Test 1
the _______of Mary，all the girl students are eager to go to the party.
除了玛丽，所有的女孩都急切的想去参加舞会。
答案： B
A exhibition 展览
B exception 例外with the exception of =except
C except 除了...之外，（减去，不包括）介词
D reception 接待是receive的名词形式，
the traffic is not busy，he likes to drive at a _______ speed.
虽然交通并不拥堵，但是他还是喜欢中速行驶。
答案： C
A spare adj. 业余的，备用的，v 抽出（时间，精力），赦免
B fast adj 快速的，
C moderate 稳健的，温和的；适度的，中等的；有节制的
D moral adj 道德的
3.All the memories of his childhood had _______ from his mind by the time he was
65.
他到了65岁是时候，对所有的童年往事的记忆都慢慢的消退了。
答案：A
A fade 褪色，消退
B illustrate 举例说明，图解
C confine 限制，禁闭分娩
. He did not confine himself to the one language.
他没把自己局限于这一门语言。
D concern 关心，担心，涉及
4.This river is so big that it is impossible to build a _______ under it without
modern technology.
河流如此之大，没有现代技术，在底下修一条隧道是不可能的。
答案： B
A canal 运河，水渠
B tunnel 隧道
C channel 通道，（电视）频道
D cable 电缆，缆线
_______ is nearly dead ，so I can not start the car again.
A. bean
电池已经差不多断电了。因此这辆车启不动了。
答案：D battery
A bean 豆，嘴峰毫无价值的东西
B beam 一束光，照射
C bake 烤面包，烘烤
D battery 电池
making modern cameras ，people began to _______ plastics for metal.
A. surround
在制作相机时，人们开始用塑料代替金属
答案：D
A surround 围绕，包围surrounding 环境，周围的事物
B substance 物质
C stretch 拉伸，伸展
D substitute 替代搭配：substitute A for B 用A替代B
. Nothing could substitute for mother's milk. 什么也替代不了母乳。
7.With the help of the government ，a large number of people ---_______ after
the flood in 1991.
A. survived
在政府的帮助下，大批群众在1991年的洪灾之后幸存下来了。
答案： A
A survive 幸免幸存survivor 幸存者survival n 幸存
B suspend 使暂停，使悬浮禁赛
C suffer 遭受，忍受，患病
D subject 受制于，服从，隶属科目，主题
8.He always has a lot of _______ ideas in his mind ，and sometimes we do not
even know what he is thinking about.
A. novel
他总是有些奇怪的想法，有时候我们都不知道他在想什么
答案：A
A novel adj 新奇的，异常的n 小说
B spoil 溺爱，宠坏，破坏
C acceptable adj. 可以接受的
D additional 另外的，附加的
be serious. I am not _______. You should consider it carefully
A. sorting
请你认真点。我不是开玩笑。你应该仔细考虑一下。
答案：B
A sort n 类别v 分类，整理
B joke 开玩笑
C count 数数，重要
D compare 比较
10.We do not have a _______ school in our institute. The highest degree we
provide for the students is a B. A. and a B. S. .
A. continue
我们学校没有研究生院，我们授予的最高学位就是文学硕士和理学硕士
= bachelor of arts 文学硕士
= Bachelor of Science 理学硕士
A continue 继续continuing education 继续教育
Continuous 连续不断的，
Continual 经常发生的，
B bay 海湾，狗吠声
C assistance 援助，帮助
D graduate 毕业生，研究生
11.In the United States，the foreign policy is decided by the ________
government，not by each
state.
A federal
在美国，外交政策是由联邦政府决定的，而不是由每个州决定的。
答案：A
A. Federal 联邦的
B. Figure n 数字，人物，图像
v 计算搭配：figure out 计算出，理解
C. Scientific adj 科学的
D. Service 服务短语：room service 客房服务，送餐服务
12.He works in our university as a visiting _______，not as a formal faculty
member.
A. traditional
他是我们学校的客座学者，而不是正式员工。
答案：B
A . Traditional 传统的
B. Scholar 学者，奖学金获得者
C. Nurse n 护士v 看护
D. Pilot n 飞行员，领航者v 驾驶，领航
13.When you fill in the application form，please use your _______ address so
That we can contact you easily later.
A. policy
填写申请表的时候，请使用永久地址，以便我们以后和你联系的时候更方便。
A policy n 政策，保单
B. Plain n 平原adj. 简单，朴素，清晰
C permanent adj permanent address 永久住址; 永久地址; 永久通信
地址; 永世地址
D principal adj 主要的n 首长，校长
_______ to be a polite man. But in fact he is very rude.
A. pretends
约翰假装斯文，其实很粗鲁
A . Pretend 假装
B assure v保证，担保，使相信
C afford 能承受，能负担
D melt 融化
can not trust him any more because he often ________ his duty.
A. owes
我们不能再信任他了，因为他经常玩忽职守。
答案：D
A . owe 欠债搭配：owe....to...把....归功于
B spoil n 溺爱，破坏
C desert n 沙漠v 抛弃cf. Dessert 甜点
D neglect 忽视，疏忽
order to increase our output，we need to import more production _______.
A. facilities
为了增加产量，我们需要进口更多的生产设备。
答案：A
A . Facility 设备，设施
B. hen 母鸡，雌禽，女人
C vote 选举，选票
D artist 艺术家
17.When a spacecraft travels，one of the major problems is reentry into the
Earth’s _______.
A. surface
航空器飞行时，主要问题之一是，重返地球的大气层。
A surface n 表面，外观，v 浮出水面
B atmosphere 大气层，氛围
C attitude 态度，看法搭配：attitude to(toward)....的态度
D bent n 爱好adj 弯曲的
river forms a natural _______ between China and Korea.
A. boundary
这条河在中韩之间形成一条天然的分界线。。
答案： A
A. Boundary 边界，分界线boundary marker 界碑
B string n 细绳子，琴弦，一串 a string of 一系列，一串
C spot n 地点，斑点，adj 现场的v 弄脏
D bent adj. 弯曲的; 决心的;
is already 16years old. But she _______as if she were still a little girl.
A. believes C. accesses
她已经16岁了，但是行为举止好像是个小女孩。
答案：D
A believe 相信，认为
B absorb 吸收搭配：be absorbed in 全神贯注
C access 进入，通道搭配：
have access to 可以到达；可以使用；有接触(或进入、使用)的机会(或权利) . In theory, every person will have access to an unlimited amount of
information.
从理论上来说，每个人都可以利用无穷数量的信息。
D behave v 表现（机器的）运转，使守规矩
Behave well 举止得体，表现好，
Behave oneself 检点自己的行为
are _______ at the rapid progress Mark has made in this semester.
A. distinguished
我们队马克这学期取得这么快的进步感到惊讶。
答案：C
A distinguished adj. 卓越的，着名的，杰出的
Distinguished guest 贵宾，嘉宾，高朋
搭配：be distinguished from 与.....不同
B annoyed v 恼怒，adj 生气的，恼怒的
C astonished adj. 感到惊讶的
D score v 得分，获得，n 二十，分数
doctors _______ the medicines to the people in the flood area.
A. distributed
医生把药品分发给灾区的群众。
答案：A
A. Distribute v 分发，分配
B 。pack n 一包包裹v 打包，挤压
C . Pray 祈祷，恳求
D undertake v 承担，从事
. Who will undertake the responsibility of the work 谁将承担这项工作的责任
of the news provided by this newspaper is _______，not foreign.
A. domestic
这份报纸提供的大部分新闻都是国内的，而不是国外的。
答案： A
A. domestic adj 国内的，家庭的，驯养的
B. strain n 张力，拉紧，负担vt 拉紧，
C. purchase v 购买
D. Murder 谋杀
tried to _______relations with his former wife but he failed.
A. measure
他企图与前妻保持关系，但是不成功。
答案：B
A measure 测量，衡量，措施搭配：take measures 采取措施
B maintain v维持，保持，维修主张
C shelter n 庇护，避难所v 保护搭配shelter.....from...保护...免遭...
D reply 回复，回答
24.He _______ to study harder in the future so that he could have more
opportunities to find a better job.
A. resolved
他决心以后更加努力学习，以便有机会找到更好的工作。
答案：A
A resolve 决定，决心，解决，分解
. This did not shake his resolve. 这事并未动摇他的决心。
. We should be able to resolve our differences. 我们应该能够解决我们的分歧。
. She resolved to report the matter to the hospital's nursing manager...
她决定把这件事汇报给医院的护士长
B resort v 求助n 手段，旅游胜地
C request 请求
D reserve 储备，保留保护区，
. The Federal Reserves 美联储
_______ work continued for more than a week but there was still no sign of the missing boy.
A. research
营救工作开展了一周多的时间，但是仍然不见失踪男孩的踪迹
答案：B
A research 调查，研究
B rescue 营救，救援，
C vessel n 船，器皿，血管
D vast 巨大的，广阔无垠的，巨额的
kinds of animals are believed to have _________ from the earth
A. withdrawn
人们认为，很多动物已经从地球上消失了。
答案：B
A withdraw 撤退，撤销，取款，撤资
过去式withdrew 过去分词withdrawn 名词形式：withdrawal The bank became suspicious after several large withdrawals were made
from his account in a single week
B vanish 消失
. Many of these species have vanished or are facing extinction
这些物种中的许多已经消亡或是正濒临灭绝
C found v 创立，建立
D hung 悬挂，动词原形为hang
Hang 悬挂，过去式，过去分词hung
绞死过去式hanged, 过去分词hanged
27.The engineers in this lab spent several weeks _______ their plans for the new
bicycle.
A. counting
这个实验室的工程师花了好几周时间来为这款新自行车制定周密的计划。答案：C
A count v 数数，重要
. I counted 34 wild goats grazing. 我数了有34只野山羊在吃草。
搭配：count on 指望
B strip vt. 剥夺；剥去；脱去衣服
带；条状；脱衣舞
coastal cities of Liguria sit on narrow strips of land lying under steep mountains.
利古里亚的那些海滨城市坐落在陡峭山脉下的狭长地带。
C elaborate:精心制作，详细解释
. But he declines to elaborate他拒绝阐述细节。
D. Cast : 投射，铸造，投掷
trees are usually believed to _______ cold weather.
A. guard
人们通常认为，松树能抵御严寒天气。
答案：D
A guard 保卫，警惕，护卫
Coast guard 海岸警卫队
Guard against 提防
B accomplish 完成，实现，达到
accomplish nothing 一事无成; 没有出路; 一无所成
C roar 咆哮，轰鸣
D endure 忍耐，容忍
The company endured heavy financial losses 公司承受了沉重的财务损失
medical service is _______ to nearly all the college students in China.
A. favorite
在中国，所有的大学生都能享受免费医疗。
答案： B
A favorite adj./n 最爱
B available adj 有效的，可得到的，可利用的, 有空的
was not available for comment; he was available and willing to
accompany her.
他无可奉告;他有空而且也愿意陪她。
C convenient 方便的, 合宜的
working for twenty hours without any rest，the doctors were _______.
A. exhausted
医生们连续工作20小时之后，精疲力尽。
答案： A
A. Exhausted adj. . 耗尽的; 用完的; 筋疲力尽的
Exhaust v 用尽，耗尽n 废弃，尾气
B mounted 动词mount 的过去分词mount 登山，骑车
C wrap v 包，裹，绕，
D restore v 恢复，复原，修复
. Troops were sent to the islands to restore order last November.
去年11月，军队被派往这些岛屿以恢复秩序
college students in China are _______ from smoking on campus because this will do them no
good.
A. discouraged
中国的大学生不许在校园内吸烟，因为这对他们没好处。
答案： A
Discourage 使气馁; 使沮丧; 阻碍; 劝阻;
. His parents tried to discourage his interest in music, but he persisted.
他的父母设法打消他对音乐的兴趣，但他始终坚持
. I have tried to discourage him from biting nails. 我曾劝阻他不要咬指甲
B observe 遵守; 观察; 庆祝
. Didn't you observe the difference 难道你没有看出差别
[动词+ 名词短语+ 不带to的不定式]
The police observed a man enter the bank.
警察注意到一个男人走进了银行。
. Will the rebels observe the ceasefire 叛乱者会遵守停火协议吗
[动词+ 名词短语](formal) to celebrate festivals, birthdays, etc. 庆祝；庆贺；欢度
Do they observe Christmas
他们过不过圣诞节
C obey v 服从，遵守
. [动词+ 名词短语]
to obey a command/an order/rules/the law
服从指挥/ 命令；遵守规章/ 法律
He had always obeyed his parents without question.
他对父母一向绝对服从。
D. Obtain 获得，得到; 流行; 买到，达到（目的）
V To obtain her degree, she answered 81 questions over 10 papers.
为获得学位，她回答了10页纸上的81个问题。
32.Professor Smith is also the _______ of the international program office. If you
have any problem when you study here，you may go to him for help.
A. detective
史密斯教授也是这个国际课程办公室的主任，你在这里学习如果有什么问题，可以去找他。
答案： D
A detective adj& b 侦探的，侦探
B president 董事长，（大学）校长，总裁，总统
C manager 经理，管理人员
D director 主管，主任; 董事，理事; 负责人
won’t allow any foreign country to _______ in our internal affairs.
A. devote
我们不允许任何国家干涉我们的内政
答案：C
A devote v 致力于，奉献搭配：devote oneself to 奉献与，致力于
Devotion n
B district n行政区划
C interfere v 干涉，妨碍
. it will seriously interfere with the progress of the work. 它将严重干扰工作
的进展.
D. Wander 徘徊；漫步；迷路；离题
. She wandered aimlessly around the streets.
她在大街上漫无目的地到处游荡
can not _______ all the magazines together.
A. route
我们不能把所有的杂志困在一起。
答案：D
A route 路线；航线；通道
. The troops went back by the same route. 队伍从原路退回。
. The house is not on a bus route .这房子不在公交线上
B draw 抽签，画画，吸引
He was waving his arms to draw their attention. 他正挥手以引起他们的注意。
C thread n 线，线状物，纤维v 穿过
D bind v 捆绑，约束
过去式，过去分词bound
搭配：be bound to 注定
It's bound to be sunny again tomorrow.
明天肯定又是阳光灿烂。
Be bound for 正旅行去（某地）；准备前往（某地）
do I know the bus bound for Tianmu 我怎么知道那辆公共汽车是往天母的呢
he said in the meeting _______ everybody present.
A. disgusted
他是会上所说的话，让在场的人感到厌恶。
答案：A
A。Disgust 厌恶，反感
. I threw the book aside in disgust. 我厌恶地把书扔到一边。
B dismiss 解雇，把…免职; 遣散，解散（队伍等）; 驳回
. I dismissed the problem from my mind. 我从心中摒除了这个问题。
C. Dispose 处理；处置；安排
have no idea how much it takes to dispose batteries. Do yourself a favor.
你肯定不知道处理废电池花费有多大．何不对自己行行好呢
短语：at one 's dispose 人某人处置
D eliminate 消除；排除
. Credit cards eliminate the need to carry a lot of cash
有了信用卡就用不着携带很多现金。
lazy men would rather _______ than work.
A. indicate
有些懒汉，宁愿挨饿，也不上班挣钱。
答案： D
A indicate 表明，标示，指示; indication n
B declare 宣布; 声明，声称; 申报
. It's too early to declare his efforts a success.
现在就断言他的努力已经获得成功还为时过早。
had nothing to declare, and was starting to go through the 'Green' channel when she
was stopped. 她没有什么要申报的，便开始进入绿色通道，结果就在这时被拦住了
C solve 解决；解答；溶解
. I dreamed up a plan to solve both problems at once.
我想出了一个方案，可以同时解决两个问题
D starve 饿死；挨饿；渴望
. You can't see your sister starve without trying to help her!
你不能让你姐姐挨饿而不想法去帮助她!
boy was _______ for what he had done in the class.
A. scolded
这个男孩因为在班上的所作所为而受到指责
答案 A
A scold
He scolded them for arriving late. 他嫌他们迟到，训了他们一通。
B overcome
can overcome any difficulty，however great.
不管多大困难，我们都能克服。
C incline 倾斜；倾向；易于
I incline to the view that he is right. 我倾向于认为他是正确的。
D display 显示; 陈列; 展开，伸展; 夸示，炫耀;
These statistics display a definite trend.
这些统计数据表现出一种明显的趋势。
states in the United States _______ people to carry guns.
A. apply
美国有些州禁止人们携带枪支。
答案：D
A apply
1) apply for 申请
can apply for a package of shares at a set price.
投资者可以申购固定价格的股票组合。
to apply for a job/passport/grant 申请工作/ 护照/ 拨款
apply to 用于，适合
. Find out ahead of time what regulations apply to your situation
提前搞清楚什么规章适用于你的情况
B charm 使陶醉; 诱惑
She is very good at using her charm to get her way.
她非常善于利用自己的魅力随心所欲。
Charming 迷人的，可爱的; 英俊的，潇洒的; 令人陶醉的
C ignore 忽略，不理
. I could no longer ignore the fact that he was deeply unhappy.
我再不能对他深感不快这个事实不闻不问了。
Ignore one’s duty 玩忽职守
D forbid 禁止后面接v-ing forbid doing
Forbidden fruit 禁果
God (或Heaven) forbid
上帝（天）不容（表达不希望发生某事的强烈愿望）上帝不容这类事在任何人身上重演。
[with clause]（接从句）God forbid that this should happen to anyone ever again.
made him fall in his job _______.
粗心大意导致他在面试的时候失败。
答案：A
A interview 接见，采访；面试，面谈
B intention 意图，意向，
C. Stomach 胃，腹部，胃口
D stocking 袜子cf: stock 股份，储存，
40.Sometimes it is very difficult to _______ some of the English words. Even the
native speaker can not help.
A. decrease
有时候，有些英语单词很难定义，即使是以英语为母语的人也无能为力。
答案： C
A decrease n/v 减少，减小
B create v 创造，创作，造成creature n creative adj creation n
C define v 下定义，解释definition n
. The word is difficult to define . 词词难下定义。
D delight 高兴to one’s delight 让某人高兴的是
with _______ problems may apply for student loans.
A. economic
经济上有困难的学生可以申请学生贷款。
答案 B
A economic adj 经济的，经济学的，主要指经济政策，经济增长，
economic development 经济发展; 经济建设; 发展经济; 经济发达
economic growth 经济增长; 经济成长; 经济发展; 经济波动
economic recovery 经济复苏; 经济复原; 经济采收率; 经济苏醒
Economic reform will continue to be painful and ineffective.
经济改革仍将举步维艰，毫无成效。
B financial adj 经济的，财政的，指财力，指有钱
. financial services金融服务
to give financial advice提供财务咨询
to be in financial difficulties处于财务困难之中
an independent financial adviser独立财务顾问
Tokyo and New York are major financial centers .东京和纽约是主要的金融中心。
C male 男人，雄性的cf. Female 女人，雌性的
D economical adj. 经济的，省钱的，合算的
Coke is an economical fuel but it leaves a lot of ash. 焦炭是一种很经济的燃料,可是燃烧后剩下很多灰.
sugar and salt can ______in water.
A. desert
糖和盐都能溶解在水中。
答案： C
A desert n 沙漠v 抛弃，舍弃
. Farmers are deserting their fields and coming here looking for jobs...
小农场主正舍弃他们的土地，到这里来寻找工作。
B absorb v 吸收
. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air and moisture from the soil...
植物从空气中吸收二氧化碳并从土壤中汲取水分。
搭配be absorbed in 全神贯注，出神
. He pretends to be absorbed in listening. 他假装在专心听讲.
C dissolve 溶解; 融化，液化; 解散，散去; 分裂，分解;
. Warm the sugar slightly first to make it dissolve quicker. 先将糖稍稍加热，以使其溶解得更快些。
参与，涉及，卷入
搭配：be involved in
. I don't want to be involved in anything you're talking about, okay
我不想涉入你所说的任何事, 好吗
have not heard anything from him since his _______.
A. departure
自从他离开之后，我就没有听到任何有关他的消息。
答案：A
A departure 离开
B fault 缺陷; 过错，责任; v 挑剔
. It wasn't her fault, she was trying her best to help. 这不是她的错，她是尽力帮忙的。
搭配：find fault with 找茬，
Why do you have to find fault with everything I like
为什么你老爱对我喜欢的东西挑东西的呢
C foundation 基地，基础，基金
D acceptance 接受cf. Accept, v acceptable adj unacceptable adj a proper education，people could _______ all kinds of crimes.
A. conduct
没有受过良好的教育，人们可能犯各种罪行。
答案： C
A. Conduct 引导; 带领; 控制; 传导;
. Rules governing student conduct relaxed somewhat in recent years.
近年来约束学生行为的规定有所放宽。
. He was also fined $150 for unprofessional conduct.
他还因行为违反了职业道德而被罚150美元。
B stoop
n. 门廊，游廊; 自贬; 弯腰，驼背; 屈服; vt.& vi. 屈服，忍辱; 弯腰; 倾斜; 自贬;
. He was a tall, thin fellow with a slight stoop 他是个瘦高个儿，有点驼背. It pains me to stoop down. 痛得我蹲下来.
C commit 犯罪，做错事; 把…托付给; 保证（做某事、遵守协议或遵从安排等）; 承诺，使…承担义务;
. Nobody was prepared to commit themselves. 谁都不愿作出承诺。
commit suicide 自杀
. Don't commit yourself. It'll let us in for trouble.
别随便表态, 这会使我们陷入麻烦的.
D sweat 使出汗；流出；使干苦活
. Already they were sweating as the sun beat down upon them.
太阳照在他们身上时，他们已经在冒汗了。
. He awoke from his sleep in a cold sweat. 他从睡梦中醒来，浑身冒着冷汗。
loudspeakers are _______ from the ceiling and we can hear the speaker very clearly.
A. connected
天花板上吊了好几个音箱，因此我们能够清晰的听到演讲人的说话。
答案：D
A connect 链接
. The towns are connected by train and bus services.
这些城镇由火车和公共汽车连接起来。
Connection n
Be connected with 与...有关
The two subjects are closely connected . 这两门学科紧密相连。
维持; 支撑，支持; 遭受，忍受; 供养;
. During the war we had just enough food to sustain us.
战争期间,我们的食物仅够维持生活.
Sustainable adj 可持续性的
an environmentally sustainable society 保持生态环境平衡的社会
发生联系; （使）联合; 结交; 联想;
. I always associate the smell of baking with my childhood.
一闻到烘烤食物的味道我就想起了童年。
. Foreigners always associate China with the Great Wall.
外国人总是把中国和长城联系在一起.
Association n
暂停; 延缓; 挂; 悬;
. Julie was suspended from her job shortly after the incident.
出事后不久，朱莉就被停职了
Congress has authorized the president to suspend the operation of a statute.
国会已授权总统暂停一项法令的实施.
Suspension n
. The local authorities decided to build a suspension bridge over the river.
地方当局决定在这条河上建一座吊桥
46. This morning in the class，our teacher lost his _______ at last because he could not
stand any more.
A. temper
16. The question is ________ me and I have no idea of it. A) beyond B ) over C) beside D) above 17. The output of our company this month is _______ that of last month. A) twice as much as B) twice as much C) twice many as D) twice as many as 18. Hardly had I got home ________ the telephone rang. A) then B) when C) as D) than 19. By the time you get back, I ________ all the work. A) would finish B) will have finished C) has finished D) had finished 20. It’ s required that the students ________ the term paper tomorrow. A) finished B) finish C) will finish D) may finish 21._______ the final examination is over, we can go outside for picnic. A) Even though B) Now that C) For D) With 22. Tom was the only one of the students who ________ named Outstanding Student. A) is B) are C) was D) were
(B卷) Vocabulary(15 points) Direction:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part .For each sentence there are four choices marked A) B) C) D) .Choose the one best completes the sentence. 1. The opening speeches sounded more like ________ of war than offering of peace. A) announce B) demand C) declaration D) demonstration 2. Their marriage was already ________ even before his wife went abroad. A) fade away B) fall apart C) get away D) go down 3. I’m pleased to hear of your job offer-----all that hard work at school has obviously ____. A) paid off B)taken its off C) made a difference D) shown up 4. A rich old lady _______ dead at home for two weeks---and nobody knew anything about it. A. lived B. stayed C. lay D. kept 5. Smart cars ________which can monitor one’s driving and the driving conditions nearby. A) have built B) have been built C) are building D) are going to build 6. Now that we’ve got a loan from the bank, our project is financially _____.
全新版大学英语综合教程4(第二版)重点单词
Unit 1 > alliance n.联盟 > campaign n.战役，运动> conquest n.战胜，征服> crucial adj.重要的 > decisive adj.决定性的> declaration n.公告 > efficient adj.有效率的> engage v.吸引 > heroic adj.英勇的 > instruct v.指导，命令> invasion n.入侵 > launch v.发动 > limp v.一瘸一拐地走 > minus v.减 > occupation n.职业，占有> offensive adj.冒犯的 > raw adj.阴冷的 > reckon v.计算，认为 > region n.地区 > render v.使成为 > resistance n.抵抗
> catch sb. off guard 趁某人不备> drag on 拖延 > be engaged in (doing) sth. 参加> in the case of 在…的情况下 > press on/ahead 继续进行 > reckon with 处理 > stand/get/be in the way 妨碍 > take a gamble 冒险,从事 > take its/a toll 造成损失 > thanks to 幸亏 > turn the tide 局势扭转 > call off 取消 > due to 由于 > hold out 提供 > in case 万一 > on the eve of 在…前夕 > pay off 取得好结果 > pin down 把…困住 > prior to 在…之前 Unit 2 > alert v.使警觉 > apart adj.分离的
Vol.10No.1 2013年1月 第10卷第1期 Journal of Hubei University of Economics(Humanities and Social Sciences) 湖北经济学院学报（人文社会科学版） Jan.2013一、词汇教学的重要地位 词汇是语言的三大要素之一，是语言的建筑基石。正如英国语言学家威尔金丝所言：“没有语法，人们表达的事物寥寥无几，而没有词汇，则无法表达任何事物。”可见，词汇在语言中占有重要位置。对于语言学习者、使用者来说，词汇知识是他们语言能力的一部分，在一定程度上，学生词汇量的多少能反映其英语水平，并决定其听、说、读、写诸方面的能力。 现代大学英语教学是以培养交际能力为目的，掌握大量词汇是培养交际能力的先决条件，否则语言交际就不能顺利进行。另外，英语学习的侧重点也从测试语法点转化为分析语篇，这就要求学生接受大量的语言信息，而语言信息来源于词汇，因此，学生掌握大量词汇才可以有效地进行交际和阅读。可见，在英语教学中，词汇教学占有重要地位。 二、词汇教学存在的问题 在多年的精读教学中，笔者发现学生在掌握词汇方面是薄弱的，他们不能理解句子的意思往往不是因为不懂语法，而是不理解单词的意义。通过了解学生记忆单词和教师讲解单词的方法，笔者发现词汇的教与学存在着以下一些问题： （一）教师在教学中重视语法教学，忽视词汇教学。传统的语法翻译教学法在中学英语教学中占主导地位，在一定程度上也影响了大学英语教学。 （二）教师讲课过多地重视课文主要意思和结构，忽视了讲单词，许多教师认为学生在中学已经学会了语音，会读单词，不应该花费课堂时间讲词汇，而应该集中讲课文。事实上，学生们虽然认识到词汇的重要性，但努力记单词并没有取得良好效果，学生感到很困惑。 （三）教师用字典解释单词，然而学生可能不理解新单词在不同语境中的真正含义。大部分学生依赖于字典学习词汇，而不能适当地、确切地运用单词。一个单词有多种意义，学生们不能确定在某个句子中的单词的确切意义。 （四）许多教师用近义词讲新单词，然而不区分近义词的差异。 （五）学生还有一系列其他问题，一词多义是学生学习的障碍，词语搭配对学生来说是很复杂的事情，词汇的内涵意义也不容易掌握。 因此教师应重视词汇教学，用好的方法教学生，尤其是精读课上，教师应把词汇与课文内容联系起来讲，这样学单词就不枯燥无味，在其他课上也要有意识地讲解新词，同时复习旧词，有效地提高记忆效率。我们作为教师，过去没有充分重视词汇教学，认为只要教会学生读单词，理解基本意思，学生自己背，老师再听写，这样就完成了词汇教学。事实上，教师应该用有效的方法教词汇，扩大学生的词汇量，深化词汇知识的深度。语言学家Laufer 曾说过，扩展词汇不仅是一个量的问题，词汇知识可能在不同的学习阶段从表层发展至深层，扩展词汇也不仅是熟悉新单词，它还包括加深已学过单词的知识，词汇的深度和词汇量是同等重要的。 三、词汇教学的策略和方法 为了使学生有效地、科学地学习记忆词汇，笔者提出以下几种方法，帮助学生提高记忆效率。 （一）语音教学 语音与词汇有密切的关系，学好语音对词汇有很大帮助。教师在讲新词时，首先应从读音开始，让学生掌握一定的读音规则，把握好重音、弱读等规律，严格要求学生养成准确发音的习惯。然后是单词拼写，引导学生掌握字母以及字母组合的发音规律。在记忆过程中，要让学生掌握英语单词中读音和拼写之间的对应关系，使学生把音和形联系起来，看词能读，听音会写。如：有一个发音组合：元音+辅音+不发音的e ，在这个组合中，字母e 不发音，元音字母通常发本身音。如果学生了解了这个规则，那么看到take ，use ，bike 等这种组合的词就会准确地读出来，听到时也会准确地拼写了。总之，学生掌握了读音规则，单词读准了，拼写的准确率也会随之提高，记忆单词会变得相对轻松。 （二）构词教学 语言是随着人类社会的发展而产生并发展的，许多新词的产生遵循语法规则，有一定的规律，也就是我们所说的构词法。学习英语单词的构词法，有助于提高记忆效率。常见的构词法主要有派生法、合成法、转化法。 派生法即在词根上加前缀或后缀构成新词，了解前缀、词根、后缀的意思，就可以记住几个词，如：由character 联想到 characterize ，characteristic ，characterization 。 大学英语词汇教学浅析 胡凌海 （忻州师范学院专科部，山西忻州034000） 摘 要：词汇是语言的建筑基石，在语言中占有重要位置。学生掌握大量的词汇，阅读和交际才能有效地顺利地 进行。因此词汇教学成为大学英语教学中的一个非常重要的部分，本文分析了词汇教学存在的问题并提出了一些词汇教学的策略和方法。 关键词：大学英语；词汇教学；策略；方法
全国大学生英语竞赛D 类考试指导 https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa13109395.html,work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR
全国大学生英语竞赛B类考试指导 【考试简介】 全国大学生英语竞赛(：National English Contest：for College Students，简称NEccs)是经教育部有关部门批准，由高等学校大学外语教学指导委员会和高等学校大学外语教学研究会联合主办，英语辅导报社承办的全国惟一的大学生英语综合能力竞赛。本竞赛是全国性大学英语学科竞赛。旨在贯彻落实教育部关于大学英语教学改革精神，促进大学生英语水平的全面提高，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，鼓励英语学习成绩优秀的大学生。这项竞赛活动，既可以展示各高校大学英语教学改革的成果，又可以有助于学生打好英语基础，提高综合运用英语的能力，推动全国大学英语教学上一个新台阶。 本竞赛内容主要包括大学英语学习阶段应掌握的英语基础知识和读、听、说、写、译五方面的技能，特别是英语综合运用能力。从2007年开始竞赛分A、B、c、D四个类别，全国各高校的研究生及本、专科所有年级学生均可自愿报名参赛。A类考试适用于研究生参加；B类考试适用于英语专业本、专科的学生参加；c类考试适用于非英语专业的本科生参加；D类考试适用于体育类和艺术类的本科生和高职高专类的学生参加。本竞赛面向大多数学生，提倡“重在参与”的奥林匹克精神，坚持自愿报名参加的原则，避免仅仅选拔“尖子”参加竞赛，而把大多数学生排除在竞赛之外的做法。 全国大学生英语竞赛B类考试的初赛和决赛赛题的命题将依据《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》等文件，并借鉴国内外最新的测试理论和命题技术、方法，既要参考现行各种大学英语教材，又不依据任何一种教材；既要贴近当代大学生的学习和生活，又要有利于检测出参赛大学生的实际英语水平。本竞赛的初、决赛赛题注意信度和效度，内容上体现真实性、实用性、交流性和时代性。 本竞赛分初赛和决赛两个阶段进行。初赛和决赛均为全国统一命题。初赛包括笔答和听力两种方式。决赛分两种方式，各地可任选一种：第一种是只参加笔试，第二种是参加笔试和口试。只参加笔试的学生的决赛成绩满分(含听力)为150分。既参加笔试又参加口试的学生赛卷的笔试卷分数为150分(含听力)，口试卷分数为50分，满分是200分。 每年竞赛时间基本上都是初赛安排在四月中旬，决赛在五月中旬。由全国大学生英语竞赛组织委员会办公室统一制作赛卷(包括答题纸)和听力磁带(包括听力赛卷)。 【大纲要求】 全国大学生英语竞赛D类考试没有正式公布的考试大纲来说明其考核要求，但其试题的命题依据为《高职高专教育英语课程教学基本要求》，因此，这个大纲对于参加全国大学生英语竞赛D类考试的考生来说，具有一定的指导作用。其大纲具体要求如下： 鉴于目前高职、高专和成人高专学生人学时的英语水平差异较大，本课程的教学要求分为A、B两级，实行分级指导。A级是标准要求，B级是过渡要求。入学水平较高的学生应达到A
Abrupt 1.marked by sudden changes in subject and sharp transitions "abrupt prose" 同义词：disconnected 2.exceedingly sudden and unexpected "came to an abrupt stop"; " an abrupt change in the weather" 3.extremely steep "an abrupt canyon" 同义词：precipitous sharp 4.surprisingly and unceremoniously brusque in manner "an abrupt reply Affluent 1.an affluent person; a person who is financially well off "the so-called emerging affluents" 2. a branch that flows into the main stream 同义词：feeder tributary confluent adj. having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value "an affluent banker" 同义词：flush loaded moneyed wealthy attain [ 'tein ] v. 1.to gain with effort 同义词：achieve accomplish reach 2.reach a point in time, or a certain state or level 同义词：reach hit 3.find unexpectedly 同义词：fall upon strike come upon light upon chance upon come across chance on happen upon discover 4.reach a destination, either real or abstract
大学英语词汇教学策略探究 关键词：词汇教学策略输入内化输出 摘要：本文作者根据认知心理学的相关理论探讨了如何在潜移默化中帮助学生更快、更好、更全面的掌握词汇。从词汇的输入、内化、输出三个环节入手制定出一套切实可行的词汇教学方案。 任何一种语言的学习都离不开字、词汇的学习与掌握，英语的学习亦是如此。英语词汇教学是英语教学的重要组成部分，词汇掌握得多少，直接影响学生外语能力的发展和运用。所以利用认知心理学的相关理论，科学地进行词汇教学，提高学生的单词记忆能力，防止遗忘，是英语教学中一项十分重要的任务。 根据认知心理学信息加工理论，词汇的学习可以分为输入，内化和输出三个环节。 （一）词汇输入
词汇的输入包括音、形、两方面。读音方面：教师应提供大量听音、模仿和实践的机会，帮助学生读准音。可使用以下方法：1、听录音跟读；2、老师示范领读；3、听课文注意语音语调。拼写方面：通过掌握单词的拼读规则和发音规则，增强学生对单词的记忆能力。在此环节，注重字母、字母组合在单词中的发音，并注重发音规律的渗透。有意识地培养学生见词就能拼读，听音就能拼写的能力。使学生们逐渐具有语言感知的能力。 （二）词汇内化 在英语词汇教学方面，众多专家一致认为词不离组，组不离句，句不离段。这充分体现了语境在记忆单词方面的作用。否则，记忆只能是浅层记忆不够深入。没有语境即使记忆了很多单词也不能够学以致用。因此，应该从以下两方面入手对所学词汇进行内化。 （1）在语境中记忆单词。词汇学习不是孤立的，从读音、拼写记忆词汇只能使学生通过读音记住、拼出单词，但单词的实际意义还得放入情境交流中，才能显示出生命力和交际功能。才能培养学生实际语言运用能力。许多语言学家的研究表明：第一语言学习者的词汇知识多数来自大量的阅读，可见，在语境中学
1-50 Paper One Part I Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. 1. There are many ways of _D_______ this problem. A) tackling B) fulfilling C) cutting off D) suppressing（抑制） 2. This part of the town is quite poor. The wealthy A________ is near the river. A) property B) neighborhood C) greenhouse D) surroundings 3. Grants are expected to total nearly $10 million over the next three years to 12 organizations to ___A_____ research into strategies that will increase the number of U.S. organ and tissue donors. A) expand B) extend C) stretch D) enlarge 4. The employer has the responsibility to provide workers a safe place to work, and to assure the ___D_____ worker has prompt medical treatment when injured without discrimination. A) slaughtered B) killed C) sliced D) injured 5. There are some things that we understand, but ___C_____ animals know nothing. A) that B) which C) about which D) for which 6. Seeing Bob coming in, she _D_______ in the middle of her story. A) gave up B) broke off C) relieved D) retreated 7. No one knows who killed her, but the police B________ her husband. A) doubt B) suspect C) expect D) predict 8. Pick the chair up instead of __C______ it along the ground. A) choking B) grasping C) dragging D) handling 9. When the fire engine arrived the house was already ___D_____ flames. A) within B) under C) in D) on 10. God __B______ that you should ever regret your marriage. A) prohibit B) disallow C) forbid D) proscribe 11. He is __D______ a farmer but he also writes novels. A) completely B) necessarily C) essentially D) remarkably 12. They have equipped the office with the _C_______ business machines. A) last B) latter C) latest D) later 13. The cat, sleeping in the sunlight, lay motionless as if it __C______ dead. A) should be B) has been C) were D) had been 14. We have enough time to __A______ the food and drinks before the guests arrive. A) lay out B) take over C) smooth out D) take advantage of
μúò?ì×ìa Directions: Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. 1.Dennison was known to pay his men handsomely, but in return he expected complete loyalty, total ______{s/1}, and absolute respect. [A]judgment [B]statement [C]commitment [D]assignment 2.During the interview I was the first to ask him______{s/1}questions that put the Bonn government in an awkward position. [A]. instructing [B]. intimidating [C]. rewarding [D]. embarrassing 3.I didn't realize the food problem was so______{s/1} in this city; with winter coming, many people would starve to death without more help. [A]. essential [B]. critical [C]. explicit [D]. effective 4.Some see themselves as the provider of ideas,______{s/1}others view their role as essentially managerial. [A]. when [B]. therefore [C]. while [D]. otherwise 5.[B]y the side of the new teaching hall ______{s/1}a library built in the 1930s. [A]. collects [B]. stands [C]. creates [D]. belongs 6.I'd like to take ______{s/1} of this opportunity to thank all of you for your efforts. [A]. profit [B]. benefit [C]. occasion [D]. advantage 7.We finally ______{s/1}an agreement after a lot of hard argument. [A]. reached [B]. did [C]. arrived [D]. drove 8.It is desirable that the airplane ______{s/1} as light as possible. [A]. is [B]. were [C]. be [D]. had been
第一单元 Vocabulary 1.My job varies between the extremely tedious and the annoyingly busy. On balance I think I’m happier during the really busy times; no time to think about how bored I am. 2.It is the nature of the wise to resist pleasures, but the foolish to be a slave to them. 3.I figure out a good team of dogs, hitched to a light sled, can haul1,000 pounds of goods. 4.In the story ,the little girl has a wicked stepmother, who makes her life a misery. 5.Nothing ever becomes real till it is experience-even a proverb is no proverb to you till your life has illustrated it. 6.Nowadays almost all libraries are finding it increasingly difficult to remain within their budget. 7.You can increase a tyre’s grip in winter by slightly lowering its pressure. https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa13109395.html,ke Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario are shared by the United States and Canada, and from part of the boundary between the two countries. 9. The police are investigating the three men allegedly involved in organizing and carrying out the bank robbery. 10.I do not doubt in the least that inflation leads to economi c decline. 11.A blizzard was blasting great drifts of snow across the lake. 12.Tim says just about everybody will be affected by the tax increase, but I’m sure he’s exaggerating. Translation 1.我们的计算机系统出了毛病，但我觉得问题比较小。（minor） We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it is fairly minor. 2.父亲去世时我还小，不能独立生活。就在那时，家乡的父老接过了养育我（my upbringing）的责任。（at that point） My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took over responsibility for my upbringing at that point. 3.这些玩具必得在达到严格的安全要求后才可出售给儿童。（requirement） The toys have to meet strict safety requirements before they can be sold to children. 4.作为新闻和舆论的载体（carrier），广播和电视补充了而不是替代了报纸。（supplement, rather than） Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of news and opinion. 5.至于这本杂志，它刊载世界各地许多报纸杂志上文章的摘要。（digest, when it comes to…） When it comes to this magazine, it is a digest of articles from many newspapers and magazines around the world. 第二单元 Vocabulary
高三年级高考英语词汇（3500单词及相关短语） 竞赛试题 2015.4.29 (总分：100分 时间：20分钟) 得分：___________ 一、单词汉译英（每题1分，共20题，计20分） 1．宝贵的，珍贵的（adj ） 2．widespread adj. 3．出卖，背叛（vt ） 4．wander vi. ____ 5．印象 （n ） 6．permission n. __ 7．积极的；正面的（adj ） 8．violent adj. ___ 9．陪伴，陪同；为…伴奏vt 10. tease vt. _______ 11.稳定的，安定的 adj.__________________ 12. simplify vt.________________ 13.组织 vt._____________________ 14. presence n._________________ 15. 限制 vt. 16. commodity n.________________ 17. contrast n.__________________________ 18. evolve v.____________________ 19. innovate vi.________________________ 20. interact vt.________________ 二、词组汉译英（每题2分，共15题，计30分） 1．值得做… _______ 2．in the way _____ 3．向某人道歉 4．in vain ________ 5. 利用 6．think highly of _ 7．不但…而且 8．be superior to _ 9. 为…让路，让路于 10.get rid of ______ 11. be of good quality 12. draw lessons from_____________ 13. allow for________________________ 14. at the mercy of_______________ 15.increase people ’s awareness of_________________________________________ 三、单词拼写（每题2分，共10题，计20分） 1.China began a (全国性的)public service advertising campaign in 1996. 2. Her assistant was (控告)of theft by the police. 3. We try our best to increase (产量) by using better methods and tools. 4. Our (最初的) plan was to go to Spain, but it was too expensive. 5. Doctors and medical supplies were (紧急送往) to the scene of the accident. 6. Now doctors believe they have c him of the disease. 7. It was an h for the girl to have been admitted in to the famous university. 8. Nowadays the old find it more and more difficult to a to the new world. 9. Don't take this pills(药丸). It's h______________ to your health. 10. The newspaper article gave a detailed d of the earthquake. 四、根据汉语提示完成下列句子（每题2分，共5题，计10分） 班级：______________ 姓名：______________ 学号：_____________ ---------------------------------密---------------------------------------------封---------------------------------------------线------------------------------------------------------
Test 1 1.With the _______of Mary，all the girl students are eager to go to the party. A.exhibition B.exception C.except D.reception 除了玛丽，所有的女孩都急切的想去参加舞会。 答案： B A exhibition 展览 B exception 例外with the exception of =except C except 除了...之外，（减去，不包括）介词 D reception 接待是receive的名词形式， 2.Although the traffic is not busy，he likes to drive at a _______ speed. A.spare B.fast C.moderate D.moral 虽然交通并不拥堵，但是他还是喜欢中速行驶。 答案： C A spare adj. 业余的，备用的，v 抽出（时间，精力），赦免 B fast adj 快速的， C moderate 稳健的，温和的；适度的，中等的；有节制的 D moral adj 道德的 3.All the memories of his childhood had _______ from his mind by the time he was 65. A.faded B.illustrated C.confined D.concerned 他到了65岁是时候，对所有的童年往事的记忆都慢慢的消退了。 答案：A A fade 褪色，消退 B illustrate 举例说明，图解 C confine 限制，禁闭分娩 E.g. He did not confine himself to the one language. 他没把自己局限于这一门语言。 D concern 关心，担心，涉及 4.This river is so big that it is impossible to build a _______ under it without modern technology.
Ｕ１ 1. 断断续续off and on 2. 对…感到腻味be bored by ... 3. 觉得…枯燥难懂find ... dull and difficult 4. 以…而出名have a reputation for... 5. 据说某人…sb. be said to be ... 6. 拘谨刻板，落后于时代formal, rigid and out-of-date 7. 随笔小品文an informal essay 8. 躺在沙发上lie on a sofa 9. 不得不面对…face up to ...10. 围坐在晚餐桌旁be seated around the supper table 11. …重现在我脑海中... reawake in my mind12. 自得其乐for my own joy 13. 违反规定violate the rules14. 不及格分a failing grade 15. 别无选择，只好做…There is no choice but to do...16. 更不可思议的是what’s more 17. 专心听讲listen attentively18. 乐乎乎地开怀大笑laugh with open-hearted enjoyment 19. 心花怒放pure delight20. 最后的时刻at the eleventh hour 1、沉闷的，无趣的Dull, lifeless, cheerless, tedious 2、写，写出，写下来Turn out, write, compose, put down 3、合理的，得体的proper, respectable 4、人们想起什么 I recalled the laughing arguments ... Vivid memories of sth. Come flooding back to sb. sth. reawakes in on one’s mind 5、再体验recapture, relive 6、快乐，幸福Joy, pleasure, delight, happiness 7、嘲笑，嘲弄contempt, ridicule 8、话题，题目topic, title 1. 我们的经理在想法上是很如此顽固，一成不变的，他从不听从别人的意见。 ?Our manager is so rigid in his thinking, that he never listens to new ideas. 2.童年的片段如此的栩栩如生，浮现在我眼前。 ?Parts of my childhood are so vivid to me. 3.汤姆已经被派往巴黎的新办公室工作。 ?Tom has been assigned to the new Paris office. 4.她对20年后长什么样有着清醒的形象认识。 ?She had a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’ time. Ｕ２ 1. He must have been completely lost in something he was reading...(L1) must have been表示猜测过去发生的事情，“那肯定是” might have done表示猜测，这种猜测不太肯定，“可能” could have done本可以做（却没有）; 表示对过去动作的猜测，“可能” ought to/should have done表示假设，过去应该做而没有做含有责备的意思 2. He must have been completely lost in something he was reading because I had to tap on the windshield to get his attention.(L1) be lost in=lose oneself in: be absorbed in, be occupied with 专心致志于 focus on, concentrate on, abandon oneself to
浅谈大学英语词汇教学(一) 论文关键词：英语教学词汇教学语境 论文摘要：我国的英语词汇教学在很多情况下忽视了词汇存在的特定的语言环境，往往是孤立地教词，以致造成学生的词汇学习因缺乏语言的文化背景而思维简单。许多学生学习英语，“记住”了一定量的词汇，却难以得体地运用英语去表情达意进行交际。如何有效地进行词汇教学研究是目前英语教学领域中一个十分值得重视的问题。 Abstract:Englishvocabularyteachinginourcountryisbarelyrelatedwiththeculturalbackgroundsofthe vocabulary,withtheignoranceofthecontextandthedevelopmentofthem,therefore,itresultsinstuden tsexpressingthemselveswithdifficultyonsomeoccasions.ItistheissuethathowEnglishvocabularyteac hingeffectivelyisreinforcedatpresent. Keyword:Englishteaching;vocabularyteaching;context 1.引言 学生语言技能与交际能力的提高，是当今英语教学中一个亟待解决的问题，而提高学生语言技能与交际能力的基础在于准确理解词汇的意义，如何有效地进行词汇教学研究是目前英语教学领域中一个十分值得重视的问题。 语言运用中的负载信息主体是词汇，而词汇往往是英语学习的难点，因此，学好英语首先要克服生词障碍，准确理解词汇意义，提高语言应用能力。然而，在英语教学中，教师深深感到，由于学生的词汇量少，难以进行英语交流，阅读时困难重重，严重阻碍了学生英语应用能力的提高。对英语词汇教学方法的探索，总结出一套行之有效的英语词汇教学方法，并实施于英语教学中，必将会收到良好效果。 2.在语境中，理解词汇关联意义 在英语词汇教学中，教师只注重词的字面意义，即理性意义，而忽视了附加在词汇后面的内涵、情感的和牵涉许多联想的意义，直接影响语言应用能力的提高。教师应该既注重词汇的理性意义，又要引导学生注重词汇的关联意义。词汇意义大致可分为理性意义和关联意义，其中掌握词汇的关联意义是准确理解词义的关键所在。一个词除了其直接的、表面的、字典上的意义，还有其内涵的、情感的、牵涉许多关联的意义，这就是词汇的关联意义。关联意义是一种开放的、无限定的意义。词汇的关联意义分为四种类别:内涵意义(connotativemeaning)，语体意义(stylisticmeaning)，感情意义(affectivemeaning)和搭配意义(collocativemeaning)。 2.1内涵意义是指通过语言所指示是传递的意义(Leech,1987:33),由理性意义（概念意义）引起的附带性的意义或关联。它比词汇理性意义（概念意义）更为复杂，它不是意义的基本成分，而是语言使用者的内心所产生的各种联想。内涵意义具有不稳定性，它随着文化、历史和个人的经历不同而变化。如，family一词在中国孩子和西方孩子心中唤起的感情可能很不一样。内涵意义不仅随着时代和社会的不同而变化，而且即使在同一社团中，也会随个体的不同而不同。如：Cross对不信仰基督教的东方人来说，不过是个“十字形的东西”；对西方基督教徒来说就是耶稣受难、为人类赎罪的象征；对于生活在美国的黑人来说，在心中引起的联想就更加强烈、复杂了。 2.2词汇的语体意义是指由于交际方式、交际场合、交际对象、交际内容等方面的因素，所需要的词语在其长期使用过程中形成了特定的文体风格色彩。语体意义分为正式文体和非正式文体，如：TheconcertconcludedwithaperformanceofBeethoven’s5thsymphony; TheyendedtheconcertwithBeethoven’s5thsymphony.Conclude源于拉丁语，常见正式文体；而end是古英语词汇成分，多用于非正式文体。由于历史的原因，源于法语、拉丁语、希腊语的词汇多见于正式文体中。 2.3情感意义是关于讲话人或写文章那个的人对所谈事物或人的感情或态度的意义