into lakes and streams.
Erosion, the wearing away of topsoil by wind and rain, also contributes to water pollution.5 Soil and silt washed from logged hillsides，plowed fields，or construction sites，can clog waterways and kill aquatic vegetation. Even small amounts of silt can eliminate desirable fish species.6 For example，when logging removes the protective plant cover from hillsides，rain may wash soil and silt into streams, covering the gravel beds that trout or salmon use for spawning.
The marine fisheries supported by ocean ecosystems are an essential source of protein,?
particularly for people in developing countries ；approximately 950 million people worldwide consume fish as their primary source of protein. Yet pollution in coastal bays,' estuaries, and wetlands threatens fish stocks already depleted by overfishing. In 1989 , 260,000 barrels of oil was spilled from the oil tanker Exxon Valdez into Alaska's Prince William Sound, a pristine and rich fishing ground. In 1992 there were 8,790 reported spills in and around US waters,7 involving 5. 7 million liters (1.5 million gallons) of oil.
to this passage, which of the following statements is true of yearly water consumption?B Most water is used for
farming.Paragraph 2 suggests all of the following EXCEPT that?C EPA is responsible for causing serious water pollution in
Water runoff causes fish to die partly because D the fast-growing algae have used up the oxygen in the water where
subject of the last paragraph is C Oil Spills and Pollution of the Sea.
第四十四篇水污染随着世界人口的增长，对淡水的需求持续增长。从1940~1990年，从河流、湖泊、水库和其他资源中减少的淡水的数量翻了4翻。在每年消耗的水中，69%用于农业，23%用于工业，8%用于家庭。污水，工业废水和农业化学品：如肥料和农药，是水污染的重要原因。1995年，美国环境保护总署宣布大约37%的湖泊和海湾，36%的河流污染严重，以至在一年或一年中的部分时间里不能用于如钓鱼、游泳等基本活动。在发展中国家，超过95%的城市污水未经处理就被排放进河流可海湾中，制造了重大的人类健康危机。流动的水把肥料化学品，如磷酸盐、硝酸盐等从农田带到湖泊、小溪和河水中。这些和污水中的磷酸硝酸盐结合在一起，加快了一种水生植物——水藻的生长。水体中充满了耗尽氧气的腐烂的水藻。这个过程会导致鱼和其他水中生命的死亡。流水也把有毒的农药和城市工业废水带到湖和小溪中。
侵蚀，表层土壤被风和雨风化，也是水污染的原因之一。从被砍伐的山坡上、耕地上或工地上冲刷下来的土壤和淤泥会堵塞水道并杀死水生植物。甚至很少量的淤泥就会使有用的鱼种灭绝。例如，当伐木破坏了山东省上的保护植被，雨水会把土壤和淤泥冲入溪流，覆盖住鳟鱼或大马哈鱼产卵所在的砾石河床。由海洋生态系统提供的海鱼是重要的蛋白质来源，特别是对于发展中国家的人而言；全世界大约有9.5亿人把鱼作为他们最主要的蛋白质来源。海湾、港口和湿地的污染使早已被过度捕捞而减少的鱼群遇到威胁。在1989年，260000桶油从艾克森·凡德兹油轮上泄露到了阿拉斯加的威廉王子弯—一个未被破坏的、富饶的捕鱼区。1992年报道过在美国的水域内以及水域周边有8790起石油泄露事件。
DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes.1 With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins)2，the complete DNA of each individual is unique.
DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing.3 It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva. The sample is then segmented using enzymes, and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film，where they form a pattern of black bars — the DNA fingerprint.4 If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match，the two samples probably came from the same person.
DNA fingerprinting was first developed as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases5，it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence6 in the United States occurred in 1988. In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas：the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique./
The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are "fingerprinted" ；a DNA fingerprint may not be unique ；large-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition，DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also, since human beings must interpret the test, human error could lead to false results.
DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence.
Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprint database.
of chromosomes.B providing evidence in court investigations.
A exactly like his.
essay talks about DNA fingerprinting concerning the following aspects EXCEPT D possible danger in drawing a DNA sample from the human body.
第四十五篇DNA指纹DNA Fingerprinting
DNA是所有生物细胞核子发现的基因材料。哺乳动物的DNA线被组合为称作染色体的各种结构。除生物姊妹体外（如完全相同的双胞胎），每一个体的整条DNA是独一无二的。
DNA指纹有时也称作DNA印记法。这是一种通过比较少量DNA的鉴别方法。DNA指纹的构成先要从身体组织或液体中抽取DNA标本，如头发、血液或唾液。采取的标本用酶分割成若干部分，各切片根据大小排列。切片先用探针做标记，然后曝光于X光片上。胶片上形成由黑色条纹组成的图案，这就是DNA指纹。若两个不同标本的DNA指纹完全相像，则这两个标本可能来自同一人。
DNA指纹首次作为鉴别技术进行开发是在1985年。开始是用来探测遗传疾病的，很快便被应用于刑事调查与法律事务。基于DNA所提供证据的首例定罪是1988年，在美国。在刑事调查中，把从犯罪现场采集的证据中提取的DNA村本与犯罪嫌疑人的相比。一般说来，法庭已承认DNA 测试的可靠性并允许DNA测试结果纳为证据然而，在一些方面DNA指纹颇具争议性：结果的精确性，测试成本及技术的错误使用的可能性。由于一些原因，DNA指纹的精确性受到了挑战。首先，由于是DNA切片而并非完整的DNA被作为指纹进行研究；DNA指纹可能并非独一无二的；尚未进行过大规模研究以证实DNA指纹测试结果是独一无二的。此外，DNA指纹常是在私人实验室作的，可能并不遵循统一的测试标准与质量控制。再有，既然必须由人来解释测试，人为的错误可能导致错误结果。
DNA指纹颇为昂贵。如果犯罪嫌疑人不能将自己的DNA提供给专家，他/她就很可能没有确凿的证据证明自己无罪。为鉴定目的而作的DNA 测试的广泛使用可能会导致DNA指纹数据库的建立。
"Much of the sickness and death attributed to the major communicable diseases is in fact caused by malnutrition which makes t he body less able to withstand infections when they strike1 ”，said Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima, Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), in his statement on the first day of the World Food Summit organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome, Italy, from 13 to 17 November, 1996.
"At the same time，” he added, “ in developing countries today, malnutrition is the cause of 174 million children under five years of age being underweight, and 230 million being stunted in their growth2. Such figures represent deprivation, suffering and wasted human potential on a scale that is unacceptable from every point of view.3 Whether we think in terms of humanitarian concern，common justice or development needs，they demand a response4，both from national governments and from international community. ”
At the end of January 1996，98 countries had national plans of action for nutrition and 41 countries had one under preparation5, in keeping with6 their commitments made at the International Conference on Nutrition in Rome in December 1992. The global situation, however, remains grim. Over 800 million people around the world still cannot meet basic needs for energy and protein，more than two thousand million people lack essential micronutrients，and hundreds of millions suffer from diseases caused by unsafe food and unbalanced diets7.
In sheer numbers8, iron is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency. Mainly women of reproduction age and children under five are affected by iron deficiency with prevalence hovering around 50% in developing countries. Among various regions in the world, it is South Asia which is hit hardest with prevalence reaching 80% in some countries. In infants and young children even mild anemia is associated with impaired intellectual as well as physical development. In older children and adults iron deficiency reduces work capacity and output9. It also leads to increased accidents at work.
While there is no single remedy，a combination of several preventive approaches is believed to work best. Dietary improvement includes consumption of iron- and vitamin C-rich foods and foods of animal origin，and avoiding drinking tea or coffee with or soon after meals. Iron supplementation of foods10，particularly of staple cereals，is practiced in a growing number of countries. Iron supplementation is the most common approach，particularly for pregnant women.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a remedy for iron deficiency? C Drinking coffee
soon after meals.
第四十六篇营养不良Malnutrition
“许多由主要的传染病造成的疾病和死亡实际上是营养不良引起的。当疾病发起进攻时，营养不良会减弱身体的抵抗力。”世界卫生组织的总干事，中岛鸿博士在世界粮食最高首脑会议的第一天这样说道，此次会议由联合国粮食和农业组织所组织，在意大利的罗马进行。它从1996年11月13日持续到17日。
他补充道：“同时，在如今的发展中国家里，有1.74亿的5岁以下的孩子体重过轻，2.3亿的孩子生长发育缓慢，其原因都是营养不良。这些数字代表着被剥夺权力，遭受痛苦的人类潜力的浪费，其规模从任何方面来说都是令人无法接受的。无论我们是从人权、公正还是从发展的需要来考虑，这些数字要求人们作出回答。政府、国际社会都要进行回答。”
为了他们在1992年12月在罗马召开的国际营养大会上所做出的承诺保持一致，到1996年1月底，98个国家已制定了民族营养行动计划，另外41个国家正在准备中。然而全球形势依然严峻。世界上仍有超过8亿的人不能满足最基本的能量和蛋白质的需求，超过20亿的人缺乏基本的微量元素，成千上万的人正遭受着由于不安全的食物和不平衡的饮食所造成的疾病。
仅从数字上来说，铁是最普遍的所缺乏的微量元素。在发展中国家里，育龄妇女和5岁以下的儿童普遍缺乏铁，其比例大约为50%。在世界的不同地区中，南亚最严重。其中有些国家的比例已达到了80%。在婴、幼儿中甚至轻微的贫血也会损害智力和身体的发育。对大点的儿童和成年人来说，缺铁会降低工作能力和效率。它还会导致工作中事故的增多。
由于不存在单一的治疗方法，人们认为把几种预防措施结合起来会起到最好的作用。饮食方面包括多吃富含铁和维生素C的食物和肉类，避免饭后马上饮用茶或咖啡。在越来越多的国家里，人们对食物，尤其是对谷类加入铁予以强化。加入铁进行强化是最普通的方法，特别是对孕妇。
One of the main weapons to prevent mother-to-child transmission of the AIDS virus during birth is the drug nevirapine3. But when nevirapine is used alone just once，HTV4 starts becoming resistant to it. Research in Botswana shows that the resistance is not long lasting and that this affordable drug does not have to be abandoned forever by infected mothers who have already taken it.
International medical guidelines call for5 pregnant women with advanced HTV to get a combination of AIDS drugs including nevirapine to prevent passing their infection on to their newborns during delivery. But in poor countries, combinations have been expensive and nevirapine has often been used alone，since studies have shown that a single dose can cut the transmission rate in half.
The problem is that HIV resistance builds against it quickly when used alone just once because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles that survive nevirapine. This renders the drug less effective in later combinations for treating women after their baby is born. But the new study from Botswana shows that nevirapine can make a comeback for these women if they wait until the resistance subsides.
"The further out you get from that exposure to single dose nevirapine, the less detectable nevirapine resistance is6，” said Shahin Lockman of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston7. She says waiting period for women who get the single dose of nevirapine at deliv ery can be as short as six months. “ If they started nevirapine-based treatment six or more months after nevirapine exposure, their treatment response8 was just as good, and really quite high, compared to women who did not have the single dose of nevirapin e," she added. “However, the women who started nevirapine-based treatment within six months of that nevirapine exposure were much more likely to experience treatment failure. ”
、The study published in the New England Journal of Medicine9 shows that waiting at least six months means that HIV-positive women are 70 percent more likely to benefit from nevirapine-based drug combinations again than women who get them sooner. An official with the U. S. government
health agency that helped fund the study calls it very important.
Lynne Mofenson is chief of research on child, adolescent, and maternal AIDS at the U. S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development10. She says the finding supports a World Health Organization (WHO)11 recommendation restricting a single dose of nevirapine only to pregnant HIV-infected women who are healthy enough to wait six months after childbirth for more nevirapine-based therapy. Otherwise, they should get other drugs during labor. “It shows the importance of screening women for treatment while they are pregnant and putting them on appropriate therapy while they are pregnant to avoid having to start them too soon after they received preventive therapy," she explained.
Shahin Lockman in Boston says the problem of nevirapine resistance should diminish now that12 more and more people are receiving combinations of AIDS drugs under expanded U. S. and international programs to deliver them to Africa and other regions hard hit by the virus.
effect does nevirapine does HTV resistance against nevirapine build very quickly even when the drug is used alone just once?C Because other drugs are not present to kill the virus particles When may a woman start her nevirapine-based treatment if she gets the single dose of nevirapine at delivery?C She has to wait at
A lasts only for about a half year
.Generally speaking, the author's attitude towards the use of nevirapine is B positive.
第四十七篇治疗AIDS药物的抗药性会很快消失Nevirapine是防止母亲在分娩时将HIV病毒传染给新生儿的主要药物。但Nevirapine仅用一次之后，HIV就会对它产生抗药性。一项在博茨瓦纳的实验证明此抗药性并不会持续很长时间，已经感染HIV并已服用nevirapine的母亲不必永远放弃这种可以支付得起的药物。国际医学指导方针提倡携带深度HIV的怀孕妇女服用包括nevirapine在内的综合抗艾滋病药物，以防止分娩时将病毒传染给新生儿。但是在贫穷国家，综合药物往往价格昂贵，只能单独使用nevirapin，因为研究表明使用一次就可以减少一半的传染率。问题是即使单独使用nevirapine一次，HIV病毒也会很快产生对nevirapine的抗药性，原因就是没有其他药物可以杀死nevirapine 还没有杀死的病毒颗粒，这会导致药物在后来母亲生下婴儿后使用时性能降低。但是来自博茨瓦纳的新的研究表明只要这些母亲等到抗药性减退，nevirapine的功效还是可以恢复的。波士顿哈佛公共卫生学院的Shahin Lockman说：“服用一剂nevirapine之后，时间越长越不易发现(HIV)对nevirapine的抗药性。”她说，分娩时只服用一剂nevirapine的妇女的等待时间可以短至六个月。她还补充说道：“如果在服用一剂nevirapine 六个月之后开始以nevirapine为主的治疗的话，疗效会比没有服用过一剂nevirapine的妇女要好，要好得多，但也更有可能治疗失败。”《新英格兰医药杂志》上的一项研究表明至少六个月的等待时间意味着HIV呈阳性的妇女以nevirapine为主的药物综合治疗的疗效要比等待不足六个月的妇女高70％。资助此项研究的美国政府卫生部门的一名官员认为此发现非常重要。美国国立儿童健康与人类发展研究所的主任Lynne Mofenson致力于儿童、青少年及母体AIDS研究，她认为此项发现支持了世界卫生组织的关于限制受HIV感染但分娩后等待满六个月才
In the angry debate over how much of IQ comes from the genes that children inherit from parents and how much comes from experiences, one little fact gets overlooked1 ：no one has identified any genes ( other than2 those that cause retardation) that affect intelligence. So researchers led by Robert Plomin of London's Institute of Psychiatry decided to look for some. They figured that if you want to find a “ smart gene, ” you should look in smart kids. They therefore examined the DNA of students like those who are so bright that they take college entrance exams four years early — and still score at Princeton-caliber levels3. The scientists found what they sought.4 “ We have，” says Plomin，“ the first specific gene ever associated with general intelligence. ”
Plomin's colleagues drew blood from two groups of 51 children each, all 6 to 15 years old and living in six counties around Cleveland. In one group, the average IQ is 103. All the children are white. Isolating the blood cells, the researchers then examined each child's chromosome 6. Of the 37 landmarks on chromosome 6 that the researchers looked for, one jumped out5 ：a form of gene called IGF2R occurred in twice as many children in the high-IQ group as in the average group — 32 percent versus 16 percent. The study, in the May issue of the journal Psychological Science, concludes that it is this form of the IGF2R gene that contributes to intelligence.
IQ-gene
Some geneticists see major problems with the IQ-gene study6. One is the possibility that Plomin's group fell for7 ” chopst icks fallacy". Geneticists might think they've found a gene for chopsticks flexibility, but all they've really found is a gene more common in Asians than, say, Africans. Similarly, Plomin's IQ gene might simply be one that is more common in groups that emphasize academic achievement8. “ What is the gene that they've found reflects ethnicity?" asks geneticist Andrew Feinberg of Johns Hopkins University. “ That alone might explain the link to intelligence, since IQ tests are known for being culturally sensiti ve and affected by a child's environment. ” And Neil Risch of Standford University points out that if you look for 37 genes on a chromosome，as the researchers did，and find that one is more common in smarter kids，that might reflect pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence9. Warns Feinberg：“I would take these findings with a whole box of salt10. ”
“some” in the second sentence of paragraph one stands for? D Genes.
by saying “I would take these findings with a whole box of salt" ？D He doubts the findings very much.
第四十八篇智商和基因IQ-Gene
当人们激烈争辩智商中有多少来自孩子从父母身上继承的基因，多少来自个人经历时，他们忽视了一个小事实。
没有人确定任何基因（除那些造成脑子迟钝的之外）能工巧匠影响智力。所以在伦敦精神病所的罗伯特·普鲁敏的带领下，研究者们决心找出一些。他们相信如果要找“聪明基因”，就得在聪明的孩子身上找。他们检查了一些孩子的脱胎换骨氧核糖核酸，这些孩子非常聪明，提前四年便参加了大学入学考试，而且得分可列入像美国普林斯顿大学那样重点大学的才子之列。科学家们找到了他们想要的东西。普鲁敏说：“我们已找到了某种确定的基因，它与才智有关。”
普鲁敏的同事们从两组孩子中抽取血样。每组51人，6~15岁不等，分别来自克利夫兰周围的6个县。第一组平均智商为103，所有的孩子都是白人。研究者分离了他们的血液细胞然后检测了每个孩子的色原6。在研究者们所寻找的染色体6的37个界标中，有一个非常突出。这是一种叫IGF2R的基因，在高智商的一组中它出现的机率是智商普通的一组的2倍，即32%比16%。此研究被刊登在《心理科学杂志》的五月版上。它总结说，正是IGF2R基因造成了人的智力。
一些遗传专家发现了智商——基因研究的主要问题。一种可能性是普鲁敏一组人符合了“筷子谬误”。遗传学家可能会以为他们已发现了决定使用筷子时灵活性的基因，但实际上他们所发现的只是在亚洲人身上比在如非洲人身上更普遍的基因。同样，普鲁敏发现的智商基因只是在强调学术成就的群体中更普遍。“他们所发现的反映民族特性的基因是什么？”约翰·霍布金大学的遗传学家安德鲁·芬贝尔格问道。“这或许能解释与智力的联系，因为智商测验对文化信息很敏感，而且受到儿童环境的影响。”斯坦福大学的内尔·里什指出，如果你想像如那些研究者那样，在一个染色体上找出37个界标，而且发现其中一个在聪明的孩子身上更普遍，那也许纯属偶然，而不反映基因与智力间的因果关系。”丽恩斯·芬博格说：“我对实验的发现有很大的怀疑。”
Molecular biologist Dean Hamer has blue eyes，light brown hair and a good sense of humor. He smokes cigarettes，spends long hours in an old laboratory at the US National Institute of Health，and in his free time climbs up cliffs and points his skis down steep slopes. He also happens to be openly，matter-of-factly gay1 ?
What is it that makes Hamer who he is?2 What, for that matter3，accounts for4 the talents and traits that make up anyone's personality? Hamer is not content merely to ask such questions ；he is trying to answer them as well. A pioneer in the field of molecular psychology, Hamer is exploring the role genes play in governing the very core of our individuality5. To a remarkable extent, his work on what might be called the gay，thrill-seeking and quit-smoking genes reflects how own genetic predispositions.6 That work, which has appeared mostly in scientific journals, has been gathered into an accessible and quite readable form in Hamer's creative new book, Living with Our Genes. “You have about as m uch choice in some aspect of your personality," Hamer and co-author Peter Copeland write in the introductory chapter, “ as you do in the shape of your nose or the size of your feet. ”
Until recently, research into behavioral genetics was dominated by7 psychiatrists and psychologists, who based their most compelling conclusions about the importance of genes on8 studies of identical twins. For example，psychologist Michael Bailey of Northwestern University famously demonstrated that if one identical twin is gay, there is about a 50% likelihood that the other will be too. Seven years ago, Hamer picked up where the twin studies left off, homing in on9 specific strips of DNA that appear to influence everything from mood to sexual orientation10.
Hamer switched to behavioral genetics from basic research11 ；after receiving his doctorate from Harvard, he spent more than a decade studying the biochemistry of a protein that cells use to metabolize heavy metals like copper and zinc. As he was about to turn 40, however, H amer suddenly realized he had learned as much about the protein as he cared to.12 “ Frankly, I was bored，” he remembers, “and ready for something new. ”
Homosexual behavior, in particular, seemed ripe for exploration because few scientists had dared tackle such an emotionally and politically charged subject13. "I'm gay，” Hamer says with a shrug, "but that was not a major motivation. It was more of a question of intellectual curiosity —and the fact that no one else was doing this sort of research. ”
，
doing now? B He is exploring the role of genes in deciding one's personality.
What happened to Harrier's research interest? C He turned to behavioral genetics.
main reasons for him to choose homosexual behavior as his research subject?
B He was curious about it as a scientist.
第四十九篇同性恋生物学家A Gay Biologist
分子生物学家帝恩·哈默长着一双蓝眼睛，一头浅棕色的头发，并且很有幽默感。他抽香烟，把大量的时间都用在了美国国家卫生研究院的一间旧实验室里，闲暇时，他攀岩和滑雪。他恰巧还是公开的、确确实实的同性恋者。
究竟什么使哈默成为他现在这个样子？究竟什么才能解释构成一个人个性的天资和特点呢？哈默不仅仅满足于提出这些问题他还要尽量回答它们。作为一名分子心理学领域的先驱，哈默在探索基因在决定我们的个性核心中所起的作用。在很大程度上，他对那些可称之为同性恋的，引起兴奋的和戒烟的基因的研究反映了癖性是自身遗传的。
他的研究成果，原来主要刊登在科学期刊上，现已被收集在哈默的一本新书中，书名为《基因在生活中》，该书的形式易懂，且具有可读性。“在你性格的某些方面你也可自行选择，正如同你可以选择鼻子的形状或脚的大小一样，”哈默和本书的另一位作者彼得·考布兰在前言中这么说。一直到最近，对行为遗传学的研究主要是由精神病学家和心理学家进行的。他们有关基因的重要性的结论是以对同狼双胞胎的研究为基础的。比如西北大学的精神病学家迈克·贝利的一个著名的论证是如果同卵双胞胎中的一个是同性恋者，另一个是同性恋的可能性为50%。七年前，哈默继续对双胞胎进行了研究，这次研究的中心是看来能影响从人的情绪到性倾家荡产向的一切方面的特定的脱氧核糖核酸带。
哈默从基础研究转向了行为基因学。在哈佛大学获得了博士学位后，他花了十多年的时间研究蛋白质的生物化学性，这些蛋白质是细胞用来代谢重金属，如铜和锌的。当他年近40岁时，他却突然意识到他已了解他想了解的关于这种蛋白质的一切情况。他回忆道：“坦率地说，我套倦了，我想试点新的东西。”
现在，研究同性恋行为的时机已成熟了，因为过去很少有科学家敢涉足一个情感上和政治上负荷都很重的课题。“我是同性恋者，”哈默耸耸肩说，“但这并不是主要的动机。这是因为知识分子的好奇心，事实上从没有人从事过这种研究。”
Social anxiety disorder prevents some 15 million Americans from leading normal social and romantic lives, a new survey finds.
The disorder leaves many isolated, ashamed and often misdiagnosed. Thirty-six percent of those with social anxiety disorder have symptoms for 10 years or more before seeking help, the Anxiety Disorders Association of America reports.
“Social anxiety disorder is when somebody has an intense, persistent and irrational fear of social or performance situations," Jerilyn Ross, the association's president and CEO, said during a teleconference Wednesday.
”The condition causes people to avoid common, everyday situations and even other people for fear of being judged or criticized or humiliated or embarrassing themselves," Ross said.
Social anxiety disorder can interfere with daily routines and job performance，Ross noted. “ It also makes it very difficult for people to develop friends and romantic partnerships，” she said.
People with this di sorder recognize their fear is excessive and irrational, Ros^ noted. “But they feel powerless to do anything about it," she said.
Social anxiety disorder can start in the early teens, Dr. Mark H. Pollack, director of the Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders and a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, said during the teleconference.
"This is a disorder that starts affecting people early on1，” Pollack said. "The typical age of onset is early adolescence, age 12 or 13，and many individ uals report a history of anxiety dating back to2 earlier childhood. ”
The disorder also has physical symptoms，including heart palpitations，feelings that their throat will close up3，sweating, blushing, faintness, trembling and stammering, Ross said.
Among people with the disorder, 75 percent said the condition affected their ability to do normal activities. In addition, 69 percent said they didn't want people to think they were crazy, and 58 percent said they were embarrassed by their condition，Ross said.
However, when the condition is diagnosed and treated, many reported improvement in their lives. In fact, 59 percent who were receiving treatment said treatment had a positive effect on their ability to have a romantic relationship. In addition, 39 percent wrio had received treatment said knowing that treatment can be successful aided their decision to get help, Ross noted.?
social anxiety disorder think of their fear? A They think it's beyond their control.
social anxiety disorder include all the following EXCEPT
the disorder D can lead to improvement in the sufferers' lives.
第五十篇一千五百万美国人患有社交焦虑症
一项新的研究调查表明，有一千五百万美国人因患有社交焦虑症而无法进行正常的社交活动和爱情生活。
患有这种焦虑症的人大多感到孤独和羞愧，而且社交焦虑症常被误诊。根据美国焦虑症协会的调查，有36％的社交焦虑症患者在寻找帮助之前，已经有了10年或超过10年的症状表现。
“社交焦虑症是指一个人对社交场合或社交活动有着强烈的，持久的和非理论性的恐惧。”美国焦虑症协会主席及总裁杰瑞恩.罗斯在星期三的电话会议上如此说道。
罗斯说：“这种状况使那些患有社交焦虑症的人逃避日常的交往甚而逃避与人接触，因为他们害怕被评论，被批判或是被羞辱，这会让他们非常尴尬。”罗斯指出社交焦虑症还会影响日常生活和工作表现，她说：“它还对交友和恋爱造成很大阻碍。”
罗斯还指出患有这种焦虑症的人能意识到他们的恐惧过头了并且很不理智，她说，“但是他们对此却无能为力。”
社交焦虑症可以在青少年早期发作，焦虑症和心灵创伤压力障碍中心主任及哈佛医学院精神病学教授马克H.伯莱克在电话会议中如此说道。
伯莱克说：“这是一种会在患者早年开始发生作用的焦虑症，这种疾病开始的典型年龄是青春期早期，大概12岁或13岁，而且许多人都表明自己焦虑的历史可以追溯到更早的童年时期。”
这种焦虑症还伴随一些生理症状，包括心悸、喉咙堵塞、多汗、脸红、昏厥、发抖和口吃。
在社交焦虑症患者中，有75％的人表示这种疾病影响了他们的正常行为能力。而且有69％的人表示他们不愿意人们认为自己是疯子，还有58％的人表示他们为此感到羞愧。
职称英语考试卫生类(C类)试题及答案6 Happy Therapy (诊疗) Norman Cousins was a businessman from the United States who often traveled around the world on business. He enjoyed his work and traveling. Then, after returning to tile United States from a busy and tiring trip to Russia, Mr. Cousins got sick. Because he had pushed his body to the limit of its strength on the trip, a chemical change began to take place inside him. The material between his bones became weak. In less than one week after his return, he could not stand. Every move that he made was painful. He was not able to sleep at night. The doctors told Mr. Cousins that they did not know how to cure his problems and he might never get over the illness. Mr. Cousins, however, refused to give up hope. Mr. Cousins thought that unhappy thoughts were causing bad chemical changes in his body. He did not want to take medicine to cure himself. Instead, he felt that happy thoughts or laughter might cure his illness. He began to experiment on himself while still in the hospital by watching funny shows on television. Mr. Cousins quickly found that ten minutes of real laughter during the day gave him two hours of pain-free sleep at night. Deciding that the doctors could not help him, Mr. Cousins left the hospital and checked into a hotel room where he could continue his experiments with laughter. For eight days, Mr. Cousins rested in the hotel room watching funny shows on television, reading funny books, and sleeping whenever he felt tired. Within three weeks, he felt well enough to take a vacation to Puerto Rico where he began running on the beach for
2013年职称英语综合类B级真题及答案(基本完整版) 第1部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. Come out，or I’ll bust the door down. A shut B break C set D beat 2. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town. A naked B blind C cautious D private 3. The rules are too rigid to allow for human error. A general B inflexible C complex D direct 4. It seemed incredible that he had been there a week already. A right B unbelievable C obvious D unclear 5. These animals migrate south annually in search of food. A explore B inhabit C prefer D travel 6. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems. A send B hear C confirm D spread 7. She came across three children sleeping under a bridge. A found by chance B passed by C took a notice of D woke up 8. I have little information as regards her fitness for the post. A about B at C with D from 9. As a politician，he knows how to manipulate public opinion. A express B divide C influence D voice 10. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company. A taught B kept C changed D attracted 11. He paused，waiting for her to digest the information. A withhold B exchange C understand D contact 12. Make sure the table is securely anchored. A repaired B cleared C booked D fixed 13. She gets aggressive when she is drunk.
职称英语考试卫生类(B类)试题及答案4 第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分） 下面有3篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题定1个选项。 Happy Therapy （诊疗） Norman Cousins was a businessman from the United States who often traveled around the world on business. He enjoyed his work and traveling. Then, after returning to the United States from a busy and tiring trip to Russia, Mr. Cousins got sick. Because he had pushed his body to the limit of its strength on the trip, a chemical change began to take place inside him. The material between his bones became weak. In less than one week after his return, he could not stand. Every move that he made was painful. He was not able to sleep at night. The doctors told Mr. Cousins that they did not know how to cure his problems and he might never get over the illness. Mr. Cousins, however, refused to give up hope. Mr. Cousins thought that unhappy thoughts were causing bad chemical changes in his body. He did not want to take medicine to cure himself. Instead, he felt that happy thoughts or laughter might cure his illness. He began to experiment on himself while still in the hospital by watching funny shows on television. Mr. Cousins quickly found that ten minutes of real laughter during the day gave him two hours of pain-free sleep at night, Deciding that the doctors could not help him, Mr. Cousins left the hospital and checked into a hotel room where he could continue his experiments with laughter. For eight days, Mr. Cousins rested in the hotel room watching funny shows on television, reading funny books, and sleeping whenever he felt tired. Within three weeks, he felt
2013年职称英语考试卫生类C级试题及参考答案第1部分：词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The odd thing was that he didn't recognize me. A. strange B. real C. whole D. same 2. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company. A. taught B. kept C. changed D.attracted 3. The frame needs to be strong enough to support the engine. A. structure B. bottom C. surface D. top 4. We found shelter from the rain under the tree. A. defense B. standing C. protection D. room 5. We have to change the public’s perception that money is everything. A. sight B. belief C. interest D. pressure 6. It seems incredible that he had been there a week already.
A. right B. obvious C. unbelievable D. unclear 7. This was an unexceptionally brutal attack. A. cruel B. open C. sudden D. direct 8. “There is no other choice,”she said in a harsh voice. A. firm B. soft C. deep D. unkind 9. She gets aggressive when she is drunk. A. offensive B. worried C. sleepy D. anxious 10. I grabbed his arm and made him turn to look at me. A. threw B. seized C. broke D.stretched 11. Traffic reaches its rush hour between 8:00 and 9:00 in the morning. A. border B. goal C. peak D. level 12. That performance was pretty impressive. A. completely B. beautifully C. very D. equally 13. She came across three children sleeping under a bridge. A. found by chance B. passed by C. took a notice of D. woke up
2020年职称英语《卫生类》阅读判断练习5 They Say Ireland's the Best Ireland is the best place in the world lo live for 2005.according to a life quality ranking that appeared in Britain.s Economist magazine last week. The ambitious attempt to compare happiness levels around the World is based ol3 the principle that wealth is not the only measure of human satisfaction and well-being. The index of 111 countries uses data on incomes.health.unemployment.climate,political stability,job security,gender equality as well as what the magazine calls "freedom,family and community life". Despite the bad weather,troubled health service.traffic congestion（拥挤）,gender inequality,and the high cost of living.Ireland scored an impressive 8.33 points out of l0. That put it well ahead of second-place Switzerland,which managed 8.07. Zimbabwe. troubled by political insecurity and hunger,is rated the gloomiest（最差的）,picking up only 3.89 points. "Although rising incomes and increased individual choices are highly valued,"the report said. "some of the factors associated with modernization such as the breakdown（崩溃）in traditional institutions and family values in part take away from a positive impact." "Ireland wins because it successfully combines the most desirable elements of the new with the preservation of
2015年职称英语 综合类C级考试真题及答案 目录 词汇选项 (2) 阅读判断 (6) 概括大意与完成句子 (10) 阅读理解 (15) 补全短文 (23) 完形填空 (28)
词汇选项 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有下划线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分） 1 (单项选择题) Railways are the most important mode of transport for the economy. A.way B.factor C.objective D.source 2 (单项选择题) The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A.message B.guilt C.obligation D.punishment 3 (单项选择题) He said some harsh words about his brother. A.proper B.unkind
C.normal D.unclear 4 (单项选择题) I am going as a favor to Ann because I have to. A.partner B.drive C.guide D.help 5 (单项选择题) We need to identify the potential problems. A.possible B.main C.immediate https://www.doczj.com/doc/ab7794028.html,mon 6 (单项选择题) When did you first encounter these difficulties? A.create B.present C.experience D.resolve
职称英语卫生类B真题及答案 第1部分：词汇选项(第1。15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1 I believe that her account of what happened is very accurate. A simple B precise C vivid D close 2 He based his conclusion on the evidence given by the prisoner. A offered B worked C made D satisfied 3 The union called off the strike at the last minute yesterday. A cancelled B staged C lengthened D organized
4 I have earned a lot of money, but that is not the issue. A goal B task C key D point 5 There has been a lot of debate among us about the necessity to save money A talk B suggestions C discussion D ideas 6 The economy continued to exhibit signs of decline in October. A show B mark C record D carry 7 He endured unbearable agonies before he finally passed away. A left B relaxed C died D slept
2009年职称英语卫生类A级真题及答案第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1Why can't you stop your eternalcomplaining？ A everlasting B long C temporary D boring 2Hundreds of buildings were wrecked by the earthquake. A shaken B damaged C fallen D jumped 3These paintings are considered by many to be authentic. A faithful B royal C genuine D sincere 4Many economists have given in to the fatal lureof mathematics. A attraction B simplicity C power D rigor 5Ten years after the event，her death still remains a puzzle. A mist B fog C mystery D secret 6John was irritatedby the necessity for polite conversation. A annoyed B troubled C threatened D aroused 7Academic records cannot be duplicated. A borrowed B purchased C rewritten D copied 8The emphasis on the importance of education has spurred scientific research. A fastened B encouraged C raised D initiated 9We have ample money for the journey. A some B little C extra D enough 10 The doctor's pills worked marvelsfor me. A patients B miracles C illness D recovery
2020年职称英语考试卫生类B级阅读判断练习及答案 （3） “We hire talent. ” Those are the words of Rod Franz， a civil service computer technology director， responding to the question of opportunities for women who are interested in pursuing careers as computer technicians. On at least one of three shifts in his operation， the male-female ratio is 50-50. That is not surprising because government and educational institutes are required by the law to make every effort to open hiring opportunities to women and minority workers. What may be even more interesting to young women is that，according to Franz， private industry is hiring women and minorities away from us. And， since private industry pays more， it succeeds. Managers in the rapidly growing computer service field are quick to agree. They strongly encourage women to train for technician jobs， and they actively recruit female technicians across the country. They believe that this career field offers a wealth of possibility for women. A recent study by the Devry Institute of Technology that involved 100 employment managers in the Chicago area showed，too， that the number of women entering the field of computer science is on the rise， and that those already in the field are moving up. A significant increase in the number of women
2013年度全国职称英语等级考试综合类（A级）试题及参考答案 职称英语考试历年真题汇总>>https://www.doczj.com/doc/ab7794028.html,/zZnTL （复制链接，点击“打开链接”即可访问） 更多精品备考资料在职称英语考试交流群：151033695 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The rules are too rigid to allow for human error. A. inflexible B. general C. complex D. direct 2. This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed. A. turned dead B. passed by C. carried away D. become extinct 3. The contract between the two companies will expire soon. A. shorten B. end C. start D. resume 4. Three world-class tennis players came to content for this title. A. argue B. claim C. wish D. compete 5. The methods of communication used during the war were primitive. A. simple B. reliable C. effective D. alternative 6. Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law. A. moral B. regular C. fundamental D. hard 7. The drinking water has became contaminated with lead. A. polluted B. treated C. tested D. corrupted 8. Come out, or I’ll bust the door down. A. shut B. set C. break D. beat 9. She shed a few tears at her daughter’s wedding. A. wiped B. injected C. produced D. removed 10. They didn’t seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem. A. existence B. importance C. cause D. situation 11. The tower remains intact ever after two hundred years. A. unknown B. unusual C. undamaged D. unstable
2020年职称英语（卫生类）教材阅读理练习3 Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking,said medical experts after a five-year research study. Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer.They said patients are younger,especially women. According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute,more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else.Following breast cancer,it has the second-highest incidence rate. "An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer,"said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center. He followed 2，276 lung cancer patients for five years.Among them，l，483 were male. Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only l8 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke,according to the report. However,more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term,close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about1 irritated eyes and throat.
2020年职称英语卫生类阅读判断练习（3） Online Cancer Chat with a Safety Net Cancer Research UK has launched an online chat forum for cancer patients to swap stories and share experiences on how to cope with such a devastating disease. But Cancer Chat is a forum with a difference： it has an information safety net. This means that a Cancer Research UK team will keep a watching brief to ensure that patients are not subjected to rogue "cancer cures" or scientifically unsound information. Anyone can have access to the messages posted on Cancer Chat but if people wish to post a message they will need to register. And Rebekah Gibbs,cancer patient and star of TV's Casualty has pledged her support for the new project."I think Cancer Chat is a brilliant idea," she said."I have written a public diary about what I went through with breast cancer and I have had such a heart-warming response from other people going through the same thing. "The idea of a Cancer Chat forum means you can share information about treatment and side effects and you can really open up about your feelings online in a way that can be difficult when talking to close friends and family.And with Cancer Research UK monitoring the forum people can be reassured about the quality of information being exchanged."
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/ab7794028.html,/ielts/xd.html（报名网址）PASSAGE 26 Looking to the Future When a magazine for high-school students asked its readers what life would be like in twenty years, they said: Machines would be run by solar power. Buildings would rotate so they could follow the sun to take maximum advantage of its light and heat Walls would "radiate light" and "change color with the push of a button." Food would be replaced by pills. School would be taught "by electrical impulse while we sleep." Cars would have radar. Does this sound like the year 2000? Actually, the article was written in 1958 and the question was, "what will life be like in 1978?" The future is much too important to simply guess about, the way the high school students did, so experts are regularly asked to predict accurately. By carefully studying the present, skilled businessmen, scientists, and politicians are supposedly able to figure out in advance what will happen. But can they? One expert on cities wrote: Cities of the future would not be crowded, but would have space for farms and fields. People would travel to work in "airbuses", large all-weather helicopters carrying up to 200 passengers. When a person left the airbus station he could drive a coin-operated car equipped with radar. The radar equipment of cars would make traffic accidents "almost unheard of". Does that sound familiar? If the expert had been accurate it would, because he was writing in 1957. His subject was "The city of 1982". If the professionals sometimes sound like high-school students, it's probably because future study is still a new field. But economic forecasting, or predicting what the economy will do, has been around for a long time. It should be accurate, and generally it is. But there have been some big market in the field, too. In early 1929, most forecasters saw an excellent future for the stock market. In October of that year, the stock market had its worst losses ever, ruining thousands of investors who had put their faith in financial foreseers. One forecaster knew that predictions about the future would always be subject to significant error. In 1957, H.J.Rand of the Rad corporation was asked about the year 2000, "Only one thing is certain," he answered. "Children born today will have reached the age of 43." 1. The high-school students' answers to "What would life be like in 1978?" sound A) accurate. B) imaginative. C) correct. D) foolish. 2. According to the writer, forecasting is fairly accurate in A) politics. B) science. C) sociology. D) economy. 3. Which of the following statements is not compatible with the writer's comment on future study?
职称英语卫生类A级考试真题及答案 2011年职称英语考试已于今天结束，2011年职称英语卫生类A级考试真题及答案 一、词汇选项 1. urging (pushing) 2. tolerate (stand ) 3.obsecure ( unclear) 4. trembling (shaking) 5. steady (continious) 6. grasp ( undestasnd) 7. provoked (caused) 8. finds faults with (criticizes) 9. approach (handle ) 10. remarking (saying ) 11. hailed (praised ) 12. asserted (maintained) 13. considerabaly (greatly) 14. scared (afraid) 15. vigorous (energetic ) 二、阅读判断 16-22参考答案BCABACB 标题：Relieving the Pain 主旨大意：运动对于治疗各种痛疼有益处 16. To treat pain, patients should stop moving around
答案：B（wrong：错） 17. Headaches are partly caused by lack of excecise 答案：C（not mentioned：未提及） 18. Exercise helps to take the pressure off the site of pain 答案：A（right：正确） 19. Doctors often use drugs such as endprphins to treat patients 答案：B（wrong：错） 20. Backache sufferers often end up taking more than one drug to kill pain 答案：A（right：正确） 21. Excercises helps pain sufferers to recover more quickly than traditional treatment 答案：C（not mentioned：未提及） 22. New pain clinc ask patients to give up drugs completely 答案：B（wrong：错） 三、概括大意与完成句子 23-26参考答案DECA 标题：Owls and Larks 主旨大意：早起的人和晚起的人的差别及形成原因 23. 答案：D （why do we need sleep?） 24. 答案：E (what makes paople owls or larks ?) 25. 答案：C ( which is better,being an owl or a lark?) 26. 答案：A (What should we avoid ?) 完成句子 27-30参考答案：FDAB