Text 1
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
过去的25年，在英文报纸发生的所有变化中，或许最具有深远意义的变化就是这些报纸的文艺报道范围不断缩小，严肃性不断减弱，这是个无法逆转的必然趋势。
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when
high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。然而，在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。现在，如果读到这些集子，人们肯定会惊诧，当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在大众日报中。
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a
calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,”Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”
从20世纪早期到二战以前，当时的英国报纸上的评论主题广泛，包罗万象，我们现在离此类报纸评论越来越远。当时的报纸极其便宜，人们把高雅时尚的文艺批评当作是所刊登报纸的一个亮点。在那些遥远的年代，各大报刊的评论家们都会不遗余力地详尽报道他们所报道的事情，这在当时被视为是理所当然的事情。他们的写作是件严肃的事情，人们相信：甚至那些博学低调不喜欢炫耀的评论家，比如George Bernard Shaw和Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么（即他们的文章会高调出现在报纸上）。这些批评家们相信报刊评论是一项职业，并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自豪。“鉴于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们能在新闻报纸写作中坚持不懈”，Newman曾写道，“以至于我非常想把‘新闻写作’定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个‘轻蔑之词’”
注：tempted to do sth的意思是：To cause to be strongly inclined:很想做：使很倾向于，所以可以翻译为“很想做某事，很倾向于做某事”。另外，keep one's end up的英文解释为：(Brit infml) continue to be cheerful and play one's part despite difficulties （不顾困难）仍乐观而尽本分, 不泄气。
Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917
until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now
in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
不幸的是，这些批评家们现在实际上已被人们遗忘。从1917年开始一直到1975年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的Neville Cardus，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。但是，在他的一生当中，他也是英国首屈一指的古典音乐评论家之一。他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家，所以1947年他的《自传》一书就成为热销读物。1967年他被授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。然而，他的书现在只有一本可以在市面上买到。他大量的音乐批评，除了专门研究音乐评论的人以外，已鲜为人知。
Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
Cardus的评论有没有机会重新流行？前景似乎渺茫。在他去世之前，新闻业的品味早已改变很长时间了，而且他所擅长的措词华丽的维多利亚爱德华时期的散文风格对后现代的读者没有什么用处。何况，由业余爱好者作音乐批评的传统早已经成为昨日黄花了。
Text 2
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. https://www.doczj.com/doc/af15041342.html, received one for its “one-click”online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.
在过去的十年中，成千上万的商业方法被授予了专利权。亚马逊网站获得的专利是在线“单击”付费系统。美林公司的资产分配方案得到了法律保护。有个发明者的提箱技巧也获得了专利。
Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,”says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of MissouriSchool of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”
现在，该国最高专利法院似乎完全准备好要缩减商业方法专利，因为商业方法专利自从十年前第一次批准授予以来一直有争议。在一项使得知识产权律师们议论纷纷的提议中，美国联邦巡回上诉法院声称它将利用某个具体案件来对商业方法专利进行广泛的复审。密苏里大学法学院Dennis D. Crouch说，“正如人们所知道的那样，Bilski案例是一件非常大的事情”它可能将消除整个专利类别”。
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.
对于商业方法诉求的限制是个戏剧性的彻底变化，因为正是联邦巡回法院自己引进了这种专利。那是在1998年，对于所谓的美国道富银行的案件中，联邦巡回法院做出了判决，批准了筹集共同基金资产的方法具有专利权。这一裁决使得商业方法专利文件以几何数级增加，起初只是一些新兴的网络公司对于某些特定类型的在线交易系统试图争取独家专有权。后来，更多的公司竞相添加这样的专利权，希望这样一个防御性的行为可以先下手为强。2005年，IBM公司在一份法院报告中声称：尽管怀疑这种专利授权的法律基础，但它已经申请了300多份商业方法专利。同样，当一些华尔街投资公司出席某些反对其金融产品的法庭案件时，他们会给其各类金融产品申请专利来作为自己的维权武器。
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider”its State Street Bank ruling.
前面提到的Bilski案例牵扯到一份已申请的方法专利，即关于能源市场的风险规避方法（注：也可译为“套期保值或对冲风险”）。上诉法院罕见地裁定，该案件将不由三位法官听审，而是由全部十二名法官共同进行。另外，上诉法院还宣布，它想探讨的另一件事情是是否应该“重审”道富银行的裁决。
The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld
for “inventions”that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,”says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at GeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.
联邦巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判决，缩小了专利持有者的受保范围。例如，去年
四月，法官们认定太多的专利授予了一些显而易见的“发明”。乔治华盛顿大学法律学院的专利法律师Harold C. Wegner教授表示，“联邦巡回法院的法官们正在对最高法院的反专利动态做出反应”。
26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of __________.
A. their limited value to business. 商业价值有限。
B. their connection with asset allocation. 它们与资产配置关联。
C. the possible restriction on their granting. 批准可能受到限制。
D. the controversy over their authorization. 对于专利授权有争议。
正确答案：C. the possible restriction on their granting
【分析】：题目问题是：商业专利方法在最近引起关注的原因是是什么?
本题关键词为Business-method patents，可以定位于第二段。第一段说：“过去10年商业方法授予了成千上万的专利”；第二段说，“国家最高专利法庭准备对商业模式专利进行缩减，这件事引起了广泛争议。”AB属于无中生有。而且文章强调recently 应该是第二段now引出的内容，即美国the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 要全面审查商业模式专利，有可
能会eliminate an entire class of patents。C选项是最近公众对商业专利方法关注的可能结果——要限制过多授予专利权。
27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
A. Its ruling complies with the court decisions.
B. It involves a very big business transaction.
C. It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.
D. It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
正确答案：D. It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
【分析】B错误的原因是错误理解原文“a very big deal”的含义。文章不是指big business transaction的意思。而是指Bilski 这个案子很重要。文章第二段用Bilski的案例强调the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 要通过Bilski的案例来全面审查商业专利方法。而且根据我们的傻瓜阅读法，有may可以优先选。
28. The word “about –face”(Line 1, Para 3) most probably means __________.
A. loss of good will.
B. increase of hostility.
C. change of attitude.
D. enhancement of dignity.
正确答案：C. change of attitude.
【分析】：本题是典型的猜词题，从前两段主要内容和第三段开头，不难看出原来the Federal Circuit 鼓励专利申请，现在要抑制，约束（即三段第一个单词curbs），即态度变化了。
29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents __________.
A. are important to legal challenges.
B. are often unnecessarily issued.
C. lower the esteem for patent holders.
D. increase the incidence of risks.
正确答案：B. are often unnecessarily issued.
【分析】：正确答案来自原文第五段：“too many patents were being upheld for “inventions”that are obvious.”D是正反混淆，与第四段第一句不符合，也不符合常识。专利不可能增加风险，而是规避风险的。AC无中生有。
30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
A. A looming threat to business-method patents.
B. Protection for business-method patent holders.
C. A legal case regarding business-method patents.
D. A prevailing trend against business-method patents.
正确答案：A. A looming threat to business-method patents. 【分析】：本题是全文主旨题。文章首段提到“过去10年”，而二段首句转到“Now”，文章的此脉络结构可知“ A prevailing tread”可统领文意，此外文章二至四段，主要谈及联邦法院对“business-method patents”的立场变化，即缩小保护范围，要重新审查商业方法专利。AD均像答案，但D选项关键词只出现在第五段中最后一句，The judges on the Federal circuit are
“reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,”说明反对商业方法专利只是原文一个细节，不是主题，而且文章主要内容说了最高专利法院的态度变化，势必会威胁到商业方法专利，所以选A是可以的。
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics”are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.
在《引爆流行》这本书中，作者Malcolm Gladwell认为社会流行潮流在很大程度上是由一小部分特殊个体的行为引起的，这些人就是人们常说的影响者。他们异乎寻常的博闻多识，能言善辩，人脉广泛。从直觉上讲，Malcolm Gladwell的理论似乎很有说服力，但是它没有解释流行观念的实际传播过程。
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the
“two-step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.
人们之所以认为影响者很重要，是因为受到了“两级传播”理论的影响，即信息先从媒体流向影响者，然后再从影响者流向其他人。这一理论看似合理，但未经验证。营销人员接受两级传播理论是因为该理论认为，如果他们能够找到影响者，并对他们施加影响，这些精英们就会替他们完成大部分的营销传播工作。这一理论似乎还可以解释某些装扮、品牌或社区为何会突然受到出乎意料的追捧。对于许多诸如此类的情况，如果只是走马观花地寻找原因，你会发现总是有一小群人开风气之先，率先穿上、宣传和开发人们此前从未留意的东西。这种事实证据与该观点正好一拍即合——只有一些特别的人才能引领潮流。
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.
但是，在最近的研究中，一些研究人员发现，影响者对社会流行潮流的影响力远比人们认为的要小。事实上，他们似乎根本就是无关紧要。
The researchers’argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey ——whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence ——even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.
研究者的观点源于对社会影响力的简单观察：除了少数像Oprah Winfrey 这样的名人之外（她强大的人气影响力主要来自媒体影响力，而非她与观众互动的人际影响力），即使人群中最有影响力的人也无法与那么多的“其他人”互动，从而引领潮流。然而，根据两级传播理论，正是这些非名人影响者直接影响了他们的朋友和同事，从而推动了社会流行潮流。但是，要让一种社会流行潮流真正发生，每个受影响的人还必须影响他的熟人，而他的熟人又必须影响其他熟人，依此类推；但是会有多少人去关注这些熟人中的每个人，与最初的影响者几乎没有关系。举个例子来说，在这个人际影响的网络中，如果第一个影响者受到两次抵制，那么他的连锁影响范围就不会继续扩大，或者说影响的人不会很多。
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”——the widespread propagation of influence through networks ——is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
基于这一人际影响力的基本事实，研究者们研究了社会影响的动力机制。我们对不同人群进行了成千上万次计算机模拟，不断调整人们影响他人和受他人影响的各种变量。他们发现，人们所说的“全球连锁反应”——影响力通过（人际）网络进行广泛传播——发生的主要前提，并不取决于是否存在着那么几个影响者，而主要取决于易受影响的人们是否达到了临界数量。Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the
price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
台面上，银行家们将他们的麻烦归咎于己身。（但）台面下，他们却一直把目标对准他人：会计准则制定者。银行业抱怨会计规则迫使他们报告巨大损失，认为这不公平。规则规定他们必须以第三方愿意收购的价格，而非按照管理者和监管者期望它们能够卖得的价格来评估部分资产的价值。
Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.
不幸的是，银行的游说活动看来已显成效。其中细节可能无法获知，但是准则制定者在独立性方面——这正是资产市场正常运行的关键——已经做出妥协了。银行如果不以能够吸引买家的价格计量有毒资产，银行系统的复苏将会非常困难。
After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”
美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB）在与国会一场激烈交锋之后，匆匆通过了准则的修改。这些修改使得银行在使用模型评估非流动资产方面用有更大的自由，同时使得它们确认收益表中长期资产损失时更为灵活。FASB主席Bob Herz大声反对那些“怀疑我们的动机”的人们。然而银行股票上涨了，这些修改强化了“管理层使用理性判断”的说法，这种说法是一个游说团的客气之言。
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum”but “in the real world”and that Europe could yet develop different rules.
欧洲的部长们立刻要求国际会计准则委员会(IASB)也这么做。IASB表示它不想没有完整计划就冒然行动，但它在今年下半年完成规则修订时必须屈服的压力十分巨大。欧洲委员会委员Charlie McCreevy警告IASB说：它不是“处在政治真空中”而是“在现实世界里”，并表示欧洲可能最终会发展出不同的会计规则。
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks’shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
正是这些银行呆错了星球，它们的账目上充斥着估值过高的资产。现在他们认为市场价格高估了损失，因为市场价格主要反映了市场的暂时性流动性不足，而非坏账的可能程度。几年内不会有人能了解到真相。但是，银行股票以低于账面价值的价格交易，这一点反应了投资者的怀疑。死寂的市场一定程度上反应了瘫痪的银行由于怕账面损失既既不愿出售资产，也不愿意去购买那些看似不错的廉价资产。
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will
not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.
为了让银行系统重新运转起来，损失必须被确认和处理。美国收购有毒资产的新计划只有在银行将资产定价在足够吸引买家的水平上才会有效。成熟的市场需要独立的，甚至是好斗的准则制定者。FASB和IASB以往正是这样对抗特殊利益集团的敌意的，例如改进股权和退休金的相关规则。但是现在向批评者妥协是自寻压力，他们会进一步做出让步。
36. Bankers complained that they were forced to
__________.
[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
[B] collect payments from third parties
[C] cooperate with the price managers
[D] reevaluate some of their assets.
正确答案：[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
【分析】：B错误理解原文，文章是value不是collect。C 无中生有，文章没有强调与pricemanagers合作的概念，其实在文章中managers and regulators would like them to fetch作price的定语。D错误是因为文章没有强调要他们重新评估，而
是强调必须按照rules办事，不能自已随意估计资产价格，要以第三方出价的方式来估计资产。
37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in __________.
[A] the diminishing role of management
[B] the revival of the banking system
[C] the banks’long-term asset losses
[D] the weakening of its independence
正确答案：[D] the weakening of its independence
【分析】：BC错的原因是文章作者其实是批评银行家阴谋得逞，即：“在使用模型评估非流动资方面用有更大的自由，而且在确认长期资产损失时更为灵活”。
A迷惑性较大，是主观推导项。文章强调FASB的独立性现在受国会和银行家的胁迫妥协了，这对于金融市场的正确运行是不利的。
38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to __________.
[A] keep away from political influences.
[B] evade the pressure from their peers.
[C] act on their own in rule-setting.
[D] take gradual measures in reform.
正确答案：[C] act on their own in rule-setting.
【分析】：A错误的原因是McCreevy说道的一个细节而已，但本段主要强调的是IASB想保持标准制定独立，不想像FASB
那样改规则；从这个角度来说，所以C是正确的。B错误的原因是peers（即美国的FASB）并没有给IASB施压。D无中生有。。
39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet”in that they __________.
[A] misinterpreted market price indicators
[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.
[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.
正确答案：B
【分析】：本题干是过去时，而且四个选项均为过去时，所以只需看文章第五段第一句即可。所以选B，exaggerated the real value和overvalued同义替换。但C迷惑性较强，因为不少考生按照现在时态，即看文章第五段第二句话：Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.选了C.
40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of __________.
[A] satisfaction.
[B] skepticism.
[C] objectiveness
[D] sympathy
正确答案D
【分析】：本文作者一直支持会计准则必须独立，标准制定者要捍卫准则，政客和银行家的阴谋是不应该得逞的。所以作者支持同情标准制定者。
2018考研英语阅读解题思路：细节题 理解文章的具体信息和概念含义是大纲对阅读的明确要求。细节题目的考查在每年的考研英语真题当中都会占到一半以上，考生必须给予足够重视，牢牢掌握细节题的解题方法和思路。我们以2009年的真题为例： The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. 31. The author holds that the importance of education in poor countries______. [A] is subject to groundless doubts [B] has fallen victim of bias [C] is conventional downgraded [D] has been overestimated 解析：首先依据题干关键词the importance of education in poor countries定位到第一句The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood，但是仔细研读后发现贫穷国家中正规教育与经济发展之间的关系为经济学家及政治家们普遍误解。，该句只是在说正式教育和经济发展之间的关系，并不是题干所要找的教育的重要性。继续定位到第三句however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.那种认为教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的重要因素之一的传统观点是错误的。句中涉及了和教育的重要性相关的信息，锁定为答案出处。作者说这种传统的观点时错误的，可以理解为作者认为贫困国家不应该把教育看的如此重要，即，现在的贫困国家太过于注重教育了，所以答案选[D] has been overestimated教育被高估了。[C] is conventional downgraded被降级轻视，和原文事实相反。A和B选项所说的怀疑和偏见态度在原文中找不到依据，可排除。
2020年考研英语一阅读解析 2020年考研英语一阅读解析 1)理解主旨要义； 2)理解文中的具体信息； 3)理解文中的概念性含义； 4)实行相关的判断、推理和引申； 5)根据上下文推测生词的词义； 6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系； 7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度； 8)区分论点和论据。 万变不离其宗，在此再次提醒考生如何有重点地实行下一步复习：真题再现，反复精练，摸清思路，再次提升 真题是最应该重视的，近十年的考研英语阅读真题对于备考来说 是非常有价值的，出题形式稳定，掌握出题规律，也是最真的模拟。 各位考生在私下备考时，应侧重从宏观上掌握此题命题走向，微观了 解此题细分题型及应对技巧。其中，考研英语的阅读在整张试卷中所 占的比重，除40分值的传统阅读理解题型，还有10分的新题型，即 七选五、补全段落之类题目，使得考生又对其不得不更加重视。同时，翻译和完形填空题型的解答与阅读水平的高低也有着直接的联系，读 懂是首要，才能更好地实行下一步，翻译或完成句子。所以，提升阅 读水平，在考研英语中绝对不容忽视。 同时，在专项练习中，根据自己实际情况，强项稳住，弱项增强 练习，对于真题中涉及到的每一篇文章，每一道题目，每一个选项， 都要从精读的角度，真正理解和掌握文章的词、句，将答案中的关键
点与文章中、题干中的关键词结合起来，仔细分析，找出其中的联系，学会定位原文，这就是熟悉作者的出题思路和掌握自己的做题思路。 错不怕，重分析，做总结，心态调整好 做题的过程中，难免有些同学偶尔发现自己的错题过多，不要焦 躁与灰心，错题分析的过程中就是总结提升的过程。只要发现问题实 行总结，相信到最后好的结果一定等着我们。考题的难度就是历年真 题的难度，但是只要反复练习，整理思路，持续提升，在自己的水平 范围内拿到更高的分数，就是成功。
Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not ch In but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运 转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控 制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时 说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kil off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平 行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但 是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在 那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says D Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as decide is to kill off president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 大学英语
2017考研英语：57个阅读题答题技巧 距离2017年考研初试已经只剩一个多月的时间，各位考生在这段时间需要做得很重要的一件事就是练习真题，研究答题技巧。下面小编为大家整理了2017考研英语阅读题答题技巧，以供大家参考。 在考研英语中，阅读是一个拉分大项，也是难度较大的题目，因此同学们在复习的过程中应将答题技巧融合在复习过程中，下面是英语阅读的57个答题技巧。 1、原句重复出现，200%错。正确的都是有改动的，即同意替换。 2、文章是按顺序出题的。你要觉得不是，就是你做错了。 3、选项中意思完全相反的2个选项，其中之一是对的。(要有这个意识)。 4、就一般而言，some people，表作者不认同的观点。few people，表作者的观点。 5、用文章里举例的句子来作为选项，直接排除。200%错。(要有能辨别这个选项是不是文章中例子的能力)。 6、某某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。尤其是在段落的后半部分。很有可能就是某个问题的同意替换。即题眼。 7、有的时候，一句话可以设2个问题。不过这种情况很少出现了，非常少。 8、文章基本以5段为主(也有6段、7段的)，要把握每段之间的关系。一般来说，一段一个题，只是一般来说喔。 9、一篇文章总会有5、6+个长难句，且总会在这里设问题。所以，长难句必须要拿下! 10、每段的第一句很重要。尤其总分结构的段。有的时候第一句话就是题眼。考研英语，总分结构或者总分总的段落很多。
11、若文章首段以why为开头的，这里若设题的话，选项里有because的，往往就是正确选项。不过这种类型的题，很少见了。 12、有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。你要注意的是，作者对什么进行了转折。那个关键词你要找出来。 13、在应该出现答案的地方，没有答案。接着往下读。答案可能会在下一段的开头部分。因为文章都是接着说的。要有连贯性。这和7选5的技巧有些相似。不过这种情况并不多见。 14、一个长句看不懂，接着往下看，下一句可能是这个长句的解释说明。是的话，这的地方可能会出题。出的话，答案就在这附近。而实际情况是，文章在谈论某个问题或提出某个观点时，有时会再做进一步的解释说明。这种情况下，这里往往会设问题。不过，这种情况很少见了。 15、有些句子仅仅是解释补充，或者是起过渡作用的。这样句子的特点是，句子比较短。注意，答案一般不会在这儿出现。选项中出现，肯定是干扰项。你要知道的是，同意替换的句子，大都是长难句。一些作为过渡的句子，不可能是答案。在你读不懂的情况下，要有这个判断力。 16、正确选项都是原文中的个别几个词的同义替换。阅读理解历年的所有真题，都是同意替换!就看你能不能找得到。考研英语，考的就是这个!那个关键词，就看你找没找得到，不管是什么类型的题。 17、每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个中心句。 18、选项中的几个单词，是该段中不同句子里的单词拼凑的，有时看上去很舒服，注意，干扰项。还有从不同的段落里的词拼凑到一起的，直接排除。总之，选项的单词是拼凑的，肯定错。 19、一定要注意文章中句子的宾语部分，尤其是长难句中主干的宾语。上面说了，考研英语大都是长难句里设题。你要知道的是，长难句里，最可能是出题的就是句子的主干部分!主干的主语、宾语是什么，一定要知道。正确选项的题眼往往就在这儿。当然，还有一些起修饰、限定作用的词，一定要看仔细。小心陷阱。
考研英语阅读 （1） To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 18世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“被误导的运动要想成功，所需的只是好人不作为。”现在，就有这样一个运动正在寻求终止生物医学的研究，因为有这样一种理论说，动物享有权利禁止它们被用于实验。科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强有力的
考研英语阅读各题型解题技巧分析
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考研英语阅读各题型解题技巧分析 态度题是考研英语阅读理解中的必考题型,在20道选择题中大约要占到10%-1５％的比重，也是同学们得分率较低的一个题型，在做题时往往抓不住文中的关键信息来判断作者或是其他相关人士的态度。本文就来谈谈如何应对考研英语阅读理解中的态度题目。 首先，我们来看一下态度题目题干中的标志性词。当我们在题干中看到aｔtitudｅ,ｂelieve, agrｅe等词时就可以判定其为态度题了,选项中表示态度的单词常见的有：表示积极的态度:supｐoｒtｉve、optimiｓtｉｃ、coｎsent、ａpproval 表示消极的态度：ｉndifferent、inｄｉgnant、ｃontｅｍｐt、ｂiaｓ、pｅssimistic、skeｐticａl、resｅnt、susｐicｉon、oｐpoｓｉｔion 表示客观中立的态度:ｄｅtacｈｅd、reserveｄ、ｏbjectivｅ、concerneｄ、imparti ａl 此外，根据题干中态度主体的不同，分为作者态度题和他人态度题。在阅读题干和返回原文时，我们要注意态度的主体、态度的对象和态度的表达方式。即这道题是说谁的态度，关于哪一个话题、在文章中是怎样表现的。那么针对此类题,我们该如何解答呢?1.确定题干中态度的主体和对象;2、返回原文寻找包含主体和对象的句子；３.将原文中的态度词与选项进行比较，意思接近的为正确答案。 下面我们通过2000年考研阅读真题的第一篇文章来讲解一下这类题型的解题技巧。这篇文章主要讲了美国经济在不同时期的状况以及人们对经济发展不同的态度。以5４题为例进行讲解。 ５４.Ｔhe ａutｈor seｅms ｔｏｂeliｅve ｔhe ｒevｉｖａl oｆtｈe U.S． eco ｎoｍy ｉｎ the １990s ｃan be attribｕted to the ________． ［A] turniｎg of the bｕsiｎｅsｓｃｙclｅ [B] reｓtｒuctuｒing of iｎdustry [C］ improvｅd busｉneｓs manaｇemeｎｔ [Ｄ] sucｃess ｉn education 从题干的beliｅve一词我们可以判定这是一道态度题，另外，题干中提到具体定位信息,the ｒevivaｌｏf the U.S．ｅｃｏnoｍｙｉn ｔhe 19９0ｓ,所以需要我们根据选项中的内容返回原文进行查找。来源为第四自然段第二句话。Fｅw Americaｎｓaｔｔｒibute this solely to such ｏｂvｉoｕs ｃauｓｅｓａs a devalｕeｄ dollaｒ or the turｎiｎg ｏｆ the busｉｎess cｙcle. Few表示否定的概念，表示几乎没有人把美国经济的稳定增长单纯归因于美元贬值或是商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因,而这恰恰是美国经济复苏的原因所在。后面作者又提到自我怀疑被盲目自大所替代。下面几个人的说法（Ｒicharｄ, Ｓｔephen)正是盲目自大的具体表现。可见作者是不支持这种bｌinｄｐｒｉde的说法。Ｂ是Ｒichard的观点,C是Steｐhen和Williaｍ的观点。D没有提到。正确选项为Ａ。 通过以上题目的讲解，相信大家对考研英语阅读理解中态度题的做题方法有了更深的认识和把握。在今后阅读中遇到态度的问题时，一定要看清问的是谁的关于什么问题的态度，
考研英语阅读题型一——细节题 1. 标志：针对6w1h提问 2. 作题的关键在于返回原文，不要凭印象作题，返回原文要有定位意识。 3. 细节题迷惑选项的常用手段：偷换概念、扩大范围、正反混淆、颠倒因果、常识判断（列举和文章无关的常识，尽管常识是对的，但文章中未提，也是错的） 考研英语阅读题型二——例证题 1. 标志：case，example，illustrate，demonstrate，exemplify 2. 解题的关键不在于是否看懂例子，而在于例子所支持的论点。 3. 具体做题方法：返回原文，定位该例子，然后80%向上20%向下搜索该例子所支持的论点。然后在四个选项中找到与观点意思最接近的一个作为答案。。 4. 错误选项的设计方法：（1）就事论事，仍说该例。（2）混淆论点论据，还给论据。（3）列举无关常识。 考研英语阅读题型三——词汇题 1. 标志：在题干中明确指出原文的单词或词组，要求辨其意。 2. 关键：该单词认识与否并不重要，重要的是该单词的上下文。若该单词是比较简单纲内词汇，则我们所熟悉的意思必不是答案。 3. 做题方法：在文章中寻找同义词词组;代入替换法。 考研英语阅读题型四——指代题 1. 标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某个代词，要求辨别其指代关系，即it，that，one 2. 步骤：（1）首先返回原文定位此指代词，90%向上，10%向下，搜索其指代的词、词组或句子。（2）在四个选项中找出一个同意表达作为答案。 考研英语阅读题型五——句子理解题 1. 标志：在题干中明确指出原文中的某句话，要求理解其意思。 2. 关键：返回原文，对出题句进行语法、句法、词法的分析，精确了解其含义。
2019考研英语阅读理解常见题型总结 来源：智阅网 考研英语阅读理解虽然难度不小，但是还是有规律可循。掌握好了规律，可以有效提高我们的复习效率和复习成绩。所以，就来说说阅读理解的常见题型有哪些。 1.主旨大意题。 这类题实质考察考生对中心思想的理解，难度不高，具体应对技巧如下： A.关注各段落首句，尤其是第一段首句，这与西方人思维相关，他们习惯开门见山表达出自己的观点，然后广泛引用材料去论述。因此，一般而言首段的首句构成文章的中心句，而各段的首句构成各段的中心。 B.关注首段末句。有些作者习惯先列出一些传统的观点或先对一些具体现象进行说明，然后提出与之不同的观点或在结尾对现象进行总结，在接下来的段落中继续论述。对于这类文章，如果作者没有提出不同的观点，则最后总结性语句为文章中心，一旦提出不同或完全对立的观点，又在后文中加以论述，则作者提出的新观点为文章中心;如果新老观点均是对同一个结果的论述，那么该论述的结论为文章中心。 C.当不能直接找出主题句时，通常文章中作者给予叙述较多或强调较多的某一事物或某一观点即文章的中心。在题目作答时，可采用中心词定位法，排除不含中心词的选项，对比有中心词的选项，选择最接近中心的选项。 D.如果对选项仍有异议，可把有异议的选项逐个带入文章中，看哪个能更好的囊括文章中心。这是一个检验的过程。 2.事实细节题。 此类题占阅读总分40分中的50%左右，因此十分重要。注意，这类问题与推理性问题截然相反，都可以从原文中找到答案，只不过
为了迷惑考生，常常将原文进行改写，换一种说法。所以，照抄原文，一字不改的不一定就是答案，而与原文意思相同的，才是正确的。其基本应对技巧如下： A.基本原则是以中心为导向，忠实原文为基础，千万不可主观臆断，最好的方法是回到原文的出题点进行揣摩。 B.必须看清题目，尤其是当题目就某一个具体细节并且脱离文章中心的提问。一般来说，细节问题绝大部分是围绕文章中心进行出题，但不排除文中就一些具体的，因果互动现象的内容提问。 3.词汇短语题。 其分值不高，考察范围可分为两类。第一，纲内词汇词义的引申。考察考生对所熟悉的词汇在特定语境下正确含义的理解。一般来说，该词的本意不是解，但是其引申义上仍可以找到本意的影子。第二，纲外词汇词义的推断。 4.推断性问题。 此类题大概占20%左右的分值，总体难度不大，是考生的必得分点。中心导向依然是解题的宏观主线，其关键是忠实原文的推断。其应对策略和事实细节题类似，考生在该题型上的主要失误在于脱离文章主观臆断造成的。 5.语气态度题。 对作者态度的判断是构成阅读理解的两条宏观主线之一。因此，正确辨明作者对所叙述事物的态度，不仅关系到本类题型的解答，也潜在影响到其他问题的正确解答。这类题目主要从作者文中描述事物所用到的形容词，副词，动词等表达感情色彩的词汇入手。当选项不能确定时，再回到原文中找关键词。对这类题型，分清褒贬一般不难，是考生的必得分点。 我们还可以做做何老师的2019《考研英语阅读思路解析》，有助于我们更好地理解阅读理解这个题型，并且还能培养好应试心理。
考研阅读技巧 一、考研阅读的整体解题思路与步骤 时间分配：每篇16分钟最佳，最多可延长至20分钟左右。 第一步：快速划出段落序号以及各段首句0.5分钟 第二步：阅读首段，了解文章主题（Theme）1-2分钟 宏观把握，随机应变，根据第一段内容，才能更好的给定位打下基础。 第三步：扫描题干，尽量找出题干能够提供的信息（Key Words）1分钟 定位词的优先考虑顺序: 1、首先标出明确告诉位置的题目所在（某段某行） 2、专有名词优先，包括人名、地名、书名以及带引号的词等 3、数字、时间、时段（包括某些介词短语） 4、较长、较复杂的词组（名词动词词组优先） 5、重要的动词、形容词或副词等实词 6、条件词、因果词、比较词等虚词（往往起到辅助作用） 第四步：变速浏览原文，抓住中心7-8分钟 注意把握三个阅读原则： 原则一：首段原则（文章的第一段逐字读明白，可以反复和回读） 原则二：首末句原则（其余各段的首尾句要细读，其他各句正常阅读即可） 原则三：“路标”原则。所谓路标词，就是表示作者思想衔接和转折的功能词汇。 1、中心词 2、转折词 3、态度词 4、例证词 5、列举词 （具体请见第四部分）
第五步：仔细审题，定位原文3-5分钟 原则一：关键词定位原则 原则二：自然段定位原则 原则三：长难句定位原则 注意一：关键词在原文可能是原词本身，也可能是关键词的同义词。 注意二：问原因的问题，一般问主要原因（major reason） 注意三：“邪恶的眼睛”（in the eyes of），注意问的是谁的观点和态度。 第六步：重叠选项，斟酌答案。3-5分钟 原则：不能仅凭借印象做题，考研阅读的干扰项干扰性巨大，除了理解原文，分辨正确和错误的选项也是一种重要的基本功。一般对原文进行同义替换的是答案： 同义替换的手段有：a)关键词替换b)句型替换c)正话反说d)语言简化（总之，换汤不换药！） 原则一：选最佳答案而不是正确答案（四个选项都要认真看，不能偏心）。 原则二：不放过任何一个选项，仔细读每个选项，鉴于强干扰性，要求必须记住：选一个选项应有选的理由，不选一个选项也应有不选的理由。 原则三：每个选项都当成生命中最重要的句子，其中每个单词哪怕是时态、冠词都有可能引起错误。 二、考研阅读的猜题技巧及救命法则 1、“体现中心思想的选项往往是答案” 考研文章中所有的细节、例子、引语都是为了说明文章主旨、段落主旨，所以考细节的题目，虽然不是主旨题，但能体现中心思想的选项是答案的可能性要远远大于其他选项。 2、“不看文章时，看似极其合理的选项不是答案；看似不太合理的选项往往是答案”
1994 Passage 5 Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal — and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities. "Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there's no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done," wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?" The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer. 67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph? [A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation. [B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity. [C] A person who has had no education. [D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident. 68. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators? [A] The variety of ideas they have. [B] The intelligence they possess. [C] The way they deal with problems. [D] The way they present their findings. 69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because ________. [A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity [B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things [C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch's point of view [D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented
ase to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” 现在，该国最高专利法院似乎完全准备好要缩减商业方法专利，因为商业方法专利自从十年前第一次批准授予以来一直有争议。在一项使得知识产权律师们议论纷纷的提议中，美国联邦巡回上诉法院声称它将利用某个具体案件来对商业方法专利进行广泛的复审。密苏里大学法学院Dennis D. Crouch说，“正如人们所知道的那样，Bilski案例是一件非常大的事情”它可能将消除整个专利类别”。 Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. 对于商业方法诉求的限制是个戏剧性的彻底变化，因为正是联邦巡回法院自己引进了这种专利。那是在1998年，对于所谓的美国道富银行的案件中，联邦巡回法院做出了判决，批准了筹集共同基金资产的方法具有专利权。这一裁决使得商业方法专利文件以几何数级增加，起初只是一些 注：to the punch的英文解释为to the first blow or to decisive action ― usually used with beat 所以这里翻译为“先下手为强”或“抢占先机”。 The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of th ree, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling. 前面提到的Bilski案例涉及到一份已申请的方法专利，即关于能源市场的风险规避方 The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School. 联邦巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判决，缩小了专利持有者的受保范围。例如，去年四月，法官们认定太多的专利授予了一些显而易见的