Seismic Design and Seismic Performance: A Review
1 Seismic Design Limit States
It is customary to various levels of protection, each of which emphasizes a different aspect to be considered by the designer. Broadly, these relate to preservation of functionality, different degrees of efforts to minimize damage may be caused by a significant seismic event, and the prevention of loss of life.
The degree to which levels of protection can be afforded will depend on the willingness of society to make sacrifices and on economic constraints within which society must exist, While region of seismicity are now reasonably well defined, the prediction of a seismic event within the projected lifespan of a building is extremely crude. Nevertheless, estimates must be made for potential seismic hazards in affected regions in an attempt to optimize between the degree of protection sought and its cost.
(1) Serviceability Limit State Relatively frequent earthquakes inducing comparatively minor intensity of ground shaking should not interfere with functionality, such as the normal operation of a building or the plant it contains. This means that no damage needing repair should occur to the structure or to nonstructural components, including contents. The appropriate design effort will need to concentrate on the anticipated earthquake, and to ensure adequate strengths in all components of the structure to resist the earthquake induced forces while remaining essentially elastic. Reinforced concrete and masonry structures may develop considerable cracking at the serviceability limit state, but no significant yielding of reinforcement, resulting in large cracks, nor crushing of concrete or masonry should result. Thefrequency with which the occurrence of an earthquake corresponding to the serviceability of the building. Thus, for office buildings, the serviceability limit state may be chosen to correspond to a level of shaking likely to occur, on average, once every 50 years (i.e., a 50 years-retuen period earthquake). For a hospistal, fire station, or telecommunications center, which require a high degree of protection to preserve functionality during an emergency, an earthquake with a much longer return period will be appropriate.
(2) Damage Control Limit Sate For ground shaking of intensity greater than that corresponding to the serviceability limit state, some damage may occur. Yielding of reinforcement may result in wide cracks that require repair measures, such as injection grouting, to avoid later corrosion problems. Also, crushing, or sapling of concrete may occur, necessitating replacement of unsound concrete. A second limit state may be defined which marks the boundary between economically repairable damage and damage that is irreparable or which cannot be repaired economically. Ground shaking of intensity likely to induce response corresponding to the damage control limit state should have a low probability of occurrence during the expected life of the building. It is expected that after an earthquake causes this or lesser intensity of ground shaking, the building can be successfully repaired and reinstated to full service.
(3) Survival Limit State In the development of modern seismic design strategies, very strong emphasis is placed on the criterion that loss of life should be prevented even during the strongest ground shaking feasible for the site. For this reason, particular attention must be given to those aspects of structural behavior that are relevant to this single most important design consideration: survival. For most buildings, extensive damage to both the structure and building contents, resulting from such severe but rare events, will be to be accepted. In some cases this
damage will be irreparable, but collapse must not occur. Unless structures are proportioned to possess exceptionally large strength with respect to lateral forces, usually involving significant cost increase, inelastic deformations during large seismic events are to be expected. Therefore, the designer will need to concentrate on structural qualities which will ensure that for the expected duration of an earthquake, relatively large displacements can be accommodated without significant loss in lateral force resistance, and that integrity of the structure to support gravity loads is maintained.
It must be appreciated that the boundaries between different intensities of ground shaking, requiring each of the foregoing three levels of protection to be provided cannot be defined precisely.
A much large degree of uncertainty is involved in the recommendations of building codes to determine the intensities of lateral seismic design forces than for any other king of loading to which a building might be exposed. The capacity design process, which is developed in this book, aims to accommodate this uncertainty. To achieve this, structural systems must be conceived which are tolerant to the crudeness in seismological predictions.
2 Structural Properties
The specific structural properties that need to be considered in conjunction with the three levels of seismic protection described in the preceding section are described below.
(1) Stiffness If deformations under the action of lateral forces are to be reliably quantified and subsequently controlled, designers must make a realistic estimate of the relevant property-stiffness. This quantity relates loads or forces to the ensuing structural deformations. Familiar relationships are readily established of members and the modulus of elasticity for the material. In reinforced concrete and masonry stures these relationships arc, however, not quite as simple as an introductory text on the subject may suggest. If serviceability criteria are to be satisfied with a reasonable degree of confidence, the extent and influence of cracking in members and the contribution of concrete or masonry in tension must be considered, in conjunction with the traditionally considered aspects of section and element geometry, and material properties.
A typical nonlinear relationship between induced forces or loads and displacement, describing the response of a reinforced concrete component subjected to monotonically increasing displacements, is shown in fig.1.8. For purposes of routine design computations, one of the two bilinear approximations may be used, where S y defines the yield or ideal strength S i of the member. The slope of the idealized linear reastic response , K=Sy/△y is used to quantify stiffness. This should be based on the effective secant stiffness to the real load-displacement curve at a load of about 0.75 S y , as shown ifig.1.8. as it is effective stiffness at close to serviceability limit stage. Under cyclic loading at high “elastic”response levels, the initial load-displacement characteristic will modify to close to the linear relation-ship of the idealized response. An early task within the design process will be the checking of typical interstory deflections, using realistic stiffness values to satisfy local requirements for serviceability.
(2) Strength If a concrete or masonry structure is to be protected against damage during a selected or specified seismic event, inelastic excursions during its dynamic response should be prevented. This means that the structure must have adequate strength to resist internal actions generated during the elastic dynamic response of the structure. Therefore, the appropriate technique for the evaluation of earthquake-induced actions is an elastic analysis, based on stiffness properties described in the preceding section. These seismic actions, combined with those due to other loads on the structure, such as gravity, will leas, perhaps with minor modifications, to the proportioning of
structural members. Thereby the designer can provide the design strength, shown as S i in Fig.1.8. in terms of resistance to lateral forces envisaged.
Fig.1.8 Typical load-displacement relationship for reinforced concrete clement
(3) Ductility To minimize major damage and to ensure the survival of buildings with
moderate resistance with respects to lateral forces, structures must be capable of sustaining a high
proportion of their initial strength when a major earthquake imposes limit. This ability of the
structure or its components or of the materials used to the general term ductility. It includes the
ability to sustain large deformations, and a capacity to absorb energy by hysteretic behavior. For this
reason it is the single most important property sought by the designer of building located in regions
of significant seismicity.
The limit to ductility, as shown for example in Fig.1.8 by the displacement of △t , typically
corresponds to a specified limit to strength degradation. Although attaining is sometimes termed
failure, significant additional inelastic deformations may still be possible without structural collapse.
Hence a ductile failure must be contrasted with brittle failure, represented in Fig.1.8 by the dashed
curves. Brittle failure implies near-complete loss of resistance, often complete disintegration, and
the absence of be the overwhelming cause for lives, must be avoided. More precise definitions for
the essential chrematistics of ductility are given in section 3.5.
Ductility is defined the ratio of the total imposed displacements △ at any instant to
that at the onset of yield △y. Using the idealizations of Fig.1.8,this is
1y /μ=??> （1.1）
The displacements △y and △ in Eq.(1.1) and Fig.1.8 may represent strain,
curvature, rotation, or deflection. The ductility developed when failure is imminent
is form Fig.1.8; u = △m/△y Ductility is the structural property that will need to rely on in the
most building if satisfactory behavior under damage control and survival limit state is to be
achieved. An important consideration in the deter monition of the required seismic resistance will be
that the estimated maximums ductility demand during shaking, u m = △m/△y (Fig.1.8), does
not exceed the ductility potential u μ.
The roles of both stiffness and strength, as well as their quantification are well established. The
sources, development, quantification, and utilization of ductility, to serve best the design ’s intent,
are generally less well understood.
Ductility in structural members can be developed only on if constituent material itself is ductile.
Thus it is relatively easy to achieve the desired ductility if resistance is to be provided by steel in
tension. However, precautions need to be buckling does not interfere with the development of
desired large inelastic tarns in compression.
抗震设计和抗震性能综述
1 抗震设计的极限状态
对建筑物考虑各种不同的保护等级，每一个等级都强调一个被设计者所考虑的方面，这是设计的惯例。它涉及到维护建筑物的使用功能，并作出不同程度的努力，使可能由于大地震引起的损坏减小到最低限度及防止生命的丧失。
保护等级的确定取决于社会承受牺牲的能力和经济制约因素，其中社会因素必定存在。现已能合理地、令人满意地定义地层区，但对建筑物在规划的使用期内可能遇到地震的预测还是极其租糙的。然而，为了在得到保护的程度与所花的代价之间求得优化，必须对地层活动区的潜在地震危险作出评估。
(1)使用极限状态引起较小强度地面振动的相对频繁的地震，不应妨碍建筑物或工厂生产的正常使用功能。这意味着对结构或非结构构件及其配件不会出现需要修复的破损。正确的设计集中于控制和限制在预计地震中可能出现的位移，并确保所有的结构构件在抵抗地震力作用时具有足够的强度，基本上保持弹性状态。钢筋混凝土和砌体结构达到使用极限状态时，可能会出现相当多的裂缝，但钢筋决不会明显屈服面出现大裂缝，混凝土和砌体也不会压碎。预期使用极限状态可能出现的地震概率，取决于建筑物维持使用功能的重要性；对于办公楼，可以选择使用极限状态为对应平均50年可能出现一次的振动水准(也即50年回归周期的地震)。对于医院、消防大楼、电讯中心等建筑物，需要得到紧急期间对维持使用功能更高水准的保护，故考虑比50年长得多的回归周期的地震是合适的。
(2)破坏控制极限状态当地面振动的强度大于对应于使用极限状态的地面振动强度时，一些破坏可能出现。钢筋的屈服会导致宽裂缝发生。这需要采取如向裂缝内灌浆的修复措施，以避免日后钢筋锈蚀。还有，混凝土的压碎或剥落可能出现，这时需对破碎的混凝土进行清理和置换。破坏控制极限状态的定义可理解为绘出能经济地修复的破坏与不能修复或不能经济地修复的破坏之间的界限。对应于破坏控制极限状态的地面振动强度，在建筑物整个使用寿命期内的出现概率应该是低的，在地震引起这样强度的地面振动后，建筑物可顺利修复并恢复到能正常使用。
(3)免坍极限状态在发展现代抗震设计的战略中，特别强调的准则是，即使在最大的地面振动发生时，也应防止生命的丧失。为此，必须对这个单一而最重要的结构性能的设计．即避免倒坍的各个方而，给予特别的关注。对于大多数建筑物，当遭到强烈而罕遇的特大地震时，无论是结构还是建筑构件都不得不产生大面积破坏。在一些情况下，这些破坏是不可修复的，但倒坍绝不能发生。除非把结构调整到拥有特别大的抗侧力强度，一般情况下这会使建造成本明显增加，否则结构在大地震期间肯定会出现非线性变形，因此，设计者需要把精力集中在结构的质量上，以确保在预计的地震持续期内，结构能提供较大的位移而不使其抗侧能力有明显的降低，且结构作为一个整体，其承受重力荷载的能力将继续维持。本书特别强调了这些方面的结构性能。
必须注意到，前述三个保护等级中每一级都要求提供不同的地面振动强度，侗它们之间的界限是无法精确定义的。在建筑规定中，设计地震作用力的确定比建筑物可能遇到的任何其他类型的荷载都更加靠不住。本书将展开阐述的能力设计力法，其日的就是要适应这种不确定性。为了达到这个目的，必须构想出能够经受得住地震预测不准确的考验的结构体系。
2 结构性能
现在描述几个需连同已在前节说明的三个地震保护等级一起考虑的结构特性。
(1)刚度为了正确可靠地计算结构在侧向力作用下的变形，进而控制其变形，设计者必须估算出结构的实际刚度。这个量值把荷载或作用力与随之发生的结构变形联系起来，类似的关系已根据结构力学的基本原理，运用构件的几何特性和材料的弹性模量来建立。然而。
在钢筋混凝土和砌体结构中，这些关系不像有关这个专题的教科书讲得那样简单．如果使用功能准则的信任程度得到满足。那么必好把构件裂缝的宽度及其影响范围和混凝土或砌体的抗拉强度的作用，连同常规考虑的截面与构件的几何特性和材料性能一并加以考虑。
作用力或荷载与位移之间的典型非线性关系；如图1.8所示．这个关系描述了钢筋混凝土构件单向受力与所增长的位移之间的特性曲线。为了常规的设计计算需要，该图可近似地简化为双折线，图中Sy定义为构件的屈服强度．或称为构件的理想强度Si．理想化的斜线段为构件的弹性反应段，K=Sy/△y可用来定量构件刚度。这个刚度应该建立在对应于真正的荷载—位移曲线在大约0.75Sy荷载点处有效割线刚度的基础上。正如图1．8所示。这
图1．8 作用力或荷载与位移之间的典型非线性关系
是接近于屈服强度的有效刚度．而屈服强度是在估算使用极限状态的结构反应时所需考虑的参量。在高“弹性”反应水准的循环荷载作用下．初始的荷载—位移特性曲线将修正列接近于理想化的线性关系。设计程序中的早期工作将是应用实际刚度值，检查典型楼层的层间位移，以满足使用功能的局部需要。
(2)强度如果要保护混凝土或砌体结构在一个选定或特定的地震期间免遭破坏．应防止结构在其振动反应时产生非线性位移，这意味着结构必须有足够的强度，以抵抗结构在其弹性振动反应时所产生的内力，所以适合于用来估算内地震引起的作用力的方法，足以前面描述过的刚度特性为基础的弹性分析法。这些地震作用与作用在结构上的其他荷载(加重力)结合在一起．或许再经过一些小的修正，将它们分配到各个结构构件上，这样．设计者就可根据抵抗所设想的侧向力的要求、为构件提供所需要的强度，正如图1.8上的St。
(3)延性为了把严重的破坏降低到最低限度，并确保带有适度抗侧能力的建筑物免于倒坍，当大地震迫使建筑物产生大变形时．结构必须仍能维持其大部分初始强度，这些变形可能远远超出了弹性范围。结构或其构件或材料，用来抵抗在非线性反应范围内的变形的能力。通常用延性这个术语来描述。它包括承受极大变形的能力和靠滞回特性吸收能量的能力．因此。延性是从事特大地层区域建筑物设计的人员所探索的一个无比重要的特性。
正如图1.8所示的例子，通过位移△t对延性的限制是完全与对强度衰减的限制相一致的．尽管有时也使用“破坏”这个术语来描述达到达个极限的限制，但结构发生相当大的附加非线性变形时仍可能不倒坍。所以，延性破坏一定是与图1.8中虚线所代表的脆性破坏完全不同的，脆性破坏是指结构的抵抗能力几乎完全丧失，常常在没有足够警告的前提下，结构完全毁坏。显而易见，脆性破坏可以说是在地震中引起建筑物倒坍、进而造成生命丧失的压倒一切的原因，因而必须避免。关于延性基本特征的更精确的定义将在3.5节给出。
延性被定义为在任何瞬间施加给结构的总的位移△与其在刚开始屈服时的位移△y之
比。使用图1.88的理想化曲线．有
1y /μ=??> （1.1）
公式(1.1)和图1.8中的位移△y 和△可代表应变、曲率、转角或挠度。由图1.8可知，当接近破坏时，其所发展的延性为从y /μ=??。要使大多数建筑物在破坏控制极限状态和免坍极限状态获得令人满意的特性，延性是需要依靠的结构性能。在确定抗震能力时，一个重要的考虑是估算出的振动期间最大的延性要求，从m y /μ=?? (见图1．8)不得超过结构潜在的延性u μ。
刚度和强度的作用以及有关它们的计算都已为人们所熟识。延性的产生、发展、量化和利用，能很好地为设计者的设计意图服务，但通常却较少地为设计者所理解。
只有组成构件的材料本身是延性的，结构构件才具有延性。如果用钢材抗拉，则获得所需要的延性就相对容易，但如果钢材受压，为了避免过早压屈，使所需的极大非线性压应变得以开展，则需采取预防措施。
SPSS 统计软件的主菜单及子菜单
spss软件的中英文翻译 Absolute deviation, 绝对离差 Absolute number, 绝对数 Absolute residuals, 绝对残差 Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵 Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度 Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度 Acceleration vector, 加速度向量 Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设 Accumulation, 累积 Accuracy, 准确度 Actual frequency, 实际频数 Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量 Addition, 相加 Addition theorem, 加法定理 Additivity, 可加性 Adjusted rate, 调整率 Adjusted value, 校正值 Admissible error, 容许误差 Aggregation, 聚集性 Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设 Among groups, 组间 Amounts, 总量 Analysis of correlation, 相关分析 Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析 Analysis of regression, 回归分析 Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析 Analysis of variance, 方差分析 Angular transformation, 角转换 ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析 ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型 Arcing, 弧/弧旋 Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换 Area under the curve, 曲线面积 AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计 Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸 Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译【你想要的工具都在这里】 五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 工具大全https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html,/node/2151 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接
Facebook、Digg、Twitter、美味书签(https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html,)……很多名声大噪且已逐渐步入主流的网络服务都是从国外开始引爆的,而即便是抛却技术上的前瞻性,仅从资源上来看“外域”的也更丰富.当网友们浏览国外网站时,即使有些英文基础,也大都或多或少要使用到翻译工具.在线翻译显然是最便捷的方式,目前提供此类服务的网站有不少,但机器智能翻译尤其考验真功夫,翻译质量的优劣直接影响着用户的阅读效果.在这里我们将全面网罗十个颇有些关注度的在线翻译服务,试炼其翻译质量、速度等各方面的表现. 参评在线翻译 1、Google翻译 网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html,/language_tools?hl=zh-CN 2、Windows Live在线翻译 网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html,/Default.aspx 3、雅虎翻译 网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html,/ 4、爱词霸 网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html,/trans.php
5、百度词典 网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html,/ 6、海词在线翻译 网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html,/ 7、金桥翻译 网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html,/ 8、谷词在线词典 网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html,/ 9、木头鱼在线翻译 网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html,/translation/ 10、nciku在线词典 网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/b418006009.html,/ 一、翻译质量比拼 单词翻译 测试项1：日常用语 翻译单词：boil 参考释义：煮沸 测试结果： 1、Google翻译：沸腾、煮沸等 2、Windows Live在线翻译：煮沸
Internet of electronic information resources development and utilization The development and utilization of Internet richness of the electronic information resource, which can be directly consider E-mail, file transfer, Telnet approach, also can indirectly consider using several common information retrieval tool, the paper made a detailed introduction and analysis, aims to help help user well using the Internet. For information institutions or library is concerned, to learn and use well, not only can enlarge Internet information resources development and utilization of the scope, but also able to enhance the level of service to users. Keywords Internet electronic information resources development and utilization Exploitation andUtilization of Electronic Information Resources on Internet - The Internet can be extensive communication in the world every person, connect all the computer and provides a wealth of information resources, and provide A variety of service tool to obtain these resources. Information institutions or libraries in the Internet for information resources, retrieval electricity The son journals and newspapers, orders and electronic publications, retrieval online catalogue and union catalog, a searchable database system, access journals to discuss, through the file transfer (FTP) receiving documents. So we can use Internet richness of the information resources to expand its collection, still can use directly these information resources to carry on the information retrieval consulting services. In searching available in the email, database retrieval, file transfer, remote login, and information query tools etc. In order to enrich the exploitation and utilization of Internet information resources, the author thinks that should through the following ways. 1 directly use the Internet E-mail (hereinafter Email) Electronicmail, E-mail is a based on computer network to store, forward form various data, images, and exchange information in words of exchange System, sending and receiving and managementare in computer Internet E-mail systems management software. Email software generally provide teleport, browse, storage, transfer, delete, restore E-mail and the reply, and other functions, can match a communication, also can spread, each user has a particular coding mailbox, can with any users online information transmission, spontaneous since the received or forwardingletters. User simply equipped with a modem, a telephone lines and thcorresponding communication software, can in any part of the microcomputer with communication phase even on sending and receiving information, to realize communication. Email take storage, forwarding way, open E-mail program is adopted, the web server machine online way 24 hours working around-the-clock, always receive emails from all of the world, no matter what, when and where will the computer connected server only, can scoop out your E-mail. Need to send electronic information, users first the arbitrary length of letters for its input computer plus addressee address, and send button, the information being sent to the information high male road. On the other side of the addressee open
英文翻译中文在线翻译 英文翻译中文在线翻译 （一）促进经济平稳较快发展 1. Promoting steady and robust economic development 扩大内需特别是消费需求是我国经济长期平稳较快发展的根本立足点，是今年工作的重点。 Expanding domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, which is essential to ensuring China’s long -term, steady, and robust economic development, is the focus of our economic work this year. 着力扩大消费需求。加快构建扩大消费的长效机制。大力调整收入分配格局，增加中低收入者收入，提高居民消费能力。完善鼓励居民消费政策。大力发展社会化养老、家政、物业、医疗保健等服务业。鼓励文化、旅游、健身等消费，落实好带薪休假制度。积极发展网络购物等新型消费业态。支持引导环保建材、节水洁具、节能汽车等绿色消费。
扩大消费信贷。加强城乡流通体系和道路、停车场等基础设 施建设。加强产品质量安全监管。改善消费环境，维护消费 者合法权益。 We will work hard to expand consumer demand. We will move faster to set up a permanent mechanism for boosting consumption. Wewill vigorously adjust income distribution, increase the incomes of low-and middle- income groups, and enhance people ’s ability to consume. We will improve policies that encourage consumption. We will vigorously develop elderly care, domestic, property management, medical and healthcare services. We will encourage consumer spending on cultural activities, tourism, and fitness; and implement the system of paid vacations. We will actively develop new forms of consumption such as online shopping; support and guide the consumption of green goods such as environmentally friendly building materials, water-saving sanitation products, and energy-efficient vehicles; and expand consumer credit. We will improve the urban-rural logistics system and infrastructural facilities, such as roads and parking lots, strengthen supervision over product quality and
姓名中英文翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha
常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F:
范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H:
韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简--Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong
spss软件的中英文翻译 Absolute deviation, 绝对离差 Absolute number, 绝对数 Absolute residuals, 绝对残差 Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵 Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度 Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度 Acceleration vector, 加速度向量 Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设 Accumulation, 累积 Accuracy, 准确度 Actual frequency, 实际频数 Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量 Addition, 相加 Addition theorem, 加法定理 Additivity, 可加性 Adjusted rate, 调整率 Adjusted value, 校正值 Admissible error, 容许误差 Aggregation, 聚集性 Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设 Among groups, 组间 Amounts, 总量 Analysis of correlation, 相关分析 Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析 Analysis of regression, 回归分析 Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析 Analysis of variance, 方差分析 Angular transformation, 角转换 ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析 ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型 Arcing, 弧/弧旋 Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换 Area under the curve, 曲线面积 AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸 Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数 Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系 Assessing fit, 拟合的评估 Associative laws, 结合律
实用的3Dmax软件中英文翻译对照表，赶紧收藏 3DMAX常用中英文翻译对照表 一、File〈文件〉 New〈新建〉Reset〈重置〉Open〈打开〉Save〈保存〉Save As〈保存为〉Save selected〈保存选择〉XRef Objects 〈外部引用物体〉XRef Scenes〈外部引用场景〉Merge〈合并〉Merge Animation〈合并动画动作〉Replace〈替换〉Import 〈输入〉Export〈输出〉Export Selected〈选择输出〉Archive 〈存档〉Summary Info〈摘要信息〉File Properties〈文件属性〉View Image File〈显示图像文件〉History〈历史〉Exit 〈退出〉 二、Edit〈菜单〉 Undo or Redo〈取消/重做〉Hold and fetch〈保留/引用〉Delete〈删除〉Clone〈克隆〉Select All〈全部选择〉Select None〈空出选择〉Select Invert〈反向选择〉Select By〈参考选择〉Color〈颜色选择〉Name〈名字选择〉Rectangular Region〈矩形选择〉Circular Region〈圆形选择〉Fabce Region〈连点选择〉Lasso Region〈套索选择〉Region:〈区域选择〉Window〈包含〉Crossing〈相交〉Named Selection Sets〈命名选择集〉Object Properties〈物体属性〉 三、Tools〈工具〉
Transform Type-In〈键盘输入变换〉Display Floater〈视窗显示浮动对话框〉Selection Floater〈选择器浮动对话框〉Light Lister〈灯光列表〉Mirror〈镜像物体〉Array〈阵列〉Align〈对齐〉Snapshot〈快照〉Spacing Tool〈间距分布工具〉Normal Align〈法线对齐〉Align Camera〈相机对齐〉Align to View〈视窗对齐〉Place Highlight〈放置高光〉Isolate Selection〈隔离选择〉Rename Objects〈物体更名〉 四、Group〈群组〉 Group〈群组〉Ungroup〈撤消群组〉Open〈开放组〉Close 〈关闭组〉Attach〈配属〉Detach〈分离〉Explode〈分散组〉 五、Views〈查看〉 Undo View Change/Redo View change〈取消/重做视窗变化〉Save Active View/Restore Active View〈保存/还原当前视窗〉Viewport Configuration〈视窗配置〉Grids〈栅格〉Show Home Grid〈显示栅格命令〉Activate Home Grid〈活跃原始栅格命令〉Activate Grid Object〈活跃栅格物体命令〉Activate Grid to View〈栅格及视窗对齐命令〉Viewport Background〈视窗背景〉Update Background Image〈更新背景〉Reset Background Transform〈重置背景变换〉Show Transform Gizmo〈显示变换坐标系〉Show Ghosting〈显示重橡〉Show Key Times〈显示时间键〉Shade Selected
2017年湖北省武汉市中考化学试卷 一、选择题（共8小题，每小题3分，满分24分） 1．（3分）下列变化属于化学变化的是（） A．石蜡熔化B．酒精挥发C．食物腐烂D．胆矾研碎 2．（3分）下列说法正确的是（） A．花香四溢说明分子在不断运动 B．分在在化学变化中不能再分 C．不同元素的本质区别是中子数不同 D．原子不能直接构成物质 3．（3分）生活中处处有化学，下列说法不正确的是（） A．可用肥皂水鉴别硬水和软水 B．煤、石油、天然气是取之不尽用之不竭的能源 C．铁在潮湿的空气中易生锈 D．塑料、合成纤维、合成橡胶属于合成材料 4．（3分）下列做法不正确的是（） A．为使农作物增产，大量施用化肥和农药 B．食用水果、蔬菜水果补充维生素 C．重复使用某些塑料制品，减少“白色污染” D．炒菜时油锅着火，用锅盖盖灭 5．（3分）为及时发现燃气泄漏，常在燃气中加入少量有特殊气味的乙硫醇（C2H5SH），乙硫醇在煤气燃烧过程中也发生燃烧，其反应如下：2C2H5SH+9O24CO2+6H2O+2X，下列关于X的说法正确的是（）A．X由碳、硫、氧三种元素组成 B．X属于有机化合物 C．X中硫、氧元素的原子个数比为1：2 D．X中氧元素的质量分数为60% 6．（3分）木炭还原氧化铜和一氧化碳还原氧化铜的实验装置如图所示．
下列说法正确的是（） A．木炭、一氧化碳与氧化铜的反应都属于置换反应 B．两个实验的相关反应中，只有碳元素的化合价发生改变 C．两个实验中都可观察到红色固体变黑 D．两个实验的操作中都要防止液体倒吸 7．（3分）甲、乙、丙、丁均为初中化学常见的物质，它们之间的部分转化关系如图所示（部分反应物、生成物和反应条件已略去．“﹣”表示物质之间能发生化学反应，“→”表示物质之间的转化关系）．下列推论不正确的是（） A．若甲是碳酸钙，则乙转化成丙的反应可以是放热反应 B．若乙是常用的溶剂，则丁可以是单质碳 C．若甲是碳酸钠，乙是硫酸钠，则丁可以是氯化钡 D．若丙是二氧化碳，丁是熟石灰，则丁可以通过复分解反应转化为乙8．（3分）有一种纳米润滑添加剂，由铝粉、铜粉、氧化铝粉末中的一种或几种组成，取少量该添加剂，加入足量稀盐酸，有红色固体残留并产生大量气泡；另取少量该添加剂，加入定量的硝酸银溶液，充分反应后过滤，得到滤渣和蓝色滤液，关于以上实验，有下列几种说法： ①该添加剂中一定有铜，可能有铝和氧化铝 ②若向滤渣中加入足量稀盐酸，滤渣部分溶解，则该添加剂中一定有氧化铝 ③滤液中最多含有三种溶质
AE教学中英文对照 1.蜜蜂 Composition—new Composition新建合成 Composition—Back ground Color 背景颜色。 合成设置窗口下： Frame Rate 24 Start Time code , Duration Window—Motion Sketch运动草图 Start Capture 开始采集2.狗 Layer—New—Solid 新建固态层Effect—Simulation—Particle playground 仿真效果粒子运动
3.云 Layer—New—Solid 新建固态层Effect—Noise & Grain—Fractal Noise 杂波与颗粒紊乱杂波Fractal Type: Cloudy 碎片类型多云 Noise Type : Spline 杂波类型线条 Contrast 对比度Brightness亮度Transform: Uniform Scaling 变换锁定横纵比 Scale Height 高度缩放 Mask— Mask Feather 遮罩羽化 Effect—Color Correction—Tint 色彩校正色彩（浅色调）Map Black To 暗调Effect—Generate—Ramp 生成渐变 Start Color End Color 开始色结束色 Blend With Original 原图混合
Fractal Noise—Transform—Rotation 紊乱杂波变换旋转Layer—Pre-compose 层预合成Effect—Generate—Lens Flare 生成镜头光晕
中英文翻译机 随着人民生活水平的提高和我国出入境政策的进一步放宽，出境游对广大市民来讲已不陌生。然而语言不通带来的不便也日渐突出起来，有没有一种简单翻译方式让我们方便快捷的走去国门，去领略不同的风景？现在由中国第一家科技创新产品首发及网购平台易达商城推出的一款为出国人员量身定制智能翻译机---贴身译M866为我们解决了这个难题。贴身译M866是全球第一款专门针对出国人员使用的，大家都叫出国人员贴身小秘书，贴身翻译官，让你走遍全球都不怕。 贴身译M866智能英语翻译机让你随心所“译”，沟通无国界。涵盖了了世界上的主要语言。当你出国，和外国人交流，真人的TTS语音让你沟通及其顺畅，不用背单词，不用记发音，不用练口语，只要会说中文就可以“说”英文，老少皆宜。 外观评测 【2.8寸炫酷彩屏10mm超薄机身】 首先贴身译M866智能英语翻译机的外观也能征服出国人员，视觉高清的精细度，超乎你的想象，而且巧夺天工进行手写输入更快捷方便，简单，操作方便。仅仅10mm超薄机身，携带外出方便。白色的机身优雅高贵，干净清爽，尽显商务气息。
贴身译M866的机身设计精致小巧，118*75*10mm的外形，搭配2.8英寸大屏幕，霸气十足。闲暇之余可以随时拿出，方便使用。支持手写及键盘双重输入模式，可以任意选择。从输入
角度讲，操作还是很简洁的。与其简约的外形风格十分相称。 总体来说，这款贴身译M866智能翻译机的外壳材质厚重，造型小巧、便携。手写笔及人体工程学键盘设置方便了输入。2.8英寸的可以轻松的浏览信息、进行手写输入。给人的感觉就是兼顾了美观与使用，而且有一股很浓重的商务气息，“小秘书”一称倒也贴切。 【海量17国语言词典】 贴身译M866智能英语翻译机内置17国语言正版授权词典，有中、英、德、韩、马来西亚、俄、葡萄牙、日、越南、法、土耳其、西班牙、意大利、印尼、荷兰、并且支持中外双向翻译词典，如中英词典、英中词典、中俄词典、俄中词典等。词典的查找功能也很方便，可以浏览、跳查，能够进行多音字超找，具有三位智能翻译的功能，同时按下发音键便可发音。 【四大突破】
中英文在线翻译 The three flows of a supply chain 供应链的三种“流” Supply chain management (SCM) is concerned with the integration, coordination and control of the flow of material, information and finances in supply chains. 供应链管理（SCM）涉及到对供应链中材料流、信息流和资金流所进行的整合、协调和控制。SCM can be divided into three main flows: ?The product flow or materials flow includes moving goods from supplier to consumer as well as dealing with customer service needs. ?The information flow includes order information and delivery status. ?The financial flow includes payments schedules, credit terms and additional arrangements. SCM分为三个主要的流： ?产品流或材料流包括包括商品从供应商向客户的移动，也包括处理客户的服务需求。 ?信息流包括订单信息及交付状况。 ?金流包括付款时间安排表，赊账条款以及追加安排 ?The Bullwhip Effect“牛鞭效应” ?The bullwhip effect (or whiplash effect) is an observed phenomenon in forecast-driven distribution channels. It refers to a trend of larger and larger swings in inventory in response to changes in demand. The concept first appeared in Jay Forrester's Industrial Dynamics (1961) and thus it is also known as the Forrester effect. Since the oscillating demand upstream a supply chain is reminiscent of a cracking whip, it became known as the bullwhip effect. ?“牛鞭效应”或“鞭抽效应”是在预测驱动型流通渠道中的一种已观察到的现象。它是指在响应需求方面存货变得愈来愈大的摆动。这一概念首先由Jay Forrester在《工业动力学》中提出的，因些又称之为Forrester 效应。由于在供应链上游的需求震荡让人联想到脆响的鞭声，它就被称之为“牛鞭效应”。 ?Demand factors are the number one contribution fueling the bullwhip effect. These factors relate to consumer, retail, and wholesaler demand levels. When consumers demand more of a certain product, the retailers of the product demand more of it from their wholesalers, which causes an increase in demand from manufacturers as well. ?需求因素是推动牛鞭效应的头号成因。这些因素与消费量、零售量以及批发量相关联。当消费者需要某种产品的量增加时，该产品的零售商面向其批发商的需求量随之增加，相应地，生产厂家的需求量也会增加。 ?As the bullwhip effect occurs, which is usually due to unmanaged entities within supply chains misreading or miscalculating actual needed product levels, increased cost and dissatisfied customers become present. Ineffective communication, order batching, and recessions often lead to the bullwhip effect as well. ?牛鞭效应通常是由于供应链内管理不当的实体误读或者误算了实际所需求的产品量所致，随着牛鞭效应的发生，就会出现成本增加以及客户不满意的情况。效率低下的沟通、订单计量以及经济不景气也常常会导致牛鞭效应。 ?MTO vs MTS订货型生产vs备货型生产 ?Supply chains are often classified as push or pull systems.
迅捷PDF转换器还是非常方便的一款软件，基本上有关PDF文件的操作都可以通过它来完成。 打开[迅捷PDF转换器]，在“特色转换”的菜单栏里就可以找到“PDF翻译”的功能。 记得下方有个很小的菜单栏，选一下翻译的语种。 一切准备就绪，就可以直接点击“开始转换”，转换后的文件会默认保存在电脑桌面。
只不过迅捷PDF转换器只能免费转换2M以内的文件，超过2M就需要开通会员了。 转换后的效果：
转换后的排版格式完全是跟原文件一样的，原文件是什么样的排版，翻译后的PDF文件也是什么样的排版，所以上图并不是排版混乱； 然后它的翻译结果还是比较准确的，翻译完成后你还可以直接通过迅捷PDF转换器将翻译后的PDF文件转换成word，这样方便提取翻译文本了。 当然还有一种方法就是WPS的翻译。 通过WPS打开PDF文件后，在上方的菜单栏里就可以直接看到翻译的功能。
但是WPS免费用户不能指定全文的页码翻译，必须开通会员才可以自选页码，你点击翻译之后，得到的结果也是仅只有第一页的内容；它不会像[迅捷PDF转换器]显示所有页数的内容。 WPS翻译的排版也是跟[迅捷PDF转换器]差不多的，跟着原文件的排版格式走，翻译结果同样也还不错。 当然，如果大家不想下载软件的话，[迅捷PDF转换器]还有在线版的同样也可以对PDF文件进行翻译。
进入官网界面，往下拉一点，看到“特色功能”里有“PDF在线翻译”，然后将PDF文件上传至网页，然后在转换前修改自定义设置即可。 不过，迅捷PDF转换器的在线版可以把翻译后的PDF文件直接转换为word格式，也就是docx，这个版本能够兼容新旧版本的office，非常的方便！ 要注意的是：迅捷PDF转换器在线版同样也只支持免费转换2M以内的文件，且网站保存文件仅24小时，到期会自动删除。 以上就是将PDF英文文件翻译成中文的方法。
中英文在线翻译 2020.05.14 锦觅良识 1. Don’t fear failure, be afraid of not having the chance. 不要害怕失败，而应该害怕没有机会。 2. No sky too high, no sea too rough, no muff too tough. 没有触不可及的天，没有深不可测的海，没有难以跨越的坎。 3.In order to feel compelled to live a powerful and meaningful life, you must love you. 为了让生活有意义并充满能量，你必须爱自己。 4. I don’t care how minuscule the movement is, but make movement. 我不在乎行动有多渺小，但至少你是行动了的。 5. There is no passion to be found playing small in setting for a life, that’s less than the on you’re capable of living. 没有人喜欢碌碌无为，过着比自己所能创造的生活还要糟糕的日子。 6. When all the clouds darken up the skyway, there is a rainbow highway to be found. 当乌云密布，彩虹会为你铺就一条路。 7.Because tomorrow, the sun will rise. 因为明天，太阳总会升起。 8. You’ve got glitter in your veins. 你骨子里就是发光的。 9. You have to spin a good yarn before you can weave a great dream. 你得先备好针线，才能织出更美好的梦。 10.The world is a chessboard, on which we played game will never supposed to be fair. But still excite us with its numbers possibilities. So go play with what you have, change the game! 世界宛如一张棋盘，我们在此进行着永不平等的竞争，但仍存在种种让我们跃跃欲试的可能。所以，去倾你所有，尽你所能，打破眼前的僵局吧。
1.Tom and his friends 'Tom! Tom! Where are you?' No answer. 'Where is that boy? When I find him, I'm going to...' Aunt Polly looked under the bed. Then she opened the door and looked out into the garden. 'Tom!' She heard something behind her. A small boy ran past, but Aunt Polly put out her hand and stopped him. 'Ah, there you are! And what's that in your pocket?' 'Nothing, Aunt Polly.' 'Nothing! It's an apple! I can see it. Now listen, Tom. Those apples are not for you, and I -' 'Oh, Aunt Polly! Quick - look behind you!' So Aunt Polly looked, and Tom was out of the house in a second. She laughed quietly. 'I never learn. I love that Tom, my dead sister's child, but he isn't an easy boy for an old lady. Well, it's Saturday tomorrow and there's no school, but it isn't going to be a holiday for Tom. Oh no! He's going to work tomorrow!' *** Saturday was a beautiful day. It was summer and the sun was hot and there were flowers in all the gardens. It was a day for everybody to be happy. Tom came out of his house with a brush and a big pot of white paint in his hand. He looked at the fence; it was three metres high and thirty metres long. He put his brush in the paint and painted some of the fence. He did it again. Then he stopped and looked at the fence, put down his brush and sat down. There were hours of work in front of him and he was the unhappiest boy in the village.