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18世纪英国文学(2)

18世纪英国文学(2)
18世纪英国文学(2)

墓园诗派与哥特式小说

墓园诗派是感伤主义在诗歌方面的反映。18世纪前期已经出现,四、五十年代,达到高峰。代表诗人和作品有爱德华·杨格(Edward Young, 1683-1765)的《哀怨,或关于生、死、永生的夜思》(The Complaint, or Night Thoughts on Life, Death, and Immortality, 1742-11745),托马斯·格雷(Thomas Gray, 1716-1771)的《墓园哀歌》(Elegy in a Country Churchyard, 1751)等。这一派诗歌多以黑夜、墓地、死亡、时间为题材,抒发个人孤苦、忧伤之情。

墓园诗派代表诗人格雷的代表作是长诗《墓园哀歌》,它在黄昏的墓园咏叹人生,普通劳动者。

《墓园哀歌》属于西方有悠久传统的牧歌中哀歌的一种,加之感伤主义的影响,忧伤悲凄之情异常充沛。

哥特式小说是产生于18世纪中后期的一种小说类型和流派。哥特式小说描写因争夺财产、满足情欲、家族复仇等引起的谋杀、迫害、乱伦。这一流派的作家作品有贺拉斯·瓦尔浦(Horace Walpole, 1717-1797)的《奥特朗托城堡》(1764)、安·拉德克利夫(Mrs Ann Radcliffe, 1764-1823)的《乌多芙堡之谜》(1794)、马修·刘易斯(Matthew Gregory Lewis, 1775-1818)的《修道士》(1796)等。

浪漫主义先驱:布莱克和彭斯

威廉·布莱克(William Blake, 1757—1827)的作品包括诗集《诗的素描》(1783)、诗集《天真之歌》(Songs of Innocence)(1789)、诗集《经验之歌》(Songs of Experience)(1794)等。

在《诗的素描》和《天真之歌》中,诗人是大自然、爱情与普通人生活的热情讴歌者。

《咏夏》、《咏秋》、《牧人之歌》、《老牧人之歌》

天真时代:人与自然和谐共处,热情和快乐是它的特征,天真是它的底子。

经验时代:尘世、现实的烦恼和痛苦。《伦敦》

天真时代—经验时代。人类灵魂中两种对立状态。“创造性力量”—“吞噬性力量”。《天真的预言》、《虎》

苏格兰诗人罗伯特·彭斯(Robert Burns, 1759-1796)一生创作了600余首诗,以体裁分,有抒情诗、讽刺诗、咏动物诗、叙事诗等。

彭斯最优秀的诗歌是那些歌咏乡村爱情、友谊、耕作、自然、娱乐及日常生活的作品。

《一朵红红的玫瑰》(‘A Red, Red Rose’)、《往昔的时光》(‘Auld Lang Syne’)、《致鼷鼠》、《圣集》、《我的心呀在高原》、《这一撮民族败类》、《苏格兰人》、《威利神父的祷告》

彭斯的诗从内容到形式都根植于苏格兰的乡土民族生活之中。

英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案

考试课程:英国文学史及选读考核类型:A 卷 考试方式:闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业:英语考试班级:英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____,a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第7章 18世纪(1688~1798)【圣才出品】

第7章18世纪(1688~1798) 7.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background(历史背景) With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life,some special features are worthy of our notice: 随着市民阶层文化生活的提升,以下几点值得我们的注意: (1) Political writings(政治写作) The rise of the political parties and their rivalry called forth writers,literary men willing to work for either party in order to help either of them win more votes. 政党的崛起,他们的竞争对手召集作家进行创作,而作家们一般都愿意帮助其中任何一派来替他们拉选票。 (2) Newspapers and journals(报纸和期刊) With the coming of the 18th century a new mass media came into being. Both parties printed newspapers as a means to express their views. Besides, the rise of the middle class also helped the growth of the newspapers. 随着18世纪的到来,一种新的媒介开始形成。双方政党都印刷报纸作为宣传他们主张的媒介。此外,正在上升的中产阶级也推动了报业的发展。 (3) Coffeehouses(咖啡屋) In the latter half of the 17th century and throughout the 18th century, the coffeehouses in London served as informal meeting houses for men of all classes,

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题) 2. Romance (名词解释) 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad(名词解释) 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance(名词解释)9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释)11. Blank verse(名词解释)12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”(推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读) 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要,最重要属sonnet18。(其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读) 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的,故事情节来自Old Testament,另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment(名词解释) 19. Neoclassicism(名词解释) 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要,注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样,它虚构了一系列的人物,以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文,这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要,要知道具体内容,就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称,和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; (我们主要讲了三个地方)“A Modest Proposal”比较重要,要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要,剧情要清楚,Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形,以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature,另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要,需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家,另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),

18世纪英国文学特点分析

The Literary Principles of the 18th Century English Literature The 18th century was generally considered as “the Age of Reason”. In the period Enlightenment prevailed in England and most European countries. Most of the literary works put significant emphasis on the social order, morality, justice and freedom of human nature, which are the essence of Enlightenment. Reason, which Enlightenment advocated, was the most important mode for the English people in the 18th century. The main tasks of the Enlighteners were to call for the elimination of the feudal remnants and religious ignorance, and to pave the path for the development of the bourgeoisie. The 18th century was of great significance in English history. Owing to the enormous strides in politics and economy, the literature of the century entered the period of prosperity. 1. Historical Background In politics, the “Glorious Revolution” in 1688 made the smooth transition to a constitutional monarchy in peace come into realization, and afterwards Capitalism was definitely established in Britain. After many centuries of wars and civil trifles, the 18th century saw a period for the English people to enjoy peace and tranquility in their social and political life. The power of the monarch was deprived and fell into the hands of the Parliament, which was under the control of two major political parties, the Whigs and the Tories. Even though the Whigs were for the democracy and the Tories were the supporters of the British monarchy, the two parties had no much dispute in economic development and the policy of moderation, which ensured a relatively speedy development of the English society in economy and in democracy. The Act of Union united England, Scotland and Welsh into one country, which laid a foundation for the rise of the British Empire in the middle of the 18th century. In economy, the international trading and the lucrative slave trade brought

(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

18世纪英国文学

18世纪 散文和期刊文学

18世纪 ?18世纪前半叶﹐英国社会安定﹐文学上崇尚新古典主义﹐其代表者是诗人蒲柏。 ?他运用英雄偶句体极为纯熟﹐擅长写讽刺诗﹐但以发泄私怨居多。表现出启蒙主义精神的主要是散文作家﹐他们推进了散文艺术﹐还开拓了两个文学新领域﹐即期刊随笔和现实主义小说。

?蒲柏出生于一个罗马天主教家庭,由于当时英国法律规定学校要强制推行英国国教圣公会,学习了拉丁文、希腊文、法文和意大利文的大量作品。 ?蒲柏的诗多用“英雄双韵体”。他的许多词句写得工整、精练、富有哲理性,有些诗行几乎成为格言。

?代表作 ?他的第一部重要作品是1711年他23岁时出版的诗体《批评论》,其中许多名句已经成为英语成语。 ?蒲柏深受法国古典主义文学理论家布瓦落的影响,在《批评论》一诗中提出只有自然才是值得研究和描写的对象,诗人不能离开自然,并认为古希腊、罗马的诗歌是最优秀的艺术典范。蒲柏遵循着这种古典主义的原则进行文学创作。

?1712年他写作了长篇讽刺诗《夺发记》,1714年又补充了两章。 ?这首诗描写一家男孩偷剪了另一家女孩的一绺金发,因为此事引起两家的争执,写成了一部英雄史诗。 ?1713年起,他着手翻译荷马的史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》,是根据当时英国时代精神进行再创作,第一部英语词典的编纂者约翰逊博士称赞为“世界前所未见的高贵的诗译作”。

?蒲柏的代表作是讽刺长诗《鬈发遇劫记》(THE RAPE OF THE LOCK,1714),诗人称之为“英雄滑稽诗”(AN HEROI-COMICAL POEM)。 ?这部作品对英国上流社会的无聊生活提出了温和的批评。蒲柏的 其他诗作还有讽刺长诗《愚人志》(THE DUNCIAD,1742)、哲 理诗《道德论》(MORAL ESSAYS,1731-1735)、《人论》(AN ESSAY ON MAN,1734)和《与阿布斯诺博士书》(EPISTLE TO DR. ARBUTHNOT,1735)等。另外,蒲柏还编纂了莎士比亚的戏剧集。

吴伟仁的英国文学史及选读

History and Anthology of English Literature Part One The Anglo-Saxon Period Beowulf Questions: 1.The earliest literature falls into two divisions ___________, and_______________. 2.Christianity brings England not only __________ and___________but also the wealth of a new language. 3.Who is Beowulf? And What is Beowulf? 4.How did Beowulf come into being? 5.Who is Grendel? And what is the result of Grendel?s fight with Beowulf? 6.How did the Jutes hold the funeral for him? Key points of this part: The most important work of old English literature is Beowulf------- the national epic of the English people. It is of Germanic heritage, perhaps the greatest Germanic epic and contains evidently pre-Christian elements existing at first in an oral tradition, the poem was passed from mouth to mouth for generations before it was written down. The manuscript preserved today was written in the Wessex tongue about 1000A.D., consisting altogether of 3183 lines. There are three episodes related to the career of Beowulf: 1.the fight with the monster, Grendel. 2.The fight with Grendel?s mother, a still more frightful she-monster. 3.The moral combat with the fire Dragon. The significance lies in the vivid portrayal of a great national hero, who is brave, courageous, selfless, and ever helpful to his people. There are three important features:: 1.Alliteration (words beginning with the same consonant sound). This is characteristic of all old English verse. 2.Metaphors and understatements. There are many compound words used in the poem to serve as indirect metaphors that are sometimes very picturesque. , e.g. “riging-giver”is used for King; “hearth-companions “for his attendant warriors; “Whale?s road” for the sea; “spear-fighter” for soldier etc. And as understatement we can see: “not troublesome”for welcome; “need not praise”for a right to condemn. This quality is often regarded as characteristic of the English people and their language. 3.Mixture of pagan and Christian elements: the observing of omen, cremation, blood-revenge, and the praise of worldly glory.

第五章18世纪文学

第五章18世纪文学 一、单项选择题 1、被誉为“第一部英国现代小说”的作品是() A.《杰克上校》 B.《克拉丽莎》 C.《帕美勒》 D.《天真汉》 【正确答案】:C 【答案解析】:参见教材P81。 2、长于使用书信体叙述故事的英国作家是() A.斯威夫特 B.理查逊 C.菲尔丁 D.笛福 【正确答案】:B 【答案解析】:参见教材P81。 3、代表18世纪英国现实主义小说最高成就的作家是()A.理查逊菲尔丁B. 笛福C. 斯威夫特D. B 【正确答案】:。【答案解析】:参见教材P82 、菲尔丁的代表作是()4 A.《克拉丽莎》 B.《格列佛游记》·琼斯的故事》C.《弃儿汤姆弗兰德斯》D.《摩尔· C 【正确答案】:参见教材P82。【答案解析】:)、518世纪英国的讽刺作家是( A.笛福理查逊 B. 菲尔丁 C. D.斯威夫特 【正确答案】:D 【答案解析】:参见教材P82。 6、对浪漫主义文学有直接影响的文学是() A.感伤主义文学 B.人文主义文学 C.古典主义文学 D.流浪汉小说 【正确答案】:A 【答案解析】:参见教材P82。 7、欧洲启蒙运动的中心是() A.德国 B.法国 C.英国 D.西班牙

【正确答案】:B 【答案解析】:参见教材P83。 8、伏尔泰最出色的哲理小说是() A.《天真汉》 B.《老实人》 C.《查第格》 D.《中国孤儿》 【正确答案】:B 【答案解析】:参见教材P83。 9、“德国第一部有政治倾向性的戏剧”是() ·退尔》A.《威廉《华伦斯坦》B. 《阴谋与爱情》C. D.《强盗》 C 【正确答案】:。P86参见教材【答案解析】: 10、德国历史上最重要的古典时期的辉煌成就是唯心主义哲学和()的文学。 A.席勒 B.歌德 C.莱辛 D.卢梭 【正确答案】:B 【答案解析】:参见教材P87。 11、歌德的自传是() A.《少年维特之烦恼》 B.《浮士德》 C.《诗与真》 D.《亲和力》 【正确答案】:C 【答案解析】:参见教材P89。 12、《浮士德博士的悲剧》的作者是() A.马洛(也译为马娄)李利B. 格林C. 基德D. A 【正确答案】:【答案解析】:参见教材P91。二、多项选择题、伏尔泰创作的悲剧主要有()1 A.《俄狄浦斯王》《凯撒之死》B. 《穆罕默德》C. 《中国孤儿》D. 《老实人》E. ABCD 【正确答案】:参见教材P83。【答案解析】:)严肃剧2、狄德罗“”的代表作品有( 《修女》A. 《私生子》B. C.《双生子》《拉摩的侄儿》D. E.《一家之主》 【正确答案】:BE 【答案解析】:参见教材P84。 3、狂飙突进运动的代表作家有()

17、18世纪英国文学

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