Unit 4 Imagination and Creativity
Part1 Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 1 long conversation. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.
1. A) Do her homework B) Clean the backyard
C) Wash clothes. D) Enjoy the beautiful day.
2. A) Prof. Smith wrote a novel.
B) Lily read a novel instead of the book.
C) Lily read only part of the book.
D) Prof. Smith recommended them to read a novel.
3. A) The houses for sale are of poor quality.
B) The houses are too expensive for the couple.
C) The housing developers provide free trips for potential buyers.
D) The man is unwilling to take a look at the houses for sale.
4. A) At 10:25 B) At 10:30. C) At 10:00 D) At 11:4
5.
5. A) Detective stories. B) Stories about jail escapes.
C) Love stories. D) Stories about royal families.
6. A) She doesn’t expect to finish all her work in thirty minutes.
B) She has to do a lot of things within a short time.
C) She has been overworking for a long time.
D) She doesn’t know why there are so many things to do.
7. A) The woman couldn’t find a parking place.
B) The woman was mad that they missed the show.
C) The man found it hard to park around.
D) The man was not interested in the show.
8. A) Save time by using a computer. B) Buy her own computer.
C) Borrow Manual’s computer. D) Stay home and complete her proposal. Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
9. A) She has lost some of her important stuff.
B) There is something wrong with her eyes.
C) She doesn’t know how to use paper in specific ways.
D) She doesn’t know where to get the information she need.
10. A) CTL books are more expensive.
B) CTL books can be photocopied.
C) One can only read CTL books in the library.
D) One has to line up to borrow books.
11. A) She hasn’t reserved it.
B) She doesn’t have enough time to make full use of it.
C) She doesn’t have a camera to photocopy it.
D) She isn’t good at making notes.
12. A) To stay in the library as long as she could.
B) To borrow the books from her teacher.
C) To give her shoes to Steve.
D) To consult her tutor what to do.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choice marked A), B), C) and D). Passage One
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.
13. A) Aston university B) Liverpool University
C) Birmingham University D) Manchester university
14. A) They fly higher. B) They could adapt better to the surroundings.
C) They are bigger in body size. D) Population of bigger brained birds had dropped.
15. A) Scientists believe they will do better than bigger brained birds in the future.
B) Small brained birds do not change their ways of life flexibly.
C) Almost all types of small brained birds are declining in population.
D) Blue tits and magpies are small brained birds.
Passage Two
Questions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16. A) The advantage and disadvantage of a plastic surgery.
B) How to keep a relationship.
C) How likely lovers want to change features of their partners.
D) Women’s attitudes toward plastic surgery.
17. A) Compared with men, they are more willing to go.
B) 59 percent of women want to change at least one feature on their face.
C) They take it as an insult.
D) They want their partner to pay for the surgery.
18. A) 11 percent. B) 5 percent. C) 6 percent. D) 4 percent.
19. A) The survey covered 1,000 adults in America.
B) Most of the respondents are dating or married.
C) Women are more likely to suggest their partner to do a plastic surgery.
D) Dr. Keith thinks love is not blind.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill the blanks. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
He had impressive powers of concentration. Einstein’s sister, Maja, (20) ____________ “... even when there was a lot of noise, he could lie down on the sofa, (21) ____________ a pen and paper, precariously balance an inkwell on the backrest and (22) ____________ in a problem so
much that the background noise (23) ____________ rather than (24) ____________ him.”
Einstein was clearly intelligent, but not outlandishly more so than his (25) ____________. “I have no special talents,” he claimed, “ I am only passionately (26) ____________.” And again: “The contrast between the popular assessment of my powers... and (27) ____________ is simply grotesque.” Einstein (28) ____________ his discoveries to imagination and endless (29)
____________ more so than orthodox (30) ____________.
Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions.
For questions 31-37, mark
Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage;
For questions 38-40, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Tips for Test Taking
When you take a test, you are demonstrating your ability to understand course material or perform certain tasks. Successful test taking avoids carelessness.
Examples of objective test are true-false, multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank.
Examples of subjective tests are short answer, essay, or oral exams.
The following suggestions may help you avoid careless errors.
Preparations
? Analyze how you did on a similar test in the past
Review your previous tests, and sample tests, especially when studying for the final exam. Each test prepares you for the next: the more tests you take, the better you will develop your test taking strategies.
? Arrive early for tests
Before a test, list everything you will need for it that is allowed (pencils/pens, calculator, dictionary, watch, etc.). Good preparation helps you focus on the task at hand.
? Be comfortable but alert
Choose a good spot in the room and make sure you have enough space to work, maintain comfortable posture in your seat, but don’t “slouch”.
? Stay relaxed and confident
Keep a good attitude. Remind yourself that you are well-prepared and are going to do well. If you find yourself anxious, take several slow, deep breaths to relax. Don’t talk about the test to other students just before entering the room: their anxiety can be contagious.
Test Taking
? Read the directions carefully
This may be obvious, but it will help you avoid careless errors.
? If there is time, quickly look through the test for an overview.
Note key terms, jot down brief notes. If you can, mark the test or answer sheet with comments that come to mind. Ask if that is permitted!
? Answer questions in a strategic order:
1. Answer easy questions first.
To build confidence, score points, and mentally orient yourself to vocabulary, concepts, and
your studies. It may also help you make associations with more difficult questions.
2. Then difficult questions or those with the most point value.
With objective tests, first eliminate those answers you know to be wrong, or are likely to be wrong, don’t seem to fit, or where two options are so similar as to be both incorrect. With essay questions, broadly outline your answer and sequence the order of your points.
Review
Resist the urge to leave as soon as you have completed all the items.
Review your test to make sure that you have answered all questions, did not mis-mark answers, did not make simple mistakes.
Proofread spelling, grammar, punctuation, decimal points, etc.
Change answers to questions if you made a mistake, or misread the question or if you find information elsewhere in the test that indicates that your first choice is incorrect.
Decide on and adopt study strategies that work best for you. Review your test preparation and identify those habits that worked well and replace those that don’t!
31. We are taking tests to show off our knowledge of a certain course.
32. When preparing for a test, talking to students who are more anxious than you can boost your confidence.
33. It would be helpful if you have time to look through the whole paper to get a general idea.
34. Making comments on the answer sheet is allowed in most cases.
35. According to the author, it’s a personal choice whether to take easy or difficult items first when taking a test.
36. The author doesn’t suggest leaving as early as possible when finishing the test.
37. It is possible that you may find indications in the same test paper that one of your first choices is wrong.
31. [Y] [N] [NG] 32. [Y] [N] [NG] 33. [Y] [N] [NG]
34. [Y] [N] [NG] 35. [Y] [N] [NG] 36. [Y] [N] [NG]
37. [Y] [N] [NG]
38. Objective items in a test include____________________.
39.________________________helps you to relax before a test.
40.When answering essay questions, you should___________________.
Part ⅢReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks numbered from 41 to 50. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please fill in each blank with a letter. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
“You don’t love me!”
How many times have your kids laid that one on you?
And how many times have you, as a 41 , resisted the urge to tell them how much?
Someday, when my children are old enough to understand the logic that motivates a mother, I’ll tell them.
I loved you 42 to bug you about where you are going, with whom, and what time you
would get home.
I loved you enough to 43 you buy a bike with your own money that we could afford and you couldn’t.
I loved you enough to be silent and let you 44 your hand-picked friend was a creep.
I loved you enough to let you see anger, 45 , disgust and tears in my eyes.
I loved you enough not to make excuses for your lack of respect or your bad manners.
I loved you enough to admit that I was wrong and ask your 46 .
I loved you enough to ignore “what every other mother” did or 47 .
I loved you enough to let you 48 , fall, hurt and fail.
I loved you enough to let you assume the 49 for your own actions, at six, ten, or sixteen.
I loved you enough to accept you for what you are, not what I wanted you to be.
But most of all, I loved you enough to say no when you hated me for it. That was the 50 part of all.
A)Enough F) insist K) force
B)much G) hardest L) disappointment
C)discover H) win M) said
D)responsibility I) teacher N) forgiveness
E)stumble J) parent O) easiest
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.
Passage One
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
The sea has always interested man. From it he can get food, minerals and treasure. For thousands of years, he could sail on it. But he could not go far beneath its surface.
Man wants to explore deep into the sea. However, he is not a fish. Because he must breathe air, he cannot stay under the water’s surface for any length of time. To explore deep water, man faces even more dangers and problems.
A diver who wants to stay under water for more than a few minutes must breathe air or a special mixture of gases. He can wear a diving suit and have air pumped to him from above. He can carry a tank of air on his back and breathe through a hose and a mouthpiece.
Water weighs 800 times as much as air. Tons of water pushes against a diver deep in the sea. His body is under great pressure. When a diver is under great pressure, his blood takes in some of the gases he breathes. As he rises to the surface, the water pressure becomes less. If the diver rises too quickly, the gases in his blood form bubbles. The diver is then suffering from the bends(潜水员病). The bends can cause a diver to double up in pain. They can even kill him.
51.The passage is mainly concerned with_______.
A) problems in deep-sea exploration
B) breathing difficulty under the water surface
C) diving
D) exploration of the sea
52.Which of the following is NOT true of the passage?
A) Man can get a lot from the sea.
B) Man can swim like fish.
C) Man cannot stay under the water surface for long
D) The pressure in deep sea can be dangerous.
53.How can a diver breathe air?
A) He can breathe specially mixed gases.
B) He can breathe from a tank on his back.
C) He can depend on the air pumped to him from above.
D) All of the above.
54.When does a diver get the bends?
A) When he dives down too fast. B) When he is at a great depth of the sea.
C) When he rises too fast to the surface. D) When he is in poor health.
55.What could be the result of bends?
A) The diver will die. B) The diver can’t stand upright.
C) Both A and B. D) Neither A nor B.
Passage Two
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Art is considered by many people to be little more than a decorative means of giving pleasure. This is not always the case, however; at times, art may be seen to have a purely functional side as well. Such could be said of the sand-paintings of the Navaho of the American Southwest; these have a medical as well as an artistic purpose.
According to Navaho traditions, one who suffers from either a mental or a physical illness has in some way disturbed or come in contact with the supernatural( 超自然的)—perhaps a certain animal, a ghost, or the dead. To counteract this evil contact, the ill person or one of his relatives will employ a medicine man called a “singer” to perform a healing ceremony which will attract a powerful supernatural being. During the ceremony, which may last from 2 to 9 days, the “singer”will produce a sand painting on the floor of the Navaho house. On the last day of the ceremony, the patient will sit on this sand painting and the “singer” will rub the sick parts of the patient’s body with sand. In this way the patient absorbs the power of that particular supernatural being and becomes strong like it. After the ceremony, the sand painting is then destroyed so its power will not harm anyone.
The art of sand painting is handed down from old “singers” to their students. The materials used are easily found in the areas the Navaho inhabit: brown, red, yellow, and white sandstone, which is ground into powder by being crushed between 2 stones much as corn is ground into flour. The “singer” holds a small amount of this sand in his hand and lets it flow between his thumb and forefinger onto a clean, flat surface on the floor. With a steady hand and great patience, he is thus able to create designs of people, snakes and other creatures that have power in Navaho belief system.
56.Which of the following refers to the same thing as “decorative” in Para.1?
A) Functional. B) Medicinal. C) Artistic. D) Pure.
57. According to the Navaho traditions, one is ill because he has met with____.
A) something with supernatural powers B) a dead goat
C) any animal D) too many dead people
58.How can a sick person recover from his illness according to the passage?
A) He must avoid the evil contact.
B) He needs help from another powerful supernatural being.
C) He must draw a sand painting.
D) he must sing at a ceremony.
59.The reason for the sand painting to be destroyed after the ceremony is________.
A) not to allow others to use it freely B) to harm the patient
C) not to harm others D) to protect the patient
60.Which of the following is TRUE of the designs of people created by the “singer”?
A) They are sand paintings. B) They attract supernatural beings.
C) They have healing powers. D) All of the above.
Part ⅣVocabulary
Directions: Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence from four choices given under each sentence.
61.The new theory is gaining _______with economists.
A) trust B) credit C) reputation D) money
62. There are certain standards of civilized behavior in international relations which it should be possible to _______in the family of nations.
A) take for granted B) come into being C) be occupied D) be intent on
63.She won the competition three times in a ______.
A) chain B) line C) row D) bank
64.I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into ______when judging my examination.
A) regard B) counting C) account D) observation
65. In criminal psychology, the absence of facial expression is as important as the of it.
A) being B) presence C) existence D) beauty
66. The changing image of the family on television provides ______into changing attitudes toward the family in society.
A) insights B) fabrics C) revelations D) specifications
67. The doctrine that “______is right” is not true in all cases.
A) power B) might C) muscle D) force
68. They were all dressed _______in white dresses.
A) alike B) same C) similar D) like
60. It’s two o’clock in the morning but the children are still wide_______.
A) wake B) awake C) wakeful D) alert
70. If you want to call me _______, I’ll be there all day.
A) if anything B) or anything C) anything but D)anything else
71. It would be considered very ______for a man not to take his hat off in church.
A) irrelevant B) irreverent C) irresponsible D) irreversible
72. Someone within the gang ______him to the police.
A) give way B) give away C) give out D) give over
73. The singer’s _______performance turned all the people present on.
A) passionate B) positive C) excited D) negative
74. My father wants to ______our old house and buys a new one.
A) dispose to B) dispose towards C) dispose with D) dispose of
75. The officer was ______from his position for accusation of bribery.
A) removed B) replaced C) moved D) fired
Part ⅤGrammar
Directions: Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence from the four choices marked A), B),
C) and D).
76.With _____their way, people attempting to walk a straight course through unfamiliar territory
really do end up walking in circles.
A) nothing to guide B) anything to guide C) nothing on D) anything on
77. Back in the years when he worked ______the CEO, the company was in a good condition.
A) like B) as C) above D) below
78. ________to be recognized by anybody, she attended party from the back door.
A) Wishing B) Not to wish C) Not wishing D) No wishing
79.Bread and butter _______what Americans usually have for breakfast.
A) are B) is C) was D) were
80.You _____all those clothes! We have a washing machine to do that sort of thing.
A) needn’t have washed B) shouldn’t have washed
C) mustn’t have washed D) can’t have washed
81.As he______, Einstein built models and mechanical devices for fun and began to show a talent
for mathematics.
A) grew B) grows C) is growing D) was grown
82. The ancient Egyptians are supposed ______rockets to the moon.
A) to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending
83. ________with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A) When compared B) While comparing C) Compare D) Comparing
84. It was Philip who drove Miss Sophia yesterday, wasn’t _______?
A) he B) she C) it D) him
85. _______that you mentioned it, I do remember the incident.
A) Now B) Presently C) Currently D) The moment
86. ________to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.
A) Asking B) To ask C) Being to ask D) Being asked
87. His appearance has changed so much that you _____well not recognize him.
A) can B) may C) maybe D) could
88.She ______him to ask her out.
A) longed to B) longed for C) counted on D) cared for
89. His comments, although unpleasant, were_______.
A) well-meaning B) good-meaning C) well-meant D) good-meant
90. _______Einstein had early speech difficulties, he was a top student in elementary school.
A) In spite of B) Be it C) Although D) Despite
Part ⅥCloze
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the ONE that best fits into each blank.
Alone on a dark gritty (细石子的) street, Adam Shepard searched for a homeless shelter. He had a gym bag, $ 25, and 91 else. A former college athlete 92 a bachelor’s degree, Mr. Shepard had left a comfortable life with supportive parents in Raleigh, N.C. Now he was an outsider on the 93 side of the tracks in Charleston, S. C.
But Shepard’s 94 into poverty in the summer of 2006 was no 95 . Shortly after graduating from Merrimack College in North Andover, Mass., he intentionally left his parents’home to 96 the vitality of the American Dream. His goal: to have a 97 apartment, a car, and $ 2,500 in savings within a year.
To make his pursuit even more 98 , he decided not to use any of his 99 contacts or mention his education.
During his first 70 days in Charleston, Shepard lived in a shelter and 100 food stamps. He also made new friends, finding work 101 a day laborer, which led to a steady job with a moving company.
Ten months 102 the experiment, he decided to quit after learning of an illness 103 his family. But by then he had 104 into an apartment, bought a pickup truck, and had saved 105 to $ 5,000.
The effort, he says, was inspired after reading Nickel and Dimed, in which author Barbara Ehrenreich takes 106 a series of low-paying jobs. Unlike Ms. Ehrenreich, who chronicled (记载) the difficulty of advancing 107 the ranks of the working poor, Shepard found he was able to successfully 108 out of his self-imposed poverty.
He tells his story 109 Scratch Beginnings: Me, $ 25, and the Search for the American Dream. The book, he says, is a testament (证明) to what ordinary Americans 110 achieve.
91. A) lots B) little C) few D) plenty
92. A) of B) with C) for D) under
93. A) wrong B) left C) right D) other
94. A) jump B) run C) fall D) lift
95. A) surprise B) matter C) incident D) accident
96. A) see B) test C) add D) show
97. A) furnished B) spacious C) beautiful D) costly
98. A) feasible B) challenging C) worthy D) adventurous
99. A) casual B) previous C) new D) close
100. A) asked B) bought C) received D) sold
101. A) with B) for C) as D) at
102. A) into B) after C) before D) during
103. A) on B) in C) with D) by
104. A) moved B) worked C) lived D) transferred
105. A) close B) over C) on D) down
106. A) over B) on C) in D) to
107. A) beyond B) within C) along D) upon
108. A) climb B) work C) figure D) throw
109. A) of B) about C) in D) at
110. A) must B) need C) can D) will
Part ⅦTranslation
Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.
111.__________________________________(她认为他们想毒害她), she refused to eat anything. 112. He _______________________________( 打起瞌睡来)during the long lecture.
113. I______________________(竖起耳朵听) to try to hear what they were talking about.
114. However simple it seems, be careful not to ____________________________( 匆忙下结论). 115. We have been studying on this for nearly half a year but seem to _____________________(没什么进展).
Part ⅧWriting
Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic Advantages of Being a... You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.
1.很多人与我一样,从事着或向往着这样一个工作(如医生.教师)
2.我喜欢这个工作的原因
3.我的结论.
Advantage of Being a ...
all the same 仍然,照样的as regards 关于,至于anything but 根本不as a matter of fact 实际上 apart from 除...外(有/无) as a rule 通常,照例 as a result(of) 因此,由于as far as ...be concerned 就...而言as far as 远至,到...程度as for 至于,关于 as follows 如下as if 好像,仿怫 as good as 和...几乎一样as usual 像平常一样,照例 as to 至于,关于all right 令人满意的;可以 as well 同样,也,还as well as 除...外(也),即...又
aside from 除...外(还有) at a loss 茫然,不知所措 at a time 一次,每次at all 丝毫(不),一点也不 at all costs 不惜一切代价at all events 不管怎样,无论如何at all times 随时,总是at any rate 无论如何,至少 at best 充其量,至多at first 最初,起先 at first sight 乍一看,初看起来at hand 在手边,在附近 at heart 内心里,本质上at home 在家,在国内 at intervals 不时,每隔... at large 大多数,未被捕获的 at least 至少at last 终于 at length 最终,终于at most 至多,不超过
at no time 从不,决不by accident 偶然 at one time 曾经,一度;同时at present 目前,现在 at sb’s disposal 任...处理at the cost of 以...为代价 at the mercy of 任凭...摆布at the moment 此刻,目前 at this rate 照此速度 at times 有时,间或back and forth 来回地,反复地 back of 在...后面before long 不久以后 beside point 离题的,不相干的beyond question 毫无疑问by air 通过航空途径by all means 尽一切办法,务必 by and by 不久,迟早by chance 偶然,碰巧
高中政治必修四知识点总结 第一单元：生活智慧与时代精神 第一课：美好生活的向导 1、哲学智慧的产生与起源： 哲学的智慧产生于人类的实践活动。哲学源于人们对实践的追问和对世界的思考。 2、哲学的本义：爱智慧或追求智慧 3、哲学的任务：正确地看待自然、社会和人生的变化与发展，指导人们正确地认识世界和改造世界 ※4、什么是哲学：哲学是系统化理论化的世界观，哲学是对自然、社会和思维知识的概括和总结。 （1）世界观、方法论的含义和关系： 世界观是人们对整个世界以及人与世界关系的总的看法和根本观点。 方法论是人们认识世界和改造世界的根本原则和根本方法。 关系：世界观决定方法论，方法论体现世界观 （2）哲学是世界观与方法论的统一： 有什么样的世界观就有什么样的方法论。，不存在脱离世界观的方法论，也不存在脱离方法论的世界观。 （3）哲学与世界观的关系： 哲学是系统化、理论化的世界观。 （4）哲学与具体科学的关系： 具体科学是哲学的基础，具体科学的进步推动哲学的发展。哲学为具体科学提供世界观和方法论的指导。
第二课：百舸争流的思想 ※1、什么是哲学的基本问题？它包括哪些内容？ 哲学的基本问题是思维和存在的关系问题。它包括两方面的内容：①思维和存在何者为第一性的问题。②思维和存在有没有同一性的问题。 2、为什么思维和存在的关系问题是哲学的基本问题？ ①哲学的基本问题与我们的生活息息相关②思维和存在的关系问题，是一切哲学都不能回避，必须回答的问题。 ※3、唯物主义和唯心主义的基本观点： 唯物主义：物质是本原，先有物质后有意识，物质决定意识。 唯心主义：意识是本原，物质依赖于意识，意识决定物质。 ※4、唯物主义的三种基本形态及其合理性、局限性： 唯物主义的三种基本形态即古代朴素唯物主义、近代形而上学唯物主义、辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义。 理解：①古代朴素唯物主义：合理性——否认世界是神创造的认为世界是物质的，坚持了唯物主义的根本方向，本质上是正确的。局限性——这些观点知识一种可贵的猜测，没有科学依据；它把物质归结为具体的物质形态，着就把复杂问题简单化了。 ②近代形而上学唯物主义：合理性——在总结自然科学成就的基础上，丰富和发展了唯物主义。局限性：它把物质归结为自然科学意义上的原子，认为原子是世界的本原，原子的属性就是物质的属性，因而具有机械性、形而上学性和历史观上的威信注意等局限性。
第一章马克思主义哲学是科学的世界观和方法论 1. 我们研究哲学的性质，目的是（）。 A、使人们认识到学习哲学在人生中的意义 B、为了掌握一门生产知识 C、为了认识科学之科学 D、使人们一劳永逸 参考答案：A 2. 世界观是（）。 A、关于世界的观点 B、人们对整个世界的根本观点 C、世界上的所有观点 D、世界大观的简称 参考答案：B 3. 方法论是（）。 A、关于方法的理论体系 B、一种方法 C、方法和理论的对立统一 D、人们认识世界、改造世界的根本方法。 参考答案：D 4. 哲学的基本问题是（）。 A、世界观和方法论的关系问题 B、物质和运动的关系问题 C、真理和谬误的关系问题 D、思维和存在的关系问题 参考答案：D 5. 哲学上的两大基本派别是指（）。 A、主观唯心主义和客观唯心主义 B、辩证法和形而上学 C、唯物主义和唯心主义 D、可知论和不可知论 参考答案：C 6. 划分唯物主义和唯心主义的标准在于是否承认（）。 A、世界是普遍联系的 B、世界是运动、变化、发展的 C、世界是物质的 D、世界是统一的 参考答案：C 7. 肯定思维和存在有同一性，这是（）。 A、辩证法的观点 B、形而上学的观点 C、唯心主义的观点 D、可知论的观点 参考答案：D 8. 区分可知论与不可知论的标准是（）。
A、思维和存在有无同一性 B、可知与不可知有无同一性 C、先知与后知有无同一性 D、矛盾有无同一性 参考答案：A 9. 包含了“全世界无产者，联合起来！”著作是（）。 A、《资本论》 B、《矛盾论》 C、《实践论》 D、《共产党宣言》 参考答案：D 10. 哲学的性质有（）。 A、非实用性 B、非功利性 C、智慧性 D、技术性 E、永恒性 参考答案：ABC 11. 哲学的功能有：（）。 A、反思人自身实践和认识的成果 B、从世界观、方法论的高度指导人们的实践 C、提供万能的思想武器 D、为人们提供思维方法并训练人们的思维能力 E、提供永恒性的工作方法 参考答案：ABD 12. 哲学之所以能给人以智慧，是因为：（）。 A、哲学是理论化、系统化的世界观 B、哲学有智慧性 C、哲学是自然、社会和思维知识的概括和总结 D、哲学是世界观和方法论的统一 E、是科学的科学 参考答案：ACD 13. 哲学基本问题的两个方面是：（）。 A、本体论问题，即思维和存在谁为第一性、谁为第二性的问题 B、世界存在不存在的问题 C、世界是否永恒存在的问题 D、认识论问题，即思维和存在有无同一性的问题 E、世界是否运动的问题 参考答案：AD 14. 在世界本原问题上有以下主要观点：（）。 A、一元论：认为世界只有一个本原 B、二元论：认为世界有两个本原 C、三元论：认为世界有三个本原 D、四元论：认为世界有四个本原
四级语法 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 2．被动形式 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /
1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have t o be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.
政治必修四复习提纲 湛江师范学院思政张森 第一单元:生活智慧与时代精神 第一课:美好生活的向导 1、哲学智慧的产生与起源: 哲学的智慧产生于人类的实践活动。哲学源于人们对实践的追问和对世界的思考。 2、哲学的本义:爱智慧或追求智慧 3、哲学的任务:正确地看待自然、社会和人生的变化与发展,指导人们正确地认识世界和改造世界 ※4、什么是哲学:哲学是系统化理论化的世界观,哲学是对自然、社会和思维知识的概括和总结。 (1世界观、方法论的含义和关系: 世界观是人们对整个世界以及人与世界关系的总的看法和根本观点。 方法论是人们认识世界和改造世界的根本原则和根本方法。 关系:世界观决定方法论,方法论体现世界观 (2哲学是世界观与方法论的统一: 有什么样的世界观就有什么样的方法论。,不存在脱离世界观的方法论,也不存在脱离方法论的世界观。 (3哲学与世界观的关系:
哲学是系统化、理论化的世界观。 (4哲学与具体科学的关系: 具体科学是哲学的基础,具体科学的进步推动哲学的发展。哲学为具体科学提供世界观和方法论的指导。 第二课:百舸争流的思想 ※1、什么是哲学的基本问题?它包括哪些内容? 哲学的基本问题是思维和存在的关系问题。它包括两方面的内容:①思维和存在何者为第一性的问题。②思维和存在有没有同一性的问题。 2、为什么思维和存在的关系问题是哲学的基本问题? ①哲学的基本问题与我们的生活息息相关②思维和存在的关系问题,是一切哲学都不能回避,必须回答的问题。 ※3、唯物主义和唯心主义的基本观点: 唯物主义:物质是本原,先有物质后有意识,物质决定意识。 唯心主义:意识是本原,物质依赖于意识,意识决定物质。 ※4、唯物主义的三种基本形态及其合理性、局限性: 唯物主义的三种基本形态即古代朴素唯物主义、近代形而上学唯物主义、辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义。 理解:①古代朴素唯物主义:合理性——否认世界是神创造的认为世界是物质的,坚持了唯物主义的根本方向,本质上是正确的。局限性——这些观点知识一种可贵的猜测,没有科学依据;它把物质归结为具体的物质形态,着就把复杂问题简单化了。
高中化学必修四知识点整理及归纳 【一】化学必修四焓变反应热知识点整理 1.反应热(Q)：一定条件下，一定物质的量的反应物之间完全反应所放出或吸收的热量 2.焓变(ΔH)的意义：在恒压条件下进行的化学反应的热效应 (1).符号：△H (2).单位：kJ/mol(3)△H=H(生成物)-H(反应物) 3.微观角度解释产生原因：化学键断裂——吸热化学键形成——放热 放出热量的化学反应。(放热>吸热)△H为“-”或△H<0 吸收热量的化学反应。(吸热>放热)△H为“+”或△H>0 注：(高中阶段Q与△H二者通用) 4.影响晗变的主要因素：①发生变化的物质的物质的量，在其他条件一定时与变化物质的物质的量程正比。②物质的温度和压强常见的放热反应：①所有的燃烧反应②酸碱中和反应③大多数的化合反应④金属与酸或水的反应⑤生石灰和水反应⑥浓硫酸稀释、氢氧化钠固体溶解等 常见的吸热反应：①晶体Ba(OH)2?8H2O与NH4Cl②大多数的分解反应③以H2、CO、C为还原剂的氧化还原反应④铵盐溶解等【二】高中化学必修四知识点归纳(1)金属腐蚀 金属表面与周围物质发生化学反应或因电化学作用而遭到破坏的过程称为金属腐蚀。 (2)金属腐蚀电化学原理
生铁中含有碳，遇有雨水可形成原电池，铁为负极，电极反应为：Fe→Fe2++2e-。水膜中溶解的氧气被还原，正极反应为：O2+2H2O+4e-→4OH-，该腐蚀为“吸氧腐蚀”，总反应为：2Fe+O2+2H2O=2Fe(OH)2，Fe(OH)2又立即被氧化：4Fe(OH)2+2H2O+O2=4Fe(OH)3，Fe(OH)3分解转化为铁锈。若水膜在酸度较高的环境下，正极反应为：2H++2e-→H2↑，该腐蚀称为“析氢腐蚀”。 (3)金属的防护 金属处于干燥的环境下，或在金属表面刷油漆、陶瓷、沥青、塑料及电镀一层耐腐蚀性强的金属防护层，破坏原电池形成的条件。从而达到对金属的防护;也可以利用原电池原理，采用牺牲阳极保护法。也可以利用电解原理，采用外加电流阴极保护法。 必修四知识点：化学反应的方向 1、反应焓变与反应方向 放热反应多数能自发进行，即ΔH<0的反应大多能自发进行。有些吸热反应也能自发进行。如NH4HCO3与CH3COOH的反应。有些吸热反应室温下不能进行，但在较高温度下能自发进行，如CaCO3高温下分解生成CaO、CO2。 2、反应熵变与反应方向 熵是描述体系混乱度的概念，熵值越大，体系混乱度越大。反应的熵变ΔS为反应产物总熵与反应物总熵之差。产生气体的反应为熵增加反应，熵增加有利于反应的自发进行。
四级语法 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚 拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /
2019高中政治必修四第四单元知识点 2019高中政治必修四第四单元知识点 第四单元认识社会与价值选择 第十一课寻觅社会的真谛 1.什么是社会存在与社会意识?社会存在与社会意识的辩证关系原理? 社会存在是指社会生活的物质方面，它最主要、最根本的内容是物质资料的生产方式。 社会意识是指社会生活的精神方面，是人类社会中各种精神生活现象的总称。 ⑴社会存在决定社会意识。社会意识是对社会存在的反映，社会存在的变化发展决定社会意识的变化发展。 ⑵社会意识具有相对独立性。社会意识有时会落后于社会存在，有时又会先于社会存在而变化发展。 ⑶社会意识对社会存在具有能动的反作用。落后的社会意识对社会的发展起阻碍作用，先进的社会意识可以正确地预见社会发展的方向和趋势，对社会的发展起积极的推动作用。 2.社会基本矛盾及其运动规律是什么? 物质资料的生产活动是人类社会存在与发展的基础，生产方式决定着社会的性质与面貌，生产方式的变革决定着社会形态的更替。
⑴生产力与生产关系的矛盾，经济基础与上层建筑的矛盾，是贯穿人类社会始终的基本矛盾。 ⑵生产关系一定要适合生产力状况的规律，上层建筑一定要适合经济基础状况的规律，是在任何社会中都起作用的普遍规律。 社会发展规律的发现，使人类关于社会历史的理论第一次真正成为科学。 3.社会历史发展的总趋势 社会历史发展的总趋势是前进的、上升的，发展的过程是曲折的。社会发展是在生产力与生产关系、经济基础和上层建筑的矛盾运动中，在社会基本矛盾的不断解决中实现的。 ①在阶级社会里，社会基本矛盾的解决主要是通过阶级斗争实现的，阶级斗争是推动阶级社会发展的直接动力。 ②在社会主义社会，社会基本矛盾只能通过社会主义的自我发展和自我完善加以解决。改革是社会主义的自我完善和发展。改革的根本目的是使生产关系适应生产力的发展，使上层建筑适应经济基础的发展。改革是发展中国特色社会主义的强大动力。 4.人民群众是历史的创造者 ⑴原理：人民群众是指一切对社会历史起推动作用的人们。人民群众是历史的主体，是历史的创造者。人民群众是社会物质财富的创造者;人民群众是社会精神财富的创造者;
高中化学选修四知识点汇总 【一】化学反应的焓变1、(1)反应焓变 物质所具有的能量是物质固有的性质，可以用称为“焓”的物理量来描述，符号为H，单位为kJ·mol。 反应产物的总焓与反应物的总焓之差称为反应焓变，用ΔH表示。 (2)反应焓变ΔH与反应热Q的关系。 对于等压条件下进行的化学反应，若反应中物质的能量变化全部转化为热能，则该反应的反应热等于反应焓变，其数学表达式为：Qp=ΔH=H(反应产物)-H(反应物)。 (3)反应焓变与吸热反应，放热反应的关系： ΔH>0，反应吸收能量，为吸热反应。 ΔH<0，反应释放能量，为放热反应。 (4)反应焓变与热化学方程式： 把一个化学反应中物质的变化和反应焓变同时表示出来的化学方程式称为热化学方程式，如：H2(g)+O2(g)=H2O(l);ΔH(298K)=-285.8kJ·mol 书写热化学方程式应注意以下几点： ①化学式后面要注明物质的聚集状态：固态(s)、液态(l)、气态 (g)、溶液(aq)。 ②化学方程式后面写上反应焓变ΔH，ΔH的单位是J·mol或kJ·mol，且ΔH后注明反应温度。
③热化学方程式中物质的系数加倍，ΔH的数值也相应加倍。 反应焓变的计算 (1)盖斯定律对于一个化学反应，无论是一步完成，还是分几步完成，其反应焓变一样，这一规律称为盖斯定律。 (2)利用盖斯定律进行反应焓变的计算。常见题型是给出几个热化学方程式，合并出题目所求的热化学方程式，根据盖斯定律可知，该方程式的ΔH为上述各热化学方程式的ΔH的代数和。 (3)根据标准摩尔生成焓，ΔfHm计算反应焓变ΔH。对任意反应：aA+bB=cC+dD θθθθΔH=[cΔfHm(C)+dΔfHm(D)]-[aΔfHm(A)+bΔfHm(B)] 2、化学电源 (1)锌锰干电池 负极反应：Zn→Zn2++2e-; 正极反应：2NH4++2e-→2NH3+H2; (2)铅蓄电池 负极反应：Pb+SO42-PbSO4+2e- 正极反应：PbO2+4H++SO42-+2e-PbSO4+2H2O 放电时总反应：Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4=2PbSO4+2H2O. 充电时总反应：2PbSO4+2H2O=Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4. (3)氢氧燃料电池 负极反应：2H2+4OH-→4H2O+4e- 正极反应：O2+2H2O+4e-→4OH-
Unit 1-4词汇及语法复习题（二） 单句语法填空： 1. The __________________ (hunt) were awaiting the animals in the forest. 2. The girls were playing tricks ______ their new classmates. 3. She was overjoyed to hear about ______________ (arrive) of the baby. 4. The more he worked, the more _______________ (energy) he became. 5. This shop sells goods ______ all kinds. 6. Will you lend me your jacket ______ a little while? 7. He is proud _____ his great success ____ in scientific researches. 8. The activity is bound to get all of us to have fun _______ each other. 9. The garden, ______________ (cover) with flowers, looks as if it is dressed in colorful clothes. 10. People can either give it as a gift to friends ____ hang it in their houses as a decoration. 11. We don’t permit ______________ (smoke) here. 12. We don’t permit you __________________ (smoke) here. 13. She pulled the ____________ (drown) man from the water and gave him first aid. 14. She reminds me _____ the party. 15. She reminds me ____________ (go) to the party. 16. Paula was driving __________ a car crashed into hers. 17. Keeping a _____________ (balance) diet and taking exercise regularly are recognized _____ a healthy lifestyle. 18. If you are _______________ (curiosity) about the history of our school, you mustn’t miss the chance! 19. To our surprise, he should get away _________ cheating in that business. 20. No other book has a _____________ (great) effect on my life than this one. 21. Fossil fuels are ___________ (limit). 22. Travelling is ________________ (benefit) to us. 23. Tina is such a good teacher __________ we all respect her. 24. You will end up ____ debt if you keep on spending money like that. 25. The patient was ____________ (permit) to get out of bed after 10 days’ rest. 26. It describes a happy scene ____________ people are singing and dancing happily. 27. I saw bird watchers who ___________ (spot) a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides. 28. His illness accounted ________ his absence from school. 29. I think _____ necessary that classic poetry should be included in textbooks. 30. I wonder ____________ you are available to attend my wedding. 31. My main concern is ____________ he lacks experience. 32. I understand __________ you feel and we’ll try our best to help you out. 33. Table manners are __________ you should pay attention to. 34. Let’s wait and see _____________ shop will offer the best service. 35. Can I speak to _________________ is in charge of the project?
1. 唯物辩证法的总特征是（）。 A、联系的观点和发展的观点 B、否定的观点 C、矛盾的观点 D、物质第一性，意识第二性的观点参考答案：A 2. “城门失火， 殃及池鱼”说明（）。 A、任何事物和现象都是彼此联系的 B、任何事物和现象都是彼此孤立的 C、任何事物和现象之间的联系是主观随意的 D、事物之间是互不影响的参考答案： A 3. 唯物辩证法和形而上学分歧的焦点是（）。 A、是否承认事物的内部结构性 B、是否承认事物的量变 C、是否承认事物发展的根本原因在于事物内在的矛盾性 D、是否承认事物的相对 静止参考答案：C 4. 唯物辩证法所理解的联系是指（）。 A、各种事物和现象之间没有确定的界限，一切都是“亦此亦彼” B、每一事物和现 象都同其他事物和现象相区别 C、相互区别的事物和现象彼此都是孤立的 D、一切事物和现象都处于相互影响、相互作用和相互制约之中参考答案：D 5. 事物发展的根本动力是（）。 A、事物的相对性 B、事物的内在矛盾性 C、事物的变化 D、人的自觉能动性参考答案：B 6. 矛盾是反映（）。 A、事物之间互相对立，互相排斥、互相否定关系的范畴 B、对立面之间互相联系、互相转化关系的范畴 C、事物内部或事物之间的对立和同一及其关系的基本哲学范畴 D、主体和客体之 间互相对立的范畴参考答案：C 7. 有人认为矛盾不过是个命题或判断，它只存在于不正确的思维中，这种观点的实质是否认了矛盾的（）。 A、特殊性 B、客观性 C、相对性 D、条件性参考答案：B 8. 马克思主义普遍真理与中国革命具体实践相结合这一基本原则的哲学基础是 （）。 A、矛盾特殊性原理B、矛盾同一性与斗争性相结合的原理 C、矛盾共性与个性辩证统一的原理 D、矛盾发展不平衡原理参考答案：C 9. 事物 的度是指（）。 A、事物的临界点
语法大全之目录 1.名词 2.冠词和数词 3.代词 4.形容词和副词 5.动词 6.动名词 7.动词不定式 8.特殊词精讲 9.分词 10.独立主格 11.动词的时态 12.动词的语态 13.句子的种类 14.倒装 15.主谓一致 16.虚拟语气 17.名词性从句 18.定语从句 19.状语从句 20.连词 21.情态动词 1. 名词 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：_______________________________________ ||专有名词|| | 名|| 个体名词|| |||| 可数名词| ||| 集体名词|| ||普通名词||| | 词|| 物质名词||
《生活与哲学》基本知识点（应知应会、必记必背！！！） 第一单元生活智慧与时代精神 1、哲学与生活 （1）哲学就在我们身边。①哲学智慧产生于人类的实践活动。②在一定意义上，哲学源于人们对实践的追问和对世界的思考。因此，哲学与我们的生活、与我们置身于其中的自然和社会密切相关，它总是自觉或不自觉地影响我们的学习、工作和生活。（2）哲学是指导人们生活得更好的艺术。 ①哲学就是给人智慧、使人聪明的学问，哲学是现世的智慧，是“文化的活的灵魂”。②哲学的任务就在于指导人们正确地认识世界和改造世界。 2、哲学的含义 （1）哲学是关于世界观的学说，是系统化理论化的世界观。（世界观是人们对整个世界以及人与世界关系的总的看法和根本观点。）（2）哲学是世界观和方法论的统一（世界观决定方法论，方法论体现世界观。）（3）哲学是对自然、社会和思维知识的概括和总结。（具体科学是哲学的基础，具体科学的进步推动着哲学的发展；哲学为具体科学提供世界观和方法论的指导。） ●注意：①具体把握哲学与世界观、世界观与方法论、哲学与具体科学的关系。 ②哲学、世界观、方法论都正确与错误之分，不一定科学 3、哲学的基本问题 （1）是什么？思维和存在的关系问题，或意识和物质的关系问题。一方面，思维与存在何者为第一性的问题。对这个问题的不同回答，是划分唯物主义和唯心主义的唯一标准。另一方面，思维和存在有无同一性的问题，即思维能否正确认识存在的问题。对这个问题的不同回答，可以划分为可知论和不可知论。 （2）为什么？①思维和存在的关系问题是人们在生活和实践活动中首先遇到和无法回避的基本问题②思维与存在的关系问题是一切哲学都不能回避、必须回答的问题③它贯穿于哲学发展的始终，对这一问题的不同回答决定着各种哲学的基本性质和方向，决定着它们对其他哲学问题的回答。 观） 辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义 是第一性的东西。 如人的目的、意志、感觉、经验、心灵等） 5、正确理解“真正的哲学” （1）含义：真正的哲学都是自己时代的精神上的精华，正确地反映了时代的任务和要求，牢牢的把握了时代的脉搏，正确地总结和概括了时代的实践经验和认识成果。 （2）作用：哲学是社会变革的先导①可以通过对旧制度和旧思想的批判，更新人的观念，解放人的思想。②可以预见和指明社会的前进方向，提出社会发展的理想目标，指引人们追求美好的未来；动员和掌握群众，从而转化为变革社会的巨大物质力量。③总之，任何反映自己时代的客观要求和历史趋势的哲学，都可以成为这一时代社会变革的先导，推动时代的步伐，指导社会的变革。 6、全面认识马克思主义 （1）马克思主义哲学产生的历史必然性。①阶级基础：无产阶级的产生和发展。②自然科学基础：19世纪自然科学的巨大进步，最具代表性的是细胞学说、能量守恒和转化定律、生物进化论三大
鲁科版化学选修四第一章知识点总结 - - 打印版
第 1 章化学反应与能量转化 第 1 节化学反应的热效应 教学重点：反应热概念的含义；热化学方程式的正确书写；热化学方程式的正确书写以及反应焓变的计算。 从物质结构的角度看，化学反应的实质是旧化学键的断裂和新化学键的 生成，因此几乎所有的化学反应都伴随着能量的释放或吸收。通过过去对化学的学习，我们知道在化学反应中，化学能可以与多种形式的能量发生转化，其中最普遍的能量转化是化学能与热能之间的转化。因此可以将化学反应分为放热反应和吸热反应。 第 1 节化学反应的热效应 类型比较放热反应吸热反应 定义有热量放出的化学反应吸收热量的化学反应 形成原因反应物具有的总能量大于生反应物具有的总能量小于生成 成物具有的总能量物具有的总能量 与化学键生成物分子成键时释放出的生成物分子成键时释放出的总 强弱关系总能量大于反应物分子断裂能量小于反应物分子断裂旧键 旧键时吸收的总能量时吸收的总能量 常见的放热反应： ① 活泼金属与水或酸的反应②酸碱中和反应③ 燃烧反应④ 多数化合反应常见的吸热反应： ①多数分解反应，如 CaCO3 高温2↑ CaO+CO ②2NH4 Cl（s）+Ba(OH)2·8H2O（s）＝ BaCl2+2NH 3↑ +10H2O ③ C(s)+H2 高温 2 ④ 2 高温 CO+H 2CO O(g) CO +C 注意：化学反应是放热还是吸热，与反应条件（加热或不加热）没有关系。放热反应和吸热反应我们还可以借助下面的图像来理解。 生成物反应物 能能量 反应物生成 反应过程吸热反应反应过 放热反 下列对化学反应热现象的说法不正确的是（AC）A. 放热反应时不必加热 B.化学反应一定有能量变化 C.一般地说，吸热反应加热后才能发生 D.化学反应的热效应的数值与参加反应的物质的多少有关
马克思主义哲学随堂练习（参考答案是正确）
第一章马克思主义哲学是科学的世界观和方法论 1. 大学生的培养目标主要是（）。 A、实现其思维能力的提高和思维方式的转变 B、培养其熟练的技巧 C、认识大师 D、享受大学教育 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：A 问题解析： 2. 名牌大学的毕业生大都在工作中表现出较强的竞争能力，因为（）。 A、他们有名牌效应 B、他们有比较深厚的理论基础和正确的思维方式 C、他们有较好的教育条件 D、他们有天才 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：B 问题解析： 3. 马克思主义哲学是（）。 A、马克思本人的哲学思想 B、马克思和恩格斯的哲学思想 C、马克思创立的理论体系 D、一种具有科学形态的世界观和方法论 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：D 问题解析： 4. 大师是指（）。 A、有知识的人 B、有高级职称的人 C、有教养的人 D、有新思想的人 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：D 问题解析： 5. 我们研究哲学的性质，目的是（）。 A、使人们认识到学习哲学在人生中的意义 B、为了掌握一门生产知识 C、为了认识科学之科学 D、使人们一劳永逸
答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：A 问题解析： 6. 智慧是（）。 A、人的认识能力和实践能力的高度统一 B、一门生产知识 C、很玄的知识 D、不变的知识 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：A 问题解析： 7. 世界观是（）。 A、关于世界的观点 B、人们对整个世界的根本观点 C、世界上的所有观点 D、世界大观的简称 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：B 问题解析： 8. 方法论是（）。 A、关于方法的理论体系 B、一种方法 C、方法和理论的对立统一 D、人们认识世界、改造世界的根本方法。 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：D 问题解析： 9. 反思是（）。 A、反过来思考 B、人们通过对自身实践和认识的结果进行反复思考，形成更深刻思想的过程。 C、反向思维 D、反复无常，思潮起伏 答题： A. B. C. D. 参考答案：B 问题解析： 10. 哲学的基本问题是（）。
四级语法讲义 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时所有的过去 用一般现在时表示现在和将来 现在完成时现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生
2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 2) 使役动词have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have to be made to l earn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do