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英语名词性短语 与用法讲义2023届高考英语复习

Noun Phrases

名词性短语

Noun - a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea

名词可以命名人、地点、事物或观点。

Noun Phrase - a noun and any words in the sentence that modify it; words that can modify nouns include articles (a, an, the); adjectives; participles; and possessive pronouns

名词短语:名词和句中修饰名词的任意词语;可以修饰名词的词语包括冠词(a, an, the)、形容词、分词和物主代词。

A noun phrase can be a single word -just the noun- or more than one word.

名词短语可以是单个词语(一个名词)也可以是多个词语。

Noun phrases can function in several different ways in a sentence. Some of the most common functions of noun phrases are listed below.

名词短语在一句话中有不同的功能。下面列出了最常见的功能。

1. A noun phrase can be a subject:

1. 名词短语作主语

2. A noun phrase can be a direct object:

2. 名词短语作直接宾语

3. A noun phrase can be the object of a preposition:

3. 名词短语作介词宾语

4. A noun phrase can be an indirect object:

4. 名词短语作间接宾语

名词短语的例子:

a yellow house 一栋黄色的房子a skate board 一个滑板the glistening snow 晶莹的雪

Each of these phrases contains a noun (house, board, snow). The other words modify the noun.

这几个短语中都包括一个名词(house, board, snow)。其他词修饰这个名词。

名词短语作主语的例子:

The yellow house is for sale.

这栋黄色的房子要出售。

The glistening snow covered the field.

田野上覆盖了晶莹的雪。

名词短语作直接宾语的例子:

I want a skate board.

我想要一个滑板。

Should we buy the yellow house?

我们会买这栋黄色的房子吗?

名词短语作介词宾语的例子:

Jeff rode on a skate board.

Jeff滑上了滑板。

Karen lives in the yellow house.

Karen住在这栋黄色的房子里。

名词短语作间接宾语的例子:

Lisa gave the little boy a candy.

Lisa给了小男孩一颗糖。

名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词。根据其词汇意义,名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。

1.专有名词:

指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。专有名词的首字母通常要大写。具体说来,它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如:Jim吉姆China中国July七Friday星期五Christmas圣诞节English 英语

2.普通名词:

指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。具体地说,它可分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体,如girl(女孩)等;集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如audience(观众,听众)等;物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如water(水)等;抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如work(工作),happiness(幸福)等。

Part1名词的数

1名词复数的构成方法

(1)一般情况加词尾-s,如book/books,desk/desks等。

(2)以s,x,z,sh,ch等结尾的.名词,通常加词尾-es:

bus/buses,box/boxes,dish/dishes等。

(3)以y结尾的名词,其复数构成要分两种情况:以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,将y改为ies,city/cities;以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,直接加词尾

-s:,toy/toys,holiday/holidays等。

(4)以o结尾的名词,有些加词尾-s,有些加-es如

piano/pianostomato/tomatoes

(5)以f或fe结尾的名词,也有两种可能:即有些直接加词尾-s,有些则把f/fe改为ves:roof/roofs(屋顶),knife/knives(小刀)等。但在中学英语范围内,要改f/fe为ves的只有以下10个词(它们都是日常生活中的常用词):wife(妻子),life(生命),knife(小刀),leaf(树叶),thief(贼),half(一半),self(自己),shelf(架子),loaf(面包),wolf(狼)。

(6)单数与复数同形的名词。这类名词不多,主要的有:

sheep绵羊fish鱼deer鹿Chinese中国人Japanese日本人Portuguese 葡萄牙人Swiss瑞士人aircraft飞行器

(7)名词复数的不规则变化。有的名词单数变复数时,没有一定的规则,需特别记忆:

man/men男人woman/women女人

child/children小孩tooth/teeth牙齿

foot/feet脚goose/geese鹅

注:一些以man,woman结尾的合成词,在构成复数时与man,woman的变化形式相同,如:policeman/policemen(警察),Englishman/Englishmen(英

国人),等等。但是human(人),German(德国人)不是合成词,它们的复数要按一般规则变化,即为humans,Germans,Walkmans,而不是humen,Germen。

2可数名词和不可数名词

名词根据其可数性,可分为可数名词和不可数名词。

(1)可数名词,即指可以用数目进行计数的名词:

(2)不可数名词,即不能用数目进行计数的名词:

注:可数名词可以有单数和复数两种形式,而不可数名词通常只有单数形式,没有复数形式;一般来说,个体名词和大部分集合名词是可数的,而专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词则通常是不可数的。

3可数名词与不可数名词的修饰语

(1)修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有

these,those,few,afew,manyagreatmany等:

(2)修饰不可数名词的常用修饰语有this,that,little,alittle等:

(3)有些修饰语即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词,如

all,some,enough,alotof,lotsof等:

(4)一般来说,不可数名词不可以用数目来计数,若要计数,则要借助单位次,如piece,bottle,pair等。

piece其意为“张”“块”“条”等:

pair主要用来指由两者组成的“一双”或“一对”,或有两半合成的“一条”“一副”等:

另外一下表达也值得注意:

abottleof、acupof、adropof、aglassof……

注:“apiecepair+名词”之类的结构作主语是,其谓语通常与“piecepair”的数保持一致。

Part2名词的格

名词格的种类:英语名词有三个格,即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同,所以它们又统称作通格。英语名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-’s所有格和of所有格两种形式。

1-’s所有格的构成方法

(1)单数名词或不带复数词尾s的复数名词尾均加词加-s构成所有格:thechild’sbagchildren’sbooks

(2)复数名词已带有词尾s,则只加省字撇(’)构成所有格:girls’school;students’abilities;但带词尾s的单数名词,通常仍加-s:theboss’snewcar.

(3)用and连接的并列名词的所有格分两种情况,如分别带有-’s,则表示“分别有”;若只带一个–’s,则表示“两者共有”:Jim’sandJack’srooms;JimandJack’sroom

(4)-’s所有格的用法特点:-’s所有格主要用于有生命的东西,但有时也可用于无生命的东西,如用于表时间的名词后、用于表国家、城市的名词后等:today’spapertwohours’restAmerica’spolicythecity’spopulation

2 of所有格的用法

(1)of所有格即可用于由声明的人或物,也可用于无生命的东西。of所有格有时可以与-’s所有格互换:Mr.Smith’sdaughter=

(2)当用于无声明的事物或表示同位关系时,通常只用of所有格:

thecoverofthebookthecityofBeijing

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