《欧洲文化概况》课程简介
课程介绍：
本课程以对欧洲文化源流的介绍和梳理为主要教学内容，以历史为线索，将文学、思想潮流、艺术、建筑等形式作为重要载体，为学生提供一个了解西方国家文化渊源的平台。本课程旨在增强学生对欧洲文化的了解，拓展学生的视野及思考维度，培养学生对一些文化现象进行纵深分析的能力, 并养成批判性思考的习惯。通过该课程的学习，学生将能对“现代化”、“东西方文化差异”等话题产生更为深入的理解和更加强烈的兴趣，同时，该课程还在一定程度上为提高学生跨文化交际能力打下坚实的基础。
授课对象：
对欧洲文化感兴趣，对欧洲历史较为熟悉且英语阅读能力较好的非英语专业学生。
教学进度及安排
欧洲文化概况课程教学为1学期，每周教学2课时，共计36课时，最后2个课时期末考试。每章用大约平均4个课时进行教学，包括课堂教学、话题探讨。
主要教学内容：
The Greek Culture
The Roman Culture
The Christianity and the Bible
The Middle Ages
The Renaissance
The Reformation
The Scientific Revolution in the 17th Century
The Age of Enlightenment
The Romanticism
授课形式以及预期效果：
本课程采取教师讲解与学生自主展示相结合的授课形式，定期进行课程相关内容的测试，使学生积极主动的参与到课堂活动当中，达到有效学习的目的。通过该课程的学习，学生应该达到以下几个目标：
1、对主要西方国家的社会、文化、文学、历史等状况有一个全面而概括的了解。
2、对普遍的个体文化现象以及文化热点作专题的讨论和分析，在此过程中，学生的独立思
考、批判性思考、研究、阅读能力以及口头表达能力要有所提升。
3、以英美文化为参照，促使学生更深层次地理解本国文化，树立学生热爱本国文化，包容
异质文化的观念。
4、为学生实现有效的跨文化交际打下坚实的文化知识的基础。
5、扩大单词量，为基础英语的巩固提供有力支持。
课程作业与教学检测
本课程作业包含教材预习、课后阅读及话题探讨。话题探讨须由小组成员（小组由学生自由组合而成）向全班进行汇报，教师根据其表现给出成绩，作为平时成绩的70%。课后作业指课前的预习和课后扩展阅读，占平时成绩的15%，通过课堂提问的形式检查，课程出勤率占平时成绩的15%。平时成绩占学期总评成绩的50%。
期末考试为闭卷考试，考试的客观题部分以教材为基础，着重考察学生对欧洲文化基本常识的掌握，主观题部分主要考察学生的阅读及思考，答题语言可自选。期末测试成绩占学期总测评成绩的50%。
教学用书：
王佐良主编，《欧洲文化入门》, 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2005。
参考书目：
马文·佩里，《西方文明史》（上下册），北京：商务印书馆，1992。
罗兰·斯特龙伯格，《西方现代思想史》（上、下册），北京：中央编译出版社，2002。赵林，《西方文化概论》，北京：高等教育出版社，2008.
钱乘旦，许洁明，《英国通史》，上海：上海社会科学院出版社，2007。
约翰?赫斯特 (John Hirst), 《你一定爱读的极简欧洲史:为什么欧洲对现代文明的影响这么深》, 广西师范大学出版社,2010.
诺贝特·埃利亚斯，《文明的进程:文明的社会起源和心理起源的研究》，上海：上海译文出版社，2009.
米歇尔·福柯，《规训与惩罚》，生活·读书·新知三联书店，2007.
霍布斯鲍姆，《传统的发明》，译林出版社，2004.
Robert H.Lowie, Are We Civilized?--Human Culture in Perspective, Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1929.
Asa Briggs, Peter Burke, From Gutenburg to the Internet, Polity Press.
The Realism
Judith G. Coffin，Western Civilizations,W. W. Norton & Company,2005.
2012-2013欧洲文化入门期末考试内容总结 故事梗概： 诺亚方舟(P43) 诺亚是一个正直的人，在当时是一个完人。他追随上帝行事。他有三个儿子：闪、含、和雅弗。上帝看见整个世界腐朽了，到处都是暴力。他认为世界充斥着罪恶，因为所有世上的人都过着邪恶的生活。上帝对诺亚说：“人类的可憎我再清楚不过了，他们使这世界充满了仇杀。我有意要毁灭他们，也毁灭掉同他们一起的这个世界。你要为自己造一艘方舟，用丝柏木做船架，覆盖上芦苇，再在里外两面涂上树脂。我要使洪水泛滥全世界，消灭天下所有活着的人，地上万物也要消灭光。但我要与你立约。你到时就带着你的妻子、儿子、儿媳们一起进入方舟。你还要把各种飞禽、走兽、爬虫，每样两只，雌雄各一带上，和你一道登舟，在船上喂养好。此外还要带上各种吃的东西，储存在船上，作为你们和动物的食粮。”诺亚遵照上帝的话，一一办到了。 这样，为了躲避洪水，诺亚和他的妻、子及儿媳们都上了方舟。和他一起上船的还有那些动物：洁净的和不洁净的牲畜，每种都是雌雄一对；所有的鸟类和地上的爬虫，也是一对一对的，按上帝的吩咐那样都上了船。第七天结束的时候，洪水降临到大地。那年诺亚是六百岁，二月十七日那天，大深渊的所有泉源一齐喷发起来，天穹洞开，大雨倾盆，不停地下了四十个昼夜。……洪水泛滥了四十天，大水涨起来把方舟托起，高高地升离地面之上。落在地面的水越来越多，淹没了天下所有的高山。水一直涨到浸没高山十五腕尺之深。一切有气息的生物，所有生活在陆地上的东西，全都没有了。上帝清除了世上的生物，人也好，兽也好，爬虫也好，飞鸟也好，全部从地面上消灭干净，惟独诺亚和在方舟上的他一起的妻子儿媳、鸟兽爬虫活了下来。 四十天后，诺亚打开了他方舟上的天窗，放出一只乌鸦去看看水退了没有，但乌鸦飞来飞去，到地面上的水都快干涸也没回来。诺亚等了七天，再从舟上放出一只鸽子去看看地上的水是否再退了些。但因为地面全部都是水，鸽子没落脚的地方，就飞回诺亚的方舟那里。诺亚又等了七天，再次从舟上放出那鸽子去。傍晚时分，鸽子回来了，嘴里衔着一片刚啄下的橄榄叶。诺亚就知道地面上的水退得差不多了。但他又多等了七天，然后放那鸽子出去。这回它再也没有回来了。这样，在诺亚六百零一岁那年的正月初一，地上的水终于退了，诺亚打开舱口盖，从方舟上向外探望，地面已经完全干了。 二月二十七日，大地全都干了。上帝对诺亚说：“你和你的妻子，你儿子儿媳们都从方舟上出来吧。把你带上方舟去的各种地上生物，鸟兽爬虫都放出来吧，让它们滋生繁衍，遍布全世界吧。”诺亚就同他的妻子、儿子儿媳们从方舟上走出来。各种地上生物：野兽、牲畜、鸟类和爬虫都是雌雄配对的，也都下了船。接着，诺亚为上帝修了一座祭坛。他选了各种各样洁净的鸟兽作为供品，放在祭坛上奉献给上帝。上帝闻到了供品的香味，心里想道：“我再也不会因人类而使大地遭到灾祸了。不论人从小就有多少邪念，我都不会像这次那样杀死一切生灵了。
欧洲文化入门 《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。 《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型：四选一，填空，判断，简答题，名词解释，论述题。 选择题：这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析，综合比较，鉴别评价等多种能力，评分客观，故常被应用。在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好，假如没有把握，就应采用排除法，即应从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。 填空题：这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力，在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都应明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞，填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。 名词解释：这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题，主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展。 简答题：这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题，着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次性，列出要点，并加以简要扩展就可以。 论述题：这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发，能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题，着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力，考核
填空题 1.古罗马的最美的主管爱情的女神维纳斯源于希腊爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂。 2.公元前450年颁布的《十二铜表法》是罗马的第一个成文法，它是平民反 对贵族斗争取得的成果。 3.罗克起家的克马前三头同盟指靠镇压斯巴达克拉苏、凭借剿灭海盗和胜利 结束米特里达提战争的庞培和野心勃勃的没落贵族恺撒。 4.在临终之际，君士坦丁接受了基督教洗礼，成为罗马帝国的第一位基督教 皇帝。 5.公元313年，罗马皇帝颁布了《米兰赦令》，标志着基督教在罗马帝国获 得了合法地位。 6.公元476年，摇摇欲坠了三个世纪的西罗马帝国终于在日耳曼族的冲击之 下彻底瓦解。 7.1054年在东西教会的大分裂和1071年塞尔柱突阙人对耶路撒冷的占领， 而它们的结果就是历史上著名的十字军东征。 8.中世纪臭名昭著却又令人谈虎色变的宗教裁判所是基督教不宽容的暴虐态 度的“杰作”。 9.阿维农之囚是教会在中世纪所遭受的最沉重的打击和最难堪的耻辱，那段 时间教廷几乎沦为法国的一个行政机构。 10.欧洲三十年宗教战争最终以《威斯特伐利亚和约》的签订而结束，这个和 约至今仍然在影响着欧洲人的宗教生活。 11.1618—1648的战争结束后，随着人们对教义纷争和宗派冲突的兴趣日益 淡薄，宗教宽容开始逐渐成为新的时代特征。
12.麦哲伦船队完成了人类历史上第一次环球旅行，从而证明整个世界，至少 是南半球，在海洋上是相通的。 13.古罗马执政官屋大维使罗马进行了由共和国向帝国的转变。 14.公元前2世纪，罗马帝国亚历山大里亚的科学家托勒密在其著作《天文学 大成》提出“地心说”理论。 15.地理大发现与文艺复兴和宗教改革被称为西方中世纪文化和近代文化之间 的历史分水岭。 16.19世纪末，西方资本主义国家先后完成了第二次工业/产业革命而走向强 盛，英国垄断世界市场的霸主时代结束了。 17.16世纪，葡糖帝萄牙建立了强大的贸易帝国，主要包括南大西洋的蔗国和 印度洋的香料帝国。 18.重商主义是18世纪在欧洲受欢迎的政治经济体制。它建立在这样的信念 上：即一国的国力基于通过贸易顺差所获得的财富。 19.公元18世纪后，势力均衡的国际政治格局使得罗马时代的恺撒帝国在近 代西方完全失去了再生的土壤。 20.“看不见的手”是苏格兰经济学家、哲学家亚当斯密在其经济学著作《国富 论》提出的。 21.古罗马著名诗人维吉尔的史诗《埃涅阿斯记》，以文学形式重新塑造了罗马 的历史，将罗马的起源与荷马史诗中的特洛伊英雄联系在一起。 22.在西罗马帝国灭亡后的1000年时间里，基督教作为一种唯一的意识形态， 对塑造西方文化的基本特征起到了难以估量的重要作用。 23.西欧封建社会的基本经济单元是“小而全”的庄园。
欧洲文化鉴赏 期末课程论文2015—2016第二学期题目：欧洲文明发展与建筑特点 姓名:鲍鹏 学号：14L1251036 班级：环艺L141
European civilization development and architectural features From the earliest European civilizations: the Minoan and Mycenaean civilization, history of European civilization has more than four thousand years the European civilization originated in the Aegean Sea in ancient Greece and, here, a pleasant climate, convenient transportation, for the creation of the civilization provides a prerequisite. Europe has a long history of civilization development. Ad of 4000 to 2500 years ago in southern and Western Europe had been widely distributed megalithic culture and subsequently located in the Aegean region of southeastern Europe grew vigorously is one of the birthplace of the ancient civilizations of the world, said the Aegean civilization, left a rich cultural heritage to mankind. In the 6th century BC, the rise of the Roman state, and gradually developed into a include semi Europe (Great Britain islands to the Danube River line to the South) and North Africa, West Asia, the Empire, and Italy where the Italian peninsula has been the core area of the political and economic. The early era, Europe has a population of about 32 million, which more than half of the distribution in southern Europe, and Eastern Europe, northern Europe and the British Isles together is less than 1 / 10. After the 3rd century AD, the Roman Empire is gradually weak, originally living in the Germanic people of northern Europe and living in the eastern Slavs have a large number of intrusion, accompanied with this historical process of population migration and economic and cultural exchange, which greatly promoted the European fully, the middle of the 14th century Europe as a whole population
第一节欧洲概述 全安静 教学目标 知识与技能：通过学习欧洲的地理位置、大论轮廓和自然环境特征，掌握地形、水文、景观等自然要素的特征及其相互关系。 过程与方法：通过对地图、统计图、景观图和相关数据的对比与分析获取知识。 情感态度与价值观：通过分析图片与数据资料获取知识，让学生在学习中体现成功的快乐，进一步激发学生学习兴趣。 教学重点：1、欧洲的地理位置；2、欧洲的地形特点；3、欧洲的气候特点。 教学难点：欧洲的自然环境特点对工农业生产特色、城市分布、地区经济发展的影响。教师活动展示欧洲图片让学生谈谈对欧洲的认识学生活动观看图片交流对欧洲的认识设计意图导入新课，激发学生学习兴趣通过读图活动，培养学生对一个大洲地理位置的描述。 教学过程 新课导入 主题一：亚欧大陆的半岛 1.欧洲的位置：半球位置B、纬度位置C、海陆位置欧洲概述。 【读图活动1】：读图完成活动、交让学生读“欧洲在世界中的位置”图，描流、表达述欧洲的半球位置、纬度位置和海陆位置。 【展示地图】展示欧洲经纬度，认识欧洲的半球位置； 【展示地图】展示欧洲地图，认识欧洲海陆位置。 【归纳总结】让学生归纳并描述欧洲的地描述欧洲地理位置理位置 2 、欧洲的半岛、岛屿、边缘海山脉、平原 【读图活动2】：读图，圈出欧洲主要让学生找出欧洲主要地理事物，在地图册地理事物，并记忆。上圈出。半岛、岛屿、边缘海和内海、海峡半岛：斯堪的纳维亚半岛、伊比利亚半岛、亚平宁半岛、巴尔干半岛岛屿：大不列颠岛、爱尔兰岛、冰岛海：北海、波罗的海、地中海、黑海、巴伦支海、挪威海海峡：英吉利海峡、土耳其海峡、罗布直陀海峡 【课堂检测】展示空白图，检测学生对这些地理事物的熟悉程度。 【读图活动3】学生观察读各大洲轮廓读图比较 【展示地图】非洲和欧洲轮廓图，比较两大洲的海岸线 【展示图片】荷兰鹿特丹、意大利那不勒斯 通过读图活动，培养学生读图能力，熟悉欧洲主要地理事物 3 、海岸线曲折 通过对比，知道欧洲海岸线曲折
Division One Greek Culture and Roman Culture 1. Iliad（《伊利亚特》）: 1) It is one of the two great ancient Greek epics by Homer. 2) It deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy probably in the period 1200-1100 B. C. 3) The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. 4) In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. 4. Dialectical method（辩证法）: 1) It was devised by ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. 2) It is a method of argument, by questions and answers. 7．Stoics（斯多咯派）: 1) It was one of four ancient Greek schools of philosophers in the 4th century B. C. 2) To them , the most important thing in lif e was “duty”. 3) It developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. 4) The chief Stoic was Zeno. 8．Doric Style（陶立克柱）: 1) It is one of three ancient Greek architecture styles. 2) It is also called the masculine style. 3) It is sturdy, powerful, severe-looking and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers. 4) The Doric style. is monotonous and unadorned. 9．Pax Romana（罗马和平）（北京市2001年自考真题名词解释）: 1）In the year 27 B.C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the tile of Augustus. 2) Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. 3) The emperors mainly relied on a strong army-the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. 4) Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is know as Pax Romana. 10. Virgil（维吉尔）: 1) He was the greatest of Latin poets. 2) He wrote the great epic, the Aeneid. 3) The poem opened out to the future, for Aeneas stood at the head of a rce of people who were to found the first the Roman republic and then the Roman Empire. Division Two The Bible and Christianity 1. The Bible: 1) The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ. 2. The Old Testament: 1)The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 3)The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man. 3. The New Testament: 1) The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. 3)The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man. 4. Pentateuch（摩西五经）: 1) In the Old Testament, the oldest and most important are the first five books, called Pentateuch.2) Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis (创世记), Exodus (出埃及记), Leviticus(利未记), Numbers (民数记), Deuteronomy (申命记). 5．Genesis：1）Genesis is the first one of the five books in Pentateuch in Old Testament. 2) It tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph. 6. Exodus: 1) Exodus is the second one of the five books in Pentateuch in the Old Testament. 2) It tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt Led by Moses. 3)
二ＯＯ一年下半年北京市高等教育自学考试 欧洲文化入门试卷 I. Multiple Choice (40%) 1. ＿＿believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. A. Sophists B. Cynics C. Skeptics D. Epicureans 2. ___ is said to have told the king of Syrac use: “give me a place to stand,and I will move the world”. A. Archimedes B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Euclid 3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in___. A. 395 B. 27 C. 1453 D. 476 4. The city of god was written by___, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought. A. Jesus B. Augustine C. Thomas Aquinas D. Martin Luther 5. ____ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist - a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. A. Michelangelo B. Raphael C. Shakespeare D. da Vinci 6. In ____, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry. A. Don Quixote B. Hamlet C. Leviathan D. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 7. The best - known book written by Thomas More is ____, which describes an ideal non - Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief. A. The Praise of the Folly B. As You Like It C. Divine Comedy D. Utopia 8. ______, author of Prince, is regarded as “father of political science” in the West . A. Machiavelli B. Dante C. Bacon D. Locke 9. In The Revolution of Heavenly Orbs, ____ put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe. A. Kepler B. Galileo C. Newton D. Copernicus 10. During the ____century, the modern scientific method began to take shape, which emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. A. 18th B. 15th C. 16th D. 17th 11. _____said, “knowledge is power.” A. Isaac Newton B. Francis Bacon C. John Locke D. Marx 12. In past, ____drew on an immense variety of cultural material-theological, mythological, philosophical, political, economic, scientific, aesthetic, musical, and literary. A. Goethe B. Defoe C. Rousseau D. Byron 13. Which of the following is not regarded as a romantic writer? A. Wordsworth B. Shelley C. Pushkin D. Balzac 14. The most frequent themes of Romanticism include all of the following except ______. A. the power of reason B. individual freedom C. spontaneity D. love of nature 15. “If winter comes, can spring be far be hind?” is the ending l ine of “Ode to the West W ind” by______. A. Wordsworth B. Keats C. Pushkin D. Shelley 16. The composer of Swan Lake was_____, a genius in symphonic music. A. Tchaikovsky B. Chopin C. Beethoven D. Mozart 17. The naturalist school founded by Zola in late 19th century intended ____. A. to attack the industrial injustice and urban evils B. to give full play to the imagination of individuals C. to uphold the classical values such as harmony, balance, proportion and retraint D. to demonstrate the law of human conduct by a scientific s tudy of “a slice of life”
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period.Its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. The Renaissance could be viewed as an attempt by intellectuals to study and improve the secular and worldly, both through the revival of ideas from antiquity, and through novel approaches to thought. Francesco Petrarca was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists. Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism".He was the first to offer a combination of abstract entities of classical culture and Christian philosophy. Marsilio Ficino was one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance, an astrologer, a reviver of Neoplatonism who was in touch with every major academic thinker and writer of his day, and the first translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin. Pico della Mirandola was an Italian Renaissance philosopher.he wrote the famous Oration on the Dignity of Man which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance",and a key text of Renaissance humanism Raphael was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance, celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings and drawings. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period. Leonardo da Vinci has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.Shakespeare's work has made a lasting impression on later theatre and literature. Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer. he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and fellow Italian, Leonardo da Vinci. The Protestant Reformation also called the Protestant Revolt or simply The Reformation, was the European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity. It was led by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other Protestants. Martin Luther was a German priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation. Luther's influence spread across northern and eastern Europe and his fame made Wittenberg an intellectual centre. John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism. The Scientific Revolution was a period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed starting in Ancient Greece and continuing through the Middle Ages, and laid the foundation of modern science.The science of the late renaissance was significant in establishing a base for modern science. Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology, which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.
《西方文化概论》复习题（本部） 练习题 1、四年一届的（奥林匹亚竞技会）是全希腊最隆重的盛会。 2、（浪漫主义）主义的基本特点就是，用自由和美感来代替义务和功利，用情感的权威来代替理性的权威，用个人的立场来代替国家的立场。 3、卢梭的小说（新爱洛伊丝）是浪漫主义的典范，在这本书中，卢梭第一次把真挚炽热的情感凌驾于崇高典雅的荣誉和义务之上。 4、当“哲学之父”（泰勒斯）宣称万物是从水中产生时，他第一次以哲学的方式表达了本原的思想。 5、真正的爱琴文明主要是指（米诺斯文明），它在公元前17—前15世纪达到了鼎盛时期。 6、20世纪初期普朗克的量子论和爱因斯坦的（相对论）揭开了现代物理学革命的序幕。 7、分离主义的政治态度和自由主义的生活信念构成了希腊（城邦）社会的重要特征。 8、莫尔和闵采尔的乌托邦理想成为近代西方（共产主义）理论的思想根源。
9、公元前5世纪，（雅典）成为全希腊的政治、经济和文化的中心，成为希腊各个城邦人们敬仰和向往的圣地。 10、人文主义的精神实质就是（人性的解放），它的目的是 把人们从自然欲望的满足和感性享乐由教士阶层的偷偷摸摸的勾当转变为所有人理直气壮的行为。 11、“基督教的真正父亲”（保罗）构建了基督教的基本教义—“道成肉身”—理论的雏形。 12、基督教在哲学上对应一种（唯心主义）观点，即把精神看得 比物质更加具有根本性。 13、从迈锡尼文明灭亡到希腊城邦文明诞生，中间经历了长达三个世 纪的、所谓的（黑暗时代）或者“英雄时代”。 14、（哥特式）建筑以纤巧华丽的艺术风格和怪诞夸张的浪漫 气质而著称于世，它构成了中世纪基督教文化的标志性成就。15、（《尼西亚信经》）确立了“三位一体”和“基督神人二性联合而互不混淆”的正统教义，并且树立起教会在人间的绝对权威，成为后世基督教世界一致同意的普世宣言。 16、公元前8世纪，当新兴的希腊城邦文化逐渐从“黑暗时代”的 文化废墟中生长出来时，与城邦的殖民化过程相互伴随的文化形式是（系统叙事诗）。 17、笛卡尔在根据无可怀疑的内在经验，确立了他的“（我思故我 在）”的哲学第一原理。 18、1054年在东西教会的大分裂和1071年塞尔柱突阙人对耶路撒冷
Origins of European culture Some time ago I have re-read《The Ancient Greek Myth and Legend》the origins of European culture, and then had a strong interest in the origins of European culture ! When talking about the origins of European culture, it will always be reminiscent of ancient Greek culture. Indeed, Europe is the cultural which can date back to the ancient Greek culture and the Hebrew culture. Here is a simple example on the word "Europa", from the word we can obviously see that ancient Greek culture and European culture are inextricably linked, she used to refer to a princess of the eastern Mediterranean in ancient Phoenicia, Zeus transformed himself into a bull and then brought her to Crete Island. Since then people named her landing continent Europe! And after thousands of years of change and development, the European culture is not just simply the ancient Greek culture and the Hebrew culture’s extending. Today, if you want to have a simple Western culture’s summary, then, it is more inclined to a combination of Greece philosophy, Roman law and Christian morality. It seems complicated, but if we were staging of European history, the result is clear. Who ruled the continent of Europe, who will play a decisive impact on the intrinsic value of European culture. So, Greek philosophy, Roman law and the Christian faith are the three basic components of Western culture. Now, we first take a look at Greek philosophy. Greek philosophy is the origin of Western philosophy, The word "philosophy" comes from the ancient Greek “philo –
Part I Multiple Choices (35 points) Directions:Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked ( A ), ( B ), ( C ) and ( D ) are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the answer sheet. 1.The __________civilization on Crete was a wealthy trading culture that existed from about 2600 BC to about 1400 BC in ancient Greece. A. Mycenaean B. Minoan C. Hellenistic D. Neolithic 2.The Trojan War was caused when the Trojan prince Paris took _______, the wife of the king of Sparta, back to Troy with him. A. Helen B. Eris C. Andromache D. Penelope 3._________ is the period during which Greek culture spread throughout Asia Minor and the Middle East in the empire of Alexander the Great. A. Hellenism B. the Classical age C. the Archaic age D. the Iron Age 4.Herodotus’ books about the wars between _______ and the Greeks (490-479B.C.) were the first systematic histories to be written in the West. A. Persians B. Trojans C. Romans D. Turks 5.The Greek goddess of love and beauty is ___________, while in Roman Myths her name was changed to Venus. A. Hera B. Hestia C. Aphrodite D. Athena 6.The Athenian thinker___________ called himself “a midwife to knowledge”who just brought knowledge out of others by asking questions. A. Plato B. Aristotle C. Epicurus D. Socrates 7. “An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth…” is probably from ___________. A. the Old Testament B. the New Testament C. Republic D. Antigone 8.Next to Jesus, it’s generally believed that _________ is the most important person in Christianity. A. Paul B. Peter C. David D. John 9.Persecution of the Christians ended in 313 A.D. when _________ issued the Edict of Milan giving Christians and others the freedom “to follow the religion which each may desire”. A. Nero B. Constantine C. Theodosius D. Augustus 10. The ruling class of ancient Rome kept the Roman populace平民happy by distributing free food and staging huge spectacles公开表演___________ and ____________ are the two major means of entertainment for ancient Romans. A. Gladiators；the Olympic Games B. Theater; the Olympic Games C. Gladiators; Chariot races D. none of the above 11. “Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud…it is nor easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs…” is probably from ____________. A. the New Testament B. the Old Testament C. Odyssey D. Utopia 12. Plato describes his ideal state in the Republic, which is ruled by a group of carefully trained men and women, who are all___________. A. soldiers B. artists C. philosophers D. poets 13. A dam and Eve’s first two sons were ________ and ________. They represent two forms of life—the nomad existence, moving from place to place and the sedentary existence—looking after the fields. A. Jacob; Abel B. Cain; Abel C. Job; Is sac D. David; Saul 14. Many of the modern-day Arabs recognize that they are the descendants of Ishmael, while the