武汉大学2010—2011学年度第二学期
2009级期末试卷 (A卷)
2011年6月27日
学号姓名院（系）英语班号: ____
考生注意事项：
1．本次考试共计120分钟（14：30 ——16 ：30）；
2．14：40正式播放听力录音；
3．在答题卡准考证号一栏添入自己的13位学号；
4．准考证号一栏涂黑相应的阿拉伯数字（漏填或填错将影响卷面得分）；
5．在试卷类型处涂黑A或B （机读卡的试卷类型在答题卡右上角，主观题答题卡试卷类型在答题卡上方。两卡都要填写试卷类型。漏填或填错将影响卷面得分）；
6．主观题部分（听写、翻译、作文等）写在主观题答题卡上；
7．考试结束时请将机读答题卡、主观答题纸和试题册一并交给监考人员（不交试题册者按零分处理）；
8．请将姓名、学号等相关信息填入上栏（重修学生请在姓名后注明“重修”二字，而且学号不足13位的请在学号前面加“0”使其变成13位.）。
9．考生联系方式__________________________.
审题人：
I．Listening Comprehension (25%，25×1)
Section A
Directions:In this section, you will hear eight short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked
A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the
corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
1. A) Reading newspapers. B) Writing up local news.
C) Talking about sports. D) Putting up advertisements.
2. A) They will be replaced by on-line education sooner or later.
B) They will attract fewer kids as on-line education expands.
C) They will continue to exist along with on-line education.
D) They will limit their teaching to certain subjects only.
3. A) Weather forecasts are not reliable. B) They’d better change their mind.
C) The tennis game won’t last long.D) They shouldn’t change their plan.
4. A) She knows the guy who will give the lecture.
B) She thinks the lecture might be informative.
C) She wants to add something to her lecture.
D) She’ll finish her report this weekend.
5. A) The man didn’t think highly of Alice’s presentation.
B) Alice needs more training in making public speeches.
C) The man can hardly understand Alice’s presentation.
D) Alice didn’t seem to be nervous during her speech.
6. A) Apply for a job in the electronics company.
B) Visit the electronics company next week.
C) Get a part-time job on campus before graduation.
D) Help the company recruit graduate students.
7. A) She’ll prepare the dinner.
B) She’ll take a look at the menu.
C) She’ll have some chocolate cake.
D) She’ll go without dessert.
8. A) He drove too fast and crashed into a truck.
B) He was hit by a fallen box from a truck.
C) He turned suddenly and ran into a tree.
D) He was trying to overtake the truck ahead of him.
Section B (7 X 1 = 7)
Directions: In this section, you will hear several short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the
questions will be only spoken only once. After you hear a question, you
must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and
D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single
line through the center.
Passage One
9. A) Renting furnished apartments. B) Selling home furnishings.
C) Renting home furnishings. D) Selling used furniture.
10. A) Because it saves them a lot of time.
B) Because it saves them much trouble and money.
C) Because the furniture they get in this way is new.
D) Because they can get better quality furniture in this way.
11. A) People usually grow to like the furniture they have rented.
B) The idea of renting furniture is not acceptable to most Americans.
C) Only those who don’t have enough money rent furniture.
D) Some people may look down upon those who rent their furniture.
12. A) Furnished Apartments B) A New Way of Getting Home Furnishings
C) Rent or Buy D) Rent First, Buy Later
Passage Two
13. A) It is not economical to find a cure for each type of cold.
B) They haven’t devoted as much energy to medicine as to space travel.
C) There are too many kinds of cold viruses for them to identify.
D) They believe people can recover without treatment.
14. A) They show our body is fighting the virus.
B) They indicate how fast the virus spreads.
C) They tell us what kind of medicine to take.
D) They reveal the seriousness of the problem.
15. A) It causes damage to some organs of our body.
B) It actually does more harm than good.
C) It works better when combined with other remedies.
D) It helps us to recover much sooner.
Section C (10 X 1= 10)
Directions: You will hear two conversations. Each will be read TWICE. Listen carefully and fill in the blanks with the information you get from the
recording.
Conversation One
S1. From the conversation we know that the man is going to ________ next month. S2. The man in the conversation has worked as a ________ for over 30 years.
S3. The man’s daughter has ________ children.
S4. The man is going to join the British Legion – an organization and a ________ for ex-service people.
S5. The man is going to go on holiday to ________ with his daughter’s family. Conversation Two
S6. According to Linda, friendship seems like a ________ topic since everyone wants
a friend.
S7. To Frank, friendship is like sunshine which brings people ________.
S8. Linda thinks that friendships provide people ________ and even jokes.
S9. Frank thinks that friends are the ones who help us out in times of ________. S10. Linda recently ________ her friend in Chicago about a problem she was having in her personal life.
Part II Reading Comprehension (30%，30×1.5)
Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.
The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.
But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left—all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt(淤泥) that it barely generates electricity.
And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.
Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.
Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.
16. The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that________.
A)people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality
B)the blind could be happier than the sighted
C)over-excited people tend to neglect vital things
D)fascination makes people lose their eyesight
17.In paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to________.
A)areas short of electricity B) dams without power stations
C)poor countries around India D) common people in the Narmada Dam area
18.What is the myth concerning giant dams?
A)They bring in more fertile soil. B) They help defend the country.
C)They strengthen international ties D) They have universal control of the waters.
19.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as________.
A)“It is no use crying over spilt milk”B)“More haste, less speed”
C)“Look before you leap”B)“He who laughs last laughs best”
20.What is the author’s attitude toward building giant dams?
A)Positive B) Negative
C)Neutral D) Indifferent
Passage Two
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
I suppose it’s in the nature of science to be optimistic. One of the unspoken assumptions of scientific inquiry is that there are answers to every question. The answer may take years or decades or centuries to find, but for every question about the observable world, a scientist will tell you that there is an answer.
I am one of those people whose life knows only change. The one certainty I am aware of is death. All other things are subject to change. I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse (we now have the means to destroy our own planet), but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not, change was unavoidable. How, you ask, with our infinite capacity for evil, can I remain optimistic about change?
The answer, I suppose, is similar to the one I would give if you asked me how the knowledge of death affects my life. I know that I am going to die. Everything that lives eventually dies. But I can’t live as if every hour were my last. If I did, I would be inactive. I wouldn’t go to work; I wouldn’t bother reading the daily paper or going to school. In short, I wouldn’t have time for all those little joys. Instead, I would spend my life between fear and tears.
Problems in human relations are obviously much more difficult. And I’m not foolish enough to equate technological problems, which have solutions, with human questions, which don’t always have simple right or wrong answers. What I am suggesting, however, is that if we believe that human questions have solutions, we may, given patience, reason, and compromise, actually find some. If we don’t believe solutions are possible, we will never find any. Or to put it another way, you will never find what you don’t look for.
We have, in this century, witnessed murder, barbarism, war and genocide of a scale unknown in previous human history. Sometimes, it seems that for every technological advance, we have suffered from the misuse of that very advance. Atomic power both lightens and darkens our lives. Still, we have no alternative but to keep trying. Every person saved from mistreatment, starvation, or genocide is a feather in the cap of humanity. If we sit back and just let things happen, we are less than human. From this point of view, optimism is essential to preserving our humanity in these difficult times.
21.According to the author, science is by name________.
A)Optimistic B) advantageous
C)Evil D) advanced
22.The author’s life knows only change and he thinks of change as________.
A)Unpromising B)detrimental
C)Inevitable D)avoidable
23.How does the knowledge of death affect the author?
A)The author lingers between fear and tears when spending his life.
B)The author is not willing to wait for death and still leads a meaningful life.
C)The author thinks his life is out of control and not worth living.
D)The author indulges himself at that time for he knows that he is going to die.
24.What is the difference between technological and human problems
A)Technological problems can be easily resolved while human problems cannot.
B)Technological problems need serious attention while human problems are often
ignored.
C)Human problems don’t always have simple right or wrong solutions as
technological problems do.
D)Patience, reason, and compromise are the prerequisites to solving human problems
but not to technological problems.
25. The sentence “Atomic power both lightens and darkens our lives”(Para. 9) means
that________.
A) atomic power is used to generate electricity, with which we can turn on the lights
and without which we will live in darkness.
B) sometimes we are encouraged by the technological advances in the field of atomic
power and sometimes discouraged by our own ignorance.
C) the discovery and application of atomic power have brought us both enlightenment
and a much more difficult life.
D) atomic power can be beneficial if it is used in a proper way and it can also be detrimental if it is used for destructive purposes.
Passage Three
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
The concept of culture has been defined many times, and although no definition has achieved universal acceptance, most of the definitions include three central ideas: that culture is passed on from generation to generation, that a culture represents a ready-made prescription for living and for making day-to-day decisions,
and, finally, that the components of a culture are accepted by those in the culture
as good, and true, and not to be questioned. The eminent anthropologist George Murdock has listed seventy-three items that characterize every known culture, past
and present. The list begins with Age-grading and Athletic sports, runs to Weaning
and Weather Control, and includes on the way such items as Calendar, Fire Making, Property Rights, and Tool Making. Even the most extreme advocate of a culture of poverty viewpoint would readily acknowledge that, with respect to almost all of these items, every American, beyond the first generation immigrant, regardless of race
or class, is a member of a common culture. We all share pretty much the same sports. Maybe poor kids don't know how to play polo, and rich kids don't spend time with stickball, but we all know baseball, and football, and basketball. Despite some misguided efforts to raise minor dialects to the status of separate tongues, we all,
in fact, share the same language. There may be differences in diction and usage,
but it would be ridiculous to say that all Americans don't speak English. We have
the calendar, the law, and large numbers of other cultural items in common. It may
well be true that on a few of the seventy-three items there are minor variations between classes, but these kinds of things are really slight variations on a common theme. There are other items that show variability, not in relation to class, but
in relation to religion and ethnic background—funeral customs and cooking, for example. But if there is one place in America where the melting pot is a reality,
it is on the kitchen stove; in the course of one month, half the readers of this sentence have probably eaten pizza, hot pastrami, and chow mein. Specific differences that might be identified as signs of separate cultural identity are relatively insignificant within the general unity of American life; they are cultural commas and semicolons in the paragraphs and pages of American life.
26. According to the author's definition of culture,________________.
A) a culture should be accepted and maintained universally
B) a culture should be free from falsehood and evils
C)the items of a culture should be taken for granted by people
D)the items of a culture should be accepted by well-educated people
27. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A)Baseball, football and basketball are popular sports in America.
B)Pizza, hot pastrami, and chow mein are popular diet in America.
C)There is no variation in using the American calendar.
D)There is no variation in using the American language.
28. It can be inferred that all the following will most probably be included in the seventy-three items EXCEPT __________.
A)heir and heritage B) childrearing practices
C)dream patterns D) table manners
29. By saying that "they are cultural commas and semicolons..." the author means
that commas and semicolons____________.
A)can be interpreted as subculture of American life
B)can be identified as various ways of American life
C)stand for work and rest in American life
D)are preferred in writing the stories concerning American life
30. The author's main purpose in writing this passage is to___________.
A)prove that different people have different definitions of culture
B)inform that variations exist as far as a culture is concerned
C)indicate that culture is closely connected with social classes
D)show that that culture must be based on something in common
Passage Four
Directions: In this section, you are required to answer the questions with Y, N, or NG and blacken letter A for Y, B for N, and C for NG. ( 注：答案涂在答题卡上，选择Y涂黑A，N涂黑B，NG涂黑C。)
Y(for YES): if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N(for NO):if the statement does not agree with the information given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN): if the statement is not given in the passage.
Do you know the story of “Aladdin and His Lamp”, or “Ali Baba and the forty Thieves”? These and many others are included in the very famous book of stories called “the Thousand and One Nights”, which is a collection of stories from Persia, Arabia, India and Egypt which have been brought together over hundreds of years. This collection of stories is an example of a frame story, in which a number of different stories are told within the context, or frame, of an ongoing story. In this frame story, the central character is the famous story-teller, Sheherezade, and her own story connects the other stories together. The story of Sheherezade itself has been the basis of many other works of art—literature, poetry and music. Here is a very short version of the Sheherezade story.
Many years ago, there was a great king in Arabia called Shahriah. He was a gentle and benign King and he ran his kingdom very wisely, until one day something really terrible befell him. He was going out hunting with a group of his courtiers, but suddenly remembered that he had left something back in his palace, and he decided to go back for it himself, partly because he planned to visit his wife, who he loved very dearly, for one last time before he set out on his week-long hunting expedition. Unfortunately, when he got back to the palace, he found his wife in the arms of another man, together with a dozen of her maidservants who were also with men in a great communal celebration of unfaithfulness. The King was furious and drew his sharp, curved sword and cut his wife and his wife’s lover into four pieces.
After that he had all the maidservants and the men accompanying them hanged in the courtyard of his palace one by one. The poor King had become mad with anger and grief at losing his wife and he decided to take his revenge on all the women of his kingdom.
For three years King Shahrial married a new wife every day, but each time the morning after the wedding he ordered his executioner to cut off the head of his new wife. More than a thousand girls died in this way.
The king’s minister opposed the king in this but could do nothing to prevent the slaughter of the innocent girls. The minister’s daughter realized that her father was becoming more and more unhappy. She was beautiful, clever and good, and
her name was Sheherezade. She asked her father what was wrong and he told her how the king had killed a thousand lovely young girls.
Sheherezade thought carefully for a few minutes. Then she decided that she knew how to stop the king’s madness. In spite of the minister’s protests, she offered herself as the next victim to marry the king.
King Shahrial liked Sheherezade very much. That night, beside the king in his great bed, she began to tell him a story. Shahriah had never heard a story like that before. More or less, this is how the story went:
Once upon a time, there were 40 thieves who collected the money and treasures that they stole all together in a cave. They had a secret magic password which they said as they came to the entrance of the cave. This was the strange phrase “Open Sesame”. When they said the password, the door to the cave just opened by magic. One day a poor person called Ali Baba saw them while they were doing that, and so he learned the magic password. After they left, he went to the cave and opened it. He found a very large horde of money and golden treasures, and naturally, he took some of it home.
The story went on all night and still wasn’t finished when the birds began to sing their morning song.
The executioner was standing outside the door waiting for the king to order the execution of Sheherezade. “Not this morning”, the king told him, “Come again tomorrow”. So Sheherezade was not killed the first day, unlike a thousand young women before her who had married the king. The next night, Sheherezade finished the story, and began another famous story of Sinbad the sailor, which you must certainly have known, but she made sure that she didn’t finish it, so that the king would wait until the following night to hear the rest of the story.
So it went on, night after night, week after week, month after month. Sheherezade knew many, many stories, all of which were too long to finish before day came.
Sheherezade told the king her stories for a thousand and one nights, one wonderful story after another, until at last, after nearly three years, he realized that he had no wish to kill this beautiful and talented young woman that he had married. Perhaps the most wonderful story of all is the story of how Sheherazade risked her life to save the women of her country, and how gradually over a period of three years she helped the king to come out of his madness. Slowly his fascination with Sheherezade’s stories gave way to appreciation of the young woman’s talents, to a realization that not all women were wicked faithless creatures like his first wife, and that in fact Sheherezade was a brave and intelligent woman, a worthy queen for a wise king. Gradually he realized that he must put his kingdom in order again and try to rule as wisely as he once had, in order to be a worthy king for Queen Sheherezade.
31. Before the king married Sheherzade, he had killed thousands of young women.
32. The Thousand and One Nights is a collection of stories originally written by
a famous Arabian woman.
33. A poor man named Ali Aaba learned the magic password of the thieves and found
a large amount of money and golden treasures.
34. The King had all the wicked faithless creatures hanged in the courtyard of his palace.
35. The King finally came out of his madness and became a good king.
III. Vocabulary and Structure (20%, 40×0.5)
Directions: For each of the following incomplete sentences, there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the one that best completes the sentence, and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
36. I caught a ________ of the driver of the getaway car, but I doubt I would recognize her if I saw her again.
A) glimpse B) glance C) glare D) stare
37. Then it ________ to him that Mrs. Martin probably knew nothing as yet about the baseball card collection.
A) happened B) installed C) occurred D) terrified
38. ________ their work that they fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule.
A) So well did the workers do B) So well the workers did
C) So the workers did well D) Because the workers did well
39. Men are no longer ________ to treat women according to the old-fashioned rules.
A) prior B) obliged C) involved D) offended
40. ________ the check on the first few dates can help start the relationship as
one between two equals.
A) Spitting B) Splitting C) Spurring D) Sparing
41. They didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we ________ him.
A) must have telephoned B) would telephone
C) had telephoned D) would have telephoned
42. Today, American women, who _________ men by seven years, do not consider
themselves the weaker sex and do not generally feel in need of male protection.
A) outweigh B) outsmart C) outdo D) outlive
43. We have to make the corrections ________ since the computer can’t do them.
A) of hand B) at hand C) in hand D) by hand
44. We are engaging in cooperative joint ventures with many others. Each company ________ its independence, its specialty, and its core competence.
A) retains B) restrains C) detains D) contains
45. If we fit --- if we solve a social problem, ________ a social need --- we will survive and excel.
A) surpass B) fulfill C) object D) decentralize
46. Junior employees in British companies would have more responsibility than their
________ in German companies.
A) successors B) counterparts C) subordinates D) economists
47. He is planning to go to evening classes to ________ his English.
A) establish B) constitute C) form D) polish
48. You don’t normally ________ these two writers --- Their styles are completely different.
A) appreciate B) associate C) apply D) acknowledge
49. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is not a lack of
appreciation of friendship, but different expectations about ________ constitutes friendship and ________ it comes into being.
A) how…what B) which…why
C) what…how D) whatever…however
50. He sat down at the piano again and started playing from where he had ________.
A) left out B) left behind C) left alone D) left off
51. It is not honest for a journalist to ________ his imagination for his stories
if he can’t get facts.
A) reach out B) draw on C) hold on D) stumble on
52. Such feelings help explain why, during the 1970s and 1980s, more married adults
said they were “very happy” ________ who never married.
A) than did those B) than those did
C) that they did D) that did they
53. She is respected by her colleagues and regarded as a (an) ________ teacher by
her students.
A) appreciated B) restrained C) intensified D) committed
54. Jim wanted to see the whole ________ structure of the building before going inside.
A) exclusive B) exterior C) extensive D) extroverted
55. It is reported that the ten richest women in the U.K. all ________ their wealth.
A) inhibited B) inherited C) inhabited D) initiated
56. Is marriage, ________ is so often supposed, more strongly associated with men’s
happiness than women’s?
A) that B) it C) what D) as
57. This conclusion is ________ in scores of studies around the world.
A) based B) resulted C) originated D) grounded
58. After graduation, an ________ from his father enabled him to stay in London and write.
A) allowance B) access C) acquisition D) anticipation
59. First let’s take a look at showing off that is _______, that’s not acceptable, that’s never nice.
A) odd B) official C) offensive D) optional
60. He tried to get to the door, but the table was _______.
A) by the way B) on the way C) in the way D) in no way
61. The typical American also won’t give up his fuel-inefficient super-model, which _______ twice the amount of gas necessary to run a small car.
A) presumes B) assumes C) resumes D) consumes
62. Sometimes the benefit of keeping your mouth shut may be that you won’t have to _______.
A) keep your promise B) zip your lip
C) eat your words D) sit back
63. Some athletes were criticized for failure to ________ the higher standards of
behavior expected of role models.
A) look up to B) cut down on C) live up to D) reach out to
64. Our nation is indeed fortunate that we’re still _______ with heroes like those of the space shuttle Challenger.
A) charged B) equipped C) blessed D) greeted
65. He was cheated by his colleague. He regretted that he had _______ his trust in that guy.
A) misled B) misplaced C) mistreated D) misjudged
66. Voice-over artists may spend hours making sure that when the words are said, the _______ meaning come through clearly to the intended audience.
A) intended B) assumed C) supposed D) targeted
67. In spite of the hatred between the two families and in spite of his _______ towards his own family, Romeo was unable to drag himself away from Juliet’s side.
A) response B) loyalty C) approval D) exposure
68. Cambridge University is famous because it has a culture of its own, for example, it is _______ for female students to wear their academic gowns for formal hall in the evening.
A) attractive B) compulsory C) compelled D) obedient
69. Tom has read a lot about the university before his interview, _______ they ask him about it.
A) in case B) in preparation C) in effect D) in spite
70. Just after the author was born, his father ________ polio (小儿麻痹症) and for years was unable to walk.
A) contacted B) connected C) constructed D) contracted
71. Gunpowder was discovered entirely ________ when an alchemist(炼金术士) was seeking a way to prolong life and blew up his house.
A) by mistake B) by accident C) by hand D) by heart
72. All Charlie Chaplin’s important characters were _______. You can always feel that Charlie is on the side of the poor.
A) watchdogs B) underdogs C) lucky dogs D) guide dogs
73. Stories of ghosts and ________ events are common around the world since records were first kept.
A) inevitable B) infinite C) inexplicable D) incredible
74. The British Isles were ______ in the third and fourth centuries by warriors from the continent of Europe.
A) integrated B) intervened C) invaded D) interfered
75. Telephones, faxes, emails, audio and videotapes as well as satellite transmissions are all ________ to provide distance education in Australia.
A) explored B) exploited C) exploded D) exported IV. Translation (10%, 10×1)
Directions: Translate the Chinese given in the brackets into English. Please use words and expressions learned in the texts.
76. The accused person was instantly punished if he found himself guilty and, if
innocent, he ________________________（当场受到奖励）.
77. Rude language is now ___________________(太常见了以至于) it is accepted
behavior.
78. I am often asked whether the needs of the corporation and the needs of the
environment are in conflict. I do not believe they are. ___________________(从长远来看), they cannot be.
79. In Germany, in contrast with France, friendship is much more distinctly
_________________(一个感受的问题).
80. There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, implies
__________________(选择的自由).
81. What attitudes, activities, and priorities engender a _________________ (幸福感)？
82. Indeed everyone has ____________________(炫耀的需求). No one’s completely immune.
83. Sometimes showoffs ask for cheers to which _______________(他们没资格获得).
84. Heroes have had _________________(深远的影响) on our past and should continue
to do so in the future.
85. Polls have shown that now people have a hard time finding anyone they admire,
_____________(更不用说) find heroic.
V. Composition (15%)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Manners are of Vital Importance on Campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.
1.大学校园不文明行为影响了学生的日常学习和生活。
2.倡导校园文明行为至关重要。
Unit 10 Agriculture Farming for the Future [1] Every year, more people face poverty and hunger and more of the earth's resources are ruined. The problems are enormous, but many experts believe that the situation is not hopeless. The solution will require big changes in how we think about agriculture, food, and our planet. [2] First of all, farmers everywhere need to develop methods that are less destructive to the environment. The change from single crop farming to a mixed crop system would be one important step. The planting of several different crops improves the soil and helps prevent erosion. Erosion could also be prevented by planting trees to protect the fields from the wind. Another way farmers could improve the soil is to avoid deep plowing. In fact, only a slight plowing is necessary if proper methods are used. [3] If the soil were treated better, farmers would not need to use chemical fertilizers. They could use natural animal and vegetable products instead. With mixed crops, farmers would need fewer toxic chemical insecticides. They could use biological methods of controlling insects and disease. [4] Farmers could also help save the earth's precious supplies of water and petroleum. To save water, they could plant more water-efficient plants instead of the standard types of wheat or corn. They could also use watering systems that are much less wasteful. To save petroleum, farmers could make use of bio-gas generators which could be fueled by the vegetable and animal wastes of the farms. In less-developed countries, bio-gas generators could reduce the need for firewood and so help save forests, as well. [5] In less-developed countries, the small farmers need help. They need to learn more about crops that are better suited to local conditions. They need to learn how to limit erosion and make the best use of their resources. These farmers will never be successful without land and economic reform. This should be the aim of governments and international agencies. The current industrial and cash crop policies are only making the situation worse. [6] Industrialized countries could use their economic resources to help bring about these changes. They could make some changes in their own policies. At present, much food is wasted in these countries for political reasons. In Europe and in North America, tons of fruit and dairy products are thrown away every year. Eating habits, too, could be changed in these countries. For example, people often eat foods from distant places instead of local foods. The transportation of the imported foods adds to the global pollution problem. People in industrialized countries also eat a lot of meat, especially beef.
朋友、好朋友、知心朋友 1 我过去曾想这样说：女人一旦成了朋友，她们就会喜欢、支持和信任对方；向对方袒露自己心中的秘密; 二话不说就赶去帮忙；只要是非说不可的事，就坦诚相告、直言不讳（例如，不行，你不能穿那件衣服，除非你减去十磅）。 2 我过去曾想这样说：一旦女人都喜欢英格玛·伯格曼，喜欢乘火车、喜欢猫、喜欢天暖和时下雨，而且都非常讨厌纽瓦克、讨厌球芽甘蓝、讨厌宿营，她们就是朋友。 3 换句话说，我过去曾想说朋友就是朋友，始终如一、亲密无间，但是现在我认为这是一种狭隘的观点。因为我自己经历的和看到的友谊就表现出不同的亲密程度，起着不同的作用，满足不同的需要，从前面提到的亲如姐妹、毫无保留的友谊到最随意的玩伴关系。 4 来看看这些不同层次的友谊： 5 近便之交要不是我们的生活道路总是相互交叉，我们没有特别的理由和这些女人成为朋友：隔壁邻居、合伙使用汽车的伙伴、孩子好朋友的妈妈或者每周和我们一起在格兰伍德合作幼儿园分果汁和甜饼的某位妈妈。 6 近便之交确实方便。有聚会时，她们会借给我们杯子和银餐具生病时，她们会开车带我们的孩子去看足球赛。需要去修车厂取车时，她们会开车送我们过去。度假时，她们会照顾我们的猫。同样，她们需要时，我们也这样做。 7 但是，我们不会与近便之友走得太近或者说得太多；我们会保持感情上的距离以及在公开场合下的那份尊严。“也就是说，”伊莱恩说道，“我会说自己超重了，但不会聊自己沮丧的心情。我会坦陈自己生气了，但我不会说自己愤怒极了。我也许会说这个月缺钱，但绝不会说自己为缺钱愁得要死。” 8 但这并不意味着这种互相帮助的友谊、这种近便之交就没有价值了。 9 同好之交这种友情并不亲密无间，也不必涉及到孩子、银餐具或猫。这种友情的价值在于我们有某种共同的兴趣。所以我们可能有办公室的朋友、一起练瑜珈的朋友、打网球的球友以及女士俱乐部的朋友。 10 “我有一位女友，”乔伊斯说，“她和我一样喜欢修心理学课。这对我以及对她来说都很好。跟自己认识的人一起去上课，下课后一起开车回家，路上讨论学过的内容，非常有意思。”乔伊斯还说，讨论的大部分内容都与课程有关。 11 苏珊谈起每星期二一起练双打的朋友时这样说：“应该说我们所做的就是在一起打球，而不是呆在一起。”“我们主要是由于一起打网球而建立的关系，但我们打球配合得很好。我想我们需要的只不过是一两个球伴而已。” 12 我同意她的观点。 13 总角之交我们都有这样的朋友，他们很久以前就认识我们，可能当我们还在梅尔策小姐任教的班读二年级时，当我们住在布鲁克林一套三居室的公寓时，当我们的父亲七个月没有工作时，当我们的兄弟艾利卷入一场斗殴而不得不叫警察时，或者当我们的姐姐嫁给扬克斯来的牙医时，我们就已经认识了。 14 多年过去了，我们已各奔东西，几乎再也没什么共同之处了，但我们依然是彼此的过往中不可割舍的一部分。因此，不管何时去底特律，我们都会去看看自己少女时代的朋友。她知道我们在牙齿没矫正之前的模样。她知道我们在改掉布鲁克林口音之前说话的腔调。她知道我们从前吃什么，当时连洋蓟都不知道。她的出现把我们带回到从前，那是一段重要而且永远不能忘记的个人历史。 15 萍水之交萍水之交像总角之交一样，其重要性在于过去生活中某个重要阶段我们曾建立起友谊。也许是大学时同居一室；也许一起在纽约工作过，当时年轻气盛、单身一人；也许像伊丽莎白和我一样，一同经历了怀孕、生孩子、头一年做妈妈的可怕时期。
Reading comprehension 1略 2 BDCAC AADBB Vocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1）certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 Reading comprehension 1略 2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT Vocabulary 1. Creating Compound Words
Unit Nine: 新闻将我们引向何方 不久前我应邀参加了一次有关美国报业的作用的公众研讨会。还有另外两个嘉宾也出席了。一位是知名的电视节目主持人，另一位是美国一家主要报纸的编辑，他是一位彻头彻尾的新闻工作者---- 在据实报道的方式上坚忍不拔、积极进取且见识过人。 据我所知本次研讨旨在审查传媒的义务，并提出实现那些义务的最佳途径。 在公开讨论时，观众席中的一位男士向两位嘉宾提问，“为什么报纸和电视新闻节目都充斥灾难？为什么新闻界的男男女女对悲剧、暴力、和失败是如此关注？” 主持人和编辑作出了回答，好像是自己应该为坏消息的存在而受到谴责一样。他们说，新闻工作者只负责报道新闻，而不负责制造或修改新闻。 我不认为这两位新闻工作者回答了这个问题。提出这个问题的先生并没有因为世上的歪曲报道而谴责他们。他只是想知道为什么报道得最多的是歪曲的事件。新闻媒体的运作理念似乎是凡是新闻皆坏事。为什么呢？是不是着重报道负面新闻是一种传统——是新闻工作者所习以为常的对日常事件作出的反应方式？ 在此或许分析一下我们如何定义“新闻”一词会有所帮助，因为这是问题的起因。新闻应该是报道过去十二小时，最迟二十四小时内所发生的事情。然而，突发事件往往具有爆炸性的：一名狙击手枪杀了几名行人，一名恐怖分子劫持了飞机上250名人质，欧佩克石油组织宣布原油价格上涨25%，英国货币又贬值10%，一辆载有放射性废料的卡车与一架水泥搅拌车相撞。 然而，一味聚焦这些报道，则是失真的画面。人类文明成果远远多于灾难总和。每种文明中最重要的成分就是进步。但进步不会立即发生，也没有爆发性。一般来说，它是一点一滴逐步发展的，在某个特定时刻是微不足察的。但是所有微小的进步都参与了历史性的巨变的实现，使社会更加美好。 就是这类活生生的历史，绝大多数的新闻媒体没有予以充分的反映，结果导致我们对社会的正面发展了解不足，对灾难却知之甚多，这又使人产生失败和绝望的情绪，而这些情绪易于阻碍社会进步。爆发性新闻大餐另人忧心忡忡，大大削减了自由社会所需的动力，绝望和偾世的情绪使人没有动力迎接严峻的考验。 我并非暗示可以编造“积极”的新闻来抵消头版上灾难报道的作用。也没有把青年基督会作用的深刻报道定义为“正面”新闻。我要传递的观点是，新闻媒体的职责是搜寻并报道重大事件，无论它们是否有关冲突、对抗或灾难。这个世界是天堂和地狱的绝妙结合，两个方面都需要关注和观察。 我希望新闻界人士能从更宽广的角度审视自己的职责。是时候认识到人类事件中可以作为新闻报道的范围领域是极其宽广的。例如，有几篇新闻文章报道过固氮作用——植物通过这一过程能固定氮肥，由此减低了肥料需求量？全世界的科学家都在为这一前景而努力，希望借此解决饥荒。对远东地区水稻产量提高的巨大进步又了解多少？事实上，世界上还有许多类似的重要发展，这些都值得做重要的新闻综合报道。 主持人和编辑说得对，新闻工作者并没有责任来塑造世界，但是他们有责任影响我们的态度。我们认为自己是怎样的，那我们就是怎样的。我们只能实现那些我们自己敢于设想的目标。新闻工作者为我们提供我们对自身以及这个世界认知的写照——这种写照最好是逼真的肖像，而不是扭曲的漫画像。因为我们就是根据这一写照来做决定，筹划未来的。 按照华特.里普曼的说法，新闻记者是大众的哲学家。他曾经写道？“后天习得的文化并非由基因遗传，美好社会的甜美的生活虽然可得，但却不是一旦拥有就永远不失去。如果美好生活中的智慧没有被传下来，所得一切也将化为乌有。” 有了对美好社会中美好生活的准确报道，我们可以采用伯纳德.德.查维斯建议我们的利
课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4) Unit 1 享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？ 1 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。 3 为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。 4 甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。” 5 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。 6 我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。 7 “滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。 8 中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。 9 “俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢
Unit 7 The Joy of Travel Transformative Travel Twenty-five years ago I felt like a wreck. Although I was just 23, my life already seemed over. The future appeared as much like a wasteland as the emptiness I could see while looking back to the past. I felt lost, without choices, without hope. I was stuck in a job I hated and trapped in an engagement with a woman I didn't love. At the time, both commitments seemed like a good idea, but I suppose it was the fantasy of being a successful, married businessman that appealed to me far more than the reality. I decided to take a class just for the entertainment value. It happened to be an introductory counseling course, one that involved personal sharing in the group. We were challenged to make commitments publicly about things we would like to change in our lives, and in a moment of pure impulsiveness, I declared that by the next class meeting I was going to quit my job and end my engagement. A few days later I found myself unemployed and unattached, excited by the freedom, yet terrified about what to do next. I needed some kind of transition from my old life to a new one, a sort of ritual that would help me to transform myself from one person into another. So I did something just as impulsive as my previous actions: I booked a trip for a week in Aruba. In spite of what others might have thought, I was not running away from something but to something. I wanted a clean break, and I knew I needed to get away from my usual environment and influences so as to think clearly about where I was headed. Once settled into my room on the little island of Aruba, I began my process of self-change. I really could have been anywhere as long as nobody could reach me by phone and I had the peace and quiet to think about what I wanted to do. I spent the mornings going for long walks on the beach, the afternoons sitting under my favorite tree, reading books and listening to tapes. Probably most important of all, I forced myself to get out of my room and go to meet people. Ordinarily shy, I now decided that I was someone who was perfectly capable of having a conversation with anyone I chose. Since nobody knew the "real" me, the way I had always been, I felt free to be completely different. It took me almost a year to pay off that trip, but I am convinced that my single week in Aruba was worth three years in therapy. That trip started a number of processes that helped me to transform myself. This is how I did it: I created a mindset that made me ready for change. I expected that big things were
Unit One Hit the nail on the head恰到好处 你见过一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上钉钉子吗？只见他左敲敲，右敲敲，说不准还会将整个钉子锤翻，结果敲来敲去到头来只敲进了半截。而娴熟的木匠就不这么干。他每敲一下都会坚实巧妙地正对着钉头落下去，一钉到底。语言也是如此。一位优秀的艺术家谴词造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的观点。差不多的词，不准确的短语，摸棱两可的表达，含糊不清的修饰，都无法使一位追求纯真英语的作家满意。他会一直思考，直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的词。 法国人有一个很贴切的短语来表达这样一个意思，即“le mot juste”, 恰到好处的词。有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人轶事，比如福楼拜常花几天的时间力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无误。在浩瀚的词海中，词与词之间有着微妙的区别，要找到能恰如其分表达我们意思的词绝非易事。这不仅仅是扎实的语言功底和相当大的词汇量的问题，还需要人们绞尽脑汁，要观察敏锐。选词是认识过程的一个步骤，也是详细描述我们的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和读者深刻理解的一个环节。有人说：“在我思想未成文之前，我怎么知道自己的想法？”这听起来似乎很离谱，但它确实很有道理。 寻找恰如其分的词的确是件不容易的事。一旦找到了那个词，我们就会感到很欣慰：辛劳得到了回报。准确地用语言有助于我们深入了解我们描述的事物。例如，当有人问你：“某某是怎么样的人？”你回答说：“恩，我想他是个不错的家伙，但他非常……”接着你犹豫了，试图找到一个词或短语来说明他到底讨厌在哪里。当你找到一个恰当的短语的时候，你发觉自己对他的看法更清楚，也更精确了。 一些英语词汇词根相同而意义却截然不同。例如human 和humane,二者的词根相同，词义也相关，但用法完全不同。“human action (人类行为)”和“humane action ( 人道行为)”完全是两码事。我们不能说“人道权力宣言”，而是说“人权宣言”。有一种屠杀工具叫“humane killer ( 麻醉屠宰机)，而不是human killer ( 杀人机器)。 语言中的坏手艺的例子在我们身边随处可见。有人邀请一名学生去吃饭，他写信给予回复。请看他的信是这样结尾的：“我将很高兴赴约并满怀不安（anxiety ）期待着那个日子的到来。”“Anxiety”含有烦恼和恐惧的意味。作者想表达的很可能是一种翘首期盼的心情。“Anxiety”跟热切期盼有一定的关联，但在这个场合是不能等同的。 乌干达一政党领袖给新闻界的一封信中有一句这样写道： 让我们打破这自私、投机、怯懦和无知充斥的乌干达，代之以真理，刚毅，坚定和奇异的精神。 这一激动人心的呼吁被最后一个词“奇异（singularity）”的误用破坏掉了。我猜想作者真正要表达的意思是思想的专一，即抱定一个信念永不改变，咬定青山不放松，不被次要的目的干扰。而singularity 指的是古怪，特性，是将一个人从众多人中区分出来的那种东西。 即使没有出现词语误用，这词仍可能不是符合作者意图的恰如其分的词。一名记者在一篇有关圣诞节的社论中这样引出狄更斯的话： 任何有关圣诞节的想法和文字已经被禁锢(imprisoned )在这句话中……“Imprisonment”暗示着强迫，威逼，这么一来似乎意思是有悖其初衷的。用“包含(contained )”或“归结（summed up ）”就要好些。“概括（epitomized）”也行，尽管听起来有点僵硬。稍微再用点心我们就能准确地找到“mot juste (恰倒好处的词) ”，那就是“distilled”.它比包含和归结语气更强。“Distillation (提炼)”意味得到本质（essence）的东西。因此我们可以进一步把这个句子修改为： 所有有关圣诞节的想法和文字的精华都被提炼到这句话之中。 英语词汇丰富，运用灵活。一个意思有很多种表达方式。但是无论意思上如何相近的词总是存在着些许区别。作为学生就要敏感地意识到这些区别。通过查字典，尤其是通过阅读，
Book 3 Unit 1 Personality The Misery of Shyness Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. All kinds of people describe themselves as shy: short, tall, dull, intelligent, young, old, slim, overweight. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly swirling in their minds: What kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? I'm ugly. I'm wearing unattractive clothes. It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people adversely. A person's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives. For instance, people who have a positive sense of self-worth or high self-esteem usually act with confidence. Because they have self-assurance, they do not need constant praise and encouragement from others to feel good about themselves. Self-confident people participate in life enthusiastically and spontaneously. They are not affected by what others think they "should" do. People with high self-esteem are not hurt by criticism; they do not regard criticism as a personal attack. Instead, they view a criticism as a suggestion for improvement. In contrast, shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing". Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their inferiority. They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliments because they believe they are unworthy of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one: "You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not true." It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is detrimental, or harmful. Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as their strengths. For example, most people would like to be "A" students in every subject. It is not fair for them to label themselves as inferior because they have difficulty in some areas. People's expectations of themselves must be realistic. Dwelling on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy, and even feelings of envy, or jealousy. We
T opics Unit 1 1.What do you think makes up a successful story? 2.Do you like watching horror movies or listening to horror stories? Why? Unit 2 3.In a crowded world, are manners of vital importance and why? 4. Talk about the differences between Chinese and Western Etiquette. Unit 3 5. What business lessons can be drawn from the rain forest? And what are the implications for Chinese corporations? 6. What effects do national stereotypes have on business strategy? Give examples to further your explanations. Unit 6 7.Why do people show off? Give examples to illustrate the different cases in which people show off and make your comments. 8.Is silence golden? Unit 7 9. What kind of person do you admire most? Why? 10. Do you want to be a hero? Why？ Unit 8 11. How do you feel after listening to a ghost story ? 12. Discuss the story of “ The Last leaf”. Unit 9 13.What do you think makes a good speech? 14.Talk about your own experience of public speaking. Sentence translation Unit 1 1. 在他的正对面有一模一样的两扇门，紧紧地挨着。 2 其中的不确定因素给这种场合增添了趣味性。 3. 她是他的掌上明珠，他爱她胜过任何人。 4. 以前从未有任何臣民胆敢爱上国王的女儿。 5. 他高大英俊，人群中发出了一片赞叹声。 6. 对这个问题我们考虑得越多，就越难给出答案。
Unit 9 Music In-Class Reading Music to Your Gear 参考译文 音乐与开车 安迪·埃利斯 1 尽管音乐能使你胸中的怒气平息，但是开车时听音乐也会损害你的健康。近期研究表明，听声音很响的音乐会严重地影响司机的注意力，而且心理学家也提醒人们，不断地在车里放这种音乐是很危险的，尤其是处于车流中或在高速公路上开车时。 2 音乐有两个极端，任何一个极端都有可能带来危险。重金属音乐以其强烈的节奏会使人莽撞驾驶，而聆听处于另一个极端的优美的、令人舒心的音乐，会使司机过分放松，以至于丧失安全意识，陷入迷迷糊糊的欲睡状态。 3 英国汽车协会一直关注道路安全，它委托搞了一个项目，研究严重车祸与音乐之间的关系。这项研究发现，17至25年龄段的男人是最危险、最易产生车祸的群体。研究还发现，这个群体的人70%的开车时间都在听音乐。 4 快节奏或重金属音乐要是放得很响，会使人易怒好斗，开起车来就会冲劲十足，这种司机也就更容易去冒险。开车的速度受到了音乐的速度和节奏的控制。 5 在试验中，给那些自愿参加实验的司机听声音很响的音乐，他们说尽管他们不一定感到非要开快车，但的确发现自己换档更快了，加速也快了，刹车更急了。若是让这些司机听慢节奏的抒情曲，他们承认经常感到自己走神，他们在高速公路上长途开车时，至少有两位参试的司机发现自己不知不觉地在跨越车道标记。 6 这些自愿参试的司机（有些刚刚拿到驾驶执照）所发表的意见非常说明问题。十八岁的西蒙告诉英国汽车协会，“《走出地狱的蝙蝠》里的快节奏摇滚乐真会让人送命的。我发现自己不知不觉地越开越快。” 7 另一名自愿参试的司机一直在听ZZ Top乐队最流行的曲子，他说，“我一直在快速行驶，扯着嗓门唱歌，没有看见也没有听见那辆一直想超过我的消防车。” 8 还有些人说：“我陷入了深思”…… “人的感觉会变得麻木” …… “听不见别的汽车是个问题”，“我一直在随着音乐的节奏加快速度。” 9 一些慢节奏的背景音乐，如肖邦的音乐，会刺激人的大脑，使思维模式发生变化，激发阿尔法脑波，使人有一种舒服愉快的感觉。处于放松状态在大多数情况下对我们有好处，但开车时则不然。心理学家雪利?费希尔教授提醒人们说：“最大的危险是疲劳驾驶。有些音乐会使你无法集中注意力，甚至陷入轻度睡眠状态，那样就会造成可怕的惨祸。” 10 “问题的关键在于根据具体情况选择合适的音乐。刺激性的音乐适合在漫长、枯燥的道路上听，但是当交通状况糟糕时，或是交通拥挤时，这种音乐会分散你的注意力。” 11 然而，音乐也有其好的一面，正如英国汽车协会的心理学家罗伯特?韦斯特所指出的那样：“如果有些音乐影响我们安全行驶，那么反过来也是有道理的。
新编英语教程6课文 翻译 -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
第1单元避免两词铭记两词 在生活中，没有什么比顿悟更令人激动和兴奋的，它可以改变一个人——不仅仅是改变，而且变得更好。当然，这种顿悟是很罕见的，但仍然可以发生在我们所有人身上。它有时来自一本书，一个说教或一行诗歌，有时也来自一个朋友。 在曼哈顿一个寒冷的冬天的下午，我坐在一个法国小餐馆，倍感失落和压抑。因为几次误算，在我生命中一个至关重要的项目就这样落空了。就因为这样，甚至连期望看到一个老朋友（我常常私下亲切的想到的一个老人）的情形都不像以前那样令我兴奋。我坐在桌边，皱起眉头看着色彩多样的桌布，清醒的嚼着苦涩的食物。 他穿过街道，裹着旧棉袄，一顶帽子从光头打下来，看上去不像是一个有名的精神病医生，倒像是一个精力充沛的侏儒。他的办公室在附近到处都有，我知道他刚刚离开他最后一个病人。他接近80岁，但仍然扛着一个装着满满文件的公文包，工作起来仍然像一个大公司的主管，无论何时有空，他都仍然爱去高尔夫球场。 当他走过来坐我旁边时，服务员早已把他总是要喝的啤酒端了过来，我已经几个月没有见他了，但他似乎还是老样子。没有任何寒暄，他就问我“怎么了，年轻人？” 我已经不再对他的样子感到奇怪，所以我详细地把烦恼告诉他。带着一丝忧伤的自豪。我尽量说出实情，除了我自己，我并没有因为失望而责备任何人。我分析了整件事情，但所有负面评价以及错误仍然继续。我讲了约有十五分钟，这期间老人只是默默的喝着啤酒。我讲完后，他取下眼镜说：“到我的办公室去。”“到你的办公室你忘了带什么了吗”他和蔼的说“不是，我想看看你对某些事情的反应，仅此而已。” 外面开始下起小雨，但他的办公室很温暖，舒服，亲切：放满书的书架靠着墙壁，长皮沙发，弗洛伊德的亲笔签名照，还有墙边放着的录音笔。他的秘书回家了，只有我们在那里。老人从纸盒里拿出一盘磁带放进录音笔，然后说：“这里有到我这来求助的三个人的简单录音，当然，这没有说明具体是哪三个人。我想让你听听，看你是否能找出双字词的短语，这里是在三个案例中共有的。”他笑道：“不要这么困扰，我有我的目的。” 对我来说，录音中三个主人共有的东西不是什么快乐的东西。首先讲话的是一个男人，他在生意中经历了一些损失或失败，他指责自己没有辛勤工作，也没有远见。接下来说话的是一个女人，她还没有结婚，因为对她寡妇母亲的强烈的责任意思，她伤心的回忆了所有擦肩而过的婚姻机遇。第三个说话的是一位母亲，她十多岁的儿子在警察局有麻烦，她总是不停地责备自己。 老人关掉收音机，侧身坐到椅子上：“在这些录音中，有一个短语像病毒一样的出现了六次。你注意到了吗没有噢，这可能是因为几分钟前你在餐馆说过了三次。”他拿起磁带盒扔给我。“正好在标签上有那两个伤心的词语。”我向下一看，那里有两个清晰的红色的印字：如果。 “你受惊了吗？”老人说：“你能想象我坐在这把椅子上以这两个词开头的话有多少次了吗？他们总是对我说：如果换一种方法做——或根本不去做。（如果我没发脾气、没有做那虚伪的事、没有说那愚蠢的谎言。如果我聪明点，或更无私点，或更自控点。）直到我打断说话他们才会停止。有时我让他们听你刚说过的录音。我对他们说（如果你停止说如果，我们就已取得进展了。）” 老人伸出双脚，说：“问题是，‘如果’并没有改变任何东西。它使那人面对错误——后退而非前进，那样只是在浪费时间。最后，要是你让它成为一个习惯，它就会变成真的障碍，变成你不再去做尝试的借口了。” “现在回到你的情况：你的计划没成功，为什么？因为你犯了某种错误。唔，这个没关系，毕竟错误谁都会犯，我们也从中学到东西。但是，当你告诉我那些东西时却悔恨这个， 后悔那个的时候，你还没有从错误中学到什么。” “你怎么知道呢？”我用一种辩驳的语气问道。 “因为你还没有从过去中走出来。你根本没提及到未来。在某种程度上——老实说，——现在你仍沉溺于过去。我们