浅谈中美关系之经济对话 2010年5月25日，第二轮中美战略与经济对话落下帷幕。这次战略对话中美双方着重讨论了中美双边关系、促进世界经济复苏、反对贸易保护主义、推进金融改革等方面达成了广泛的共识。战略对话在设计能源、环境、科技、海关、卫生、执法等众多领域达成26项具体成果，签署了八项合作协议，经济对话达成了五方面的重要内容。 中国和美国，一个是世界上最大的发展中国家，拥有丰富的劳动力资源，明显的成本优势，广阔的市场和无可限量的发展潜力；另一个是拥有世界上最强大的经济，科技实力的世界上最大的发达国家。中美两国的关系，直接影响到世界经济的发展。中美之间的关系应该是积极的关系，虽然两国社会制度、历史背景、文化传统、发展阶段不同，但双方都应该以积极的眼光看待对方，用积极的行动推进各个领域的发展和合作。中美之间的关系应该是合作的关系，双方应该深化各个领域的交流合作，加强在全球性问题上的沟通和协调，不断充实两国关系的战略内涵。 当前，国际形势正处在复杂而深刻的变化中，国际金融危机的蔓延和深化，各种全球性挑战明显增多。中美无论是在应对国际金融危机冲击、推动恢复世界经济增长方面，还是在处理国际和地区热点问题、维护世界和平与安全方面，都拥有更加广泛的共同利益。我们应该深入了解中美之间的差异，中美两国坚持相互尊重、求同存异、合作共赢的原则，尊重和照顾彼此核心利益，妥善处理分歧和敏感话题，中美关系就能长期健康稳定发展，就能为世界和平、稳定与繁荣不断作出贡献。 乔治·华盛顿大学中国政策项目主任沈大伟接受记者采访时认为：“目前，就美国而言，在谈全球合作时，除中国外找不到一个同等级别的全球参与者。不管是俄罗斯、欧盟或者日本，都只是区域参与者，美国没有其他的候选人。但是，目前中国还不是一个全球力量，中美目前缺少战略互信，在很多领域都缺乏共同利益。” 对于未来的合作，中美双方各有诉求。第一，中方想要追求的是市场经济地位。如果能获得市场经济地位，“美国针对中国的反倾销案例和关税能有所减少”；
英语知识 一、导论 20 世纪90 年代,语篇分析开始在翻译研究中占主导地位。语篇分析法侧重于描述语言意义交流及建立社会和权力关系的运作方式。翻译研究中, 最具影响力的语篇分析模式当数礼德的系统功能语篇分析。语篇分析模式引入翻译研究后,对翻译研究那种众说纷纭,莫衷一是的混乱局面无疑注入了一塘清水,尤其对中国翻译界挥之不去的语文学式的翻译研究产生了重要影响。西方翻译研究者把语篇分析引入翻译研究后,已经取得了重要进展,出版了几部重要作品,主要有:J uliane House 的《翻译质量评估模式:一种重访模式》( Translation QualityAssessment : A Model Revisited ) ,[ 1 ]Mona Baker 的《换言之: 翻译教程》( In Other Words : A CourseBook on Translation ) ,[ 2 ] Bell 的《翻译的理论与实践》( Translation and Translating ) ,[ 3 ] Basil Hatim和Ian Mason 合著的《语篇与译者》( Discourse andthe Translator ) [ 4 ] 和《作为交际者的译者》(The ranslator as Communicator ) ,[ 5 ] Basil的《跨文化交际—翻译理论与对比篇章语言学》(Communication across Cultures : Translation Theoryand Cont rastive ) 。[6 ] J uliane House 通过对原文和译文进行语域对比分析以确定译作评估模式,并分析了显性翻译(overt translation) 和隐形翻译(coverttranslation) 。显性翻译自称不是翻译,隐形翻译则被定义为在译语文化中享有和源语文本平等的地位。Baker 探讨了翻译中语言各层次尤其是语篇和语用层次上的对等。Basil Hatim 和Ian Mason 将符号层上的语篇融入其翻译研究模式,代表了更广泛意义上的话语观。在我国,将语篇分析模式引入翻译研究的应首推黄国文和美芳二教授。黄国文在《外语与外语
跨文化交际案例题(1,2) Case Studies Case One Phil is my foreign teacher. He is very nice and friendly to me and he often asks us to have free talk in his apartment. One day, I decided to give Phil a gift to express my appreciation of his help in my oral English. I called him but the line was busy. So I went to Phil’s apartment directly. He opened the door looking surprised, but didn’t let me in. I stood in the corridor and said a few words of thanks, and gave my gift to him and left quietly with great disappointment and puzzlement.. How could he be so cold to me? All my gratitude and fondness of Phil seemed to have gone. .. Case Two I could never forget my experience of an oral exam with our American teacher Mary. After reading the passage I
跨文化交际案例分析 LEKIBM standardization office【IBM5AB- LEKIBMK08- LEKIBM2C】
Case Study 1 Age and Status 两位同事的矛盾使一家数据处理公司的总经理遇到了麻烦。一方是一位踌躇满志的法裔加拿大小伙子，另一方是一位有特许签证的年长的中国女性，而此前两人确实很好的合作伙伴….. Case description: A manager in a data-processing company was having difficulty dealing with a conflict between a young, ambitious French Canadian male and his co-worker, an older Chinese woman who was on a special visa from China. She had recently become uncooperative and had made it clear to the manager that she would not be willing to travel to the capital with her co-worker to hold discussion with legislators about a new product with great enthusiasm. When the manager asked her what the problem was, he received no clear explanation. When he asked her co-worker, the young man had no insights to offer. The young French Canadian was clearly annoyed, however, that the Chinese woman was refusing to share her data with him. That meant he couldn’t make the presentation to the legislators because she had all the key data on her computer disks. The manager repeated questions to her but her “problem” got nowhere. So he changed his approach. He began explaining his concerns, as manger and as spokesperson for the company, about the upcoming meeting with legislators. His explanation about his position was unemotional. In that climate she then felt she could explain her position. She revealed she felt that that as an older, and to her mind, more senior person, she should not be sent to the capitol with a younger employee who would do the presentation of material she had worked hard to develop. That would diminish her status, she felt. The general manger knew the root of his headache. Questions: 1．What do you think caused the conflict? 2. What would you do to resolve the conflict if you were the general manager? 矛盾冲突 这位年长的中国女士投入极大的热情和精力开发产品．却在最后的关键时刻拒绝与年轻的同事一同去向议员做推介：当经理和同事问其原因．她并未做任何明确的回答：而当经理改变策略，不再直接询问原因，而是迂回地讲起自己的困境时，她才道出自己的顾虑。在这位资深年长的中国女士看来，同一位比她年轻的同事一同去国会，并且由对方来做推介会影响到她的地位和威信，因此她无法同意： 原因分析 造成这一矛盾的文化因素有两方面．对地位、年龄的不同态度以及这种不同的表达方式。人对权力的认识因文化背景的不同而不同。根据霍夫斯特的调查研
浅谈中西方文化差异 计算机科学与技术学院 xx级x班 xxx 学号：xxxxx 通过对本学期中西文化比较课程的学校，我对中西方文化的异同有了一定程度的认识，以下我将从饮食、节日、音乐、建筑等方面，简要对中西文化的异同做一下探讨。 首先，从饮食方面来说：餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 中国和西方的饮食习惯之间的主要区别是，不同于西方，其中的每个人都有自己自己的食品板块，在中国菜都放在表和大家共享。如果你是被视为一个中国主机，准备一吨的食物。中国是他们的饮食文化非常自豪，并会尽力给你许多不同类型的菜肴的味道。朋友之间，他们只是为了将足以为那里的人民。如果他们有人出来吃饭的关系是半礼貌客气的，那么他们通常会比客人数量（例如四口人，五菜）为了一个菜。，如果它是一个商务宴请或一个非常正式的场合，有可能是一个巨大的食物量，将不可能完成。一个典型的餐开始与一些凉拌菜，像煮花生和大蒜捣烂黄瓜。这些都是其次的主要课程，热鲜肉和蔬菜菜肴。最后，汤是带了出来，这是由淀粉的“主食”食品，通常是米饭或面条或有时饺子。许多中国人吃米饭（或面条或其他）最后，但如果你要与其他菜肴米饭，你应该说那么早。 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方
汉硕案例分析答题技巧 最近很多人问关于汉语国际教育考试中的案例分析题该怎样答，我根据自己的粗浅经验，现总结如下： 1.答题思路：按照发现问题-- 分析问题-- 解决问题的思路。具体如下：（1）发现问题：也就是提出问题。在所给的案例中，某个出国教汉语的志愿者教师或来中国教外语的外教等，遇到了什么样的困难。遇到的困难可能是课堂教学时的，比如学生上课都不积极回答问题，不愿意参与老师精心设计的课堂活动，或者问老师一些可能涉及到“隐私”的问题；也可以是这位老师在生活上遇到的问题，比如无法与当地人沟通或交流（语言障碍，文化障碍），无法适应当地人的生活，或不理解当地人做某事时为什么会采取那样的方式，等等。注意：遇到的问题可能是多方面的，要从多角度分析，一般情况下，也不只是一个问题，所以，要按条来答。 （2）分析问题：要求你具体分析一下这位老师或某人遇到这种困难是什么原因引起的，主要是文化方面的原因，可能还涉及到一些他所采用的文化策略等。比如，他由于对对方国家文化不了解，对方国家可能很注重“隐私”，而在我们国家这不被看做是“隐私”。同时要求你分析出我们的母语文化具有什么样的特点，最主要的是和对方国家有什么不一样，哪里不一样，因此造成了他在文化方面的不适应，以至于教学和生活中都出现了问题或遇到了困难。关于他所使用的文化策略，主要就是他自身有没有做到尊重当地的文化，有没有试着去融入这种文化，接受这种文化，还是一味的采取排斥策略，认为自己的一切都好，别人的一切都不好。这就是分析问题了。 （3）解决问题：这是最关键的部分了。怎么解决他遇到的问题或困难？你自己提出个对策就行了，当然，要根据一些你所知道的文化常识和应对策略。比如首先尊重当地文化，多和当地人交流，努力让自己适应当地人的文化和生活方式，做到求同存异，等等。这里需要注意的就是，有些文化的知识是很灵活的，比如中国人的谦虚、中庸的思想等等，都是我们日常生活就知道的，就是稍微总结一下，理顺一下，就能答题了。关于这个，如果时间还来得及，就看一下程裕祯的《中国文化要略》，看一下中国文化的特点等，很多东西是很细致的，自己要稍加总结。如果时间不是很充分了，就把刘珣的《对外汉语教育学引论》上的关于“跨文化交际”的那个章节仔细看一下，我觉得应对这道题应该够用了。 2.答题方法：其实思路清晰了就很好弄了，老师会看你的逻辑分析能力。强烈建议大家一定要分条论述，千万别想到哪说到哪，写出一大片，阅卷老师还得自己去给你找点，这样，老师会很疲劳的，老师最不喜欢的就是这种思维混乱的。所以说，大家答题时我觉得可以按两种方法来写： 第一种：按发现问题---分析问题---解决问题来写，一共三条，然后在每条的下边分几个小点，因为发现的问题肯定不止一个，相应的分析问题和解决问题也会不止一条。 第二种：按一共出现了几个问题分条，第一条，问题1：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题2：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题3--以此类推。 总结一下，以上两种方法都各有利弊，因为有时不同的问题是由同一个原因产生的，或者需要同一种解决策略。所以，大家可以根据自己的喜好来选择其中一种。按以上的问题全部分析完以后，最好再来个综述，大致总结一下，字数不用太多，就是有个小结尾。 最后，要跟大家说的是，字数和字迹的问题。这个案例分析要求是1000字以上
《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132 Case One: Setting Rules for a Guest – American Hospitality 案例： When Zhang Tao traveled in America, he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill. Once after he had traveled back, he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was, Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future, and have a fast shower to save water. Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest! Question: Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy? 分析： 1) In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest，and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease. 2) In America, people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually, naturally and truthfully. 3) Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality. He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him. 4) Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings, he should have known about the customs there sooner. Case Two: 案例： Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn’t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -- Quanjude -- when he arrived in Beijing. Question: Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America.
跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照
Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰 和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在 发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充 满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去 理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我 们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的 安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture
浅论跨文化交际中的中美文化差异 时间:2014-05-23 来源:未知作者:8029 点击: 8875 次 摘要：随着中国改革开放的不断深入，有着不同的中西文化背景的人们在进行跨文化交际中，文化冲突的事例层出不穷，严重影响了交往的顺利进行，这大多是由于不同文化之间的差异所造成的。因此，我们很有必要找出其深层次的原因，避免文化冲突，使交流能顺利进行。本文论述了中美文化的主要差异，分析了导致中美文化差异的渊源。旨在说明：了解中美两种文化不仅有助于加深理解东西方文化，更有助于东西方文化的交流。 关键词：跨文化交际文化差异儒家思想 随着我国改革开放的石投资副总经理王玲：迎来更可靠的5000点 我们对2016年股市充满了信心，牛市将再现。不仅如此，曾经给人们带来伤痛的5000点，或许会再次被突破，只是这次，我们迎来的可能是更加牢靠的5000点，而不是危机四伏的5000点。 首先，2016年经济不会出现硬着陆，整体来说经济会有一个企稳复苏的迹象；其次，资金面和政策面。目前政府还是把股市像10年前的房市一样提到非常高的地位。政府的工作重点就是供给侧改革，需要资本市场强有力支持，种种中央的信号表明对资本市场的支持力度2016年还是非常大的。 我们建议围绕供给侧改革或者十三五掘金，其中梳理三条主线，就是智能制造、节能环保、消费。 重阳投资总裁王庆：2016年结构化明显 整个的市场风险已经得到相当的释放，从机会上来讲，支持市场的一些重要基本面的因素本质上没有发生变化。前瞻性的看，2016年可能这个市场将会表现出愈益明显的结构性特征，因为系统性的机会，短期内不大可能再发生，市场将更多的表现出这种慢牛行情的可能性更大。 尚雅投资董事长石波：资产荒的时代还会延续 资产荒的时代还会延续，因为利率在降低，对收益率优良的资产越来越稀缺，2016年股市仍然是一个平衡，区间在3000点到4000点。从布局来看，2016年要关注新股热和并购热，行业方面，新兴产业的市值我们认为2020年会超越传统产业，其中看好教育、科技、文化、卫生、医疗、体育、美丽产业。 菁英时代副总裁罗志鹏：2016年市场更为理性
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析 Case 2 (P8) White Dress 女王的白色长裙:Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. 案例分析:印度女人可能觉得婚礼是一个葬礼,如果他们看到西方的新娘的白色礼服。这个案例反映了明喻和隐喻在文本。 Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why . 文化是 像冰山:我们可以辨认颜色衣服的妇女所穿不同的文化,但我们不知道下面的值。文化是像水鱼游 在: 人们穿不同颜色的衣服为不同的上下文, 但他们通常是理所当然的,从不问为什么。 Case 4 (P18) Coconut-skating 椰子-溜冰:Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We Can tell from the CaSe that CUItUre is PerVaSiVe and it 案例分析Ie 这个e事件反映了文化 的特点。我们可以告诉从案件,文化是普遍的,这是学习。 People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture. 人们可能发明东西 甚至不同的方式为这样简单的问题的地板闷闷不乐。菲律宾女人必须学习这种方式从她自己的文化的拖地。 Case 7 (P30) Clean UP the Bathroom! 清理浴室!:CaSe analySiS: CUltUral differenCeS deCide the two StUdentS are going to CommUniCate in different wayS. 案例分析:文化差异决定这两个学生要沟通的方式不同。 The Chinese student wants the American student to understand the underlying means of his words, but the American student is used to the direct style of communication. This is decided by culture. In Chinese culture, people want to save face of both themselves and others, so they would not express their ideas directly. However, in the United States, unless you express yourself clearly and directly, the OtherS CannOt Understand you.中国学生想要美国学生理解底层的手段，他的话,但是美国学生用来 直接的交流方式。这是由文化决定的。在中国文化中,人们想要挽回面子的两个自己和他人,所以 他们不会直接表达自己的想法。然而,在美国,除非你清楚地表达自己,别人不能直接理解你。 Case 8 (P34) She HaS Three HandS 她有三个指针:ThiS CaSe Can refleCt the different CommUniCation StyleS between ChineSe and CanadianS. In weStern CUltUreS, CommUniCation iS the meanS of tranSmitting ideaS. WeStern PeoPle USUally CommUniCate direCtly with eaCh other. 这种情况下可以反映出不同的沟通方式在中国和加拿大人。在西方文化中,沟通是传播方式的想法。西方的人们通常直接彼此通信。 That is why the Canadian in this Case says what is in his mind direCtly in frOnt Of the Chinese wOman withOut hiding anything. While Chinese Culture stresses harmOny and emphasizes the relatiOnships between the COmmuniCatOrs. Chinese peOple view COmmuniCatiOn as a prOCess where all parties are searChing tO develOp and maintain a sOCial relatiOnship. SO the Chinese wOman in this Case tries nOt tO argue With the Can adia n face to face to keep the “ harm OnioUS relati On Sh这就是为什betwee n them. 么加拿大在这种情况下说什么是在他的脑海里的正前方的中国女人没有隐瞒任何事。虽然中国 文化强调和谐,强调了沟通者之间的关系。中国人民视图通信作为一个过程,各方正在寻求开发和维护一个社会关系。所以中国女人在这种情况下努力不认为与加拿大面对面保持“和谐关系”他们。 Case 12 (P57) Why Don‘ tYou Eat the Pizza? 你为什么不吃比萨饼?: This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. 种情况下可以反映
浅谈中美文化存在的差异 摘要：随着中国综合国力的增强，作为具有代表西方文化的美国与我国建立越来越密切，由于地理位置，宗教信仰，生活方式的不同所以中美的社会关系，价值观与道德标准、社会风俗和社会礼仪等方面都存在着差异，美国文化主张谦虚无私奉献和团结协作；西方人平等意识较强，而中国人等级观念较强，在跨文化交际中，由于文化障碍而导致的信息误解荒诞粗俗。因此，研究文化差异，研究正确的跨文化交际行为已成为不可忽略的问题。 关键词：中美差异文化 1引言 随着科学技术，经济，文化，政治的多元化的发展，各国的之间的联系日益密切，然而文化是沟通各国之间的桥梁，但是一方水土养育一方人，不同的地方的文化特点也不相同，文化的多样性，民族性，历史性，呈现了人类的一笔珍贵的财富。中美文化是人类的一道亮丽的风景线。中美文化有共同点，也有不同之处，由于文化障碍而导致的信息误解，甚至伤害对方的现象屡见不鲜。有时善意的言谈会使对方尴尬无比，礼貌的举止会被误解为荒诞粗俗。 在中国，对别人的健康状况表示关心是有教养，有礼貌的表现。但对美国人的健康表示关心，就不能按照中国的传统方式了。 在美国，人们崇拜个人奋斗，尤其崇为个人取得的成而自豪，从来不掩饰自己的自信心、荣誉感与赞美。但是中国人却很谦虚，不喜欢张扬性格。 文化障碍的确会影响跨文化交际。因此有必要研究不同文化间的差异。
2价值观与道德观的差异 2.1个人荣誉感与谦虚谨慎 ①美国人的个人荣誉感 美国人崇拜个人奋斗，尤其崇为个人取得的成就自豪，从不掩饰自己的自信心、荣誉感以及在获得成就后的狂喜。美国人的这种个人荣誉感与其崇尚的个人奋斗不无联系。在美国人看来，个人荣誉的取得是建立在个人奋斗的基础上的。没有个人孜孜不倦的勤奋努力，就不会有所成就，当然也就谈不上荣誉感。因此，在他们取得荣誉后，他们会毫不掩饰的加以炫耀，而不是“深藏不露”。以至于在我们中国人看来，美国人是毫不谦虚的。 ②中国人的谦虚谨慎 相反中国文化不主张炫耀个人荣誉，而是提倡谦虚。然而中国式的自我谦虚或自我否定却常常使西方人大为不满。在美国人看来这种谦虚，不仅是否定了自己，还否定了赞扬者的鉴赏能力。这种中国式的谦虚在资本主义是竞争市场是行不通的。 2.2自我中心与无私奉献 ①美国人的自我中心的表现 美国人自我中心意识和独立意识很强，主要表现在：自己为自己负责、不习惯关心他人，帮助他人，不过问他人的事情、由于主动帮助别人或接受别人帮助在西方常是令人难堪的事。因为接受帮助只能证明自己无能，而主动帮助别人会被认为是干涉别人私事。 ②中国人的无私奉献 中国人的行为准则是“我对他人，对社会是否有用”。个人的价值是在奉献中体现出来的。中国文化推崇一种高尚的情操—无私奉献。在中国，主动帮助别人，给人以无微不至的体贴是一种美德，因此，中国人不论国事，家事，天下事，事事关心。而这在美国会被视为“多管闲事”。
Unit 5 Culture and Verbal Communication Case 17 When these two men separate, they may leave each other with very different impressions. Mr Richardson is very pleased to have made the acquaintance of Mr Chu and feels they have gotten off to a very good start. They have established their relationship on a first-name basis and Mr Chu‘s smile seemed to indicate that he will be friendly and easy to do business with. Mr Richardson is particularly pleased that he had treated Mr Chu with respect for his Chinese background by calling him Hon-fai rather than using the western name, David, which seemed to him an unnecessary imposition of western culture. In contrast, Mr Chu feels quite uncomfortable with Mr Richardson. He feels it will be difficult to work with him, and that Mr Richardson might be rather insensitive to cultural differences. He is particularly bothered that, instead of calling him David or Mr Chu, Mr Richardson used his given name, Hon-fai, the name rarely used by anyone, in fact. It was this embarrassment which caused him to smile. He would feel more comfortable if they called each other Mr Chu and Mr Richardson. Nevertheless, when he was away at school in North America he learned that Americans feel uncomfortable calling people Mr for any extended period of time. His solution was to adopt a western name. He chose David for use in such situations. Case 18 Even if the American knew Urdu, the language spoken in Pakistan, he would also have to understand the culture of communication in that country to respond appropriately. In this case, he had to say ―No at least three times. In some countries, for instance, the Ukraine, it may happen that a guest is pressed as many as seven or eight times to take more food, whereas in the UK it would be unusual to do so more than twice. For a Ukrainian, to do it the British way would suggest the person is not actually generous. Indeed, British recipients of such hospitality sometimes feel that their host is behaving impolitely by forcing them into a bind, since they run out of polite refusal strategies long before the Ukrainian host has exhausted his/her repertoire of polite insistence strategies. Case 19 Talking about what‘s wrong is not easy for people in any culture, but people in high-context countries like China put high priority on keeping harmony, preventing anyone from losing face, and nurturing the relationship. It seems that Ron Kelly had to learn a different way of sending message when he was in China. At home in Canada he would have gone directly to the point. But in China, going directly to the problem with someone may suggest that he or she has failed to live up to his or her responsibility and the honor of his or her organization is in question. In high-context cultures like China, such a message is serious and damaging. In low-context cultures, however, the tendency is just to ―spit it out, to get it into words and worry about the result later. Senders of unwelcome messages use objective facts, assuming, as with persuasion, that facts are neutral, instrumental, and impersonal. Indirectness is often the way members of high-context cultures choose to communicate about a problem. Case 20 It seems that the letters of request written in English as well as in Chinese by Chinese people are likely to preface the request with extended face-work. To Chinese people, the normal and polite way to form a request requires providing reasons that are usually placed before the requests. Of course, this is just the inverse of English conventions in which requests are fronted without much face-work. In the view of the English-speaking people, the opening lines of Chinese requests and some other speech acts do not usually provide a thesis or topic statement which will orient the listener to the overall direction of the communication. Worst of all, the lack of precision and the failure to address the point directly may lead to suspicions that the Chinese speakers are beating around the bush. To them, the presence of a clear and concise statement of what is to be talked about will make the speech more precise, more dramatic, and more eloquent. However, the Chinese learning and using English in communication may find it difficult to