Down syndrome, or Down's syndrome (primarily in the United Kingdom),[1][2]trisomy 21, or trisomy G, is a chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome. It is named after John Langdon Down, the British physician who described the syndrome in 1866. The disorder was identified as a chromosome 21 trisomy by Jér?me Lejeune in 1959. The condition is characterized by a combination of major and minor differences in structure. Often Down syndrome is associated with some impairment of cognitive ability and physical growth, and a particular set of facial characteristics. Down syndrome in a fetus can be identified with amniocentesis during pregnancy, or in a baby at birth.
Individuals with Down syndrome tend to have a lower than average cognitive ability, often ranging from mild to moderate developmental disabilities. A small number have severe to profound mental disability. The incidence of Down syndrome is estimated at 1 per 800 to 1,000 births, although it is statistically much more common with older mothers. Other factors may also play a role.
Many of the common physical features of Down syndrome may also appear in people with a standard set of chromosomes, including microgenia (an abnormally small chin)[3], an unusually round face, macroglossia[4](protruding or oversized tongue), an almond shape to the eyes caused by an epicanthic fold of the eyelid, upslanting palpebral fissures (the separation between the upper and lower eyelids), shorter limbs, a single transverse palmar crease (a single instead of a double crease across one or both palms, also called the Simian crease), poor muscle tone, and a larger than normal space between the big and second toes. Health concerns for individuals with Down syndrome include a higher risk for congenital heart defects, gastroesophageal reflux disease, recurrent ear infections, obstructive sleep apnea, and thyroid dysfunctions.
Early childhood intervention, screening for common problems, medical treatment where indicated, a conducive family environment, and vocational training can improve the overall development of children with Down syndrome. Although some of the physical genetic limitations of Down syndrome cannot be overcome, education and proper care will improve quality of life.[5]
Characteristics
Individuals with Down syndrome may have some or all of the following physical characteristics: microgenia (abnormally small chin)[3], oblique eye fissures with epicanthic skin folds on the inner corner of the eyes (formerly known as a mongoloid fold[4]), muscle hypotonia (poor muscle tone), a flat nasal bridge, a single palmar fold, a protruding tongue (due to small oral cavity, and an enlarged tongue near the tonsils) or macroglossia[4], a short neck, white spots on the iris known as Brushfield spots,[6] excessive joint laxity including atlanto-axial instability, congenital heart defects, excessive space between large toe and second toe, a single flexion furrow of the fifth finger, and a higher number of ulnar loop dermatoglyphs.
Most individuals with Down syndrome have mental retardation in the mild (IQ50–70) to moderate (IQ 35–50) range,[7] with individuals having Mosaic Down syndrome typically 10–30 points higher.[8] In addition, individuals with Down syndrome can have serious abnormalities affecting any body system. They also may have a broad head and a very round face.
The medical consequences of the extra genetic material in Down syndrome are highly variable and may affect the function of any organ system or bodily process. The health aspects of Down syndrome encompass anticipating and preventing effects of the condition, recognizing complications of the disorder, managing individual symptoms, and assisting the individual and his/her family in coping and thriving with any related disability or illnesses.[7]
Down syndrome can result from several different genetic mechanisms. This results in a wide variability in individual symptoms due to complex gene and environment interactions. Prior to birth, it is not possible to predict the symptoms that an individual with Down syndrome will develop. Some problems are present at birth, such as certain heart malformations. Others become apparent over time, such as epilepsy.
The most common manifestations of Down syndrome are the characteristic facial features, cognitive impairment, congenital heart disease(typically a ventricular septal defect), hearing deficits (maybe due to sensory-neural factors, or chronic serous otitis media, also known as Glue-ear), short stature, thyroid disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. Other less common serious illnesses include leukemia, immune deficiencies, and epilepsy.
However, health benefits of Down syndrome include greatly reduced incidence of many common malignancies except leukemia and testicular cancer[9]— although it is, as yet, unclear whether the reduced incidence of various fatal cancers among people with Down syndrome is as a direct result of tumor-suppressor genes on chromosome 21,[10]because of reduced exposure to environmental factors that contribute to cancer risk, or some other as-yet unspecified factor. In addition to a reduced risk of most kinds of cancer, people with Down syndrome also have a much lower risk of hardening of the arteries and diabetic retinopathy.[11]
Cognitive development
Cognitive development in children with Down syndrome is quite variable. It is not currently possible at birth to predict the capabilities of any individual reliably, nor are the number or appearance of physical features predictive of future ability. The identification of the best methods of teaching each particular child ideally begins soon after birth through early intervention programs.[12]Since children with Down syndrome have a wide range of abilities, success at school can vary greatly, which underlines the importance of evaluating children individually. The cognitive
problems that are found among children with Down syndrome can also be found among typical children. Therefore, parents can use general programs that are offered through the schools or other means.
Language skills show a difference between understanding speech and expressing speech, and commonly individuals with Down syndrome have a speech delay, requiring speech therapy to improve expressive language.[13]Fine motor skills are delayed[14]and often lag behind gross motor skills and can interfere with cognitive development. Effects of the disorder on the development of gross motor skills are quite variable. Some children will begin walking at around 2 years of age, while others will not walk until age 4. Physical therapy, and/or participation in a program of adapted physical education (APE), may promote enhanced development of gross motor skills in Down syndrome children.[15]
Individuals with Down syndrome differ considerably in their language and communication skills. It is routine to screen for middle ear problems and hearing loss; low gain hearing aids or other amplification devices can be useful for language learning. Early communication intervention fosters linguistic skills. Language assessments can help profile strengths and weaknesses; for example, it is common for receptive language skills to exceed expressive skills. Individualized speech therapy can target specific speech errors, increase speech intelligibility, and in some cases encourage advanced language and literacy. Augmentative and alternative communication(AAC) methods, such as pointing, body language, objects, or graphics are often used to aid communication. Relatively little research has focused on the effectiveness of communications intervention strategies.[16]
In education, mainstreaming of children with Down syndrome is becoming less controversial in many countries. For example, there is a presumption of mainstream in many parts of the UK. Mainstreaming is the process whereby students of differing abilities are placed in classes with their chronological peers. Children with Down syndrome may not age emotionally/socially and intellectually at the same rates as children without Down syndrome, so over time the intellectual and emotional gap between children with and without Down syndrome may widen. Complex thinking as required in sciences but also in history, the arts, and other subjects can often be beyond the abilities of some, or achieved much later than in other children. Therefore, children with Down syndrome may benefit from mainstreaming provided that some adjustments are made to the curriculum.[17]
Some European countries such as Germany and Denmark advise a two-teacher system, whereby the second teacher takes over a group of children with disabilities within the class. A popular alternative is cooperation between special schools and mainstream schools. In cooperation, the core subjects are taught in separate classes, which neither slows down the typical students nor neglects the students with disabilities. Social activities, outings, and many sports and arts activities are performed together, as are all breaks and meals.[18]
Fertility
Fertility amongst both males and females is reduced; males are usually unable to father children, while females demonstrate significantly lower rates of conception relative to unaffected individuals.[citation needed] Approximately half of the offspring of someone with Down syndrome also have the syndrome themselves.[19]There have been only three recorded instances of males with Down syndrome fathering children.[20][21]
Ethical issues
A 2002 literature review of elective abortion rates found that 91–93% of pregnancies in the United Kingdom and Europe with a diagnosis of Down syndrome were terminated.[34] Data from the National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register in the United Kingdom indicates that from 1989 to 2006 the proportion of women choosing to terminate a pregnancy following prenatal diagnosis of Down Syndrome has remained constant at around 92%.[35][36] Some physicians and ethicists are concerned about the ethical ramifications of this.[37] Conservative commentator George Will called it "eugenics by abortion".[38]British peer Lord Rix stated that "alas, the birth of a child with Down's syndrome is still considered by many to be an utter tragedy" and that the "ghost of the biologist Sir Francis Galton, who founded the eugenics movement in 1885, still stalks the corridors of many a teaching hospital".[39] Doctor David Mortimer has argued in Ethics & Medicine that "Down's syndrome infants have long been disparaged by some doctors and government bean counters."[40] Some members of the disability rights movement "believe that public support for prenatal diagnosis and abortion based on disability contravenes the movement's basic philosophy and goals."[41]
Medical ethicist Ronald Green argues that parents have an obligation to avoid 'genetic harm' to their offspring,[42]and Claire Rayner, then a patron of the Down's Syndrome Association, defended testing and abortion saying "The hard facts are that it is costly in terms of human effort, compassion, energy, and finite resources such as money, to care for individuals with handicaps... People who are not yet parents should ask themselves if they have the right to inflict such burdens on others, however willing they are themselves to take their share of the burden in the beginning."[43]Peter Singer argued that "neither haemophilia nor Down's syndrome is so crippling as to make life not worth living, from the inner perspective of the person with the condition. To abort a fetus with one of these disabilities, intending to have another child who will not be disabled, is to treat fetuses as interchangeable or replaceable. If the mother has previously decided to have a certain number of children, say two, then what she is doing, in effect, is rejecting one potential child in favour of another. She could, in defence of her actions, say: the loss of life of the aborted fetus is outweighed by the gain of a better life for the normal child who will be conceived only if the disabled one dies."[44]
Management
Treatment of individuals with Down Syndrome depends on the particular manifestations of the disorder. For instance, individuals with congenital heart disease may need to undergo major corrective surgery soon after birth. Other individuals may have relatively minor health problems requiring no therapy.
Plastic surgery
Plastic surgery has sometimes been advocated and performed on children with Down syndrome, based on the assumption that surgery can reduce the facial features associated with Down syndrome, therefore decreasing social stigma, and leading to a better quality of life.[45] Plastic surgery on children with Down syndrome is uncommon,[46] and continues to be controversial. Researchers have found that for facial reconstruction, "...although most patients reported improvements in their child's speech and appearance, independent raters could not readily discern improvement...."[47]For partial glossectomy (tongue reduction), one researcher found that 1 out of 3 patients "achieved oral competence," with 2 out of 3 showing speech improvement.[48]Len Leshin, physician and author of the ds-health website, has stated, "Despite being in use for over twenty years, there is still not a lot of solid evidence in favor of the use of plastic surgery in children with Down syndrome."[49]The National Down Syndrome Society has issued a "Position Statement on Cosmetic Surgery for Children with Down Syndrome"[50] which states that "The goal of inclusion and acceptance is mutual respect based on who we are as individuals, not how we look."
Alternative treatment
See also: Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities
The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential is a non-profit organization which treats children who have, as the IAHP terms it, "some form of brain injury," including children with Down syndrome. The approach of "Psychomotor Patterning" is not proven,[51] and is considered alternative medicine.
Role of the professional social worker
Professional social workers have a strong tradition of working for social justice and refusing to recreate unequal social structures. This means going beyond state sponsored practices which merely cater to individual needs. Social work maintains this radical kernel with the objective of transforming society as a whole. Today many social workers internationally have strong connections with social and political movements for the emancipation of the oppressed.
The main tasks of professional social workers are case management (linking clients with agencies and programs that will meet their psychosocial needs), medical social work, counseling (psychotherapy), human services management, social welfare policy analysis, community organizing, advocacy, teaching (in schools of social work), and social science research.
Professional social workers work in a variety of settings, including: non-profit
agencies, schools, faith-based organizations, and even the military. Other social workers work as psychotherapists, counselors, or mental health practitioners, normally working in coordination with psychiatrists, psychologists, or other medical professionals. Additionally, some social workers have chosen to direct the focus their efforts on social policy or academic research towards the practice or ethics of social work. While the emphasis has varied among these task areas in different eras and countries, some areas have been the subject of controversy as to whether they are properly part of social work's mission.
United States
In the United States of America, leaders and scholars in the field of social work have debated the purpose and nature of the profession since its beginning in the late 1800s. Workers, beginning with the settlement house movement, have argued for a focus on social reform, political activism, and systemic causes of poverty. Social workers of the Settlement House Movement were primarily young women from
middle-income families and chose to live in lower-income neighbourhoods to engage in community organizing. These workers sometimes received stipends from charitable organizations and sometimes worked for free. In contrast to the settlement house movement, the friendly visitors were women from middle-income families who visited (but did not reside among) families in lower-income neighbourhoods. Friendly visitors emphasized conventional morality (such as thrift and abstinence from alcohol) rather than social activism.
Others have advocated an emphasis on direct practice, aid to individual clients and families with targeted material assistance or interventions using the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental diseases DSM-IV. While social work has been defined as direct, individual practice in the last quarter of the twentieth century, there is a growing resurgence of community practice in social work. Of broad and growing significance are the relationship counseling and Relationship Education movements which seek to assist in interpersonal social skill building which can be of great societal value in promoting marriage and family stability. Relationship education and counseling primarily aid the majority of individuals who are free of pathology or who have found that DSM-IV based services are ineffectual. This majority can benefit from education and exposure to relationship skills that have not otherwise
been discussed and distributed by social services in this time of weakened family, church, and societal conventions. Another new development in social work is the focus on informatics (Parker-Oliver & Demiris, 2006). For many social workers, the use of any online technology is problematic due to persistent concerns about privacy. However, other social workers recognize that clients are going on line for many purposes. Some schools of social work, such as University of Southern California are offering courses to build informatics skills at the graduate level.
Community practice is the new term of art for what used to be known as "macro practice" social work. Community practice includes working for change at the systems level, including human services management (administration, planning, marketing, and program development); community organizing (community development, grassroots organizing, policy advocacy); social policy and politics; and international social development.
The National Association of Social Workers(NASW) is the largest and most recognized membership organization of professional social workers in the world. Representing 150,000 members from 56 chapters in the United States and abroad, the association promotes, develops and protects the practice of social work and social workers. NASW also seeks to enhance the well-being of individuals, families, and communities through its work and advocacy.
Although membership is generally not required for licensure, NASW survey data give a rough idea of how social workers are employed in the US. According to NASW:
Nearly 40% of NASW members say that mental health is their primary practice area. The health sector employs 8% of NASW’s members, and 8% practice in child welfare or family organizations. Six percent of NASW members say school social work is their primary practice area, and another 3% work primarily with adolescents. (NASW, 2005) These figures are significantly confounded by the fact that NASW members are primarily licensed practitioners working in the clinical arena, and the fact that many social workers in the field do not actually hold a degree in social work. NASW is usually concerned with issues like licensing, reimbursement, etc., that are not relevant to child welfare practice, for instance.
Within the mental health field, social workers may work in private practice, much like clinical psychologists or members of other counselling professions often do. Social workers are often in the position of recommending the use of psychopharmaceutical agents, though not prescribing them. The increasingly widespread usage of these agents in the U.S. has received little scrutiny by the NASW, despite that fact that these drugs are prescribed far more heavily in the U.S. than anywhere else in the world. Social workers in private practice may take direct payments from clients and may also receive third-party reimbursement from insurance companies or government programs such as Medicaid. Insurance reimbursement for mental health services involves the designation of the recipient of services as
mentally ill, or more specifically a label is assigned from the DSM-IV, the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental illness. This assignment, when recorded to an individual's medical history can prove to be a significant impediment to future pursuits. It can raise the cost to the individual for health or nursing home insurance; it can be the basis of denial for life insurance; and it can limit an individual's professional choices, such as in health care, motor vehicle operation, or airplane piloting.
Private practice was not part of the social work profession when it began in the late 1800s. It has been controversial among social workers, some of whom feel that the more lucrative opportunities of private practice have led many social workers to abandon the field's historic mission of assisting disadvantaged populations. The private practice model can be at odds with the community development and political activism strains of social work.
Social workers in mental health may also work for an agency, whether publicly funded, supported by private charity, or some combination of the two. These agencies provide a range of mental health services to disadvantaged populations in the US.
Some social workers are child welfare workers, a role that looms large in the public's perception of social work. This role contributes to a negative view of social work in the U.S., since child welfare authorities can remove abused or neglected children from the custody of their parents, a practice that is fraught with controversy and sometimes with scandalous incompetence. Many child welfare workers in the US do not in fact have social work degrees (though all caseworkers in most states have at least a Bachelor's degree in a related field).
Some states restrict the use of the title social worker to licensed practitioners, who must hold a degree in the field. Such restrictions are a high legislative priority of NASW.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom and elsewhere, a social worker is a trained professional with a recognised social work qualification, employed most commonly in the public sector by local authorities.
Spending on social services departments is a major component of British local government expenditure.
In Social care UK, the title "social worker" is protected by law (since 1 April 2005) and can be used only by people who have a recognised qualification and are registered with the General Social Care Council (in England), the Scottish Social Services Council, the Care Council for Wales (Welsh: Cyngor Gofal Cymru), or the Northern Ireland Social Care Council.
The strategic direction of statutory social work in Britain is broadly divided into children's and adults' services. Social work activity within England and Wales for children and young people is under the remit of the Department for Children, Schools and Families while the same for adults remains the responsibility for the Department of Health. Within local authorities, this division is usually reflected in the organisation of social services departments. The structure of service delivery in Scotland is different.
Within children services some social workers are child protection workers, a role that looms large in the public's perception of social work. This role contributes to a negative view of social work in the UK since child protection workers for local authorities can remove suspected abused or neglected children from the custody of their parents, a practice that is fraught with controversy and media criticism.
In mental health care, social workers can train to become an Approved Mental Health Professional, involved in the application of the Mental Health Act 1983(as amended by the Mental Health Act 2007) in England and Wales. Though now open to other professions, this involves a contributing a social care perspective to Mental Health Act assessments and is predominantly a social worker role.
In 2007, the General Social Care Council launched a wide-ranging consultation, in concert with a number of other social care organisations, to agree a clear professional understanding of social work in the UK [1]
The topic is “ role of the professional socoal work”.
Professional social workers have a strong tradition of working for social justice and refusing to recreate unequal social structures.A professional social worker not only cater to individual needs,but also maintain the transforming society.Today many social workers internationally have strong connections with social and political movements
Professional social workers work in a variety of settings, including: non-profit or public social service agencies,grassroots advocacy organizations,hospitals,hospices ,community health agencies,schools, faith-based organizations,and military,.
The role of social workers is psychotherapists, counselors and mental health practitioners.
Meanwhile,some social workers have chosen to direct the focus their efforts on social policy or academic research towards the practice or ethics of social work.
The main tasks of professional social workers is case management ,medical social work , counseling ,human services management, social welfare policy analysis ,community organizing ,advocacy ,teaching ,social science research.
(以上是原文中的)
（以下是我自己写的，你可用可不用）
The role of socoal workers require noble spirit of professional ethics ,recognized non-profit professional ,coordinating the relationship betwween the individual and the environment ,utilizing the resources freely ,group collaboration ,helping themselves and helping others ,upholding democracy ,and respecting for individuality. (到时候看答题的篇幅决定这段要不要写)
专业英语主楼328 社会政策主楼224 社会福利西二508 社会保障西二410
专业英语，4题，全部用英文回答。2题论述，一题自己的资料，1题是选别人的。还有2题是考基本知识。
社会保障
1、社会保险
2、社会救济
3、老年社会保障
4、医疗社会保险
5、失业
6、工伤保险
7、生育保险
8、军人社会保障
9、残疾人社会保障1、社会保障制度的功能2、目前农村养老社会保险存在的主要问题3、农村养老保障的必要性4、医疗社会保险的特点5、失业预防的主要措施6、工伤保险制度普遍遵循的主要原则
7、妇女就业保障的主要内容8、残疾人社会保障的内容
1、我国城镇医疗保险制度及其改革
2、公式S=Sa/G= (Sa/W)*(W/G)表达的意义
社会福利思想
我国社会福利内容，世界社会福利思想发展历程，《济贫法》，德国社会保险，贝弗里奇计划，福利国家及其困境，福利多元化发展，第三条道路政治目标，功利主义，基数效用，序数效用。每一个时段相应的内容要仔细看下，福利思想发展的各个时期是重点。
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/a117347886.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
基于数据融合的网络连接故障检测 摘要： 为了及时发现网络连接故障，以及关机和网络连接之间的区别故障，本文提出了一种基于数据融合技术的建模网络连接故障检测.根据本模型，我们设计了一个基于网络连接故障检测工具（NCFDT）的指纹考勤系统。假设打开或关闭它后，它的用户拥有对这台电脑刷指纹的权利，那么NCFDT将增加它的IP到扫描列表，它的扫描列表的IP地址会在关机后清除。该NCFDT采用数据融合技术来检测机器的连接是否良好。如果检测到连接故障，一个SMS报警信号将会发送到管理员，以便管理员可以快速的解决。实验结果表明，在局域网中该模型能有效和及时的检测到任何连接故障，并且也能发送警报短信给管理员，监控主机(主机A)也可以连接到该局域网中。此外，我们提高的心跳系统可以有效的监控主机A 的网络状态。 关键词： 网络故障；网络连接故障；短信报警；定时关机；心跳系统 1 引言 如今，在我们的工作和学习中受欢迎的网络正发挥着越来越重要的作用，并且这种作用正在补款的攀升。然而，网络的设计是有缺陷的，并且无法保证网络的无故障运行。因此如何快速的检测网络的故障和效率是有非常重要的意义。网络连接故障是网络中最常见的故障发生最频繁的类型。有各种各样的方法可以检测一台机器是否在线。你可以利用现有的工具进行检测，例如简单的平指令，功能更强大的nmap指令等。但是区分关机脱机之间的方法而造成网络故障下线时罕见的。 为了及时检测上网冲浪的故障，本文提出了区分关机和网络连接故障的新方法。在C语言编程在Ubuntu系统的指纹考勤系统（NCFDT）中，我们实现设计了一个基于使用函数库来检测网络连接故障的工具。该NCFDT采用三种方式来扫描计算机是否启动，并且能准确分析被扫描主机的网络连接状态。此外，检测到网络故障时，该NCDFT会通过发送报警短信息通知管理员。该NCFDT部署在管理机主机A中。此外，辅助管理主机主机B的网络状态时稳定的部分，主机A会在每个固定的时间间隔发送给主机B一个心跳信号，一显示是否稳定。但是，如果主机B不能三次接受从主机A发送的心跳包，主机B会发送报警信息给管理员。这个心跳机制不仅避免了管理员经常受到心跳短信，而且还确保了管理员可以及时通知并处理主机A的故障。 2 相关工作 “网络故障检测是基于对行为的参数，通信数据和设备信号的实时监测，发现不同于normalbehavior，然后利用其信息优势，分析异常行为，并建立故障类型之间的映射关系，并特征参数。“[1]研究人员最近提出了几种方法进行网络故障检测。 在大型网络中的复杂的管理领域，邓超提出了一种基于拓扑关系的故障定位方法[2]。为了解决故障识别非控制的分布式网络的区域，孙全德提出了一种基于电力系统分布式网络和GIS数据的新方法[3]。传统的集中式网络管理解决方案不太适应今天的大型计算机网络管理，苏明单设计了一个基于SNMP的分布式网络故障检测/监测系统[4]。针对传统的基于SNMP的网络故障管理的问题，曹金港提出了一种基于移动代理的网络故障诊断模
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分：
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced
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1866年，Dr.John Langdon Down第一次对唐氏综合征的典型体征包括这类患儿具有相似的面部特征进行完整的描述并发表，因此，这一综合征以其名字命名为唐氏综合征（Down综合征）。1959年证实了唐氏综合征是由染色体异常而导致的。现代医学证实，唐氏综合征发生率与母亲怀孕年龄有相关，系21号染色体的异常，有三体、易位及嵌合三种类型。高龄孕妇、卵子老化是发生不分离的重要原因。 临床表现 1.患儿具明显的特殊面容体征，如眼距宽，鼻根低平，眼裂小，眼外侧上斜，有内眦 赘皮，外耳小，舌胖，常伸出口外，流涎多。身材矮小，头围小于正常，头前、后径短，枕部平呈扁头。颈短、皮肤宽松。骨龄常落后于年龄，出牙延迟且常错位。头发细软而较少。 前囟闭合晚，顶枕中线可有第三囟门。四肢短，由于韧带松弛，关节可过度弯曲，手指粗短，小指中节骨发育不良使小指向内弯曲，指骨短，手掌三叉点向远端移位，常见通贯掌纹、草鞋足，拇趾球部约半数患儿呈弓形皮纹。 2.常呈现嗜睡和喂养困难，其智能低下表现随年龄增长而逐渐明显，智商25～50，动 作发育和性发育都延迟。 3.男性唐氏婴儿长大至青春期，也不会有生育能力。而女性唐氏婴儿长大后有月经， 并且有可能生育。 4.患儿常伴有先天性心脏病等其他畸形，因免疫功能低下，易患各种感染，白血病的 发生率比一般增高10～30倍。如存活至成人期，则常在30岁以后即出现老年性痴呆症状。 检查 1.对外周血细胞染色体核型分析 细胞遗传学研究发现，在21号染色体长臂21q22区带为三体时，该个体具有完全类似唐氏综合征的临床表现，相反，该区带为非三体的个体则无此典型症状。由此推论，21q22区可能是唐氏综合征的基因关键区带，又称为唐氏综合征区。按染色体核型分析可将唐氏综合征患儿分为三型： （1）标准型占全部病例的95%。患儿体细胞染色体为47条，有一个额外的21号染色体，核型为47，XX（或XY），+21。 （2）易位型占2.5%～5%，患儿的染色体总数为46条，多为罗伯逊易位，是指发生在近端着丝粒染色体的一种相互易位，多为D/G易位，D组中以14号染色体为主，即核型为46，XX（或XY），-14，+t（14q21q）；少数为15号染色体易位，这种易位型患儿约半数为遗传性，即亲代中有平衡易位染色体携带者。另一种为G/G易位，较少见，是由于G组中2个21号染色体发生着丝粒融合，形成等臂染色体t（21q21q），或1个21号易位到1个22号染色体上。
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no
浅谈信息技术与小学英语学科的融合
浅谈信息技术与小学英语学科的融合 2015-2016（下）黄建军 信息技术在英语学科中的应用，改变了英语课堂传统的以教师传授，学生接受的填鸭式教学，它利用信息化技术创设信息化学习环境，符合语言习得的规律，使学生进行知识的重构和创造，培养学生的自主学习能力和实践能力，有助于学生个性发展和素质教育的推进。在中国，信息技术与英语学科上的融合，在很大程度上克服了语言非本土化的教学环境所带来的困难，使小学英语教学提高了课堂教学的效率，使学生在英语国家文化理解和自身的素质培养上也受益良多。 一、小学英语学科教学的特殊性。 英语这门学科的特殊性决定了学生在学习上与其他学科有很大的不同。在学习英语上，由于英语作为一门语言，而且是我们学习的第二门语言，我们缺少足够的文化背景和文化积淀。由于语言学习的特殊性，要求我们要多用眼睛看，多用耳朵听，多用嘴巴和别人进行互动交流，让语言在应用中找到自己的生命。小学英语教学处在学生学习语言的初始阶段，对语言习得有着至关重要的作用。反思我们的汉语学习，汉字的读写，恐怕比英语还要难得多，那么为什么从咿呀学语到能说出完整正确的句子，我们都能达到基本掌握和正常交流？正是因为我们都生活在这种语言环境当中。所以创设语言的文化背景至关重要。信息技术为英语语言环境的创设和应用提供了可能。 二、信息技术的优越性。 信息技术，是指人们获取、分析、加工、利用信息的知识和能力。它是通信技术、计算机技术、多媒体技术和网络技术的总称。在信息技术与课程整合中，信息技术已经成为课程教学中有力的好帮手，成为教师教的工具、学生学的工具以及环境构建的工具。信息技术以自己多元化的媒体呈现形式优越于其他教学媒介。它可以利用文字，声音，图像，视频充分展现教学内容，经过信息技术加工过的教学内容更加直观，生动，足以吸引小学生的注意力和好奇心。它可以更加有条理，有结构地帮助教师组织课堂活动。信息技术对教学内容，对老师，对学生都有很大帮助。 三、信息技术与小学英语学科的整合。
Good morning. My name is xxx .It is really a great honor to have this opportunity to introduce myself，and I hope I can make a good performance today. 早上好。我的名字是某某某。非常荣幸能有这个机会来介绍我自己,我希望今天我能有个好的表现。 Now I will introduce myself briefly ,I am 23 years old，born in wenling, the capital of Zhejiang Province. I graduated from the The Chinese people's armed police force academy department of Frontier command in July, 2011. 现在我将简单介绍一下我自己,我今年23岁,出生在温岭市,是浙江省的省会。我毕业于中国人民武装警察部队学院前沿指挥部
门,2011年6月。 During the four years in university, I spend most of my time on study, I have passed CET4 and I have acquired basic knowledge of Frontier command. Besides, with my efforts and cheerful personality，I received a scholarship and outstanding student awarded. Generally speaking, I am a hard worker especially do the thing I am interested in. I like to chat with my classmates, almost talk everything ,my favorite pastime is Basketball, swimming or surf online.Through college life,I learn how to balance between study and entertainment. 在四年的大学,我把大部分时间花在学习上,我已经通过国家基本知识,我已经获得了国境的命令。同时,我的努力和性格开朗,我收
中英文资料对照外文翻译 使用不变特征的全景图像自动拼接 摘要 本文研究全自动全景图像的拼接问题，尽管一维问题（单一旋转轴）很好研究，但二维或多行拼接却比较困难。以前的方法使用人工输入或限制图像序列，以建立匹配的图像，在这篇文章中，我们假定拼接是一个多图像匹配问题，并使用不变的局部特征来找到所有图像的匹配特征。由于以上这些，该方法对输入图像的顺序、方向、尺度和亮度变化都不敏感；它也对不属于全景图一部分的噪声图像不敏感，并可以在一个无序的图像数据集中识别多个全景图。此外，为了提供更多有关的细节，本文通过引入增益补偿和自动校直步骤延伸了我们以前在该领域的工作。 1. 简介 全景图像拼接已经有了大量的研究文献和一些商业应用。这个问题的基本几何学很好理解，对于每个图像由一个估计的3×3的摄像机矩阵或对应矩阵组成。估计处理通常由用户输入近似的校直图像或者一个固定的图像序列来初始化，例如，佳能数码相机内的图像拼接软件需要水平或垂直扫描，或图像的方阵。在自动定位进行前，第4版的REALVIZ拼接软件有一个用户界面，用鼠标在图像大致定位，而我们的研究是有新意的，因为不需要提供这样的初始化。 根据研究文献，图像自动对齐和拼接的方法大致可分为两类——直接的和基于特征的。直接的方法有这样的优点，它们使用所有可利用的图像数据，因此可以提供非常准确的定位，但是需要一个只有细微差别的初始化处理。基于特征的配准不需要初始化，但是缺少不变性的传统的特征匹配方法（例如，Harris角点图像修补的相关性）需要实现任意全景图像序列的可靠匹配。 在本文中，我们描述了一个基于不变特征的方法实现全自动全景图像的拼接，相比以前的方法有以下几个优点。第一，不变特征的使用实现全景图像序列的可靠匹配，尽管在输入图像中有旋转、缩放和光照变化。第二，通过假定图像拼接是一个多图像匹配问题，我们可以自动发现这些图像间的匹配关系，并且在无序的数据集中识别出全景图。第三，通过使用多波段融合呈现无缝输出的全景图，可以产生高质量的结果。本文通过