第 1 页 共 4 页二O 一一年招收硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目及代码： 写作与翻译848 适用专业： 外国语言学及应用语言学 答题内容写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上一律无效。考完后试题随答题纸交回。考试时间3小时，总分值 150 分。考试试题共两页。姓名
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写题Part One Translation 50% (75points)
I. Translate the following into Chinese. (35points)1)Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。2)I wish I could speak Chinese. The language is so expressive and so compact that I could speak more succinctly, but unfortunately I am not cultured enough.要是我能讲中国话就好了。中国话这种语言十分简洁，又富有表达力。要是用中国话讲，我就可以讲得更简练了。可惜，我的文化素养还不够。3)The man who founded modern science had two merits which are not necessarily found together: immense patience in observation, and great boldness in framing hypothesis.近代科学之缔造者，率有两大美德，一为观察事物，具有极大耐心；二曰提出假设，又极为大胆。然学者之中，有其一未必有其二。4)Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm. They prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others. They pride themselves in their independence, their right to make up their own minds. They are prepared to take initiative, even when there is a risk in doing so. They have courage and do not give in easily. They will take any sort of job anywhere rather than be unemployed. They do not care to be looked after by the government. The average American changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her working life. 大多数美国人精力充沛，热情高涨。他们宁愿自律，而不愿受制于人。他们为能独立行事、为有权做出自己的决定而感到自豪。他们做事主动，即便这样做要冒风险，也在所不惜。他们愿意到任何地方干任何工作，也不愿意失业。他们不想得到政府的照顾。普通美国人一生中换九到十次工作。5)Proficiency in anything requires a great deal of determination and self-discipline. In addition, a person’s ability to cope with frustration is also an important factor in one’s life career. Repeated failures at making experiments may be too much for many talented would-be scientists. The determination to continue, with the realization that everything worthwhile takes a great deal of patience, is an essential
requirement. These factors, together with inherent dedication, will bring about the realization of one’s aspirations.
要精通任何事情都需要极大的决心和自律精神。此外，一个人应付挫折的能力
实用英文写作与翻译2-1作业及参考答案 第一次作业： Americans Eat Out More often and Less Healthfully Although food cooked at home is far more healthful than meals eaten at restaurants, Americans are dining out more than ever, the U.S. Agriculture Department said Tuesday. Restaurant food accounted for（[在数量，比例方面] 占） 39 percent of U.S. meals bought in 1996, up from 26 percent in 1970, the department said in a report, ``Away-From-Home Foods Increasingly Important to Quality of American Diet.'' ``While（尽管）the nutritional quality（营养质量）of foods consumed by Americans has improved overall, foods prepared at home are generally much more healthful than away-from-home foods,'' the department said. ``Despite nutritional gains at home, Americans will find it difficult to improve their diets because they purchase so many meals outside the home,'' the study said. While （尽管）the nutritional content of food prepared both at home and in restaurants has improved in recent years, food eaten out contains more of the nutrients Americans typically（一般地；通常）eat too much of, including fat and saturated fat（饱和脂肪）, and less of what is lacking from most diets, such as calcium, fiber and iron. The department recommended nutrition education programs should place more emphasis on teaching U.S. consumers about how to order healthful meals when dining out. Improved diets have been found to prevent risk of heart disease, stroke（中风）, cancer, diabetes（糖尿病）, osteoporosis-related hip fractures（与骨质疏松症有关的髋关节骨折） and neural tube birth defects（神经管先天缺损）. Osteoporosis-related hip fractures cost up to $10.6 billion each year in the United States in medical care expenses, missed work and premature deaths（早亡）, the department said. 参考译文：美国人外出用餐频繁而饮食健康水准美况愈下 据美国农业部星期二称尽管在家煮烧的食物远比餐馆里所用之餐有益于健康，美国人外出用餐更频繁。餐馆里的食物占1996年美国人购餐的39%，比1970年增长了26%。该部门在报告中称：“外出所用之餐对于美国人饮食质量日益重要”。该部门还称：“虽然美国人消费的食物的营养质量总体改善了。但是，一般来说，家里所备的食物远比外出用餐的食物有益于健康。”研究表明：“尽管在家里用餐能获取养份，美国人发觉他们难以改善自己的饮食，因为他们多次在外购餐。”近年来在家里和餐馆里所备的食物的营养结构都得到了改善，然而，外出用餐的食物包含了较多典型的美国人汲取过多的养份，包括脂肪和饱和脂肪，也包含了较少多数饮食中所缺少的，如钙，纤维和铁。该农业部提议营养教育计划应更着重于教导美国消费者外出用餐时如何预定有益于健康的一餐。人们发现改善后的饮食结构能预防心脏病，中风，癌症，糖尿病，与骨盆炎相关的髋部骨折以及试管婴儿的神经缺陷所带来的危险。该部门称，在美国与骨盆炎相关的髋部骨折每年在医疗照料费用，医疗失误和早产死亡之上的耗费高达106亿美元。 第二次作业 1、Kill one’s appetite ?Kill time ?Kill the peace ?Kill the mood ?Kill the proposal ?Kill the engine ?Kill the child with kindness 2、If the doctor had been available, the child would not have died. 3、This ticket is available in all parks. 4、I’ll have Mr. Perkin call you back as soon as he is available.
1．Whatever the explanation, the idea of a work-life balance is a staple of European discourse, studied in think tanks, mulled over by policymakers. In the US, the term, when it’s used at all, is said with the sort of sneer reserved for those who eat quiche. But it might still catch on. When Bill Keller was named executive editor of the New York Times last week, he encouraged the staff to do “a little more savoring” of life, spending time with their families or viewing art. 不管如何解释，工作与生活的平衡总是欧洲人的主要谈资，同时也是智囊团和政策制定者研究和考虑的主题。在美国，人们使用这个说法时总是带着几分针对那些吃蛋奶火腿馅饼的悠闲人士才会表现出来的冷嘲热讽的态度。但是，它可能还是会流行起来的。时任《纽约时报》执行主编的比尔?凯勒曾鼓励员工们要给生活增加一些色彩，多陪陪家人或去欣赏艺术。 2．P. L. Travers, the author of the Mary Poppins books, put it best when she wrote, “You do not chop off a section of your imaginative substance and make a book specifically for children, for— if you are honest—you have, in fact, no idea where childhood ends and maturity begins. It is all endless and all one.” There is plenty for children and adults to enjoy in Rowling’s books, starting with their language. Her prose may be unadorned, but her way with naming people and things reveals a quirky and original talent. 《欢乐满人间》的作者帕梅拉·林登·特拉弗斯概括得精辟之极。她写到，“你不能把你想象的东西砍掉一部分然后写成一本专给孩子看的书，坦白地说，因为事实上你根本无从知道童年究竟是什么时候结束的而成人期又是什么时候开始的。它们互相连接、浑然一体。”在罗琳的书中，从语言开始，就有足够多的让大人和孩子都喜欢的东西。也许她的文风朴实，但是她给人和物命名的方式显示了独特的原创才能。 3．Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Yangtze River. One famous dish is West Lake Vinegar Fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature. Many Chinese restaurants in China, as well as other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake. 4．Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept. The basic positions can increase a person’s stren gth, flexibility and sense of well-being almost immediately, but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many. 每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。 5．What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that “there’s one person out there that one is meant for” and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are roman tic but unrealistic. Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together. We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are “filtered out” by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due to factors such as age, race, distance, social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearance. 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么？许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。 6．Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons that people’s early intimate relationships within
2015北京外国语大学翻译硕士汉语写作与百科知识考研真题百科词条 1、尼罗河 2、战略伙伴关系 3、四大菩萨 4、十字军 5、中亚五国 6、日心说 7、元素周期律 8、丝绸之路经济带 9、金字塔 10、APEC 11、金砖四国 12、九大行星 13、六部（唐朝） 14、牡丹亭 15、东盟 16、IS 17、南北战争 18、二十八宿 19、《俄狄浦斯王》 20、“三一律” 21、“新寓言”派 22、《菊与刀》 23、北约 24、苏辛 25、《说文解字》 应用文是写一则消息（新闻）
大作文是“让失去变得可爱”为题目 ※翻译技巧 汉泽英中需要特别注意的四个问题 一、不合习惯的说法 不同的民族有不同的习惯和表达方法。一句话，一个词，在一个国家表达的是好意，引起人们好的联想和情感，在另一个国家转达的可能是坏意，引起人们不好的联想和情感。如果翻译不注意，就有可能引起误解或不快。而如果我们注意这些差异，在译文中加以运用，就可以收到较好的效果。在翻译不涉及政治、经济等重要问题，只涉及生活习惯、日常用语时，可以更灵活些，按照译入语的习惯说法表达意思。 1.见面问候 中国人见面时喜欢问：吃过了吗?Have you had breakfast(lunch,supper)?到哪去?Where are you going?这都不是外国人在见面问候时会问的问题。如果见面就问外国人“到哪里”，人家会以为你要了解人家的私事，对你会产生反感。外国人喜欢问：“你好吗?”这句话可以有不少表达方法，如How are you?How do you do?How have you been doing?Hello!Hey!等。用哪一句来表达你的问候，取决于你与被问候人的关系密切程度。总之，这一类的问候语，直译可能会让人感到莫名其妙，还是按外国人的习惯翻译较好。 2、对病人的问候 中国人喜欢对病人深表同情。但外国人则轻易不愿表现出其弱的一面，对他们表达过分同情的话未必会收到好的效果。例如：中国人在听说一个人生病后可能会说：得知贵体欠佳，深感不安和关切。直译：I was rather disturbed by and concerned about your illness.但这样翻译会使感到病情很重，只能加重病人的顾虑，达不到安慰病人的目的。按照英文的表达习惯，可译为：I am sorry to hear about your illness and wish you a speedy recovery.这样翻译既表达了讲话者的难过心情，又表达了希望病人尽快康复的愿望。 3、对待他人的表扬和感谢 在受到表扬或感谢时，中国人往往比较谦虚，会说：“这没什么。”“这是我应该做的。”或者，“哪里，哪里，我还做得很差。”如果直译：It is nothing.This is my duty.This is what I should do.Well,I have not done very well.There is still much to be improved.所有这些谦恭的话，在外国人听起来，都会显得做作。西方人通常会说：It’s my pleasure.
第一章时态 历届试题 1．在过去的几年里，这加工厂用塑料代替木头来降低成本。(substitute…for) (S99) 2．尽管有很多困难，我们仍将努力执行我们的计划。(in spite of) (Ss00) 3．小组讨论有助于更好地理解课文。(help) (S04) 4．他们的新房子离学校很远。(far) (S07) 5．各色阳伞给夏日街头平添了活泼的气氛。(add to) (S07) 6．前天我们订购了二十台洗衣机。(order) (Ss07) 7．网球运动在上海越来越流行了。(popular) (S09) 8．尽管山高林密，医护人员还是迅速地赶到出事地点，实施救援。(despite) (S09) I. 一般现在时 1．在公共汽车上李先生总是设法匆匆浏览一下报纸的标题。(glance at) 2．一条装有邮件和食物的小船一星期一次航行到那岛上。(go over to) 3．我根本不喜欢这个铜的框架。(not…at all) 4．晚饭后，我总是在厨房里洗碗碟。(wash up) 5．我认为你找到男生宿舍不会有困难的。(have trouble in) 6．不同的国家有不同的问候形式。(form) 7．我们中3／5以上的人喜欢田径运动。(love) 8．大多数学生住在学校附近。(a stone’s throw) 9．有了一台计算机，我们就能更快地做各种各样的工作。(all kinds of) 10．一艘现代化轮船可以在几天内横渡大西洋。(cross) 11．音乐在人类生活中起着重要的作用。(play a … part in) 12．那些孩子中没有一个会演奏乐器。(instrument) 13．他坚持正确的，反对错误的。(persevere) 14．你看起来很累，这音乐将有助于你放松。(relax) 15．缺乏先进的科学技术是一个严重的问题。(1ack) 16．我们用无线电和电视和世界各国人民保持联系。(keep in touch with) 17．巴金全集主要由小说和散文组成。(consist of) 18．那家工厂提供我们各种各样的塑料产品。(provide) 19．每一个人，无论老幼，必须向周围的人学习。(old or young) 20．像英语一样，汉语也有许多谚语。(proverbs) 21．那些学生把大部分零用钱花在书上。(spend) 22．一定有人把我的自行车拿走了，我找不到了。(take) 23．这不仅是我们的卧室，事实上我们什么都在这里干的。(more than) 24．这些年轻人自愿贡献大量时间为老人服务。(volunteer) 25．电脑在科学研究的许多方面替代了人脑。(substitute) 26．我的丈夫和我对音乐有相似的爱好。(similar) 27．有些学生不理解这首诗的含义。(make out) 28．千里之行，始于足下。(start) 29．尽管意见有分歧，他们对维护世界和平有着共同的利益。(in spite of) 30．旅游不仅是一种很好的锻炼形式，也为各国人民之间的文化交流提供了一种重要手段。(in addition to) 31．知识的共享将造福于四面八方的人们。(benefit)
、 .~ ①我们‖打〈败〉了敌人。 ②我们‖〔把敌人〕打〈败〉了。 广东外语外贸大学2007年硕士研究生入学考试 英语写作与翻译样题 Part One Writing(100) Task 1:Summary Writing(100) Directions: Read carefully the following passage and summarize its contents in 100-120 words. Note that you must not copy complete sentences from the original .Failure to do so would incur deduction of your scores. Passage Everyone who has received his certificate of matriculation after passing his final examination at school complains of the persistence with which he is plagued by anxiety-dreams in which he has failed, or
must go through his course again, etc. For the holder of a university degree this typical dream is replaced by another, which represents that he has not taken his doctor's degree, to which he vainly objects, while still asleep, that he has already been practising for years, or is already a university lecturer or the senior partner of a firm of lawyers, and so on. These are the ineradicable memories of the punishments we suffered as children for misdeeds which we had committed- memories which were revived in us on the dies irae, dies illa①of the grueling examination at the two critical junctures in our careers as students. The examination-anxiety of neurotics is likewise intensified by this childish fear. When our student days are over, it is no longer our parents or teachers who see to our punishment; the inexorable chain of cause and effect of later life has taken over our further education. Now we dream of our matriculation, or the examination for the doctor's degree- and who has not been faint-hearted on such occasions? Whenever we fear that we may be punished by some unpleasant result because we have done something carelessly or wrongly, because we have not been as thorough as we might have
杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸 杭州师范大学 2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题 考试科目代码： 815 考试科目名称：翻译与写作 说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。 I.英译汉（40分） The object of what we commonly call education—that education in which man intervenes and which I shall distinguish as artificial education—is to make good these defects in nature’s methods; to prepare the child to receive nature’s education, neither incapably nor ignorantly, nor with wilful disobedience. In short, all artificial education ought to be an anticipation of natural education. And a liberal education is an artificial education—which has trained a man to appreciate and to seize upon the rewards which nature scatters with as free a hand as her penalties. That man, I think, has had a liberal education who has been so trained in youth that his body is the ready servant of his will, and does with ease and pleasure all the work that as a mechanism, it is capable of; whose intellect is a clear, cold, logic engine, with all its parts of equal strength, and in smooth working order. Such a one and no other, I conceive, has had a liberal education; for he is, as completely as a man can be, in harmony with nature. He will make the best of her, and she of him. II．汉译英（40分） 何为自由？有人说就好比火车，它能够自由疾驰。就是说火车所有零件经过最优组合、调整后，其间的摩擦会降至最小，进而实现完美配置，所以能够自由飞驰。又有人说就好比帆船，常言道：船行水面犹如凌波微步。也就是说，船能完美地借用风力，与上苍之息协同一致，进而扬帆远航。当逆风而行时，伴随着海的音符，船时而屹立于浪尖，时而摇曳在风中，船的每一块材料都在颤抖，船体本身也被撼动，随时都会被风所困。只有待风平浪静，她能再次与外力协同一致，这时她才算是自由了。 人类的自由体现为兴趣、活动、精神三者的完美协调。 III.中文写作（30分） 2018年考试科目代码 815 考试科目名称翻译与写作（本考试科目共 2页，第1 页）
研究生入学测试英语翻译及作文考题和答 案 一、翻译部分：46. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 在加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视也许还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此大的作用。47. In Europe ，as elsewhere，multi-media groups have been increasingly successful；groups which bring together television， radio，newspapers， magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another. 在欧洲就像在其他地方一样多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合到了一起。48. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in， a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks， no less than 50% took a loss in
2004年安徽师范大学翻译与写作真题参考答案 Part ⅠTranslation (100 points) Section A: Translate the following passage into Chinese (40%) and then give a short answer (about 200 words) to the question that follows (10%). I had not visited Eton for many years, when one day passing from the Fellows’ Library into the Gallery I caught sight of the portrait of my school-friend Digby Dolben hanging just without the door among our most distinguished contemporaries. I was wholly arrested, and as I stood gazing on it, my companion asked me if I knew who it was. I was thinking that beyond a few whom I could name, I must be almost the only person who would know. Far memories of my boyhood were crowding freshly upon me: he was standing again beside me in the eager promise of his youth; I could hear his voice; nothing of him was changed; while I wrapt from him in a confused mist of time was wondering what he would think, could he know that at this actual moment he would have been dead thirty years, and that his memory would be thus preserved and honoured in the beloved school, where his delicate spirit had been so strangely troubled. 【译文】 我多年没回伊顿了。一天，在从研究员图书馆去画廊的路上，我看见学生时代的朋友迪格比·多尔宾的肖像和当代杰出名人肖像一起挂在门外。我被吸引住了，正在我停下来盯着画像出神的时候，我的同伴问我是否知道那是谁。我在想，除了几个我可以叫出名字的人以外，我差不多是唯一认识他的人了，遥远童年时代的记忆鲜活地涌进我的脑海：他又重新站在我的身边，焕发着青春的风采；我能听见他说话的声音；他没有一点变化；同时我在寻思着，因为与他之间相隔一段宛若迷雾的年月，假如他知道在这一时刻他已经死了三十年，他可爱的母校在以这样的方式纪念他，给他这样高的荣誉，而他上学时，他脆弱的心灵曾经莫名其妙地烦恼过，他会作怎样的感想呢？ Questions: What is the genre of the passage and what’s the most distinctive language feature of it? Exemplify your statements briefly. 【答案】 The genre of the passage is an essay. This essay is written by Robert Bridges, who was appointed Poet Laureate in 1913. This essay’s chief concern is to express his feeling and psychological activities when he saw his friend’s portrait in his alma mater. The sentences are full of affections and psychological activities. This essay is well-arranged and enriched by metaphors and cadence. It covers the whole psychological activities from the moment he saw the portrait. We could see the author’s abundant and deep affections within lines of this easy. And the language is very delicate and precisely shows the author’s affections. Generally speaking, Robert Bridges is famous for his poetry. As a poet Bridges stands rather apart from the current of modern English verse. His work has had great influence in a select circle, by its restraint, purity, precision and delicacy yet strength of expression. It embodies a distinct theory of prosody.Robert Bridges contributed to phonetics and he was also a founder member of the Society for Pure English. Section B: Translate the following Chinese passage into English (40%) and write a short description of your translating process within 200 words (10%). 政风廉洁，从来是赢得民心，实现政治清明、社会安定繁荣的重要一环。杜牧在《阿房宫赋》中说：“呜呼！灭六国者，六国也，非秦也。族秦者，秦也，非天下也……秦人不暇自哀，而后人哀之；后人哀之而不鉴之，亦使后人而复哀后人也。”这里说的就是人心向背。唐朝建立后，唐太宗头脑比较清醒，励精图治，纳谏任贤，轻徭薄赋，改革吏治，促进了生产力的发展，成就了空前繁荣的“贞观之治”。但后来的统治者渐渐忘乎所以，沉醉于声色犬马。唐王朝也就从兴盛走向衰落。 对此我们应该明鉴！我们党必须继往开来，与时俱进，按照“三个代表”的要求全面加强党的建设，保证我们党能够始终保持与人民群众的血肉联系。领导干部一定要树立正确的利益观，“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐。” 【译文】 Honest and clean government has always been an important link in winning the hearts and minds of the people and realizing political clarity and social stability and prosperity. Du Mu, a great ancient poet, once said in his poem On the
2005年考研英语翻译和作文试题答案 一、翻译部分： 46. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 在加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视也许还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中那样起过如此大的作用。 47. In Europe ,as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful; groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another. 在欧洲就像在其他地方一样多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合到了一起。 48. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. 仅这一点就表明在电视行业里生存不那么容易，这个事实通过统计数字也是一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不下50%。 49. 创造一个将要组成旧大洲联系纤维并且尊重不同文化和传统的统一体不是一项容易的任务，需要策略性的选择。
2017年聊城大学外国语学院809翻译与写作考研真题及详解 Part ⅠTranslation (100 points) Section A: C-E Translation (50 points, 25 points each) 1. 中国文化的形成和发展过程，是以各国人民为师，不断学习和创造的过程。中华民族曾经向周边国家和民族学习过许多东西，假如没有这些学习，中华民族决不可能创造出昔日的辉煌。回顾历史，我们怎能不对伟大的古埃及文明、古希腊文明、古印度文明满怀深深的感激?怎能不对伟大的欧洲文明、非洲文明、美洲文明、澳洲文明，以及亚洲文明充满温情与敬意? 中华民族为人类社会曾作出过独特的贡献。在15世纪以前，中国的科学技术一直处于世界遥遥领先的地位。英国科学家李约瑟(Joseph Needham)说：“中国在公元3世纪到13世纪之间，保持着一个西方所望尘莫及的科学知识水平。” 【参考译文】 Indeed, it is true that if the Chinese people had not learned many things from the surrounding countries they would never have been able to produce the splendid achievements of former days. When we look back upon history, how can we not feel profoundly grateful for the legacies of the civilizations of ancient Egypt, Greece and India? How can we not feel fondness and respect for the cultures of Europe, Africa, America and Oceania? The Chinese nation, in turn, has made unique contributions to the community of mankind. Prior to the 15th Century, China led the world in science and technology.
Passage 1 ( 15%) Culture is a word that has so many meanings already that one more can do it no harm. For anthropologists culture has long stood for the way of life of a people, for the sum of their learned behavior patterns, attitudes, and material things. Though they subscribe to this general view, most anthropologists tend to disagree however, on what the precise substance of culture is. In practice their work often leads some of them to a fascination with a single category of events among the many which make up human life, and they tend to think of this as the essence of all culture. In sum, though the concept of culture was first defined in print in 1871 by E. B. Tylor, after all these years it still lacks the rigorous specificity which characterizes many less revolutionary and useful ideas. Culture hides much more than it reveals, and strangely enough what it hides, it hides most effectively from its own participants. Years of study have convinced me that the real job is not to understand foreign culture but to understand our own. I am also convinced that all that one ever gets from studying foreign culture is a token understanding. The ultimate reason for such study is to learn more about how one’s own system works. The best reason for exposing oneself to foreign ways is to generate a sense of vitality and awareness---an interest in life which can come only when one lives through the shock of contrast and difference. The best reason for the layman to spend time studying culture is that he can learn something useful and enlightening about himself. This can be an interesting process, at times harrowing but ultimately rewarding. One of the most effective ways to learn about oneself is by taking seriously the culture of others. It forces you to pay attention to those details of life which differentiate them from you. 注释：1. E. B. Tylor：泰勒（1832—1917），英国人类学家。 Passage 2 (10%) Culture operates both visibly and invisibly to influence the substance of negotiations and the performance of the eventual contract. It is therefore necessary for an exporter to have knowledge of both the foreign culture and the negotiating process in that culture. This includes familiarity with the spoken language and with body