Figures of speech修辞
Simile, metaphor, personification, synecdoche, anticlimax, metonymy, repetition, exaggeration, euphemism, antonomasia, parody.
A word or phrase used in a different way from its usual meaning in order to create a particular mental picture or effect. (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary)
A figure of speech is a word or phrase using figurative language—language that has other meaning than its normal definition.
In other words, figures of speeches rely on implied or suggested meaning, rather than a dictionary definition.
We express and develop them through hundreds of different rhetorical techniques, from specific types like metaphors and similes, to more general forms like sarcasm and slang. (https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/b24129370.html,/figures-of-speech/)
语音修辞格
1.Alliteration头韵
Slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station 2
But later my hair began to fall out , and my belly turned to water .I felt sick ,and ever since then they have been testing and treating me .(alliteration) 2
...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home 6
...with a dash and daring (6)
And a recklessness of cost or consequences (6)
Bleached and barren 13
On a less practical plane 13
Clear of cloud 13
I would never have believed in the simple bliss of being 13
The hiss of sudden spray 13
2.Onomatopoeia拟声
Onomatopoeia is defined as a word which imitates the natural sounds of a thing.
It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting. (https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/b24129370.html,/onomatopoeia/)
Functions:
1、It gives rhythm to the text.
2、It appeals to the reader' senses.
Examples: smash, slashing rain, crack, snap (to break suddenly with a sharp sound) The house detective clucked his tongue reprovingly. 3
词语修辞格
1. Simile明喻
From the Latin word similis (meaning “similar, like”);
The comparison indicated by a simile will typically contain the words as or like Explicit comparison with “like”, “as”, “as if (though)”,“seem” “resemble”, etc. My love is like a red, red rose.
I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like
a swarm of crawling locusts. (Simile)
A memory that seemed phonographic 6
Most American remembers M. T. as the father of (6)
It is as in a moving picture 13
Dismissive as Pharisee 13
As sentimental and sensitive as any old maid 13
Like delicate flowers 13
Gives a cry like a sea-bird 13
As pleased as children 13
Silent as a cat passing 13
The faint creaking as of the saddle-leather to a horseman riding across turf 13
Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.
My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake.
She gasped like a bee had stung her.
2. Metaphor暗喻
1.定义
From the Greek word metapherein (“to transfer”)
A metaphor is used in place of something：My love is a red rose.
2.书上例子
As Camille lashed northwestward 1
We can batten down and get it out. 1
Wind and rain now whipped the house. 1
Now Darrow sprang his trump card 4
Mark Twain --- Mirror of America 6
马克·吐温是美国的一面镜子。（用镜子比喻美国的现实，很贴切。）
Saw clearly ahead a black wall of night (6)
Main artery of transportation 6
The epidemic of gold and silver fever 6比作瘟疫
...self-assurance...flickered (6)
The words spat forth with sudden savagery.
The Duchess kept firm tight rein on her racing mind.
Her voice was a whiplash.
As a result the nerves of both the Duke and Duchess were excessively frayed when the muted buzzer of the outer door eventually sounded. (Metaphor)
A new Clovis 13
An Endymion young and strong 13
The lazy satin of blue 13
The red ball (sun) 13
Churchill, he reverted to this theme, and I asked whether for him, the arch
anti-communist, this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon. (Metaphor) 14 Be rounded up in hordes 14
Except appetite and racial domination 14
Still smarting from many a British whipping 14
From his yoke 14
But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding. (Metaphor)
I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial. (Metaphor)
I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, street smarting from many a British whipping to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey. (Metaphor) …experimented with his new writing muscles…
(metaphor: not so specific as “pen”to be related to “writing”)
3. Personification拟人
1.定义
Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing – an idea or an animal – is given human attributes. The non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human beings.
Consider the following examples：
1. The electrical systems had been killed by water.
2. She (the cat, spooky) peered nervously at her litter.
2.书上例子
Lifted the entire roof off the house 1
It seized and dumped 1
Personal tragedy haunted his entire life. 6
...to literature's enduring gratitude (6)
The grave world smiles as usual (6)
The young moon lies on her back tonight. 13
4. Anti-climax
1.定义
It is a rhetorical device that can be defined as a disappointing situation, or a sudden transition in discourse from an important idea to a ludicrous or trivial one. It is when, at a specific point, expectations are raised, everything is built-up, and then suddenly something boring or disappointing happens — this is an anti-climax.
How is anti-climax realized in the text?
Rising expectation + rising anxiety and agitation + a sudden turn:
The use of comparatives + dash + something unexpected
上升的期望+上升的焦虑和骚动+突然的转变：
使用比较+破折号+意外的东西
2.书上例子
“Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters”.
(Anti-climax)----P15, L2.
5. Metonymy借代
1.定义
The substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the turf for horse racing.
Such as "crown" in “lands belonging to the crown”/
white house for the administrative branch of the U.S. government…
What do “little old Japan”, “the kimono”,“the miniskirt” stand for?
2.书上例子
Between the kimono and the miniskirt 2
Won 100 at the tables 3
lost it at the bar 3
. ...his pen would prove mightier than his pickax 6
(Metonymy: writing --mining)
He used to read me. 读我的文章13
I have never read Li Bai. (Metonymy: poems written by Li Bai)
…took over an immense range of tasks from men’s muscles…
(Metonymy: manual labor, physical labor)
The case had erupted round my head.
…I was not one to let my heart rule my head.
(Metonymy: emotions/feelings ---reason/thought)
…I was not one to let my heart rule my head.
(Metonymy: emotions/feelings ---reason/thought)
7. Synecdoche 提喻用局部代表全部
1.定义
1.It is a figure of speech in which a word or term is used to refer to a whole thing or
vice versa.
2.It closely related to metonymy, sometimes considered to be its subclass.
3.Referring to a characteristic of a person for the person itself,
Like 'the gray beard' for an old person.
主要包括四种情况:
(1) 用种代表类;(2) 用类代表种; (3) 用局部代表全部;
(4) 用构成某东西的材料代表那样东西。
Describing a vehicle as 'wheels'.
He has many mouths to feed.
There are so many pairs of hands working there.
All eyes were on him.
Using the term 'bug' for any kind of insect or small creature.
Using 'John Hancock' for the signature of any person.
Using a well-known generic term for a certain related thing, like calling any kind of cola 'Coke'.
Saying 'lead' for bullets, 'plastic' for credit cards, 'willow' for cricket bat, etc.
提喻与转喻的区别在于:
“当两样事物互相没有隶属关系但又关系很紧密,
说到其中一样就使人很快联想起另一样来的是转喻；
两者之间有隶属关系或用局部代替全部或用全部代替局部的就是提喻。”
2.书上例子
There were fresh bows, and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated. (Synecdoche)------P15, L2
The obese body shook 3
The case had erupted round my head. 4
(Synecdoche: part of one’s body)
We need 200 hands to help us to finish this sophisticated installation.
(synecdoche: part of one’s body )
He is Mark Twain of the 21st century.
(Synecdoche: an individual or concrete for a class or abstract)
8. Transferred epithet 移就
Figure of speech in which a modifier (usually an adjective) qualifies a noun
other than the person or thing it is actually describing.
In other words, the modifier or epithet is transferred from the noun it is meant
to describe to another noun in the sentence.
Examples
"I had a wonderful day" “Cruel bars"
"Sleepless night" "suicidal sky"
As I sat in the bathtub, soaping a meditative foot and singing…
We're coming close to those little creeks now, and we keep a discreet silence.
Let’s have a quiet lunch.
书上例子：
Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.3
Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder. 4
Soft rich colors13
A tender palette 13
9. Irony 反语
1.定义
a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.
2.书上例子
Hiroshima is the liveliest city in the world.
Congratulate myself on the good fortune.
Marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century
Verbal irony: words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words.
Verbal:
The desert was as cool as a bed of burning coals.
Their new boss was as civilized as a shark.
The weather was as balmy as a winter day in Siberia.
A vehicle was parked right in front of the no-parking sign.
Situational irony: it may also be a situation that ends up in quite a different way than what is generally anticipated.
In simple words, it is a difference between appearance and reality.
Situational:
De Maupassant’s The Necklace
Mathilda borrows a necklace---She loses it and replaces it with real jewelry
---ran into debt---ran into her friend---a costume
Verbal Irony vs Sarcasm
Sarcasm
1) A more obvious way of being critical.
2)Can be more vicious and personal.
3)used to mock an individual
A woman arrives late to a party and has far too much makeup on her face. The person who answers the door says, ‘What time do you call this? Did the circus finish late?’Verbal Irony
It may be more inclined to find humor in subtler ways
What’s most notable about this is that this comment, though critical, is not intended to mock a specific individual—it’s purely intended to emphasize the irony of the situation they find themselves in.
Imagine a group of characters standing in the rain and one says to the other, ‘Well, at the least the weather’s been good to us.’
10. Sarcasm讥讽；讽刺话
He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant, and it is a mighty strong combination. 4
There is some doubt about that 4
11.Oxymoron 矛盾
A figure of speech in which apparently contradictory (incongruous) terms
appear in conjunction.
E.g. cruel kindness gentle violence
Whispered loudly
Malone called my conviction a "victorious defeat".
bitter sweet memories
orderly chaos
12.Ridicule: 嘲笑;奚落;嘲弄
Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted...
Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.
13. Antithesis（对仗，对偶）
The Christian believes that man came from above. 4
The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.
What people claim to be and what they really are 6
...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land (6)
...a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever 6
Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe (14)
14. Euphemism:（委婉语）
I am almost an old man2
…who diligently avoided contact with the enemy 6
Near the end 6
...men's final release from earthly struggle 6
Before I go 13
Understatement(低调陈述, 抑述)
…the prospects of a good catch looked bleak.
15. Hyperbole:（夸张）
The misery and humanity’s most heinous crime 2
The trial that rocked the world 4
Throughout the world 4
...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom (6)
Personal tragedy haunted his entire life. 6
Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 6
In every part of the world 13
21) If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.(exaggeration)----P79,L5.
16. Pun
Darwin is right-inside.
17. Parallelism:（排比）
The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies...
We will never parley; we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang. We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air. (Parallelism)
Lesson 1 1．"We can batten down and ride it out," he said. (Para. 4) metaphor 2 .Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Para. 7) personification 、metaphor 3. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (Para.11) simile 4. He held his head between his hands, and silently prayed: “Get us through this mess, will Y ou?”(Para. 17) alliteration 5. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away. (Para.19) personification 6. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. (Para.19) simile、onomatopoeia(拟声) 7. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point. （Para. 20）transferred epithet 8 8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished.（Para. 20）simile、personification 9. and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.(Para.28) simile 10.household and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. (Para. 31) metaphor Lesson 4 1. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open. (para2) Transferred epithet 2. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at secondary school.(para 3) Synecdoche 3. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century.(para14) Irony 4. '' There is some doubt about that '' Darrow snorted.(para 19) Sarcasm 5. The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.(para 20) Antithesis 6. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie.(para 22) Alliteration; Simile 7. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breadth of his oratory as he should have. (Para 22) He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion. (Para 23) The court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that Bryan. Snowball:grow quickly; spar: fight with words; thunder: say angrily and loudly; scorch: thoroughly defeat; duel: life and death struggle; storm of applause: loud applause by many people; the oratorical duel; spring the trump card.Metaphor
英语修辞手法 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。 通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
一、词语修辞格 （1）simile 明喻 ①...a memory that seemed phonographic ②“Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?” ③Most American remember M. T. as the father of... ④Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. ⑤Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye. ⑥My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake. ⑦She gasped like a bee had stung her. （2）metaphor 暗喻 ①It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,… ②Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. ③The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A ④the last this intermezzo came to an end… ⑤…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse… ⑥After I tripped over it two or three times he told me … ⑦Mark Twain --- Mirror of America ⑧saw clearly ahead a black wall of night... ⑨main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart ⑩All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up... ?When railroads began drying up the demand... ?...the epidemic of gold and silver fever... ?Twain began digging his way to regional fame...
常用修辞手法： 1. 比喻 比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻： 明喻(simile)：用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如： O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 暗喻(metaphor)：用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如： He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 2. 换喻(metonymy) 用一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。如the White House 代美国政府或总统，用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol。 His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。 The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。 3. 提喻(synecdoche) 指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。例如： He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 在收获季节农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。 4. 拟人(personification) 把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法叫拟人。例如： My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。 This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。 The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。 5. 委婉(euphemism) 用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫、沮丧的局面。例如： 用to fall asleep; to cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us 代to die 用senior citizens代替old people 用a slow learner或者an under achiever代替a stupid pupil 用weight watcher代替fat people 6. 双关(pun) 用同音异义或者一词二义来达到诙谐幽默的效果：表面上是一个意思，而实际上却暗含另一个意思，这种暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。例如： A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (arms可指手臂或者武器) 一发炮弹打断了他的腿，所以他缴械投降了。 “Can I try on that gown in the window?” asked a would-be customer. “Certainly not, madam!” replied the salesman. 我可以试穿一下橱窗里的那件睡袍吗？ Seven days without water make one weak (week). 七天没有水使一个人虚弱。或者：七天没有水就是一周没有水。 7. 反语(irony) 使用与真正意义相反的词，正话反说或者反话正说，从对立的角度运用词义来产生特殊的效果。 8. 头韵(alliteration) 两个或者更多的词以相同的音韵或者字母开头就构成头韵。例如： proud as a peacock
一．词语修辞格 (1) simile 明喻 它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词(如like，as等)起连接作用，清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物 I wandered lonely as a cloud. ( W. Wordsworth: The Daffodils ) 我像一朵浮云独自漫游。 They are as like as two peas. 他们两个长得一模一样。 His young daughter looks as red as a rose. 他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。 ①―Mama,‖ Wangero said sweet as a bird . ―C an I have these old quilts?‖ ②Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. ③My skin is like an uncooked（未煮过的）barley pancake. ④The oratorial（雄辩的）storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind though the schools… ⑤I see also the dull（迟钝的）, drilled（训练有素的）, docile（易驯服的）, brutish （粗野的）masses of the Hun soldiery plodding（沉重缓慢地走）on like a swarm（群）of crawling locusts（蝗虫）. （2）metaphor 暗喻 暗含的比喻。A是B或B就是A。 All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players演员. ( William Shakespeare )整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。 Education is not the filling of a pail桶, but the lighting of a fire. ( William B. Yeats ) 教育不是注满一桶水，而是点燃一把火。 ①It is a vast（巨大的）, sombre（忧郁的）cavern（洞穴）of a room,… ②Mark Twain --- Mirror of America ③main artery（干线）of transportation in the young nation's heart ④The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind. ⑤Her voice was a whiplash（鞭绳）. ⑥We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air,
高级英语第1册修辞练习第3版 Point the rhetorical devices used in the following sentences Lesson 1 1.We can batten down and ride it out. (Metaphor ) 2.Wind and rain now whipped the house. ( Metaphor ) 3.Stay away from the windows. (Elliptical sentence ) 4.--- the rain seemingly driven right through the walls. ( Simile) 5.At 8:30, power failed. (Metaphor ) 6.Everybody out the back door to the cars. (Elliptical sentence ) 7.The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. ( Simile ) 8…the electrical systems had been killed by water.( metaphor ) 9.Everybody on the stairs. ( elliptical sentence) 10.The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. ( simile ) 11. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet though the air. ( personification ) 12…it seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away. ( personification ) 13.Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.( simile ) 14.Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point. ( Transferred epithet ) 15. Up the stairs --- into our bedroom. ( Elliptical sentence ) 16.The world seemed to be breaking apart. ( Simile ) 17. Water inched its way up the steps as first floor outside walls collapsed. (Metaphor ) 18.Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees.. (Metaphor ) 19…and blown-down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the road.( simile ) 20…household and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. (metaphor ) 21.Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi, dropped more than 28 inches of rain into West.( metaphor ) Lesson2 1 Hiroshima—the”Liveliest”City in Japan.—irovy 2 That must be what the man in the Japanese stationmaster’s uniform shouted,as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station.—alliteration 3 And secondly.because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say.—metaphor 4 Was I not at the scene of crime?—rhetorical question 5 The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.—synecdoche,metonymy
1. 明喻simile Simile refers to a direct comparison between two or more things, normally introduced by like or as. He has been as drunk as a fiddler’s bitch. 1. 他醉得像小提琴手的母狗。 2. 他曾喝得酊名大醉/烂醉如泥。 If We haven’t got any money, we can’t buy a television.It’s as plain as the nose on your face. 1. 如果我们没有钱，就不能买电视机。这就像脸上的鼻子一样清楚明了。 2. 没有钱我们就不能买电视机。这就像秃子头上的虱子——明摆着的事。 Mr. Smith may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster. 史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他嘴巴紧得像牦蛎. 史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守口如瓶。 I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts. 2. 隐喻metaphor Metaphor is an implied comparison between two or more things achieved by identifying one with the other. That lady tries to make sheep’s eyes at her new boss. 1. 那位女士想向新老板投去绵羊之眼。 2. 那位女士想向新老板献媚。 Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes, as the burnished copper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers. The dye-market, the pottery-market, and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar. It is a vast ,somber cavern of a room ,some thirty feet high and sixty feet square , and so thick with the dust of centuries that the mudbrick roof are only dimly visible. Churchill, he reverted to this theme, and I asked whether for him, the arch anti-communist, this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon. I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land ,guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial. I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky ,street smarting from many a British whipping
英语修辞手法 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.
III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力 气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。 通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
高级英语课文修辞总结（1-7课） 第一课Face to Face With Hurricane Camille Simile: 1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (comparing the passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire) 2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. (comparing the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train) Metaphor : 1. We can batten down and ride it out. (comparing the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea) 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.) Personification : 1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. (The hurricane acted as a very strong person lifting something heavy and throwing it through the air.)
Rhetorical Devices simile 明喻metaphor 暗喻hyperbole 夸张metonymy 转喻synecdoche 借喻euphemism 委婉语repetition 反复rhetorical question 反问句personification 拟人antithesis 对仗parallelism 排比transferred epithet 转移修饰alliteration 押头韵 anti-climax 反高潮 1. We can batten down and ride it out. （metaphor） 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. （metaphor） 3. The group heard gun-like reports as other upstairs windows disintegrated.（simile） 4. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. （simile） 5. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. （simile） 6. It seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 31 2 miles away.（personification） 7. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. （simile） 8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist. （simile）
Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar 1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned. e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1) 2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9) 2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”. e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1) 2) …in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7) 3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters. e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1) 2)…make a point of protesting 4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc. e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7) a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9) 5．Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis. e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows…(Para. 5) 2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. (Para. 5) 6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form. e.g. …as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5) Unit 2 V: Figures of speech Metaphor: 暗喻 A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison. 暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。 1). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say. 2). …I was again crushed by the thought…(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)
高英修辞 Lesson 1 1. Wind and rain now wiped the house. ----metaphor(暗喻) 2. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. ----simile (明喻) 3. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. -----simile 4. …it seized a 600,00 gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away. ----personification(拟人) 5. Rcihelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished. ---- …the 6. We can batten down and ride it out. -----metaphor 7. Everybody out the back door to the cars!—ellipsis (省略) 8. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. -----simile 9. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point-----transferred epithet移就 10. Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads----metaphor; simile Lesson 4 1.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative