Book I
Unit 3 Culture
文化
Teaching Aims:
教学目标:
In this unit students are required to :
在本单元，学生须
1)get to know some useful information concerning the topic of the reading passages in this unit and to know more about English culture;
了解有关本单元阅读内容的一些有用信息，了解更多关于英语文化的知识;
2)ssion, group work, etc. to practice their spoken skill and communicative skills;do some preparation activities such as discu
练习他们的口语技巧和交际技巧;做一些准备活动，如discu
3)grasp some new words and try to use these words which help them to enrich their vocabulary;
掌握一些新单词，试着用这些单词来丰富他们的词汇;
4)read the in-class reading passage in a limited time and grasp some expressions and grammatical points in the in-class reading passage to improve their reading comprehension;
在有限的时间内阅读课堂上的阅读文章，掌握课堂阅读中的一些表达和语法点，提高阅读理解能力;
5)do some post-reading exercises and some after-class reading to practice what they have got to know in class to improve their English comprehensive skills.;
做一些课后阅读练习和课后阅读练习，以提高他们在课堂上的知识，提高他们的英语综合技能。
6)translate some typical sentences into Chinese or English by using some expressions learned in the reading passages to acquire some translating skills and better their translating abilities.
运用阅读中的一些句型，将一些典型的句子翻译成汉语或英语，以获得一些翻译技巧，提高翻译的能力。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a017892680.html,eful Information
有用的信息
Culture is a very broad term used to describe the arts, the beliefs, the values, the traditions, the customs, and the institutions that are considered to be characteristic of a community, a people, a region, or a nation. Culture also includes the languages and dialects that people use to express their feelings and to communicate with each other. It is often difficult to separate language and culture since, in most cases, language is
the main medium through which culture is transmitted. Most people feel that it is impossible to really know a culture without speaking the language. In some immigrant populations in North America, however, the original language (French, German, Chinese, Polish, etc.) has been lost but customs and traditions are still maintained.
文化是一个非常宽泛的术语，用来描述艺术、信仰、价值观、传统、习俗以及被认为是社区、人民、地区或国家的特征的机构。文化还包括人们用来表达感情和相互交流的语言和方言。语言和文化往往很难分开，因为在大多数情况下，语言是传播文化的主要媒介。大多数人都认为，在没有语言的情况下，真正了解一种文化是不可能的。然而，在北美的一些移民群体中，最初的语言(法语、德语、汉语、波兰语等)已经消失，但习俗和传统仍然保持着。
Although many cultures in the world have remained isolated for centuries, commerce and trade have often been the source of all sorts of cultural exchanges, ranging from foods to tools. Chinese fine china and other inventions reached Europe thanks to the silk route, for example. However, cultural exchanges have not always been fair or balanced. The native population of North and South America were killed or destroyed (a large part of) by disease and alcoholbrought by the Europeans. Throughout history, wars and political decisions have destroyed cultures and forced people to adopt the language and the customs of the dominant civilization.
尽管世界上许多文化已经被隔离了几个世纪，但商业和贸易经常是各种文化交流的来源，从食物到工具。例如，中国的优秀瓷器和其他发明都是由于丝绸之路而到达欧洲的。然而，文化交流并不总是公平或平衡的。北美和南美的土著居民被欧洲人带来的疾病和酒精杀死或摧毁(大部分)。纵观历史，战争和政治决定破坏了文化，迫使人们采用了统治文明的语言和习俗。
It is often assumed that if a culture is technologically advanced, it must be superior or that if a culture is young it must be inferior. Everyone tends to make value judgments about other cultures. Finding fault with or making fun of other customs and beliefs is often merely a way of bolstering (supporting a theory cause etc.) our complacency (feeling of personal content, satisfaction) our pride. It is certainly much easier to learn about other cultures if one approaches them with an open mind and if one respects differences rather than criticizing them. Often something that appears strange or unusual in other cultures is in fact very logical and part of a deeply rooted tradition. What might seem rude in one culture might seem perfectly normal and acceptable in another culture. Tolerance and curiosity are key factors in all cross-cultural learning experiences.
人们常常认为，如果一种文化在技术上是先进的，它必须是优越的，或者如果一种文化是年轻的，它一定是低等的。每个人都倾向于对其他文化做出价值判断。发现错误或取笑其他习俗和信仰往往仅仅是一种支持(支持某一理论原因等)我们的自满(对个人内容的感觉，满足感)我们的骄傲。如果一个人以开放的心态去学习，如果一个人尊重差异而不是批评他们，那就更容易了解其他文化。通常在其他文化中出现奇怪或不寻常的事情，实际上是非常符合逻辑的，也是根深蒂固的传统的一部分。在一种文化中看似粗鲁的东西，在另一种文化中似乎是完全正常和可以接受的。宽容和好奇是所有跨文化学习经历的关键因素。
Although modern transportation and communications have reduced the word to a “global village”, there are still many fascinating cultural differences to explore.
Discovering how people from other regions or other countries see the world can be an enriching experience. Tasting (taste) new foods, listening to different music, and studying the architecture or the literature of other cultures can open up new perspectives on life.
尽管现代交通和通讯已经将这个词简化为“地球村”，但仍有许多令人着迷的文化差异可供探索。了解来自其他地区或其他国家的人们如何看待世界是一种丰富的经验。品尝新食物，听不同的音乐，研究其他文化的建筑或文学，可以打开新的生活视角。
II.Preparation
准备
1．Clearing up a misunderstanding
The reason is that the thumb-and-forefinger-in-a-circle (the okay gesture), a friendly one in America, has an insulting meaning in France and Belgium: “You are worth zero.,” while in Greece and Turkey it is an insulting or vulgar(rude/showing bad banners) sexual invitation.
原因在于，在美国，一个友好的拇指和大拇指的圆圈(ok手势)，在法国和比利时有一种侮辱性的含义:“你值零。”“在希腊和土耳其，这是一种侮辱或粗俗(无礼/显示糟糕的横幅)的性邀请。”
2．Bridging a gap
At first he didn’t understand the question “How do you find it here?” It was inappropriate for him to answer the above-mentioned question by saying: “ Well, I don’t know,” It was better to say something about his impressions of the country. And it would help to keep the conversation going.“How much do you know?” was a difficult question for Geri to answer. “A lot” or “A little”’ the tow possibl e replies, in fact, would not be satisfactory to Liu Zongren.He said his last name when he meant his first name.It was ridiculous for him to say “Thank you” at the end of the conversation because there seemed to be nothing for him to thank them for.
起初，他不明白这个问题:“你怎么在这里找到它?”对他来说，回答上述问题是不合适的，他说:“嗯，我不知道，”最好是说说他对这个国家的印象。这将有助于保持谈话的进行。“你知道多少?”对格里来说，这是一个很难回答的问题。“很多”或“一点点”“可能的回答，实际上，对刘祖仁来说是不满意的。”他说他的姓是他的第一个名字。在谈话结束时，他说“谢谢”是很可笑的，因为他似乎没有什么值得感谢的地方。
Notes:
1) bowing like a Japanese:
The Japanese are noted for their courtesy(polite behavior). They bow all the time and repeatedly. Japanese who greet people from the west often try to do two things at once. They try to follow local customs. They also try to shake hands at the same time---following western traditions. But they mix both. As they shake hands, they also move their body up and down as if they are bowing. It looks like they are trying to pump water from an old pump at a well.
日本人以礼貌而闻名(礼貌的行为)。他们不停地鞠躬。问候西方国家的日本人常常同时做两件事。他们试图追随当地的风俗。他们也试图同时握手——遵循西方的传统。但他们混合。当他们握手时，他们也会像鞠躬一样上下移动身体。看起来他们正试图从一口井里的旧水泵抽水。
2) ritual and a great deal of one-upmanship:
Here “ritual” refers to the things people unanimously (unanimous: in/showing complete agreement) do or say when parting. “One-upmanship” means one tries to be more polite tha n the other. If one says one “Goodbye”, the other will say it two or three times.
这里的“仪式”指的是人们在分手时一致(一致地:在/表现出完全一致的)做或说的事情。“one - up风度”是指一个人试图比另一个人更有礼貌。如果一个人说“再见”，另一个人会说两到三次。
3)That same “slow” is used in another polite expression used by the host at the end of
a particular large and delicious meal to assure his guests what a poor and inadequate host he has been.（这里“slow”被用在“怠慢” 这个词组里）
同样的“慢”也被用来作为主人在一顿丰盛美味的晚餐的最后一种礼貌的表达，以确保他的客人是一个贫穷和不称职的主人。
III. In-Class Reading Activities
Bridging Cultural Gaps Gracefully
1.to slip into: pass gradually into a state or situation, in a way that is hardly noticed.
It amazed him how easily one could slip into a routine.
He slipped into the room when no one was looking.
The boy slipped into bed and went right to sleep.
to slip o ne’s memory/mind: to be forgotten
These points had entirely slipped my memory. His name slipped my mind 2….without all your foreignness exposed (without+N+P.P)
e.g. without all your weakness exposed
without all the mail delivered
without all the products delivered
without all the apples picked
without all her sensitivity revealed
3.to start out: begin
e.g. He has started out to study French. He stared out to write his report.
We all start out in life as helpless infants.
to start out :leave; set out
We stared out from home in the morning.
Bill started out for school on his bicycle.
4.when it came to seeing…: When talking about seeing; When it was a case or
question of seeing…
When it comes to relationships, everyone makes mistakes.
When it comes to hard work, you can rely on him.
When it comes to mathematics, I am completely at sea.
The school has very good teachers, but when comes to buildings, the school is very poor.
5.to see sb off: to go to an airport, station etc.with sbwho is leaving
to see his friends off at the bus stop
Are you coming to see us off at the station?
This morning he had not even come to see them off.
to see about sth: to deal with
The first thing we must do when we arrive in London is to see about a hotel.
to see through sb/ sth : not be deceived by
He cannot fool me; I can see through him every time.
I saw through his trick.
to see sth through: continue it until the end
Whatever happens, we’ll see the struggle through
to see to sth : attend to it
There was much to see to.
Who is seeing to the arrangements for the meeting?
6.An abrupt goodbye would not do.
to do : be acceptable（行，合适，可以，凑合）
Will it do if we let you have an answer by Friday?
It will do if you let me know in an hour or so.
That is not quite what I wanted, but I think it will do.
7.to smooth over: to make (difficulties) seem small or unimportant使…缓解，使… 平
息下来
It will be difficult for you to smooth over your differences after so many years.
经过这么多年，你想消除你们之间的分歧谈何容易。
The teacher smoothed over the quarrel between the two boys.
Bill tried to smooth over his argument with Mary making her laugh.
8.to pick up: get, gain（非正规地）学会，学到
He picked up French while he was staying in Paris.
Young children soon pick up words they hear their elders use.
St atistics isn’t a subject that can be picked up in a month.
to pick up: take hold of and lift
He picked up the book and gave it to her.
to pick up: gather together ; collect
Pick up your room before mother sees it.
to pick up: to give sb a lift
Pick me up at the hotel.
At the next corner the bus stopped and picked up 3 people.
9.to send sb off: to say good-bye to sb; to see sb off
There was a large crowd to send him off.
All the students want to send the teacher off.
to send sth off: to po st/mail (a letter, parcel, message…)
I would like to send off the parcel by early post.
Why haven’t you got my letter? I sent it off last week.
to send sb off: (esp. in football) to cause a player to leave the field because of a serious breaking of the rules
The judge sent Li Jingyu off
10.to involve : cause … to take part in
This problem involves us all.
Don’t involve you in the quarrel.
That’s no concern of me. I’m not involved.
to involve: have as a necessary result
To accept this work involves living in London.
Housework involves cooking, washing dishes, sweeping and cleaning.
The plan involves the co-operation of both young and old.
11.to assure(sb that)…to cause sb to be sure向谁保证，肯定地说
I assure you that you are wrong.
I assure you that the medicine cannot harm you.
Nothing can assure permanent happiness.
t o assure sb of…向。。。保证一定，肯定地向…说
I can assure you of my full support for your plan.
He assures us of his ability to work.
to ensure: to make sure保证，使一定得到
to ensure sb sth. to ensure sth to sb to ensure that
The book ensured his success.
This medicine will ensure you a good night’s sleep.
These documents ensure to you the authority you need
I cannot ensure that he will be there in time. .
to insure:make a contract that promises to pay a sum of money in case of accident, loss,death etc.
The old lady has insured her life.
My house is insured against fire.
12.to put sb to trouble:给某人造成麻烦，增添麻烦
I don’t like putting you to so much trouble.
I am sorry for putting you to so much trouble.
I don’t want to put you to a lot of trouble.
to ask/look for trouble: behave so as to cause trouble
What made you write such a letter? It was asking for trouble.
Don’t you go looking for trouble?
to get into trouble: to be in trouble
He is always getting into trouble with the police.
to get sb into trouble
If you do, you might get me into trouble.
to have trouble in doing: to have difficulty in doing
Did you have much in finding the house? I have some trouble in reading the letter.
to take trouble over sth;to take trouble to do sth: use much care and effort in doing sth
He should take more trouble over his work.
He has taken endless trouble to make a success of our picnic.
They took a lot of trouble to find the right person for the job.
13.to insist on :to order strongly坚持要求，一定要
I insist on an answer.
He insisted on a second message being sent.
Unit 1 羞怯的痛苦 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。 很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。 相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。 能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持
不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。 如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感：１．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。 ２．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。 ３．内疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。 ４．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。 ５．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。 ６．接受批评时要缜密思考。不要把批评理解为人身攻击。例如，如果一位朋友抱怨你的烹饪技术，要把这当成对你的烹饪技术而不是对你本人的评价而接受下来。放心，你们还是好朋友，但你的烹饪技术也许确实
Unit 10 Agriculture Farming for the Future [1] Every year, more people face poverty and hunger and more of the earth's resources are ruined. The problems are enormous, but many experts believe that the situation is not hopeless. The solution will require big changes in how we think about agriculture, food, and our planet. [2] First of all, farmers everywhere need to develop methods that are less destructive to the environment. The change from single crop farming to a mixed crop system would be one important step. The planting of several different crops improves the soil and helps prevent erosion. Erosion could also be prevented by planting trees to protect the fields from the wind. Another way farmers could improve the soil is to avoid deep plowing. In fact, only a slight plowing is necessary if proper methods are used. [3] If the soil were treated better, farmers would not need to use chemical fertilizers. They could use natural animal and vegetable products instead. With mixed crops, farmers would need fewer toxic chemical insecticides. They could use biological methods of controlling insects and disease. [4] Farmers could also help save the earth's precious supplies of water and petroleum. To save water, they could plant more water-efficient plants instead of the standard types of wheat or corn. They could also use watering systems that are much less wasteful. To save petroleum, farmers could make use of bio-gas generators which could be fueled by the vegetable and animal wastes of the farms. In less-developed countries, bio-gas generators could reduce the need for firewood and so help save forests, as well. [5] In less-developed countries, the small farmers need help. They need to learn more about crops that are better suited to local conditions. They need to learn how to limit erosion and make the best use of their resources. These farmers will never be successful without land and economic reform. This should be the aim of governments and international agencies. The current industrial and cash crop policies are only making the situation worse. [6] Industrialized countries could use their economic resources to help bring about these changes. They could make some changes in their own policies. At present, much food is wasted in these countries for political reasons. In Europe and in North America, tons of fruit and dairy products are thrown away every year. Eating habits, too, could be changed in these countries. For example, people often eat foods from distant places instead of local foods. The transportation of the imported foods adds to the global pollution problem. People in industrialized countries also eat a lot of meat, especially beef.
Reading comprehension 1略 2 BDCAC AADBB Vocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1）certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 Reading comprehension 1略 2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT Vocabulary 1. Creating Compound Words
Unit 1 Personality In-Class Reading 羞怯的痛苦 1 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。 2 很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。 3 相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。 4能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。 5 如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感： 6 1．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。 7 2．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。 8 3．疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。 9 4．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。 10 5．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。
Part 1 Listening 1 Ex1: C A D C B Ex2: 1) approaching 2) left 3) toilet 4) locked 5) Tickets please 6) pushed 7) stamped Scripts: Two Belgians and two Dutchmen traveled regularly to work on the same train. After a while the Dutchmen saw that the two Belgians only had one ticket between them and asked how they managed to achieve this. The Belgians explained that when they heard the conductor approaching from the other end of the carriage, the two of them left their seats, went into the toilet and locked the door. When the conductor knocked on the toilet door, saying, "Tickets, please!", they pushed one ticket under the door. It was then stamped and pushed back under the door again. The Dutchmen thought this was a very good idea and the following morning bought one ticket between them. When they got to their carriage there was only one Belgian. They told him what they had done and asked the Belgian if he had a ticket as he was traveling on his own. The Belgian said he did not have a ticket at all and when they asked how he proposed to manage to travel free of charge, he told them they would have to wait and see until the conductor arrived, but he had no doubt that he would manage it without difficulty. As soon as they heard the conductor coming, the two Dutchmen immediately went to the toilet and locked the door. A few moments later, the Belgian followed them down the corridor and knocked on the toilet door, saying, "Tickets, please!" One ticket appeared under the door. Questions: 1. Where did the story take place 2. What did the two Dutchmen want to know from the two Belgians 3. How did the Dutchmen feel about the Belgians' behavior 4. What did the Belgian do when asked if he had a ticket 5. Who finally managed to travel free of charge Listening 2 Ex1: 1 department store 2. attend college 3. difficult 4. physical education 5. terrified Ex2: FTTFT Scripts: My name is Atsuko Saeki. I work as a salesclerk in a big department store in Fuji, Japan. Six years ago when I was 21 years old, I went to California to attend college. Life in the United States was much more difficult than I had ever imagined. It wasn't like the descriptions I had read in my textbooks. People often seemed tense and so I felt very alone. One of my hardest classes was physical education. We often played volleyball. All the other students were good at it, but I clearly wasn't. One afternoon, the teacher asked me to hit the ball to my classmates. For most people, this would be easy but I was terrified that I would make a fool of myself. When one of the boys on my team saw how nervous I was, he walked up to me and whispered, "Come on, you can do that." You can't imagine how those words of encouragement made me feel. I was so happy that I almost cried. I managed to hit the ball and I think I thanked the young man, but I'm not sure. I have never forgotten his kind words of encouragement. He probably doesn't even remember what he said to me or how much his kindness meant to me. Whenever things aren't going well, I think of those simple words of encouragement: Come on, you can do that.
Unit 7 The Joy of Travel Transformative Travel Twenty-five years ago I felt like a wreck. Although I was just 23, my life already seemed over. The future appeared as much like a wasteland as the emptiness I could see while looking back to the past. I felt lost, without choices, without hope. I was stuck in a job I hated and trapped in an engagement with a woman I didn't love. At the time, both commitments seemed like a good idea, but I suppose it was the fantasy of being a successful, married businessman that appealed to me far more than the reality. I decided to take a class just for the entertainment value. It happened to be an introductory counseling course, one that involved personal sharing in the group. We were challenged to make commitments publicly about things we would like to change in our lives, and in a moment of pure impulsiveness, I declared that by the next class meeting I was going to quit my job and end my engagement. A few days later I found myself unemployed and unattached, excited by the freedom, yet terrified about what to do next. I needed some kind of transition from my old life to a new one, a sort of ritual that would help me to transform myself from one person into another. So I did something just as impulsive as my previous actions: I booked a trip for a week in Aruba. In spite of what others might have thought, I was not running away from something but to something. I wanted a clean break, and I knew I needed to get away from my usual environment and influences so as to think clearly about where I was headed. Once settled into my room on the little island of Aruba, I began my process of self-change. I really could have been anywhere as long as nobody could reach me by phone and I had the peace and quiet to think about what I wanted to do. I spent the mornings going for long walks on the beach, the afternoons sitting under my favorite tree, reading books and listening to tapes. Probably most important of all, I forced myself to get out of my room and go to meet people. Ordinarily shy, I now decided that I was someone who was perfectly capable of having a conversation with anyone I chose. Since nobody knew the "real" me, the way I had always been, I felt free to be completely different. It took me almost a year to pay off that trip, but I am convinced that my single week in Aruba was worth three years in therapy. That trip started a number of processes that helped me to transform myself. This is how I did it: I created a mindset that made me ready for change. I expected that big things were
Unit 1 Personality 羞怯的痛苦 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感：１．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。２．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。３．内疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。４．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。５．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。６．接受批评时要缜密思考。不要把批评理解为人身攻击。例如，如果一位朋友抱怨你的烹饪技术，要把这当成对你的烹饪技术而不是对你本人的评价而接受下来。放心，你们还是好朋友，但你的烹饪技术也许确实有待改进。７．记住，每个人都会经历一些失败和挫折。要把它们作为增长见识的经历，从中受益。挫折往往会成为转机，随之而来的将是一段美妙绝伦的经历。例如，你可能被你所中意的大学拒之门外。然而，在你就读的大学里，你可能发现这里教育的某一特点比你料想的好得多。８．有些人会使你感到自己无能，不要和这种人交往。去设法改变他们对你的态度或者改变你对自己的态度，要不就脱离这种关系。伤害你的人并不关心你的最大利益。９．留出时间休息，享受自己的业余爱好，并且定期地重新审定自己的目标。为此所花费的时间有助于更好地了解你自己。１０．多在社交场合中锻炼。不要把自己同他人隔离开来。设法一次结识一位朋友；最终你将能够娴熟而自信地在众人中周旋。我们每个人都是独一无二、难能可贵的个体。我们自有吸引人的地方。我们对自己了解得越多，就越容易充分发挥自己的潜力。不要让羞怯成为阻碍我们拥有丰富和成功生活的绊脚石。 Unit3 Social Problems
Book 3 Unit 1 Personality The Misery of Shyness Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. All kinds of people describe themselves as shy: short, tall, dull, intelligent, young, old, slim, overweight. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly swirling in their minds: What kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? I'm ugly. I'm wearing unattractive clothes. It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people adversely. A person's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives. For instance, people who have a positive sense of self-worth or high self-esteem usually act with confidence. Because they have self-assurance, they do not need constant praise and encouragement from others to feel good about themselves. Self-confident people participate in life enthusiastically and spontaneously. They are not affected by what others think they "should" do. People with high self-esteem are not hurt by criticism; they do not regard criticism as a personal attack. Instead, they view a criticism as a suggestion for improvement. In contrast, shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing". Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their inferiority. They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliments because they believe they are unworthy of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one: "You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not true." It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is detrimental, or harmful. Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as their strengths. For example, most people would like to be "A" students in every subject. It is not fair for them to label themselves as inferior because they have difficulty in some areas. People's expectations of themselves must be realistic. Dwelling on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy, and even feelings of envy, or jealousy. We
新编大学英语4（浙大版）课后习题答案共同学们欣赏嘎嘎 编辑 | 删除 | 权限设置 | 更多▼ 更多▲ ?设置置顶 ?推荐日志 ?转为私密日志 转载自W～XなK¤转载于2010年03月15日 11:55 阅读(0) 评论(0) 分类：移花接木权限: 公开 Unit1 1. 1) A entertaining B entertainment C entertained D entertainer 2) A recognizable B recognized C recognition D 3) A tempting B temptation C tempt 4) A reasoned B reasoning C reasonable D reason 5) A analyzed B analytical C analyst D analysis 6) A valuable B valuation C valued/values D values 7) A humorist B humor C humorous D humorless 8) A understandable B understanding C understand D misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement
Unit 9 Music In-Class Reading Music to Your Gear 参考译文 音乐与开车 安迪·埃利斯 1 尽管音乐能使你胸中的怒气平息，但是开车时听音乐也会损害你的健康。近期研究表明，听声音很响的音乐会严重地影响司机的注意力，而且心理学家也提醒人们，不断地在车里放这种音乐是很危险的，尤其是处于车流中或在高速公路上开车时。 2 音乐有两个极端，任何一个极端都有可能带来危险。重金属音乐以其强烈的节奏会使人莽撞驾驶，而聆听处于另一个极端的优美的、令人舒心的音乐，会使司机过分放松，以至于丧失安全意识，陷入迷迷糊糊的欲睡状态。 3 英国汽车协会一直关注道路安全，它委托搞了一个项目，研究严重车祸与音乐之间的关系。这项研究发现，17至25年龄段的男人是最危险、最易产生车祸的群体。研究还发现，这个群体的人70%的开车时间都在听音乐。 4 快节奏或重金属音乐要是放得很响，会使人易怒好斗，开起车来就会冲劲十足，这种司机也就更容易去冒险。开车的速度受到了音乐的速度和节奏的控制。 5 在试验中，给那些自愿参加实验的司机听声音很响的音乐，他们说尽管他们不一定感到非要开快车，但的确发现自己换档更快了，加速也快了，刹车更急了。若是让这些司机听慢节奏的抒情曲，他们承认经常感到自己走神，他们在高速公路上长途开车时，至少有两位参试的司机发现自己不知不觉地在跨越车道标记。 6 这些自愿参试的司机（有些刚刚拿到驾驶执照）所发表的意见非常说明问题。十八岁的西蒙告诉英国汽车协会，“《走出地狱的蝙蝠》里的快节奏摇滚乐真会让人送命的。我发现自己不知不觉地越开越快。” 7 另一名自愿参试的司机一直在听ZZ Top乐队最流行的曲子，他说，“我一直在快速行驶，扯着嗓门唱歌，没有看见也没有听见那辆一直想超过我的消防车。” 8 还有些人说：“我陷入了深思”…… “人的感觉会变得麻木” …… “听不见别的汽车是个问题”，“我一直在随着音乐的节奏加快速度。” 9 一些慢节奏的背景音乐，如肖邦的音乐，会刺激人的大脑，使思维模式发生变化，激发阿尔法脑波，使人有一种舒服愉快的感觉。处于放松状态在大多数情况下对我们有好处，但开车时则不然。心理学家雪利?费希尔教授提醒人们说：“最大的危险是疲劳驾驶。有些音乐会使你无法集中注意力，甚至陷入轻度睡眠状态，那样就会造成可怕的惨祸。” 10 “问题的关键在于根据具体情况选择合适的音乐。刺激性的音乐适合在漫长、枯燥的道路上听，但是当交通状况糟糕时，或是交通拥挤时，这种音乐会分散你的注意力。” 11 然而，音乐也有其好的一面，正如英国汽车协会的心理学家罗伯特?韦斯特所指出的那样：“如果有些音乐影响我们安全行驶，那么反过来也是有道理的。