第一节语法基本概念
一单词
句子都是由单词组成的。英语单词可根据词类或词性（Parts of Speech）分类如下：
名词Noun 代词Pronoun
动词Verb 形容词Adjective 数词Numeral 副词Adverb
实词Notional Word
冠词Article 介词Preposition 连词Conjunction 感叹词Interjection
虚词Form Word
二短语
具有一定意义但不构成从句或句子的一组词，叫做短语（Phrase）。短语的种类很多，除了名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语外，还有不定式短语（Gerundial Phrase）、分词短语（Participial Phrase）、介词短语（Prepositional Phrase）、独立短语（Absolute Phrase）等。
三句子
谓语动词是句子的必要成分之一。由于动词有5种不同的种类，故构成5种不同的基本剧情（Basic Patterns of Sentences）。
1.主语＋谓语动词（不及物动词）
Every minute counts. 分秒必争。
2.主语＋谓语动词（及物动词）＋宾语
You should look out for pickpockets. 你应当提防扒手。
3.主语＋系动词＋表语
Truth is the daughter of time. 时间见真理。
4.主语＋谓语动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
Please pass me the dictionary. 请把字典递给我。
5.主语＋谓语动词＋宾语＋宾语补语
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只用功不玩耍，聪明的孩子也变傻。
四句子成分
必须的成分：主语、谓语
可能有的成分：宾语、补语、修饰语（定语、状语、同位语）
1.主语
（1）主语（Subject）一般在句子开头，是句子的“陈述对象”，通常由名词、代词、不定式、动名词、相当于名词的词组或从句、引用充当。如：
The students all love their English teacher. 这些学生都喜欢他们的英语老师。
They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看太多电视对你的眼睛是有害的。
What we need is a good rest. 我们需要的是好好休息一下。
“I love you”is often heard on Valentine’s Day. 情人节时，经常听到有人说“我爱你”。
（2）形式主语与真实主语（Formal Subject and Real Subject）
主语是不定式短语、动名词短语或分句时，常会放在句尾，用it代替它原来的位置，这
个it称为形式主语，放在句尾的原主语为真实主语。如：
It is very hard to get to sleep. 入睡很难。（不定式短语为真实主语，it为形式主语）
It’s a pity that you can’t come. 你不能来真是件遗憾的事。（句子为真实主语，it为形式主
语）
2.宾语
宾语（Object）是行为动作的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以使名词、
代词、名词化的形容词、动名词、动词不定式、介词短语或句子。如：
I bought a ticket for Milan. 我买了一张去米兰的车票。
I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你谈话很高兴。
They decided to close the border. 他们决定封闭边境。
A rabbit ran out from under the table. 桌底下跑出来一只兔子。
We hoped that all would come well. 我们希望一切都会好转。
【专四真题】In “How much do you think he earns?” how much is _______ of the sentence.
A. the subject
B. the adverbial
C. the object
D. the complement
译文：在“How much do you think he earns?”一句中，how much在句子中充当什么成分？
分析：在这个句子中，do you think为插入语，在How much he earns中，he是主语，earns是谓语动词，引导词How much作earns的宾语。因此选C。
（1）直接宾语与间接宾语（Direct Object and Indirect Object）
英语中的授予动词（Dative Verb,有“给予”、“告知”、“拒绝”等类似意义的动词）要求
接双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语指所给予或告知的“事物”；间接宾语指接
受或被告知事物的“人”。间接宾语可置于直接宾语之后，但前面需加介词to或for。
Please show me your passport. 请把护照给我看一下。(me为间接宾语，your passport 为直
接宾语。)
The arrangement saved lots of time for us. 这个安排省了我们很多时间。（lots of time为直接
宾语，us为间接宾语。）
On the bus, he often gives his seat to an old person. 在公共汽车上，他经常把座位让给老人。
（his seat为直接宾语，an old person为间接宾语。）
（3）形式宾语与真实宾语（Formal Object and Real Object）
作宾语用的短语或从句之后接有宾语补语时，必须将用作宾语的短语或从句放在补语之后，用it代替它的原位置；这个it称谓形式宾语，放在补语之后的宾语为真实宾语。如：
I think it wrong to waste time. 我认为浪费时间是不对的。（不定式短语是真实宾语，it是
形式宾语，wrong是宾语补语。）
3.表语
位置上，表语（Predicative）总位于系动词之后，与系动词一起构成系动词的谓语；意义上，表语通常说明主语的身份、特征或状态。名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语或句子可充当表语。如：
They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。
What I want to say is this. 我想说的就是这个。
This is what I want to say. 这是我想说的。
Her father is sixty-five. 她父亲65岁。
The proof of the Pudding is in the eating. 布丁好不好，吃了才知道。
4.补语
补语（Complement）是起补充说明作用的成分，用以弥补主语或宾语意义的不足。补语可分为主语补语（Subject Complement）和宾语补语（Object Complement）,一般由名动名词、形容词、介副词、不定式、分词充当。如：
They considered that a downright lie. 他们认为那是彻头彻尾的谎言。（宾语that的补语）
I found everything in good condition.我看到一切都并然有序。(宾语everything的补语) That
man has never been seen to smile.从没见那个人笑过。(主语that man的补语) Foreigners are called Lao Wai.外国人被称为“老外”。(主语Foreigners 的补语) *注意:后跟名词作宾语补语的动词有call, name, think, make, choose 等，后跟形容词作宾语补语的谓语词有keep, find, get, think, make 等。动词不定式作宾语补语时，当谓语动词为感官动词（如
feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at等）、使役动词（如let, have, make等），动词不定式不带to。
5.定语
定语(Attribute)起修饰限定名词或代词的作用,单词用作定语时，一般置于所修饰的名词之前;
短语和从句用作定语时,一般置于所修饰的名词之后。可分为前置定语和后置定语。可用作定语的有名词、形容词、代词、数词、动名词、分词、不定式、介词短语、从句等。
His father is a doctor.他父亲是一名医生。
Mr. Green has two sons.格林先生有两个儿子。
The girl under the tree is Kate.在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。
The man downstairs couldn't sleep well.楼下的那个人不能睡好觉。
That's the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。
6.状语
状语(Adverbial)是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度和伴随状语等。如:
I often get up at5:30in the morning.我常常在早上5:30起床。
Pandas only live in China.熊猫仅生活在中国。
You should put the book where it was.你应该把这本书放回原来的地方。We'll go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday.这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。
It rained heavily, causing severe flooding.大雨滂沱,造成洪水泛滥。
7.同位语
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置,其中一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分时，前者就叫做后者的同位语(Appositive)。同位语一般紧跟在其所说明的名词之后。可以用作同位语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语和句子等。
His brother John is a famous musician.他的哥哥约翰是一个有名的音乐家。
Are you three all right?你们三个好了吗?
Their plan, going abroad, did not come true.他们出国的计划没有实現。
We heard the news that our team had won.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
Your last question, “Why didn't he speak to us?”can best be answered by you .你的最后一个问题--他为什么不和我们说话?--最好由你来回答。
【专四真题】All the following sentences have an appositive EXCEPT
A. Only one problem still remains--the food.
B. She bought herself a pair of new shoes.
C. My friends all understand and support me.
D. She liked her current job, teaching English.
译文:下面哪个句子没有同位语成分?
分析:A项破折号后面的the food补充说明主语only one problem,是非限制性同位语;C项中的代词all是my friends的同位语;D项逗号后的动名词teaching English补充说明her current job,是它的同位语。B项含有buy sb. sth. 的双宾语结构,herself是bought的间接宾语,a pair of shoes 是直接宾语，句中没有同位语。
五.句子类型
1.从句子结构来看，句子可分为：
(1)简单句(Simple Sentence):只有一个主语部分和一个谓语部分。如
Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.自信是迈向成功的第一步。(主语
Confidence in yourself,系动词is,表语the first step...)
(2) 并列句(Compound Sentence):包括两个或两个以上的简单句，中间常由连词连接，如:Fields
have eyes, and woods have ears.隔墙有耳。(and连接两个简单句)
(3) 复合句(Complex Sentence): 由主旬(Main/Principal Clause )和从句(Subordinate Cause)构成，内
含一个或一个以上的从句。其中，主句是能够独立存在并能表达一个完整意思的分句;而从句则是依附主句,在主句中充当一个句子成分的分句，一般由连词、关系代词或关系副词所引导。
从句在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、同位语等句子成分，主要的从句有:
主语从句(Subject Clause),如:What he needs is that book.他需要的是那本书。
表语从句(Predicative Clause),如：Fame and personal gain is what they're after.他们追求的是名利。
宾语从句(Object Clause)，如:Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate?
你们已经决定了提名谁当候选人吗?
定语从句(Attributive Clause)，如:This is the thing I want to say.这就是我要说的。
状语从旬(Adverbial Claus)，如:Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。
同位语从句(Appositive Clause)，如:Word came that he had been abroad.据说他已经出国了。
(4) 并列复合句(Compound Complex Sentence):由一个复合句和另一个简单句或复合句由并列连
词(可用分号代替and)连接而成的句子。如:
The policeman looked at me suspiciously, and he asked me what I wanted.警察狐疑地打量
着我，问我要干什么。(“简单旬+and+复合句";复合句中的从句what I wanted 为asked的直接宾语,me 为间接宾语)
2.从说话人说话的目的来看,句子可分为:
(1) 陈述句(Declarative Sentence)用来叙述事实或表达意见，句尾永远是句号。如：
I saw him just now.我刚才看见他了。(肯定)
History will not repeat itself.历史不会重演。(否定)
(2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)用来提出疑间，句尾永远是问号。如:
Did you see him just now?你刚才见到他了吗?
(3)祈使句(Imperative Sentence)用无to不定式作动词，表示请求，命令、允许等，句尾通常
是句号，但有时也用感叹号表示指令不可违抗。祈使句中的主语是you时,经常省略，也可将是you或其他说话对象说出来表区分，但谓语动词不可添加s。如:
Please come in.请进来。(表允许)
Don’t touch it.不要动它。(表命令)
Everybody stand up.每一个人请起立。(stand不可用stands)
Nobody move!不许动。(move不可用moves)
(4）感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)表示强烈感情或情绪的句子称为感叹句,句尾常用感叹号! 常用的结构有:what(a/an)+a. +n.(+主语+谓语+其他成分);how +a./ad.(+主语+谓语)。也可以用how dare/dared(+主语+谓语)表示说话人的愤怒。除此，口语中还可以用陈述句、祈使旬、疑问句表达感叹。如:
What a beautiful voice she has!=How beautiful a voice she has!她嗓子多好啊！
How smart she is!她多么聪明啊!
How dare you open my letters!你竟敢拆我的信!
配套练习：
1.In “what do you think will be discussed in the meeting next week?”, the italicized word is
Of the sentence.
A.the subject
B. the complement
C. an object
D. an attribute
2. Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object complement?
A. Have you got everything ready for your journey?
B.Don’t married young.
C.This fruit can be eaten raw.
D.Alone and broke, Hamas struggles to rule.
3.In the sentence “She walks out of the house, followed by a little boy”, the past participle is used as
A.an attribute
B. an adverbial
C. a complement.
D. a predicative
4.In the sentence “His ambition to become an astronaut deserve our support”, the italicized part is used as
B.an attribute B. an appositive
C. a complement
D. an adverbial
5.The following sentences have an indirect object EXCEPT
A.Our teacher tells us some stories.
B.Mr. Smith gave a watch to me.
C.My grandma told him the truth last night.
D.We consider him to be a good teacher.
6.All of the following sentences have an appositive EXCEPT
A.My wife herself has begun her own business.
B.This word, dyeing, is often misspelled.
C.Her book Color and Design was published last week.
D.Health, and not money, is what I want.
7.Which of the following infinitives(不定式)functions as an adverbial?
A.Her chief desire is to educate her child well.
B.He woke up to find everybody gone.
C.I have nothing to say on this question.
D.He asked me to talk about English study.
8. In the sentence “He has a wish to travel round the whole country”, the italicized part is
C.an attribute B. an adverbial C. a complement
D. an appositive
9. In “I saw a thief stealing something”, the italicized part is
A.A predicative
B. an attribute.
C. a complement
D. an adverbial
10. In the sentence “The basket full of some fruits belongs to the old woman”, the italicized part is
A. an appositive
B. an attribute
C. an adverbial
D. an object
11. Which of the following contains an adverbial of cause?
A.He failed to lift the rock in spite of all his exertions.
B.To draw the map properly, you need a special pen.
C.For all her wealth, she never wastes money on luxury goods.
D.With all this work to do, I don’t know whether I can go out.
12.Which of the following words can NOT be used to complete “the teacher came”?
A.Often
B. Nearly
C. Eventually
D. Almost
13.In the sentence “He did everything possible to help us”, the italicized word is used to modify
A.The subject
B. The predicate
C. The object
D. The infinitive phrase
14.In “How much do you think she drinks?” how much is of the sentence.
A.the subject
B. the object
C. the complement
D. the adverbial
15.Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?
A.What delightful weather we are having!
B.How empty and pedantic a thinker he is!
C.What shame to deceive the girl!
D.How sunny the weather is!
16.In “He will come to learn driving from you”, the infinitive indicates
A.cause
B. purpose
C. result
D. direction
17.In “We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families”, “for” is used to indicate
A.purpose
B. cause
C. direction
D. result
18.Which of the following sentences has a formal subject?
A.It was 5 o’clock when he come here.
B.It is no use trying it again.
C.It was yesterday that I met her.
D.I find it easy to get on with her.
19.In “She felt sick from tiredness”, the italicized word is used to indicate
https://www.doczj.com/doc/b45977399.html,parison
B. purpose
C. cause
D. direction
20.Which of the following sentences has an object complement?
A.I will buy you a present.
B. Mum gave me a necklace.
C. I’m going to paint it pink.
D. Tom is teaching children Japanese.
21. Which of the following italicized parts explains PURPOSE?
A. He is such an honest man that we all believe in him.
B. Please open the window so that we can breathe fresh air.
C. I returned home in a hurry, only to find my house broken into.
D. He had so little education that he was unfit for this job.
22. In the sentence “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”, the italicized phrase is?
A. an adverbial
B. a complement
C. the object
D. the subject
23. Which of the following italicized parts explains CAUSE?
A. The temperature varies from 30 degrees to minus 20.
B. I work hard so as to get promoted.
C. For all his efforts, he didn’t pass the exam.
D. I was frightened at the terrible sight.
24. The sentence that expresses COMPLAINT is
A. How did you find the new product?
B. Don’t you like playing badminton?
C. When will you go this weekend?
D. Couldn’t you be a little bit quiet?
25. In “Can you show me your photo？”, the italicized part is the of the sentence.
A. object complement
B. direct object
C. subject complement
D. indirect object
26. Which of the following prepositional phrases is used as attributive?
A. Just make yourself at home.
B. He arrived after me.
C. Hand me the book on the desk.
D. My busiest time is from nine to ten.
27. All the following sentences have a passive meaning EXCEPT
A. We must be prepared for the worst.
B. How did the window get broken.
C. A note was passed up to the speaker.
D. I won’t have my house turned into a hotel.
28. In the sentence “This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world”, the italicized word is
A. an object
B. an attribute
C. a predicative
D. a complement
29. Which of the following reflective pronouns functions as an appositive?
A. She prided herself on her cooking.
B. I haven’t been myself for weeks.
C. He travelled to London by himself.
D. She wanted to see Tom himself.
30. All of the following italicized parts are used as a subject EXCEPT
A. It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.
B. It is no good reading without full understanding.
C. We consider it our duty to obey the regulations.
D. It is important that we should guarantee the quality of the products.
31. The object in the sentence “She wishes to learn English from you” is
A. she
B. English
C. from you
D. to learn English from you 32．Which of the italicized parts functions as a subject? 12-57
A．We never doubt that her brother is honest．
B．The problem is not who will go but who will stay．
C．You must give it back to whoever it belongs to.
D．It is clear that the crime was done deliberately．
33．In the sentence "It's no use waiting for her", the italicized phrase is____. 10-61
A. the object
B. an adverbial
C. a complement
D. the subject
34. Which of in the following phrases indicates a subject-predicate relationship?
A. The arrival of the tourists
B. The law of Newton
C. The occupation of the island
D. The plays of Oscar Wilde
35. Which of the following reflexive pronouns used as an object? 14-60
A. I spoke to the president himself.
B. You must pull yourself together.
C. Linda herself will play the violin
D. Frank is not quite himself today.
36. In "How much do you think he earns?",“how much” is ______ of the sentence. 09-64
A. the subject
B. the adverbial
C. the object
D. the complement
37. In the sentence "The manager interviewed Jim himself in the morning", the italicized word is used to modify _____. 11-62
A. the object
B. the verb
C. the subject
D. the prepositional phrase
38. Which of the following italicized parts indicates a predicate-object relationship?
A. He was reading Mary’s Letter in the room.
B. You can buy men’s shoes in this shop.
C. Mrs. Blake’s passport was lost.
D. The enemy’s defeat brought the war to an end.
39. Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object complement? 14-53
A. The front door remained locked.
B. The boy looked disappointed.
C. Nancy appeared worried.
D. He seemed to have no money left.
40. Which of the following reflexive pronouns (反身代词) is used as an appositive（同位语）.
A. He promised himself rapid progress
B. The manager herself will interview Mary.
C. I have nothing to say for myself.
D. They quarreled themselves red in face.
41. Which of the following italicized parts is a subject clause (主语从句)? 11-60
A. We are quite certain that we will get there in time.
B. He has to face the fact that there will be no pay rise this year.
C. She said that she had seen the man earlier that morning.
D. It is sheer luck t hat the miners are still alive after ten days.
42.Which of the following italicized parts modifies an adverb? 14—62
A. Do it right now.
B. That was a very funny film.
C. I rather like my teacher.
D. We walked about 6 miles.
43. Which of the following prepositional phrases can function as an adverbial? 12-62
A．Are you sure of Simon's disappearance?
B．The man with a beard is talking to the manager.
C．Every precaution was taken against the failure of the plan
D．Despite the rain, everyone enjoyed the trip．
44.Which of the following contains an adverbial clause of cause? 12-61
A．I got a job as soon as I left university．
B．As there was no answer, I wrote again．
C．You must do the exercises as I show you．
D．Wealthy as he is，Mark is not a happy man．
45.Which of the following is a compound word (复合词)? ______. 13-53
A. Nonsmoker.
B. Deadline.
C. Meanness.
D. Misfit.
46.The following are all dynamic verbs(动态动词) EXCEPT ______. 13-65
A. remain.
B. turn.
C. write.
D. knock.
47. Which of the following is NOT an imperative sentence? ______. 13—62
A. Let me drive you home, shall I?
B. You will mind your own business!
C. Come and have dinner with us.
D. I wish you could stay behind.
48.Which of the following CANNOT be used as a nominal substitute? ______ 13-57
A. Much
B. Neither
C. One
D. Quarter.
49. Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object?
A. What do you think has happened to her?
B. Who do you think the visiting professor is?
C. How much do you think he earns every month?
D. How quickly would you say he would come?
50. We consider ______he should have left without telling anyone beforehand
A. strange why
B. is strange what
C. it strange that
D. that strange
51. Which of the following sentences has an object complement?
A. The directors appointed John manager.
B. I gave Mary a Christmas present.
C. You have done Peter a favour.
D. She is teaching children English.
52. Even as a girl ,______to be her life, and theater audiences were to be her best teachers.
A. performing by Melissa were
B. it was known that Melissa's performances were
C. knowing that Melissa's performances were
D. Melissa knew that performing was
53. Which of the following sentences is a COMMAND?
A. Beg your pardon.
B. Have a good time.
C. Never do that again!
D. What noise you are making!
54. The sentence that expresses OFFER is
A. I’ll get some drinks. What’ll you have?
B. Dose she need to book a ticket now?
C. May I know your name?
D. Can I return the book next week?
55. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?
A. How strange feelings they are!
B. How dare you speak to me like that!
C. What noise they are making!
D. What a mess we are in!
语法考点之一：虚拟语气 考点1. If从句中的虚拟语气 1、与过去事实相反：从句sb had done，主句sb would(should, could, might)+ have done； 2、省略if，从句的语序用到装，即将were, had或should移至主语的前面，但否定词not不前移。 3、与将来事实相反：从句sb did (should+do或were+to do)，主句sb would (should, could, might)+do。 4、错综条件句：主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段。 比如：从句对过去虚拟，而主句对现在虚拟，即从句sb had done，主句sb would(should, could, might)+do； 考点2：表示建议、要求、命令等动词如insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, ask, require, request, demand引导的从句及it引导的相应的分词、名词和形容词从句，谓语用（should)+动词原形。 考点3：It is +advisable, essential, important, imperative, incredible等从句，谓语用（should）+动词原形。考点4：it is (high/about) time that的结构中，从句使用一般过去式。例如: 考点5：much as"尽管，虽然"引导让步状语从句，从句中用would have done表示假设。 考点6：if only, wish, as if/as though引导从句， 与过去事实相反：had + done； 与现在事实相反：动词过去式； 与将来事实相反：could/would + do 考点7：would rather/sooner从句中 使用一般过去式或过去完成式 分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟 考点8：lest / for fear that+(should ) +原形动词。 语法考点之二：情态动词 *情态动词: will（愿意）, shall（将）, must（必须）, can, may, would, should (应该), might, could, ought to, used to（过去常常）, need（需要）, dare（竟敢），have to（不得不） 考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容： （1）情态动词+行为动词完成式（表示推测） （2）某些情态动词的特殊用法 考点1. 情态动词＋have＋过去分词结构表示推测 (1) must have done表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。否定形式为：can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。 (2) could have done表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。 (3) may / might have done 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了. (4) ought to / should have done 和ought not to / shouldn’t have done用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…” (5) needn’t have done 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要…”。 *did not need to do 动作并没发生。
2011年 My uncle is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is no longer the man _____ he was fifteen years ago. (D) A. which B. whom C. who D. that Which of the following sentences is a COMMAND (C) A. Beg your pardon. B. Have a good time. C. Never do that again! D. What noise you are making! Which of the following italicized phrases indicates pu rpose (A) A. She said it for fun, but others took her seriousl y. B. For all its effort, the team didn't win the matc h. C. Linda has worked for the firm for twenty years. D. He set out for Beijing yesterday. When you have finished with the book, don’t forget to return it to Tim, ___(B) A. do you B. will you C. don't you D. won't you In phrases like freezing cold, burning hot, or soakin g wet, the -ING participleis used _____. (D) A. as a command B. as a condition C. for concession D. for emphasis Which of the following italicized phrases is INCORRECT (B) A. The city is now ten times its original size. B. I wish I had two times his strength.
英语专四语法重点总结(适合短时间提高) 英语专四语法重点总结(适合短时间提高) 一代数名词数词 1 在使用两个以上的人称代词时顺序是:第二人称第三人称第一人 称 2 everyone后面不可以跟of短语 every one 就可以 3 以‘名词/动名词+介词（短语）/形容词/副词/动词不定式’构成的复合名词， 它的复数形式是将作为主要部分的名词或动名词变为复 数直接来源于短语或以可数名词结尾的复合名词的复数形式是将最后一个构词部分变为复数以‘man 或者woman+名词’构成的复合名词的复数形式是 将两个组成部分全变成复数以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式如：homework 4 物质名词一般不可数，但用于表示‘各种不同品种’时几乎都可做可数名词如：different teas 当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示‘某一种’或‘某一方面’的抽象概念时其前可加a/an 6 名词所有格要点：必须用’s的场合 1）’s属格用于表示时间，度量衡，价值的名词之后 2）作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词加’s 3）人或物为两人共有，在第二个名词后加’s 4）当所有格后面的名词是人们熟悉的建筑物如商店，住家，教堂，医院等，此名词常省略 5）复合名词在最后一个词后加’s 6）当被修饰的名词后有同位语时，必须用’s 7 当用来表示类别或属性时，要用’s children’s shoes 儿童鞋，必须用of的场合 1）名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时 2）以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时 如果dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million前有基数词以表示确切数目时，都不能用复数形式如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时，须用复数，而且后面加of 8 表示顺序的两种方式： 1）‘名词+基数词’，不用冠词，如Chapter four
非谓语动词的其他考点 1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法 mean to do想要(做某事) mean doing意味(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事) propose doing建议(做某事) forget to do忘记(要做的事) forget doing忘记(已做的事) remember to do记得(要做某事) remember doing记得(做过) go on to do继而(做另一件事) go on doing继续(做原来的事) stop to do停下来去做另一件事stop doing停止正在做的事 regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔 2.不定式的习惯用法 句型：cannot help but do cannot but do cannot choose but do can do nothing but do have no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如： Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction. When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. 3.动名词的习惯用法 句型：be busy/active doing sth. have diffi culty/trouble/problem doing sth. It’s no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth. I know it isn’t important but I can’t help thinking about it. There is no use crying over spilt milk.
试题答案与解析（一） 1. C) 【句意】虽然只懂一点西班牙语，但他还是参加了这个课程的学习。 【难点】know是静态动词，不能用于进行时；选knows从句中又缺少主语。knowledge作“知识”讲时是不可数名词，但作“了解”讲时，前面可加“a”，常用于词组have a knowledge of中，所以选C)。 2. B) 【句意】你本应该给詹姆斯写信，然而，你没写。 【难点】ought to have written是虚拟语气，与本句句意相符。 3. B) 【句意】约瑟夫幸运地逃了性命；他险些没从房间里逃出来。 【难点】to have escaped 是不定式的完成式，表示过去的某一动作业已完成。 4. A) 【句意】黄油面包受西方人青睐。 【难点】bread and butter 是西方人吃的一种食品，虽然有三个字，表达 的却是一个东西，并且是不可数名词，作单数。 5. A) 【句意】我家的后花园有一片草坪，夏天坐在上面会令你心旷神怡。 【难点】which引出非限制性定语从句，在句中作主语，且和sit on 构成动宾关系。类似的句子有：This room is comfortable to live in 这句中live in 和this room构成动宾关系。 6. C) 【句意】他独自一人开始经商，并且做得很成功。 【难点】on one’s own 是个常用的介词词组，意为“独自”；of one’s own 表示“某人自己的(东西)”，如：I have a flat of my own.我自己有套房子。 7. C) 【句意】约翰的考试分数全班最高；他昨天晚上一定学习了。 【难点】表示对过去某一动作行为的猜测须要用must have done这一句型结构。 8. B) 【句意】弗兰克几乎从未受过任何教育，是不是? 【难点】这是一句含有否定副词never的一般过去时的句子，由于主句为否 定形式，所以反意问句用肯定形式。 9. C) 【句意】即使他的信明天到也无济于事了。 【难点】在条件句中表示现在将来的时间，需要用一般现在时，主句中使用将来时。 10. C) 【句意】我们在房间的后面也能听得很清楚。 【难点】as well意为“(程度)同样地好”，是副词短语修饰动词hear；just 表示程度，意为“刚好”。 11. A) 【句意】为获得一个满意的结果，你必须在一个干净的表面上涂两层油漆。 【难点】coat意为“覆盖物，层”;level意为“(建筑物)楼层”;times意 为“次，回”;courses意为“(一层)砖面；一排”。 12. C) 【句意】这个小山村被大雪封住达一个多月。
1994-20XX年专四语法真题集 By Wang Ying & Chu Xiuwei SFL, SWU 一、1994-20XX年专四语法真题集：已分类 I.独立主格结构 1. Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat ______ by far the biggest cereal crop. a. is b. been c. be d. being TEM-4 2003 2. Time ______, the celebration will be held as scheduled. a. permit b. permitting c. permitted d. permits TEM-4 2003 3. There ____nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. a. to be b. to have been c. being d. be 2000 4. _____no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom. a. There was b. Since c. Being d. There being 1996 5. The country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars ______the most important of these. a. have been b. are c. being d. are being 1994 II. 定语从句 1. Above the trees are the hills, _______ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. a. where b. of whose c. whose d. which 2003 2. They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, _____is something we had not expected. a. which b. it c. that d. what 2003 3. He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man_______ he was twenty years ago. a. which b. that c. who d. whom 2003 4. The experiment requires more money than _______. a. have been put in b. being put in c. has been put in d. to be put in 2002 5. We’ve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, ______should make great differences in our life next summer. a. which b. what c. that d. they 2002 6. Have you ever been in a situation _____you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?
限定词（determiner ） 主要术语 限定词与三类名词（单数，复数，不可数）的搭配关系 只能与其中一类名词搭配的限定词 只能与单数搭配的限定词 a/an, one ,another, each/every, either/neither, many a /such a 等。 It should be compulsory reading for every adult. Neither accusation is true.(两项指控都不能成立) 只能与复数搭配的限定词 Both, two/three, another two/ three , many, (a) few, several, these/those, a (great) number of 等。E.g. In another two weeks, it will be finished. 只能与不可数搭配的限定词 a (little) bit of, a large amount of, a great deal of , (a) little, much, less, (the) least 等。 There is little doubt that he and his accomplices are guilty. The Square was the scene of much fighting in last year's revolution. I can speak a bit of French and understand more.（理解比口语好一些） 能与其中二类名词搭配的限定词 能与单、复数搭配的限定词 the first/second/last/next 等。 My first reaction was to hit him, but he was old, and my second was to resign. The next thing he heard was an insistent knocking on the door of his room. The last three shipments of grain for West Africa haven't yet arrived.(运往西非的三船谷物尚未达到) 能与单数、不可数搭配的限定词 this/that 等。My family have lived in that village for many generations. Whoever had come up with this idea deserved a medal. I hope to enjoy that feeling again before long. 能与复数、不可数搭配的限定词 A lot of/lots of/plenty of, enough, more/most, such, other 等。 Like all such stories, that is largely a myth.(像所有这类故事一样，那个故事在很大程度上也是虚构的) Such optimism had become strangely out of place.(此种乐观态度已变得非常不合时宜) 能与三类名词搭配的限定词 能与三类名词搭配的限定词 the, some /any, no/the other, whose, 物主限定词,名词属格等。 No student is to leave the classroom. No words can express my grief. Whose side are you on? He is a writer whose humor is not without substance(他的幽默很有实质意义). specific reference 特指 definite/indefinite/zero article 定/不定/零冠词 indefinite determiner 不定限定词 generic reference 类指/泛指 possessive determiner 物主限定词 cardinal numeral 基数词 definite quantity 确定数量 genitive noun 名词属格 ordinal numeral 序数词 indefinite quantity 非确定数量 demonstrative determiner 指示限定词(this, that, these, those, such) multiplicative numeral 倍数词 fractional numeral 分数词 referential meaning 所指意义 relative determiner 关系限定词(whose, which) quantifier 量词(a lot of/plenty of, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount/quantity of, a great/good number of) interrogative determiner 疑问限定词(what, which, whose)
英语专业四级语法词汇练习题（6） 所属：专四专八阅读：1021 次评论：7 条 [我要评论] [+我要收藏] 有关否定 1)双重否定最常见的形式有： no(not)...but...没有……不…… no(not)...without...没有……不，除……不 no(not)...unless没有……就不…… not...until直到……才…… 例如：There is no one but knows it.没有一个人不知道此事。 2)can not与副词too,enough, sufficiently, over,too much等词连用时，意为“无论怎样也不过分”，“越…越”。例如： You cannot be too careful.你越仔细越好。 We cannot praise him too much.我们无论怎样赞扬他也不过分。 近义词辨析 break, crack, crush, shatter,break, smash 这组词均含有“打破”或“挤碎”的意思。 break 是这组词中最常用的，指使某件东西破碎。 If you break that vase, you’ll have to pay for it.如果打破了那只花瓶，你就得赔偿。 crack 指打裂某物，但不一定打碎，因而通常不会成为碎片。 You may crack these nuts with a hammer.你可以用锤子把这些坚果敲开。 crush 强调挤压或踩的动作，毁坏程度取决于被压物的组织结构，或变形，或成小块，或可恢复原状。 To make wine, you first crush the grapes.若要造酒，需先将葡萄压碎。 shatter 打破某物，力大到使碎片飞出很远，常指整件东西完全被毁。 The explosion shattered most of the windows in the building.爆炸震碎了那座大楼的大部分窗玻璃。 smash 突出暴力，击打时动作较猛，被击打的东西往往完全报废。 He smashed the window with a brick.他用砖块击碎窗玻璃。
情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。情态动词无人称和数的变化；不能单独使用，必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语。 一、can, could 1) 表示能力（体力、知识、技能）。 Can you lift this heavy box?（体力） Mary can speak three languages.（知识） Can you skate?（技能） 此时可用be able to代替。Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式；而be able to则有更多的时态。 I’ll not be able to come this afternoon. 2) 表示请求和允许。 -----Can I go now? ----- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t. 此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could,might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。 ----Could I come to see you tomorrow? ---- Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. ) 3) 表示客观可能性（客观原因形成的能力）。 They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead. This hall can hold 500 people at least. 4) 表示推测（惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度），用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。 Can this be true? This can’t be done by him. How can this be true? 二、may, might 1) 表示请求和允许。might比may语气更委婉，而不是过去式。否定回答时可用can’t或mustn’t，表示“不可以，禁止”。 ----Might/ May I smoke in this room? ---- No, you mustn’t. ---- May/Might I take this book out of the room? ---- Yes, you can. (No, you can’t / mustn’t. ) 用May I...？征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气，而用Can I...？在口语中更常见。 2）用于祈使句，表示祝愿。 May you succeed! 3) 表示推测、可能性（不用于疑问句）。 might不是过去式，它所表示的可能性比may小。 1．He may /might be very busy now. 2．Your mother may /might not know the truth. 三、must, have to 1) 表示必须、必要。 You must come in time. 在回答引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不能用mustn’t（禁止，不准），而用needn’
新版专四语法总结 专四必备语法 一、时态、语态 时态、语态需要掌握的要点： １。表达将来时的形式： （１)在时间、条件、让步从句中,一般现在时代替将来时,但要注意区别从句的类型,如： I’ll ｔｅll ｈim ｗｈeｎ you will ring agaiｎ．我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。（宾语从句） 比较：I’ｌl telｌhim when you riｎg aｇａiｎ.你再打电话时我告诉他.（状语从句） (2)在makｅ sure, mａｋe certaｉn, see (to it) 后的tha ｔ从句中,谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时,如: Ｓｅe to ｉt tｈat ｙoｕincluｄｅ iｎ the paper ｗha ｔever questioｎｓ thｅy ｄiｄn't know tｈe ａｎｓwｅr to ｌa ｓt ｔimｅ。 （ｉｎclude 不能用wiｌl incｌｕｄe或其他形式) 2.完成时是时态测试的重点,注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语： （1）ｂy/beｔween/up tｏ/ｔill +过去时间、since、by th ｅ time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如:We ｈad juｓｔhaｄ our breakfast wｈｅｎaｎ old man ｃａme to thｅ dｏoｒ。......感谢聆听 Between 18９7 aｎd 19１9 at ｌeast ２9 moｔｉon ｐiｃt ｕres iｎ whｉｃh ａrtificial beings were portrayed hａd been produceｄ. (表示1919年时已发生的情况) (2)by +将来时间、by ｔhｅtime/ wheｎ＋谓语动词是一般现在时的从句,主句用将来完成时。如: Bｙ tｈe ｔime you ａrriｖe ｉn Londｏn, we wｉll hａｖe stａyed ｉｎＥｕroｐe fｏr ｔwo weeks。 I hope her hｅaltｈwill ｈaｖe ｉｍprｏved gｒeaｔｌy by the time we cｏme ｂack next yeａr。 (3）bｙ now、sinｃe +过去时间、in/ｄuｒinｇ/ｆoｒ/oveｒ/ｔhe ｐasｔ/lasｔfeｗ（或具体数字）yeａrs/days／ｍonths，主句用现在完成时, 但在it ｉs ＋具体时间sincｅ/befoｒe这一句型中,主句更多的时候不用完成时。如:......感谢聆听
专四词汇语法练习（1） 练习（1） 1. There was a large crowd of demonstrators ____ against the war. A) protecting A) refuse 3. The coat I bought yesterday is not expensive at all. As a matter of A) run up 5. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion, for we need to
6. This desig 8. She shouldn’t have stood in a queue; she ____ her underground A) has got 10. The workers agreed to ____ the strike if the company would 12. Today many kinds of electrical ____ are available, which has A) add
14. ____ for your help, I’d never have been able to achieve such a 15. With all its advantages, the computer is by no means without A) boundaries B) limitations C) 18. Although this area is very poor just now, its ____ wealth is 19. He ran quickly to the classroom, two books ____ under his 20. We must try our best to lower the cost of our products.
自考现代英语语法C h a p t e r4限定词和 属格要点及翻译
Chapter 4限定词和属格 Chapter 4限定词和属格 (2) 4限定词和属格.................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。 4.0引言 (2) 4.1.2限定词的同现 (4) 4.1.3限定词的用法 (4) 4.1.4冠词 (6) 4.2属格 (9) 4.2.1属格的形式 (9) 4.2.2属格与of词组 (10) 4.2.3集体属格 (10) 4.2.4地点属格 (11) 4.0引言 一个典型的名词词组的完整结构可以用教材的图4.1来分析。 在名词词组中，修饰语对中心词进行描述或者分类，而限定词和属格则在限定性、数量、所属等方面上进行了明确，二者有着同等的句法地位，都是名词词组的主要成分。 限定词介绍名词词组。大多数常见的限定词都是冠词（定冠词和不定冠词），名词所有格，指示代词，以及数词，等等。一些限定词也许会以特定的形式同时出现在一个名词词组中。限定词只出现在名词词组中，不会出现在其他任何类型的词组中。 's被定义为名词词组的属格。物主限定词都是曲折了's的属格形式，这里's应该要从更广泛的意义上来理解，而不仅仅是传统意义的所有格。 属格与of词组，或者双重属格都是用于区分事物，指示所属的。他们对名词词组的指示对象或功能进行分类。
我们首先会在4.1中解释限定词的用法和功能，然后在4.2中探讨属格。 4.1限定词 什么是限定词？限定词就是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示数量等限定作用的词类。从功能上主要可分为两种，类指和特指限定词和数量限定词，它们都可以用作不定指和定指；限定词还可以根据出现的位置分为前位限定词，中位限定词和后位限定词。以前的语法不承认限定词，许多这方面的词都划分成形容词，但是限定词和形容词在许多方面不同； ⑴当限定词和形容词同时出现在名词词组中，通常的顺序是限定词在前，形容词在后。 ⑵限定词的选择受名词中心词类别的严格限制，而形容词的选择虽也受词汇意义的限制，但没有语法意义上的限制。 ⑶限定词对名词中心词表示确认或定量，而形容词作为前置修饰语则表示特征。 ⑷限定词通常只能前置，而形容词作为名词修饰语时，既可前置又可后置。 ⑸形容词有比较形式，如直接在形容词后加屈折词缀，或直接在词前加more而限定词没有。 4.1.1限定词的功能 限定词在名词词组中，主要起特指、类指或不定指数量的限定作用，都具有定指和不定指的意义。 一些限定词可根据上下文来决定，是表示类指、特指或数量。
English英语专八专四学习复习资料 英语专四语法重点汇总 版权所有，违者必究，未经协议授权,禁止下载使用。 注：如恶意泄漏该资料，或通过该资料作为任何盈利的手段，作者有权追究其法律责任。 本资料为过来人的考试经验所整理，也需结合其他复习书籍一起备考哦 这份资料集结历年专四的考试重点，按考试经验已经过筛选 一、非谓语动词的主要考点 1. 有些典型动词后面可以接上不定式或动名词来做宾语的，但是在意思上是有区别的，主要常考到的动词罗列如下： mean to do想要（做某事）VS mean doing意味（做某事）propose to do 打算（做某事）VS propose doing建议（做某事）forget to do忘记（要做的事）VS forget doing忘记（已做的事）remember to do记得（要做某事）VS remember doing记得（做过）go on to do继而（做另一件事）VS go on doing继续（做原来的事）stop to do停下来去做另一件事VS stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do（对将要做的事）遗憾VS regret doing（对已做过的事）后悔 2. 不定式的习惯用法 典型句型整理如下： 如：“cannot help but do”——“不得不做某事” 如：“cannot but do”——“不禁做某事” 如：“cannot choose but do”——“不由自主地做某事” 如：“can do nothing but do”——“不能不做某事”
如：“have no choice but to do”——“只能做某事” 如：“have no alternative but to do”——“只能做某事” 例句：The boy cannot help but be greatly influenced by the useful instruction given by his family tutor. When I start my job career, I cannot choose but look back upon the beautiful days I spent on campus. 3. 动名词的习惯用法 典型动名词的习惯句型整理罗列如下： 如：be busy/active doing sth. 如：It’s no good/use doing sth. 如：spend/waste time doing sth. 如：have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. 如：have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. 如：There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. 例句： There is no use crying over spilt milk.（典型例句） 牛奶洒了，哭也没用；后悔是没有用的；覆水难受 I really have problem solving these mathematic questions since I am not major in science after all.
2016年英语专业四级考试词汇语法真题 参考答案与解析 11. How can I concentrate if you _________ continually ______ me with silly questions? A. have… interrupted B. are… interrupted C. had… interrupting D. were… interrupting 选A。虽然我觉得更应该说you are continually interrupting me with silly questions。不过这里用现在完成时表示的是一个动作发生过成为过去经历，有可能多次发生，也就是打断一次、两次、三次等等不断重复到现在。 12. Among the four sentences below, Sentence ___ expresses the highest degree of possibility? A. It may take a long time to find a solution to the problem. B. It might take a long time to find a solution to the problem. C. It could take a long time to find a solution to the problem. D. It should take a long time to find a solution to the problem. 选D。四个里把握度最高的是should，其次是may，最后是
英语专八专四学习复习资料English 英语专四语法重点汇 总 ,禁止下载使用。版权所有，违者必究，未经协议授权注：如恶意泄漏该资料，或通过该资料作为任何盈利的手段，作者有权追究其法律责任。 本资料为过来人的考试经验所整理，也需结合其他复习书籍一起备考哦 这份资料集结历年专四的考试重点，按考试经验已经过筛选 一、非谓语动词的主要考点 1. 有些典型动词后面可以接上不定式或动名词来做宾语的，但是在意思上是有区别的，主要常考到的动词罗列如下： mean to do想要（做某事）VS mean doing意味（做某事）propose to do 打算（做某事）VS propose doing建议（做某事）forget to do忘记（要做的事）VS forget doing忘记（已做的事）remember to do记得（要做某事）VS remember doing记得（做过）go on to do继而（做另一件事）VS go on doing继续（做原来的事）stop to do停下来去做另一件事VS stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do（对将要做的事）遗憾VS regret doing（对已做过的事）后悔 2. 不定式的习惯用法 典型句型整理如下： 如：“cannot help but do”——“不得不做某事” 如：“cannot but do”——“不禁做某事” 如：“cannot choose but do”——“不由自主地做某事”
“不能不做某事””——can do nothing but do“如： 如：“have no choice but to do”——“只能做某事” 如：“have no alternative but to do”——“只能做某事” 例句：The boy cannot help but be greatly influenced by the useful instruction given by his family tutor. When I start my job career, I cannot choose but look back upon the beautiful days I spent on campus. 3. 动名词的习惯用法 典型动名词的习惯句型整理罗列如下： 如：be busy/active doing sth. 如：It's no good/use doing sth. 如：spend/waste time doing sth. 如：have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. 如：have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. 如：There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. 例句： There is no use crying over spilt milk.（典型例句） 牛奶洒了，哭也没用；后悔是没有用的；覆水难受 I really have problem solving these mathematic questions