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计算机等级考试改错题的常见错误类型及应试技巧

计算机等级考试改错题的常见错误类型及应试技巧
计算机等级考试改错题的常见错误类型及应试技巧

计算机等级考试

改错题的常见错误类型及应试技巧

文 静

一、概述

由于V isual Basic语言的界面友好、功能强大,很多学校都选择其作为二级考试的语种,作为检验非计算机专业学生编程能力的一个手段。

江苏省计算机二级考试分为理论考试和上机考试两个部分。上机考试包含两道题目,改错题重在考察考生程序的阅读理解能力及各知识点的掌握,编程题侧重程序的结构与算法。

二、解题步骤

首先将试题给出的代码原样输入到计算机中。输入代码时采用缩进格式。考试并不对代码做格式上的具体要求,但缩进格式显得程序代码条理清晰、结构明确,有助于考生阅读理解并检查程序代码。

代码输入完毕后,按照题目所给出的工程名和窗体名保存至指定路径。上机考试采用按步给分,即使最后考生不能完全找出所有错误并给予正确修改,评卷老师也会根据代码的完整性、整洁性及保存情况适当给分。

然后阅读考题要求,了解本程序需要完成的功能,考生自己心中形成初步的算法和结构。再仔细阅读原程序。先阅读!通用声明?段,然后根据事件发生先后及通用过程的调用顺序通读程序。

运行程序,可以先将一些语法错误检查出来并加以改正。另外,在考试过程中,考生应该养成及时保存的好习惯,单击工具栏上的保存图标即可。

三、语法错误和运行错误

所谓语法错误是指由于违反了语言有关语句形式或使用规则而产生的错误。所谓运行错误是由于试图执行一个不可进行的操作而引起的。这两类错误在程序运行时,都会被系统检测出来。

(一)定义语句选择错误。

在2002年(春)上机试卷(02)的改错题中,原程序在窗体的!通用声明?段有如下代码: Op tion Exp licit

Pub lic a(9)A s Integer

由于Pub lic关键字只能在标准模块的声明段中定义全局级数组,此处应改为Pr ivate关键字或者D i m关键字。

(二)变量或数组的重复声明。

如2001年(秋)上机试卷(01)的改错题中,在名为change的子程序过程中,定义了动态数组A,与形参数组A同名,产生了在同一范围重复声明的错误。代码如下:

P rivate Sub change(a()A s Integer)

D i m iA s In teger,a()A s In teger

#

End Sub

修改如下:将动态数组A删除。类似例题还有2002年(春)上机试卷(01)和(03)。

(三)科学计数法。

在VB中浮点数值可以表示为mmmEeee或mmmD eee两种形式,2002(春)上机试卷(05)有如下语句:a<=e- 6,正确格式应是a <=1e-6,并且负号前后不能有空格。

四、逻辑错误

逻辑错误是由于编写的程序代码不能实现预定的处理功能要求而产生的错误。对于逻辑

错误,系统无法自动检测,需要考生找出并给予纠正,上机改错题中的错误绝大部分属于此类。大致情况有以下几种:

(一)Do Loop循环中W h ile关键字与U n til 关键字的错误使用。

W h ile关键字表示:当满足条件时,执行循环体。而U n til关键字则刚好表示相反的意思:当满足条件时,退出循环。根据循环条件和循环体之间的关系决定采用何种循环类型。例如: 2002年(秋)上机试卷(04),2003年(春)上机试卷(04)等。

(二)通用过程。

1、参数的传递方式。

通用过程调用一个有参数的过程,主调过程与被调过程之间的数据传递有两种方式:按值传递和按址传递。按址传递方式,形参和实参共用一个内存地址,形参值的改变会导致实参值的改变。而按值传递方式,由于传递的只是实参的副本,所以当由被调过程返回主调过程时,实参仍然保持为调用前的值。例如:2006年(秋)上机试卷(05);2006年(秋)上机试卷(06)等。

2、形参与实参的类型、个数不一致。

最常见出现的错误是实参为数组,相对应的形参却错为变量。运行程序时,系统会给出类型不符的提示。在形参数组名后加一对空括号即可。例如2001年(秋)上机试卷(05)。

还有一种情况,形参和实参同为变量或数组,但是数据类型不一致。例如2002年(春)上机试卷(07)。

3、Ex it关键字的使用。

一般这种类型的错误会出现在通用过程的For循环中。认真阅读程序,根据题目要求判断满足条件后是退出循环还是退出通用过程,即是Exit For还是Exit Fun ction/Sub。或者是在嵌套循环中,满足条件时退出内循环还是外循环。例如,2006年(秋)上机试卷(03);2007年(春)上机试卷(02)。

(三)函数的正确使用。

函数Cstr(x)与函数S tr(x)都可将数值型数据转换成字符型数据。二者区别在于前者不保留正数的符号位,而后者保留。如果参数x为一正数,则有Len(Cstr(x))=Len(Str(x))-1。在涉及数值数据长度时,只能用C str(x)函数。例如,2007年(春)上机试卷(08)。

在对文本框、列表框所显示的数据进行数值运算时,应该使用V al(x)函数将字符型的数据转换为数值型数据。例如,2002年(秋)上机试卷(05)。

在使用R igh t(s,x)、Left(s,x)以及M id(s, x

1

,x

2

)等函数时注意所选取的字符位置、个数及顺序。例如,2005年(秋)上机试卷(02)。

考生应该对VB中常用函数重点掌握,对功能相关的函数加以区分。

(四)动态数组。

1、动态数组的重定义。

动态数组的特点是可以根据程序的具体要求变换数组空间的大小,在改变数组大小的时候,根据上下文判断是否需要保留原有数组元素。即在使用R ed i m语句时是否添加p reserve 关键字。如2007年(秋)上机试卷(07)。

2、动态数组的上、下界。

基于动态数组自身的特点,它的上、下界大多用Lbound函数和U bound函数来确定。例如, 2005(春)上机试卷(05)。

改错题有时需要对错误语句进行删除。此类错误一般出现在对变量的初始化、自变量语句中。例如,2005(春)上机试卷(07), 2005(春)上机试卷(08),2006(春)上机试卷(04)。

其他常见的错误还有:数组元素顺次移位的方向;变量变化的步长;字符型数据的连接顺序,是s$=s$&a$还是s$=a$&s$;多个判断条件间的关系;For循环中初值、终值和步长的选择;模块级变量错定义为过程级变量等。

五、结束语

考试前,多上机练习,力求真正弄懂并掌握每一道历年考题,对知识点多分析多总结。考试时,对程序认真阅读冷静分析,勤保存,以免出现意外情况丢失程序代码。

(作者单位:淮阴师范学院计算机科学系 223300)

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高考英语短文改错常见错误例析 短文改错考查同学们发现、判断、纠正文章错误的能力。短文改错的文章多采用记叙文,其长度通常在90~120词之间;语言浅显易懂,基本上不涉及生僻的语言现象和复杂的语句结构。 短文改错主要考查冠词、名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词时态、非谓语动词、连词、介词等。 1.名词 名词是短文改错的重点考查内容,其考点主要涉及名词单复数、名词 所有格、名词与形容词等词形的转化等。 【考例1】My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest. (2016 全国卷I) 【答案及解析】honest → honesty。分析句子结构可知,从句中的主 语为the key,表语应为honest的名词形式。句意:我叔叔告诉我他成 功的关键是诚实守信。 【考例2】If we go on a trip abroad,we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. (2016全国卷II) 【答案及解析】knowledges → knowledge。knowledge是不可数名词, 没有复数。 【考例3】The teenage year from 13 to19 were the most difficult time for me. (2016全国卷III) 【答案及解析】year → years。根据谓语动词were可知,名词year 应用复数形式。 2. 冠词 冠词是短文改错中的高频考点,其主要涉及冠词的缺失、冠词滥用、 定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a, an)的混用。 【考例1】My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time. (2016全国卷I) 【答案及解析】the→a。句意:我叔叔说他从未想过短时间内致富。 此处period为泛指,故应用不定冠词a。 【考例2】But in that case, we will learn little about world. (2016全国卷II) 【答案及解析】about后加the。在英语中,定冠词the表示特指,本 句中用the修饰world,特指“这个世界”。 【考例3】Every time he arrived home at end of the day, we’d greet him at the door. (2016浙江) 【答案及解析】在end前加the。at the end of 为固定搭配,意为“在……结束的时候”。 3.代词 代词的考查灵活多样,其涉及的考点有人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词等。 【考例1】Instead, he hopes that ourbusiness will grow steadily. (2016全国卷I) 【答案及解析】our→ his。此处讲的是叔叔的生意。 【考例2】The summer holiday iscoming. My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.(2016全国卷II) 【答案及解析】how → what。“疑问词+ to do”在本句中作talk about 的宾语。 【考例3】At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help. (2016全国卷III) 【答案及解析】need前加I。whenever从句中缺少主语I。 4.形容词和副词 形容词和副词是短文改错的重点考查内容。同学们在做题时要注意判断形容词或副词是否混用,是否存在比较级和最高级。 【考例1】Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady. (2016全国卷I ) 【答案及解析】steady → steadily。grow是动词,此处修饰动词,说明发展的情况,故用副词形式。 【考例2】They were also the best and worse years in my life. (2016全国卷III ) 【答案及解析】worse → worst。与前面的the best保持一致,故用最高级。 【考例3】At one time, I even felt my parents couldn’t understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them. (2016全国卷III) 【答案及解析】freely→ fre e。作系动词be的表语,应用形容词形式。 5.动词时态 动词时态主要涉及特定语境中时态的使用。同学们做这类题目时,要从文章整体来把握时态,注意时态一致。 【考例1】Some people even had to wait outside. (2016全国卷I) 【答案及解析】had→ have。根据上下文可知,整篇文章描述的是一般性情况,应用一般现在时。

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