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高中英语复习_介词讲解

高中英语复习_介词讲解
高中英语复习_介词讲解

介词讲解

一.介词概述

用来表明名词、代词与句子中其他词的关系的词叫做介词。介词用来表明名词与句中其他词的关系,不能单独使用。介词又称前置词,一般放在名词的前面。介词属于虚词,不能独自作为句子成分,必须与名词或代词等词类一起构成介词短语,才可以充当句子成分。介词是虚词,不能重读,往往与名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语、从句一起构成介词短语,以表示它与其他词在时间、方式、方向、位置等方面的关系。

介词+动词(ing)

介词+人称(宾格)

介词(一般)+名词

【目标】

▲掌握常见介词的用法。

▲掌握介词与动词,介词与形容词,介词与名词结合构成短语的用法。

【课前准备】

●要求学生对所学过的介词作一系统归纳,按照四类表示:时间、地点、趋向和其他。【知识要点】

二.介词的分类

He's worked there since 1998.

2. 复合介词 into, onto, out of 等。如:

She is out of school. 她毕业了。

3. 二重介词 from under, from behind, from out of, until after, except in 等。如:

I'm from out of town. 我是从城外来的。

4. 短语介词 because of, instead of, in spite of 等。如:

I went back not because of the rain, but because I was tired.

我回去不是因为下雨,而是因为我累了。

·作定语。例如:

1) A friend in need is a friend indeed.

2) The houses opposite ours are being pulled down.

·作状语。例如:

1) With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.

2) Such an approach was unlikely to work given the current stricken state of both the auto industry and the economy as a whole.

·作表语,例如:

1) Japan is to the east of China. 2) He is always among the first to come to the school.·作定语补足语

1) Make yourself at home. 2) We found her in better spirits.

四.介词后直接接形容词的情况

介词后接形容词通常加上being。例如:

He was dismissed from his job for being absent-minded while working.

但在现在英语中,某些介词后可省略being直接接形容词。这种用法仅限于某些含介词的短语,通常比较固定,不能随便套用。例如:

1)take … for granted Ex: I took it for granted that you would stay with us.

2)far from +形容词Ex: His explanation was far from satisfaction.

3)anything but +形容词Ex: He is anything but angry.

4)kind of +形容词Ex: He looks kind of pale after his illness.

5)sort of +形容词Ex: She is sort of excited.

6)consider …as +形容词Ex: We considered the wire as disconnected.

7)accept … as +形容词Ex: We accepted the conclusion as true.

8)regard … as +形容词Ex: Do you regard it as necessary I should come?

说明:在regard … as后还可接介词短语和介词。

五.介词省略的情况

·表示时间的短语中有next, last, one, this, every, each, some, any, all等单词时,介词应省略。如:You can come any day you like. We worked hard all last year.

·在有不定冠词a或an(a或an的意思是“每一…”)的短语中,不用介词。如:

three times a day 每天三次sixty miles an hour 每小时60英里

forty hours a week 每周40小时once a month 一月一次

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

·含height,length,size,shape,age,color,weight等词的短语在句中作表语时,短语前不用介词。如:

She is the same age as me. He is just the height to be a policeman.

What color are her eyes?

·在in the same way, in this way, in another way等短语中,in常常被省略。如:

Please go (in) this way.

·表示持续一段时间的短语中,for常被省略。如:

We stayed there for three weeks.

六.常用介词以及介词短语讲解

一,in 的用法:

1,in用于表示周、月、季节、年和泛指的上午、下午、晚上(指在一段时间内)。in 表时间段,即指在较长的一段时间内,相当于during。如世纪、朝代、年代、年、月、季节等。

in the week在这周 in the holiday在假期中 in May 在五月 in summer在夏季

in Spring在春季 in autumn 在秋季 in 1995在1995 in winter在冬季

in September,1995在1995年9月

in the morning在上午

in the afternoon在下午

in the evening在晚上

in the 21st century在二十一世纪

in time及时 in an hour一个小时后 in a minute一会儿,立刻

即在"来年",在"某月",在"某年某月" (但在某年某月某日则用on),在四季,在第几周等都要用in。

例:in 1986 在1986年 in March 在三月

in December 1986 1986年12月

in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季

in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周

in the third week 在第三周

2,阳光、灯、阴、衣、冒in,

即在阳光下,在灯下,在树阴下,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。

例:Don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。

They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。a

prisoner in irons 带着镣铐的囚犯

They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。

He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。

The poor dressed (clothed) in rags in old society. 旧社会穷人们衣衫褴褛.

以及:in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下

a merchant in disguise 乔装的商人

the woman in white (black, yellow) 穿着白(黑、黄)色衣服的妇女

in uniform 穿着制服in brown shoes 穿着棕色鞋

in his shirt sleeves 穿着衬衫

3,将来时态in...以后

例: They will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。

Come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始)

after... (从过去开始)

4,特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in

·特征或状态:

例: The Democratic Party was then in power. 那时民主党执政。

They found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。

He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。

The house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。

The poor girl was in tears. 这个贫苦女孩泪流满面。

Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。

His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。

I only said it in fun. 我说这话只是开玩笑的。

·方面:

例:We accepted the item in principle. 我们在原则上接受了这个条款。

They are never backward in giving their views. 他们从来不怕发表自己的意见。

A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。

·方式:

例:All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有报告都用速记记录下来了。

The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism. 党一贯以爱国主义和国际主义精神教育我们。

5,“in …”来表达的场所、地点、位置、空间等如下:

1,in + 洲名、国名、地区名、州/省……区域名、城市、乡村名等。

2,in + 日常生活场所

3,in + 三维空间

4,in + 容器

in Asia 在亚洲 in China/ the United States 在中国/美国

in the southern part of Taiwan 在台湾南部 in the street 在街道中

in the park 在公园里 in the woods/ trees 在树林里

in the field 在田野里 in town/ the country 在镇上/乡下

in the sky 在天空 in the sun 在太阳光下 in the rain/ snow 在雨/雪中

in the dark 在黑暗中 in the ocean/ sea 在海洋中

in the / a box / bag 在盒/袋里 in the bottle 在瓶子里

in the drawer 在抽屉里 in the basket 在篮子里

,6,in 表示“在……之上”时,暗示占去了某物的一部分,强调接触的深度。

There is/are a hole/two windows in the wall.

墙上有个洞/两扇窗户。

英语中打击人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时,用in。

表示植物本身以外的人或动物“在树上”,用in意指枝叶遮掩其中。

如下词语惯用in

例:in all 总计in advance 事前

in the meantime 与此同时in connection with 和……有关

in contact with 和……联系in addition to 除......以外

in case of 倘若,万一in conflict with 和......冲突

in force 有效的,大批in depth 彻底地

in regard to 关于in the neighborhood of 大约、邻近

in retrospect 回顾,一想起in behalf of 代表......利益

in the least 一点,丝毫in alarm 惊慌、担心

in the opinion of 据……见解in the long run 从长远说来

in detail 详细地in conclusion 总之

in spite of 尽管in other words... 换句话说

in return 作为回报in the name of 以......名义

be confident in 对......有信心

二,at用法

,1,at黎明、午、夜、点与分

例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候at noon 在中午

at night 在夜间at midnight 在午夜

at six o'clock 在6点钟at 7:30 (seven thirty) 在7点半

at nine fifteen 在9点15分at the weekend 在周末

2,“at +N /(place)” 的基本意义在于表达空间或位置的点的概念。例:There is a ball at the foot of the desk.

(在书桌的桌腿那里有一个球。)

就我们日常生活的活动来看,如下面各短语所指的场所都属于点的概念。 at home 在家 at work 在工作场所,(外出工作)不在家

at the door/ window 在门/窗口 at the office 在办公室

at school 在学校 at(the)university 在大学

at the bus stop 在公共汽车站 at the station 在车站at the crossroads 在十字路口 at the bridge 在桥头处

at the next corner 在下一个街角 at the baker's 在面包店

at No.36, Park Street 公园街36号 at the party 在宴会中

at([美]the)table 在餐桌处;在吃饭

at the bottom of …在……的底部at the foot of …在……的脚处

at the end of …在……的末端/尽处at the center of …在……的中央

3,at:用于表示时刻、时间的某一点at也可表示较短暂的一段时间,可用在节日名词或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。

at daybreak 破晓at Christmas 在圣诞节

at lunch在午饭时 at breakfast早餐时 at noon正午时 at that time那时

at night在夜间 at the moment此刻,目前 at present目前 at nine(o’clock)在九点钟 at first开始的时候,起初 at/on the weekend在周末 at last最后 at the same time同时 at times偶尔,有时 at the end of 1999在1999年末 at this time of(the)year在一年中的这个时候

We usually have lunch at noon/ at twelve.我们通常中午吃午饭(十二点吃午饭)

注意:表示时间的名词前有this,last,next,every等修饰时,其前面不加介词。this morning今天早上;last Monday上周一;every week每周

4,at 山脚、门口在当前,速、温、日落价核心

即在山脚下、在门口、在目前,速度、以……速率、温度、在日落时、在……核心要用at。

例:At the foot of the mountain, there are thirty of our comrades.

在山脚下,有我们30 个同志。

There is a beautiful lake at the foot of the hill. 山脚下有一个美丽的湖。

At the gate of the house there are many children playing glass ball.

门口有一大群孩子在玩玻璃球。

at home 在国内,在家里 at ten degrees centigrade 在摄氏10 度

at minus ten degrees centigrade 摄氏零下10 度at a low cost 低成本

at a great cost 花了很大代价 at that time 在当时

常用的 at 短语有:

at first 首先,开始时 at least 至少 at all events 无论如何

at home 在家,无拘束 at one stroke 一下子 at a loss 不知怎办

at any rate 不管怎样 at length 详细地 be at high tide 处于高潮期

at our invitation 应我们的邀请 at our request 应我们的请求

at the news 听到这消息 at the risk of 冒……危险

at a great expense 以巨大费用 at a stroke 一举

at intervals of 每隔 at liberty 有权,随意

at the sight of 一见到 at the point of 接近,靠近

at the thought of 一想到 at the speed of 以……速度

at the cost (price) of 以……为代价 at leisure 闲着、失业

at the disposal of 任凭……使用

三,on的用法

1. 关于、基础、靠、著论

This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation.

今天下午我们要听关于国际形势的报告。

Professor Shen will give us a talk on traveling in America.

沈教授将给我们做关于美国之行的报告。

You are wrong on all these issues.

在这些问题上你的看法都错了。

The belief is based on practical experience.

这种信念是以实际经验为基础的。

2,另外,“on the +名词”结构,常表示动作正在进行中。例如:

on the march 在行军中on the mend 在好转中on the prowl徘徊,on the move活动中on the scrounge 巧取豪夺on the go活跃,忙碌on the lookout注意,警戒

on the watch监视着on the hop趁不备抓住某人

3,着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付,相反、准

注:口诀中的着指着火,罢指罢工,偷指偷偷地,公指出差、办公事;假指休假,准指准时。

The house next to mine was on fire.

我邻居的房子着火了。

The workers of the railway station were on strike.

铁路工人罢工了。

Grapes and big water melons from Sin kiang are on sale on a large sale.

新疆葡萄和西瓜大量上市了。

4. 步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab 和carriage用in

on foot步行 on horse骑马 on donkey 骑驴

He rode on blood flowing from his side.

他骑着马,鲜血从腰部流下来。

The soldier of the Eighth Route Army rode 100 li on a horse a day in order to catch up with his unit.

为赶上部队,那位八路军战士骑马日行百里。

Go on horse back. 骑马去!

You are having me on. 你和我开玩笑呢

5,动词+sb.(sth.)+ on +sb.(sth.)on后常接动名词。

base on以…为基础, congratulate on恭贺, fix on固定, have mercy on怜悯,have pity on怜惜, keep watch on监视, spend on把时间、精力花在某方面。

6,收音、农场,值日on

例:Did your supervisor like the story over (or on) the radio last night?

您的导师喜欢昨天从收音机里听到的故事吗?

I heard the news over (or on) the radio.我从收音机里听到了这一条消息。

The students are working on a school farm. 学生们正在校办农场劳动。

Who is on duty, today? 今天谁值日?

,7,特定时间和"一……就",左右on后动名词

例:Gases expand on heating and contract on cooling. 气体加热时膨胀,冷却时收缩。(特定时

间)

On entering the room, he found his friends dancing in high spirits. 一进屋,他就发现他的朋友们在愉快地跳舞。(一……就)

on the left, right向左向右

四,Of的用法

一、前面的名词是主语的情况

1、[表示所属关系](属于)...的eg:man of that time那个时代的人

2、[表示关于](关于)...的eg:a long story of adventure一个很长的冒险故事

二、短语是主语的情况

1、[表示同位关系] eg:the city of Rome罗马市

2、[表示性质、内容、状况等] eg:a look of pity令人哀怜的神色

3、[表示在...方面] eg:be quick of eye眼快

三、后面的名词是主语的情况

1、[表示数量、种类] eg:three pieces of meat三块肉

2、[表示部分或全部] eg:five of us我们中五个人

3、[表示...中最突出的] eg:the hero of heroes最杰出的英雄

4、[表示由...组成、做成] eg:a table of wood木头桌子

5、[表示动作的主体] eg:It is clever of you to do so.你那样做真聪明。

(还有很多时候,带of的短语可以做介词短语,可以做状语,可以做补语,谓语...要依照句子的结构或上下文来判断)

五,with的用法

1,with,和……在一起

Will you please go with me?你和我一起去好吗?

Li Li cut her hand with a knife.莉莉用刀把手指弄破了。

I see with my eyes.我用眼睛看。

He wrote the letter with a new pen.他用一只新钢笔写这封信。

说明:“with(+形容词)+名词”构成的介词短语可以作定语,放在其所修饰名词的后面,表示名词的特征。

With one’s help在某人的帮助下

Eg. With the teacher’s help I have made progress.在老师的帮助下,我取得了进步。

2,具有、带有with表拥有某物

Mary married a man with a lot of money . 马莉嫁给了一个有很多钱的男人。He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes.他是有着一双明亮大眼睛的英俊男孩。

3,用某种工具或办法with表用某种工具或手段

I cut the apple with a sharp knife . 我用一把锋利的刀削苹果。

4,with表人与人之间的协同关系 ,

make friends with sb talk with sb quarrel with sb struggle with sb fight with sb

I have been friends with Tom for ten years since we worked with each other , and I have never quarreled with him .

自从我们一起工作以来,我和汤母已经是十年的朋友了,但我们从没有吵过架。

5、with 表原因或理由

John was in bed with high fever . 约翰因发烧卧床。

He jumped up with joy .他因高兴跳起来。

6,with表想法,信念,态度与…一致

I agree with you on how to deal with it . ,关于此事如何处理,我同意你的看法。

I believe with the headmaster that a good teacher should not only teach a student what to learn but also how to learn it .

我相信校长所说,一个好老师不但教学生学什么,而且应教学生怎么去学。

7,with表示让步,“虽有,尽管”

With all his money and fame, he is not happy .

有着钱和名誉,他还是不快乐。

With good teachers and warmhearted classmates ,the new comer feels lonely .

,虽有着好老师和热心的同学,这个新来的还是感觉孤独。

8,、with的复合结构表行为方式或伴随情况

1、with + n/pron + adj

1.伴随状态(如上面的with表拥有某物,with 表原因或理由等),主要强调所处于的状态,

一般在句中作状语,定语)eg:The girl with golden hair ;a man with a lot of money;

2.with有“和,与”的意思,for example:make friends with sb;play with sb;talk with sb,agree with sb等

3with有表示方式的用法:eg:write with pen;cut with knife等

4.with最常用的句式:with+宾语+宾补(宾补可用形容词,动词ing形式,不定式to do

形式,介词短语等等)

5.with表示让步,“虽有,尽管”eg:

六,For的用法

用法1:(表目的)为了。如:

They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做?

That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了?He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。

【用法说明】在通常情况下,英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如:他去那儿看他叔叔。

误:He went there for seeing his uncle.正:He went there to see his uncle.

但是,若一个动名词已名词化,则可与for 连用表目的。如:

He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化)

注意:若不是表目的,而是表原因、用途等,则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法)

用法2:(表利益)为,为了。如:

What can I do for you? 你想要我什么?

We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。

Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗?

Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。

【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等),当双宾语易位时,通常用for 来引出间接宾语,表示间接宾语为受益者。如:

She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。

He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。

注意,类似下面这样的句子必须用for:

He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。

(2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思,在一些及物动词后误加介词for:

他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。

误:They decided to advertise for their new product on TV.

正:They decided to advertise their new product on TV.

注:advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词,但含义不同:advertise sth=为卖出某物而打广告;advertise for sth=为寻找某物而打广告。如:advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语“为”的影响,而此处误加了介词for。类似地,汉语中的“为人民服务”,说成英语是serve the people,而不是serve for the people,“为某人的死报仇”,说成英语是avenge sb’s death,而不是avenge for sb’s death,等等。

用法3:(表用途)用于,用来。如:

Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。

This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。

It’s a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包的机器。

The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold. 医生给了她一些感冒药。

用法4:为得到,为拿到,为取得。如:

He went home for his book. 他回家拿书。

He went to his friend for advice. 他去向朋友请教。

She often asked her parents for money. 她经常向父母要钱。

We all hope for success. 我们都盼望成功。

Are you coming in for some tea? 你要不要进来喝点茶?

用法5:给(某人),供(某人)用。如:

That’s for you. 这是给你的。

Here is a letter for you. 这是你的信。

Have you room for me there? 你那边能给我腾出点地方吗?

用法6:(表原因、理由)因为,由于。如:

I am sorry for it. 对不起。Thank you for coming to see me. 谢谢你来看我。

You can’t see the wood for the trees. 你只见树木,不见森林。

He is famous for his poems. 他因为他的诗出名。

He was sent to prison for robbery. 他因为抢劫而坐牢。

I couldn’t speak for laughing. 我笑得说不出话来。He couldn’t sleep for joy. 他高兴得不能入睡。For several reasons, I’d rather not meet her. 由于种种原因,我宁愿不见她。

【用法说明】有些表原因的特殊结构不宜用介词for 来引出,而用其他介词。如:他由于努力工作而加了工资。误:For the result of his hard work, he got a pay rise.

正:As a [the] result of his hard work, he got a pay rise.

注:as a [the] result of 是习语,意为“由于……的结果”。因为母亲不在家,她只好自己做饭。

误:For Mother (being) away, she had to cook the meal herself.

正:With Mother (being) away, she had to cook the meal herself.

注:“with+宾语+宾语补足语”可用来表示原因,此时的with 不能换成for。类似地,下例中的with 也不能换成for:

With all this work to do, I don’t know if I’ll have time to go out. 有这么多工作要做,我不知是否有时间出去。我们祝贺你的成功。

误:We congratulate you for your success. 正:We congratulate you on your success.

注:congratulate 后习惯上接介词on 表示原因。

用法7:(表目标、去向)去。如:

Is this bus for Chicago? 这辆公共汽车开往芝加哥吗?

They’ll leave for Beijing t omorrow. 明天他们动身去北京。

They set off for the shops. 他们买东西去了。

Is this the train for Shanghai? 这是开往上海的火车吗?

Passengers for Tianjing must change at Beijing. 去天津的旅客必须在北京换车。

【用法说明】比较for 与to,两者均可表示目的地,注意以下区别:

for 通常与leave, start, set out, set off, head, steer, depart, be bound, be destined 等动词连用,而to 则通常与come, drive, fly, get, go, lead, march, move, return, ride, run, travel, walk 等动词连用。如:We departed for London at 10 am. 我们上午10点动身去伦敦。

Then we drove to the station. 然后我们就开车去了车站。

有时,同一个动词(如sail)两者均可连用,但含义稍有差别:用for 通常只表示向着某目的地那个方向,并不强调到达的意思;而to 含有到达某目的地的意思。如:

They sailed for Shanghai. 他们开船驶往广州。They sailed to Shanghai. 他们开船驶至广州。

若与名词连用,也有类似区别。如:

There will be a train for Wuhan. 有开往武汉的火车。(仅表示向武汉方向,但在武汉未必是停靠站)

There will be a train to Wuhan. 有开往武汉的火车。(开往武汉方向,且在武汉停靠)

顺便说一句,也有的辞书持几乎相反的观点,认为for 与to 表示目的地时,for 表示的是预定目的地,而to 表示的是假设将会到达的目的地。

用法8:(表时间、距离、数量等)达,计。如:

I’m going away for a few days. 我要走开几天。

I’ve been here for ten years. 我来这儿有10年了。

He walked for ten miles. 他走了10英里路。

The shop sent me a bill for $50. 商店给我送来了一张50美元的账单。

【用法说明】for 用于表示时间或距离的长度(尤其是紧跟在动词之后)时,有时可省略。如:

The meeting lasted (for) three days. 会议持续了3天。

They walked (for) fifty miles. 他们走了50英里。

但是当for 短语位于句首或在否定句中时, for 通常不宜省去。如:

For ten years he lived here. 他在这里住过10年。

We have not heard from him for a long time. 我们很久没收到他的来信了。

用法9:对,对于。如:

Eggs are good for you. 鸡蛋对你有好处。

Reading in bed is bad for your eyes. 躺在床上看书对你的眼睛不好。

Fortunately for me, the train was also late. 我很走运,火车也晚点了。

【用法说明】关于for 与to 表示“对……来说”时的区别,参见to。

用法10:(表适合)适于,适合。如:

Do you have any books for children? 你有适合小孩子看的书吗?

He is the very person for the work. 他是最适合做这工作的人。

It’s a good place for a camp. 那是个露营的好地方。

She bought some clothes for winter. 她买了些冬天穿的衣服。

用法11:(表交换)换,以……作交换。如:

He gave her some magazines for her dictionary. 他用几本杂志换她的字典。

She bought the skirt for $50. 她花了50美元买这条裙子。

I bought a pound of apples for 70 cents. 我花了七角钱买了一磅苹果。

Don’t translate word for word. 不要逐字硬译。

用法12:作为,当作。如:

Don’t take him for a fool. 别把他当傻瓜。

He mistook a rope for a snake. 他把一条绳子误认为是蛇。

He knew that for a fact. 他知道那是事实。

The missing persons were given up for dead. 大家都认为那些失踪的人已死了。

【用法说明】用于此义时,有时相当于as, to be, as being,但要注意不同句型的搭配习惯。如:

I took him for an honest man. / I took him to be honest. 我看他为人老实。

It was built for [as] a pleasure boat. 这船建作游艇之用。

比较:

He took her smile for agreement. 他把她的微笑视为同意。

Will you take me as your partner? 你把我看作你的合伙人好吗?

按传统语法,take…for… 通常指误认为是……,而take…as [to be] 则主要指正确地认为是……。但在现代英语中,有时并未完全遵守此规则。

但是与mistake 连用的则通常是for 而不是as。如:

We mistook the house for a hotel. 我们把那房子误以为旅馆。

用法13:(表支持、赞成)支持,赞成。如:

Are you for or against the plan?你是支持还是反对这个计划?

I’m all for the young enjoying themselves. 我完全赞成年轻人多玩玩。

用法14:(表基准)就……来说,以……而言,作为。如:

He’s done well for a beginner. 作为新手,他干得很好。

He is heavy for a small boy. 作为一个小男孩而言,他的身体算重的了。

She was short for her age. 就她的年龄来说,个子是矮了点。

The day is cool for July. 在7月里这样的日子算是凉快的了。

用法15:(表比例)每……就……。如:

Plant three trees for every one that is cut down. 每砍一棵树要种三棵树。

He has one enemy for a hundred friends. 他的敌人与朋友之比为一比一百。

For every five who passed, there were two who failed. 每5个人及格,就有2个不及格。

For every mistake you make, you’ll lose half a mark. 你每犯一个错误,就要扣去半分。

【用法说明】用于此义时,通常与each, every 或数词连用。

用法16:代表,代替,代理。如:

What’s the English for “中国”? 英语里“中国”怎么说?

What’s the “C” for in “BBC”? BBC中的C代表什么?

Red is for danger. 红色代表危险。

Let me do it for you. 让我替你做吧。

The lawyer acted for him during the trial. 在审案期间由律师代表他行事。

用法17:(表安排的时间)在,于。如:

The appointment is for 10:30. 约会定在十点半。

We’ve invited our guests for 7 o’clock. 我们已邀请我们的客人7点钟来。

We’ve booked our holiday for the second week in July. 我们的假期安排在七月份的第二个星期。

The next meeting was arranged for the tenth of May. 下次会议已定于5月10日举行。

【用法说明】用于此义时,for 主要指安排或约定的时间,所以像下面两例中的介词at,in 就不能换成for。如:

He gets up at six every day. 他每天6点钟起床。

He was born in September, 1988. 他出生于1988年9月。

用法18:(表让步)尽管,虽然。如:

For all his money, he’s a very lonely man. 他虽然富有,可是非常寂寞。

For all his efforts, he didn’t succeed. 尽管他做了很多努力,却仍然没有成功。

I love you, for all your shortcomings. 尽管你有很多缺点,但我仍然爱你。

【用法说明】用于此义时,通常与all 连用。(见上例)

用法19:(与不定式连用引出逻辑上的主语)。如:

It is for you to decide. 该由你来决定。

All I want is for us to be together. 我希望的只是我们能在一起。

Is there any need for me to go? 我有没有必要去?

He spoke too fast for her to follow. 他说得太快,她跟不上。

It is a great pity for him to leave here so soon. 他这么快就离开这里真是遗憾。

It is dangerous for a small child to cross the road alone. 小孩子自己过马路很危险。

For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable. 一座桥像那样倒塌是不可想像的。

【用法说明】(1) 下面两句同义,但以第一句为普通。如:

老人快跑是危险的。

正:It is dangerous for an old man to run fast.

正:For an old man to run fast is dangerous.

(2) 有时可表目的。如:

I’ve sent my coat away for it to be cl eaned. 我把外衣送去洗了。

For sales to increase, we must lower our prices. 为了增加销量,我们必须降低价格。

(3) 有时用于than 后引出不定式的逻辑主语。如:

There’s nothing worse than for a person to ill-treat a child. 没有什么比虐待小孩更恶劣的了。

七,By的用法

1. 表示场所,by+地点名词。表方位,意为“在……旁边”“在……近旁”“在……手边”,此时要注意它与介词near有所不同,即by 表示的距离更“近”。比较:

He lives by the sea. 他住在海滨。He lives near the sea. 他住在离海不远处。2. 表示动词执行者,主要用于被动语态,此时要注意它与介词with的区别:by 表示动作的主体,with 表示动作者的手段工具。如:

The house was destroyed by fire. 此屋被大火烧毁。(fire是动作的主体,此句的主动形式为Fire destroyed the house.)

The house was destroyed with fire. 此屋是(被人)用火烧毁的。(fire只是工具,动作的主体另有其人,此句可认为省略了一个by短语,如by someone之类的,其主动形式可以是 Someone destroyed the house with fire.)

3. 表示手段或方式等,注意以下用法:

(1) 表示“乘”“坐”时,其后接交通工具(如 bus, bike, train, plane, car, taxi, ship 等)或与交通工具密切相关的名词(如air, water, land, road等),在句中主要用作方式状语,其中通常不用冠词或其他限定词。如:

They came here by the first bus. 他们是坐第一班车来的。

但是,若表示交通工具的名词前插有定语修饰语,则也可以用冠词。如:

We’re going by the 9:30 train. 我们坐9:30的火车去。

We went to Shanghai by a large ship. 我们乘一艘大船去上海。

注意,汉语说“步行”,英语习惯上用on foot, 而不用 by foot。

(2) 注意以下表示方式的有用表达,其中不用冠词或其他限定词:

by phone 用电话 by telegram 用电报

by letter 用信件 by express 用快件

by air mail 用航空邮件 by ordinary mail 用平信

by post 用邮寄 by radio 用无线电

by hand 用手工 by machine 用机器

注意下面两例用by与用with的区别:

The letter was written by hand. 这封信是用手写的(即不是打印的)。(by hand表示一种抽象的手段,是无形的,注意其中没用冠词或其他限定词)

I write with my hand, but he writes with his mouth. 我用手写字,但他却用嘴写字。(with one’s hand表示一种具体的工具,是有形的,注意其中用了物主代词)

(3) 后接动名词表示行为的方式或手段,这是一种常用表达。如:

He makes a living by teaching. 他以教书为生。

Lock this door by turning the key twice to the left. 锁这扇门要把钥匙向左转两圈。

4. 表示抓或握的部位,注意以下用法。如:

(1) 表示抓住或握住某人或某物的某一部位, 其中这个人或物应是前面已提到过的,且在介词 by 之后通常用定冠词 the 而不用物主代词。如:

She held the child by the hand. 她抓住小孩的手。

He grabbed the knife by the blade. 他抓住刀刃。

He led the ox by the nose. 他牵着牛的鼻子走。

(2) 有时也可以直接用人的部位作“抓”或“握”的宾语, 但强调重点不同:若以人作宾语,后接 by短语,强调动作的直接目的在于人,by短语只是说明动作的方式;若以人的部位作宾语,则强调动作的直接目的在于部位而不在于人。比如:当我们抓住坏人时,我们可以说I seized the man by the hand. 因为这时动作的直接目的在于抓人,只是以by the hand

作为抓的方式。但是当我们要同客人握手时,则通常说I seized his hand and shook it heartily. 因为这里动作直接目的是要握手,而不是抓人,此时若说 I seized him and shook his hand. 就很奇怪了。(顺便说一句,与某人握手用shake hands with, shake one’s hand, shake sb by the hand 均可)

5. 表示时间,by+时间名词。意为:“到…时(已发生某事),此时谓语多用完成时;最晚、不迟于…,在…之前”。此时要注意它所连用的时态。如:

He was very tired by the evening. 他到晚上已经很累了。

He has read about 40 pages of the book by now. 现在这本书他已读了大约40页。

We will have finished the work by next month. 到下个月我们就会干完了这工作。

By the time the doctor arrived the patient had died. 在医生到达时,病人已经死了。另外,表示时间时,它还可表示“在……期间”,通常连用的名词是 day, night, moonlight, daylight等,注意名词前通常不用冠词。如(https://www.doczj.com/doc/a614202905.html,):

Cats sleep by day and hunt by night. 猫白天睡觉,夜里捉老鼠。

Do you like to swim by moonlight? 你喜欢在月光下游泳吗?

6. 表示单位,意为“以……计”,其后通常接表示计量单位的单数名词,且名词前要用定冠词。如:

They are paid by the hour (by the month). 他们所得报酬按小时(月)计。

Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen. 牛奶按品脱卖,黄油论磅卖,蛋类论打卖。

有时也接抽象名词,此时通常不用冠词。如:

Bananas are usually sold by weight. 香蕉通常按重量卖。

八.一些常用的介词的区别:

① in, to, on 在方位名词前的区别

1. in 表示A 地在B 地范围之内。如: Taiwan is in the southeast of China.

2. to 表示A 地在B 地范围之外,即二者之间有距离间隔。

如:Japan lies to the east of China.

3. on 表示A 地与B 地接壤、毗邻。如: North Korea is on the east of China.

②. at, in, on, by 在表示时间上的区别

1. at 指时间表示:

(1)时间的一点、时刻等。

如: They came home at noon (at sunrise, at midnight, at ten o ’clock, at daybreak ).

(2)较短暂的一段时间。可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。

如: He went home at New Year (at Christmas, at the Spring Festival ).

2. in 指时间表示:

(1)在某个较长的时间(如世纪、年、月、季节以及泛指的上午、下午或傍晚等)内。如: in 2004, in March, in spring, in the morning, in the evening

(2)在一段时间之后。一般用于将来时,谓语动词为非延续性动词,意为“在……以后”。 如: He will arrive in two hours.

谓语动词为延续性动词时,in 意为“在……以内”。

如: These products will be made in a month.

注意:after 用于将来时间也指一段时间之后,但其后的时间是“一点”,而不是“一段”。 如: He will arrive after 6 o ’clock.

3. on 指时间表示:

(1)具体的时日和一个特定的时间,如某日、节日、星期几等,

如: On Christmas Day there will be a party.

(2)在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上。如: He arrived at 8o ’clock on the night of Friday.

(3)准时,按时。如: If the train can be on time, I should get home before dark.

4. by 指时间表示:

(1)不迟于,在(某时)前。如: He will come by six o ’clock.

(2)在……间,在……的时候。如: He worked by day and studied by night.

③. near, by, beside, at 表示“在……附近”时的区别

1. near 表示相对的近,实际距离可能还很远。如: Suzhou is near Shanghai.

2. by 和beside 都表示靠近,实际距离不很远,但beside 比by 更具体地表示出“在……旁边”的意思。如: He was sitting beside her.

3. at 也有“在旁边”的意思,但多表示有目的的行为所处的位置,而by 和beside 仅表示位置关系。

如: The students are sitting at the table listening to the teacher.

Several students are sitting by / beside the door talking about a music.

④. at, in和on表示地点时的区别

1. at表示地点:

(1)用于指较小的地方。如:arrive at,接小地方 I will wait for you at the station. (2)用于门牌号码前。如: He lives at 11 Zhongshan Road.

2. in表示地点:arrive in 接较大地方如: He lives in Shanghai.

3. on表示地点,一般指与面或线接触,意为“在……上;在……旁”。

如: The picture was hanging on the wall.

⑤. besides, except, but表示“除……外”之间的区别

1. besides表示“除了……以外,还有……”,具有附加性质。如:

Besides xiaoming , we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了)

注意:besides用于否定句中时,与except, but同义,可互换。如:

We have no other books besides / except these.

2. except表示“……除外”,具有排它性质。如:

We all went to see the film except xiaoming.(王先生没去)

3. but意为“除了”,与except同义,except强调被排除的部分,but则强调整句的内容,常修饰否定意义的代词。

如: Nobody knew it but me.

This is nothing but a piece of cake.

⑥. above, over, on, up表示“在……上”之间的区别

1. above指“……上方”,表示相对高度,不一定在正上方,其反义词为below。

如: We’re flying above the clouds.

2. over指“在……正上方”,表示垂直上方,其反义词为under。

如: The bridge is over the river.

3. on表示“在……上面”,与物体表面接触,与beneath相对。

如: There is a map on the wall.

The earth felt soft beneath our feet.

4. up表示动作的方向往上,反义词为down。如: Please stand up

⑦with, from, for, at表示原因的区别

1. with表示原因,指由于外界而影响到内部,意为“因为;由于”。

如: The little girl was shivering with cold.

2. from表示动机、疲劳、痛苦等原因。如: She did it from a sense of duty.

3. for常表示为了某一目的、事业的原因。

如: I do apologize for keeping you waiting.

4. at表示原因,指“听到;看到;想到”等。

如: At the news they felt very glad.

⑧. for和of的用法区别

试比较:It's impossible for me to watch TV after eleven o'clock. It's kind of you to help me.

两句中介词的选择依据其前形容词而定,一般来说,of之前的形容词往往是用于描写人的品质的好坏,人自身的特点,如聪明与否,细心与粗心等;for之前的形容词用于描写事物的特点,如可能性,必然性,难易程度等。

⑨.by,with,in的用法区别

by表示"以...的方式,方法,手段" 和 "乘某种交通工具";with指"借助于具体的手段或工具";in 表示"以......方式,用语言,文字等媒介"。

⑩ after和 in 的用法区别

这两个介词都可以表示时间"在以后"的意思。其区别是:after 以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间之后,常用于过去时态的句子;in 以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子。

如:I went home after 10 o'clock yesterday.

The train will arrive in ten minutes.

九. 几组易混淆的介词

A. “在……之后”

in + 一段时间(用于一般将来时)

after + 一段时间(用于一般过去时)

after + 一点时间(常用于一般将来时)

如:

The baby stopped crying after half an hour.

The baby will stop crying in half an hour.

They will visit their teacher after Friday.

B. for + 一段时间

since + 过去的一点时间

这两者均用于现在完成时,具体在时态部分,我会继续向同学们讲解。

C. be made of “用……制成”

be made in “由某地制造”

be made by somebody “由某人制成”

D. in,on,at 表时间

in 表示“在某月(季节、年等)”

如:in 1996, in January, in summer

固定词组:in the morning, in a week, in a minute, in time, in the end

on 用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等。

如:on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16

at 用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中。

固定词组:at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time。

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步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab,carriage 则用i n。 at 山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。 工具、和、同随with,具有、独立、就、原因。 4楼就……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。 海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数、人类kno w to man。 this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。 接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。

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