UNIT 6
TEXT
Sam set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but, as we find out later in this unit, his plans turned out not quite as he had expected.
Sam Adams, Industrial Engineer
Pf you ask my mother how I happened to become an industrial engineer she'll tell you that I have always been one.
She means that I have always wanted everything to be well organized and neat. When I was still in elementary school, I liked to keep my socks in the upper left-hand drawer of my bureau, my underwear in the upper right drawer, shirts in the middle drawer, and pants, neatly folded, in the bottom drawer.
In fact, I was the efficiency expert for the whole family. I used to organize my father's tools, my mother's kitchen utensils, my sister's boyfriends.
I needed to be efficient. I wanted to be well organized. For me, there was a place for everything and everything was always in its place. These qualities gave me a good foundation for a career in industrial engineering.
Unfortunately, I was also a bit bossy and I wasn't a very good listener. You'll see what I mean when I tell you about the first project I ever did after I finished my bachelor's degree at the university.
After graduation I returned home to my small town in Indiana. I didn't have a job yet. Mr. Hobbs, a friend of my father's, owned a small shirt factory in town. Within the past five years it had grown from twenty to eighty workers. Mr. Hobbs was worried that his plant was getting too big and inefficient, so he asked me to come in on a short-term basis as a consultant.
I went to the plant and spent about a week looking around and making notes. I was really amazed at what I saw.
Most curious of all, there was no quality control whatsoever. No one inspected the final product of the factory. As a result some of the shirts that were put in boxes for shipment were missing one or two buttons, the collar, even a sleeve sometimes! The working conditions were poor. The tables where the workers sat were very high and uncomfortable. Except for a half hour at lunchtime, there were no breads in the day o relieve the boring work. There was no music. The walls of the workrooms were a dull gray color. I was amazed that the workers hadn't gone on strike. Furthermore, the work flow was irregular. There was one especially absent-minded young man in the assembly line who sewed on buttons. After a while I recognized his as "Big Jim," who used to sit behind me in math class in high school. He was very slow and all the shirts were held math class in high school. He was very slow and all the shirts were held up at his position. Workers beyond him in line on his shift had to wait with nothing to do; therefore, a great deal of time and efficiency were lost as Big Jim daydreamed while he worked. All week I wondered why he wasn't fired.
After I made observations for a week, Mr. Hobbs asked me for an oral report of my findings. I covered my major points by telling him the following.
"If you have a quality control inspection, you will greatly improve your finished product."
"If the assembly line is redesigned, a smooth work flow can be achieved and time and energy can be saved."
"If you decrease the height of the worktables, the machine operators will work more comfortably."
"If the management provides pleasant background music and beautifies the dull setting, the factory will be much more productive."
"If the workers have a fifteen-minute coffee break in the morning and afternoon, they will be more efficient."
"If excellent work results in frequent pay increases or promotions, the workers will have greater incentive to produce."
Mr. Hobbs thanked me for this report and told me he would talk over my suggestions with his brother, the co-owner and manager of the factory. "We're interested in progress here," he said. "We want to keep up with the times."
He also gave me a check for $ 100 and a box of shirts with his compliments.
NEW WORDS
Efficiency the state or quality of being efficient 效率
Industrial of industry 工业的
Neat orderly and clean 整洁的
Elementary of or for beginners 初等的，初级的
Sock 短袜
Drawer 抽屉
Bureau a chest of drawers for bedroom use 衣柜
Underwear 内衣
Pants trousers
Expert a person with special knowledge or skill 专家，能手
Kitchen room used for cooking 厨房
Utensil any tool or container used in the house, esp. for cooking 用具，器皿Quality the degree of goodness which a thing or a person possesses 质量，品质Foundation 基础
Career profession; way of making a living 职业；生涯
Engineering 工程学；管理
Unfortunately 不幸的是，遗憾的是
Bossy always telling other people what to do and how to do it, like a boss 爱指挥人的；专横的
Project a piece of work; a big plan 项目；方案
Bachelor a person who had the first university degree 学士
Graduation completion of an educational course 毕业
Graduate
Short-term involving or lasting a short period of time 短期的
Basis 基础；根据
Consultant a person who gives professional or technical advice 顾问Consult
Amaze fill with great surprise or wonder 使大为惊讶，使惊愕
Curious strange 奇怪的
Whatsoever of any kind, at all 任何的，丝毫的
Inspect examine 检查
Shipment the act of sending, carrying or delivering goods 装运，运送
Miss be without; lack
Button 钮扣
Collar 领子
Sleeve make less or easier 减轻
Boring uninteresting and tiresome 令人厌烦的
Bore
Workroom a room specially kept for working in 工场（间）
Dull not bright or clear 阴暗的
Flow a smooth steady movement or supply 流（动）
Work flow 工作流程
Irregular uneven; not continuous 不规则的，不稳定的
Regular
Absent-minded so concerned with one's thoughts as not to notice what is happening, what one is doing, etc. 心不在焉的
Absent not present
Inspection the ct of examining (sth.) closely or in detail 检查
Assembly 组装，集会
Assemble
Assembly line 装配线
Shift 班，轮班
Daydream have pleasant dreamlike thoughts (about) 做白日梦，空想
Fire make (sb.) leave his job 解雇
Observation the act of watching carefully 观察
Observe
Observer
Oral spoken, not written 口（头）的
Findings the results of any research or enquiry 调查（或研究）的结果
Major important 较大的；主要的
Redesign 重新设计
Design 设计
Achieve get by effort （经努力）得到；实现
Decrease make smaller or fewer 减少
Worktable a table at which work is done 工作台
Operator a person who makes sth. Work 操作人员
Operate
Management 资方；管理（部门）
Background 背景
Beautify make beautiful 美化，装饰
Setting surroundings 环境
Productive producing much; able to produce 多产的；富有成效的
Frequent happening often 频繁的
Promotion 提升；促进
Promote
Incentive 刺激
Suggestion an idea or plan put forward for people to think about 建议Co -owner a joint owner 共同所有者
Manager a person responsible for running a section of a business 经理Compliments formal respects or greetings 贺词；问候
PHRASES EXPRESSIONS
Find out learn or discover 查明；发现
Turn out happen to be or found to be in the end 结果是
Quality control the activity of checking that products are all of satisfactory standard and quality, usu. by testing samples of them 质量控制（管理）
As a result because of 作为结果，因此
Except for apart from; with the exception of 除了... 外
Go on strike refuse to continue working 罢工
Hold up delay 延迟，耽搁；阻碍
Result in have as a result; cause 结果是，导致
Talk over discuss 商量；讨论
Keep up with go or move as fast as 跟上
PROPER NAMES
Sam Adams 萨姆。亚当斯
Indiana 印第安纳（美国州名）
Hobbs 霍布斯（姓氏）
NOTES
1 his text is taken from It's All In A Day's Work by George Draper and Edgar Sather.
2 elementary school: a school usually including the first six or the first eight grades
3 most curious of all:
This phrase is parenthetically (作为插入语) used without forming part of the grammatical (语法的) structure of the sentence. Phrases of similar construction include:
Most important of all
First of all
Worst of all
4 ... some of the shirts ... were missing one or two buttons: When defined as "be without; lack", the verb "miss" is now used only in present participle, e.g.
5 high school: a school usually including grades 9-12 or 10-12
6 with his compliments: given as a present from him
STUDY PRACTICE
Words to Drill
Absent-minded achieve amaze assembly background
Basis boring decrease dull efficiency
Expert findings fire flow frequent
Inspect major management miss neat
Productive promotion quality relieve suggestion
Whatsoever
Reading Aloud and Memorizing
1 Read the following paragraph until you learn it by heart, paying special. attention to sense groups and the sentence stress:
`After gradu `ation I re `turned `home to my `small `town in Indi `ana. I `didn't have a `job yet. `Mr. `Hobbs, a `friend of my `father's, `owned a `small `shirt `factory in `town. Wi`thin the `past `five `years it had `grown from `twenty to `eighty `workers. `Mr. `Hobbs was `worried that his `plant was `getting `too `big and ine `fficient, so he `asked me to `come `in on a `short- `term `basis as a com `sultant.
Comprehension of the Text
2 Tell whether each of the following statements is true or false according to the text:
1.Sam liked neatness when he was a child.
2.Sam said that he was modest enough to take others' advice.
3.Mr. Hobbs owned a big and efficient factory.
4.Shirts were not given a final inspection in the factory.
5.The assembly line work flow was regular.
6.Sam believed that the plant's worktables were too low.
7.During his first week in the factory, Sam painted pictures on the wall.
8.Sam believed that in a factory beautification of the setting would lead to greater productivity.
9.Sam believed that the workers would be more efficient if they had two coffee breads.
10.Mr. Hobbs was not pleased with Sam's report and immediately sent him away.
3 Answer the following questions:
1In what ways was Sam an efficiency expert as a boy?
2What qualities did Sam possess which gave him a good foundation for a career in industrial engineering?
3Who was Mr. Hobbs? Why did he want Sam's advice?
4What did Sam do during his week in the shirt factory?
5How was it that sleeveless shirts were sometimes sent from the factory?
6Why did Sam want to change the height of the worktables?
7What did Sam suggest to make the work less boring?
8Who was "Big Jim"? Why was Sam surprised that he wasn't fired?
9Why did Sam want to have the assembly line redesigned?
10Do you agree with Sam that coffee breaks are important for factory workers? Why or why not?
11Sum up in your own words the working conditions in the shirt factory and the cures suggested by Sam for the problems.
12Do you consider yourself an efficient person? In what ways are you efficient? I n what ways are you inefficient?
Vocabulary
4 Find in the text the words or expressions which fit the following descriptions:
1.person with special skill or knowledge _______
2.fill with wonder ______
3.the inspection of manufactured products ________
4.iessen (pain. Worry, etc.) ________
5.a line of workers and machines along which work is passed until the finished product is made ________
6.dismiss (sb.) from a job ______
7.greater in importance ______
8.cause to become less in size, number, etc. _______
9.the people who are in charge of a business __________
10.able to produce much ________
5 Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions given below. Change the form where necessary.
Dull miss whatsoever relieve deep up with Decrease achieve result in background as a result
Frequent hold up in place boring on a ... basis
1It is true that these herbs (药草) can be used to _____ pain.
2They are making further efforts to _____ the cost of production.
3My brother told me that he had met with ho difficulty _____ in learning English grammar.
4By consistent hard work we have _______ the major economic objectives(目标) of the eighth five-year plan.
5The day was ______, with a cloudy sky.
6Sam believes that in a factory beautification of the dull setting ______greater productivity.
7A good photographer pays as much attention to the _______ of a picture as he does to the subject.
8New machines were introduced into the factory. _____, not only were time and energy saved but production was greatly increased.
9The ________ use of drugs(毒品)质is a serious problem among some American young
people.
10A single worker can _____ an entire assembly line if he fails to _____ the work flow.
11The young worker has formed the habit of having every tool ______.
12Professor Smith has come to our department to give lectures _____ short-term _____. 13The lecture was go ______ that I couldn't help yawning (打呵欠)
14This book is ______ 4 pages.
6 Complete the following sentences, using the words given in brackets:
Example: The sight of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is often a great surprise to visitors.
Visitors to San Francisco ... (amaze)
Visitors to San Francisco are often amazed at the sight of the Golden Gate Bridge.
1Any good relationship between nations is based on mutual (相互的)trust and respect. Mutual trust and respect ... (basis)
2Few mothers would be surprised to find boys' bedrooms untidy(不整洁的).
For many boys, it seems almost impossible to ... (neat)
3A thick fog (雾) over the airport kept our plane from taking off on schedule. Rhe take-off of our plane ... (hold up)
4In its history the city has been hit by two earthquakes (地震) that caused great damage, one in 1906 and the other in 1989.
5The professor was an outstanding scientist, yet in his personal life he was often forgetful.
Though an outstanding scientist,... (absent-minded)
6An employee(雇员) can hardly expect to keep his job if he fails to report to work on time.
Failure to report to work on time will often result in ... (fire)
Word Building
8 Study the following words. Then choose the correct form for each sentence: Verbs Nouns Participles
Manage management managing
Manager
Inspect inspection inspected
Inspector
Consult consultation consulting
Consultant
Bore bore boring
Boredom bored
Assemble assembly assembled
1.As neither______ nor labor would give in, the union organized a strike. (manage)
2.The cotton mill(棉纺厂) will be much more productive if it is properly _____.(manage)
3.When they _____ her car at the garage(汽理修理厂), they discovered that the engine needed cleaning. (inspect)
4.I gave the TV set a thorough ______ before I bought it. (inspect)
5.Whenever he found himself in difficulty, Joe _____ with his workmates. (consult)
6.Hans went to his dentist(牙医) for _____ because of a bad toothache. (consult)
7.John is such a _______ that no one likes to talk to him. (bore)
8._______ with detective (侦探的) stories, Jimmy has now taken an interest in modern poetry.(bore)
9.Understandably Ann was so nervous. After all it was the first time that she ever spoke before an _____ crowd. (assemble)
10.They were busy _____ a tractor(拖拉机) when the accident happened. (assemble)
Structure
9 Rewrite the following sentences after the model:
Model: I looked around and made notes for about a week.
I spent about a week looking around and making notes.
1They worked on the design or the machine for two whole months.
2The room was virtually (实际上) empty _____ a bench or two.
3The manager talked to Sam for three hours yesterday morning.
4The whole morning he tried to solve the math problem.
10 Fill in the blanks with "except" or "except for":
1Everyh one of them agreed to his proposal ______ her.
2The room was virtually (实际上) empty ____ a bench or two.
3The retired engineer was seen walking with a stick by the canal(运河) every day ______ when he was ill in bed.
4The essays by the foreign students are well-written ____ a few mistakes in grammar. 5Ann seldom went anywhere ____ to her aunt's.
6The overcoat is ready ____ the buttons.
11 Practise the following:
1Make the following sentences negative and interrogative:
Model: He used to travel by air.
He didn't use to travel by air.
Did he use to travel by air?
(1) His nephew used to visit him at Christmas.
(2) He used to be us thin as she.
(3) She used to burn the midnight oil.
2Complete the following sentences, using question tags (附加疑问)
Model: My brother used to dance with you , didn't he?
(1) Tom and jack used to go swimming together during their childhood, ____?
(2)You used to smoke a pack of cigarettes a day, _____?
(3)There used to be a map of the world on the wall, _____?
12 Use the expressions listed below in the following sentences:
first of all worst of all
most important of all most curious of all
(1)_______, we must make him change his mind.
(2)_______, the manager did not know how many workers there were in his factory.
(3)_______, you should trust and support each other.
(4)_______, he wouldn't listen to any word we said to him.
Cloze
13 Fill in the missing words:
(A)
The personality traits(特点) shown by Sam Adams since childhood seemed to form the b_____(1) of his becoming an industrial engineer: His e_____(2), his efforts to be n____(3) and well -organized, and his attention to q-_____(4) were all familiar to everyone who knew him. After he obtained a university degree, his first job was to I_____(5) a shirt factory to find ways of making the operations more p_____(6). While carrying out his inspection, he was surprised by his f_____(7). The poor working conditions, the lack(缺乏) of quality control, and the irregular work f_____(8) all a_____(9) him. When he finished the inspection, he offered many s_____(10) to the m_____(11). To his surprise, however, his reward(酬劳) for the inspection was a check for $ 100 and a box of shirts.
(B)
When our children were born, my wife Nancy gave up her job to look after them. A year ago, Nancy and I decided to change ______(1). Nancy was beginning to get ______(2) at home all day. I was working hard at the time, but I didn't _____(3) my job. Most of all, I hated _____(4) to work in t he rush ______(5) every day. I thought Nancy was _____(6) lucky one; she could organize her day _____(7) her own way-she didn't have a boss ____(8) her what to do. But I ____(9) think of exchanging roles with her ________(10) she applied(申请) for a job. She got the ___(11), at a salary(薪金) higher than ______(12). It seemed sensible(明智的) for her to ______(13) it and for me to _____(14) at home.
_____(15) first I really enjoyed staying gat home and _____(16) with the children.
I now _____(17) my children better through spending ______(18) much time with them. But I must admit, I do find housework very ____(19). Most of my friends are at ____(20) all day, so I often don't have _____(21) adult conversation with anyone _____(22) Nancy comes home!
But ______(23) the whole, I think we made the _____(24) decision. I have learned a lot, and ______(25) has my wife. For the first time I appreciate(正确评价) ___(26) women do at home and I can understand some of their p____(27).
Translation
14 Translate the following sentences into English:
1据报道，那条铁路曾因洪水而停止修建。（hold up）
2罢工结果，资方接受了工人的要求。
3煤矿工人们决定为争取更好的工作条件举行罢工。
4我很想买这本英文词典，遗憾的是我身上带的钱不够。
5我想先和你讨论一下这篇文章的英译稿，然后再把它寄给霍布斯先生。
6那位外国专家希望在三年内达到所有的目标。
7一个科学家要跟上本领域的新发展，你认为必须做些什么？
8作者认为，如果优秀工人经常得到加薪和提级，他们就会有更大的生产积极性。
READING ACTIVTTY
Reading Comprehension
By "reading comprehension", we mean how well one can read. It a student is "good at reading comprehension," then, he or she is able to read with a high degree of efficiency and obtain maximum information from a text with minimum misunderstanding(误解)。 We are going to suggest ways you can improve your reading comprehension.
Skill: Reading Comprehension Skill I
--- reading for the Main Idea (Part I)
What is the most important element(成分) in any paragraph or passage? Without a doubt, it is the main idea or the central(中心的) idea, which gives the paragraph or passage a purpose and direction. Naturally, the first step to improve your comprehension is to practise reading a bit faster for the main idea.
Exercise A
Read each of the following paragraphs s little faster than you usually do, and answer the multiple choice question that comes after it.
Paragraph 1
Behave 检点（自己的）行为；举止端正 limit 限度；范围
Tend 照管范围 alcohol 酒精
Bible <<圣经>> forbid 禁止
barber 理发师
One hundred years ago, school teachers were expected to provide a variety of services in addition to their teaching duties and to behave themselves in an exemplary (serving as an example) manner. They cared for the oil lamps, tended the fire, and supplied their students with sharp pencils. After a long day in the classroom, they were expected to spend some time every evening reading the Bible. Women teachers could not marry, and barber shops were off limits(禁止进入的) to men teachers. Of course, alcohol and tobacco were forbidden.
Which statement best expresses the main idea?
A. Teachers performed(做) domestic(家庭的)tasks.
B. The teaching profession (职业) demanded total dedication.
C. Teachers needed the guidance(引导)of religion (宗教。)
D. Teachers set good examples by not using tobacco and alcohol.
Paragraph 2
Words to Know
Manufacture 制造 leather 皮革
Raw 来加工的；生的 harness 马具
Figure 数字 fur 毛皮
Until the War of 1812, the United States had always bought its manufactured goods, especially its fine cloth. From England. During the war, however, the United States could neither sell its raw materials, nor buy manufactured goods. By the end of the War of 1812 there were nearly 150,000 men and women working in cotton and woolen mills in the United States. We have no figures on the number of workers employed in the various stages of iron production, but we know that the iron industry had greatly increased. Besides the cloth and iron works, there was a great leather industry, including shoe factories, saddle shops, and harness=making shops, while American hatters were able to supply the market with wool hats and fur caps.
The central idea of this paragraph is:
A As a result of the War of 1812, Americans began to produce better cloth than they had previously obtained from abroad(海外)
B The War of 1812 caused large numbers of Americans to move from the farms into the factories.
C After the War of 1812 the United States was far less dependent(依赖)on Europe for its manufactured goods.
D The War of 1812 caused a temporary(暂的) change in the pattern of trade between the United States and Europe.
Exercise B
The following Dialogue(对话) and Epilogue(尾声) are closely related to the text Sam Adams, Industrial Engineer. Both can be divided(划分) into several parts according to their different controlling ideas, Read through the two pieces first to get an overall(总体的) impression and then determine the main idea in each part by answering the question that comes immediately after each part.
Words to Know
Exchange 交换 suitable 合适的
Company 公司 bill 帐单
Indicate 表明；表示 role 角色，作用Introduction 介绍，引进 SOLUTION 解决(办法)
Painter 画家 improvement 改进
Paint 画；描绘 inevitable 必然的，不可避免的Remind 提醒 painful 痛苦的
Backwards 向后
Dialogue
Jane: Hi, Sam. How's everything?
Sam: Great to see you, Jane.
Jane: I hear you got a new job with Babson Machines.
Sam: Yean, it's true. I was really lucky. I started about six months ago; they haven't fired me yet. How's the factory?
Jane: Ah, about the same as always.
Sam: You mean shirts are still coming out without collars or buttons?
Jane: Sometimes it's just the collar and buttons without the shirt. The plant isn't
famous for its efficiency, you know.
1.The main idea of this part is:
a. Sam and Jane meet and greetings are exchanged.
b. Sam was lucky to get a job in Babsan Machines Company.
c. The shirt factory is as inefficient as it used to be.
Sam: Well, I heard there are some changes at the factory. Something about music and a coffee break in the afternoons.
Jane: Music? Oh yeah. Yeah, I guess there is. A lot of good it does, though. The machines make so much noise we can't hear it anyway. And the coffee break! They give us only five minutes. (1)If we run at top speed we can just make it to the coffee machine and back to our worktable.
2 Which of the following sentences indicates the main idea?
a. There appear to have been some changes at the factory anyway.
b. Changes such as the introduction of background music and coffee breaks do not do the workers any good.
c. The introduction of background music does the workers a lot of good while the coffee break does little.
Sam: I can't believe this. I understood that Mr. Hobbs was all ready to make a lot of big changes down there at the factory.
Jane: Well, a couple of things have changed. Wd used to have dull gray walls to look at between operations. A couple of weeks ago, some painter came in and painted a huge picture of perfect shirt ... with all its buttons. Sleeves, and the collar. (2)I guess management wanted to remind us of what we are supposed to be producing there. But can you imagine? A shirt! We see enough shirts all day. We don't need to look up from out work and find one painted on the walls.
Sam: You mean that big shirt doesn't make all of you want to produce more? Jane: A lot of pictures might make us want to produce more, but huge painted shirt? No way! Oh yes, one other change, Remember Big Jim in our math class? He used to work on buttons and he held up half the assembly line. Well, they promoted him from buttons to sleeves, with a raise in pay. Now he sits at the beginning of the line and holds up everybody. There's progress for you.
Sam: Ah, yes, progress: one step forward and two steps backwards!
3. Which statement best expresses the main idea of this part?
a. The management was ready to make big changes.
b. If any, there have been changes not for the better but for the worse.
c. all efforts to make changes have faile
d.
4. Choose a suitable title for the above passage:
a. One Step Forward, Two Steps Backwards
b. Much Ado About Nothing
c. Music, Coffee, Painted Pictures - No Good!
Epilogue
So, I learned that my consultation at the shirt factory had not improved production.
Well, frankly, I'm not surprised. You see, while working at the Babson. Machine
Company as an industrial adviser, I took a night class in management engineering at Northwestern University. My company paid the bill. I like that.
5. Complete the following sentence:
A night class in management engineering made me realize why.
________________________________________________________ .
Now I have quite a different idea of what it means to be a "consultant". (3)I used to think that the consultant goes into the factory, studies the problems, suggests cures for the problems, and then encourages the management to follow these suggestions.
6. Fill in the blank with suitable words:
I used to think that the role of a _____ is to make _____ and encourage the management to ______ .
I now believe that consultation doesn't work successfully that way. In my Management engineering course I learned that first I have to listen. In the shirt factory I should have listened to the management, the two owners. But then, together, we should have listened to the workers themselves. What did they think the problems were? What were their suggestions for solutions?
7. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
a. As a consultant, I should have listened to the management.
b. It is just as important to ask the workers for their suggestions.
c. It does not matter whether the management listen to the workers or not. I tried to force my suggestions on the owners. The suggestions for improvement weren't theirs or the workers'. (4)If workers and management are seriously involved in the problem solving, change is not only possible, but inevitable.
8. Complete the following sentence:
No consultant will succeed in his job unless he can ________.
At any rate, although the experience was painful in many ways, it provided a good lesson for me.
I'm thinking of sending the check for $ 100 back to Mr. Hobbs. As for the shirts, four of the five in the box didn't fit anyway, and the fifth one didn't have a right sleeve.
9. Complete the following statement:
Anyway, my experience at the shirt factory taught me ________.
10. Which title suits this passage best?
a. How to Succeed as Consultant
b. The Management Engineering Course Is Important!
c. A Good Lesson -Don't Force Suggestions on Others!
Exercise C
Translate into Chinese the underlined sentences in the passage.
GUDED WRITING
Combination: subordinating conjunctions
Reread the following sentences from the text of this unit carefully, and study the
functions of the subordinating conjunctions (从属连接词)(italicized):
--If you ask my mother how I happened to become an industrial engineer, she'll tell you that I have always been one.
--You'll see what I mean when I tell you about the first project I ever did after I finished my bachelor's degree at the university.
--After I made observations for a week, Mr. Hobbs asked me for an oral report of my findings.
Combine the following pairs of sentences, using proper subordinating conjunctions from the list below. Make changes where necessary.
After before since until as while Because it in case although as soon as now that Model: They entered the hall.
The audience burst into thunderous applause(雷鸣般的掌声).
When they entered the hall, the audience burst into thunderous applause.
1. It was over five years.
We met again.
2. He grew old.
He became more and more patient.
3. You've bought a new car.
What are you going to do with the old one?
4. We used an out -of -date timetable.
That's why we missed the train.
5. The work was done.
He took a shower and went home.
6. I'll get an answer from him.
I'll ring you up at once.
7. The boy has defeated many grown -ups at chess.
He is only eleven.
8. They have seen each other quite a lot.
They first met last May.
9. I stood there watching the plane.
It flew out of sight.
10. We'd better take the telescope(望远镜) with us.
Perhaps it is needed.
11. The strength of the collective(集体) is boundless (无限的).
The strength of the individual (个人) is very limited.
12. Supposing that Columbus had not discovered America.
Somebody else would have discovered it.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING IN POPULAR SCIENCE
The World of the Atom: now you see it, now you don't
When you start looking into the world of the atom, you'll find it is not at all like
the world we are used to. Things in the atomic world act in strange ways that can not be explained in terms of everyday life. It i0s a world of mathematics and, paradoxically(似非而是地), of uncertainty.
Words to Know
Atom 原子 consequence 后果
Particle 粒子 calculator 计算器
Bounce （使）弹起，（使）反弹 precise 精确的
Transistor 晶体管 precision
Source 来源 per 每
Assume 假定 location 位置
Assumption velocity 速度，速率
Process 过程
Physics has gone from studying the familiar things in our everyday lives like baseballs to strange things like atoms and the particles from which they are made: things we do not (indeed, cannot) ever know directly. The first great difference between the familiar world and the world of the atom is that we do not "see" things in the same way in the two worlds. This difference leads to results that are hard to understand. Let me give you an example of what I mean. When you run into a wall, you expect to bounce off. If you were an electron, however, there is some chance that you would simply appear on the other side of the wall without leaving a hole behind you. In fact, if electrons didn't behave this way, your transistor radio wouldn't work.
You probably never thought about it, but when you look at something (this book, for example), you are seeing light that has come from some source, bounced off the object and then come to your eye. The reason we usually don't think about seeing in this way is that in our everyday world we can safely assume that bouncing light off a book doesn't change the book in any way that matters. The light from a lamp does not push the book away.
When we get to the atomic world, however, this comfortable assumption no longer words. If you want to see an electron, you have to bounce another electron off it. In the process, the electron is bound to be changed.
The inability to observe things in the atomic world without at the same time changing them has some surprising consequences. Suppose I asked you to tell me where a particular car will be tomorrow. Ordinarily, you would look to see where the car is, look again to see which way it is going and look again to see how fast it is going. After a moment with your calculator. You would come back with a definite answer. If the car is like an electron, however, you can't look at it more than once - the first look changes everything. You cannot know with precision both where it is and how fast it is going. You might be able to say that the car is somewhere in the Chicago area and heading in a generally eastward direction at roughly 40 to 60 miles per hour. You can't be more precise than that without more measurements, and more measurements would only change the car's location and velocity, and therefore increase your
uncertainty.
Answer the following questions:
1 In what way is the world of the atom different from our everyday world?
2 What might happen if an electron ran into a wall?
3 What can we assume when we see such familiar things as baseballs?
4 What might happen if we try to observe things in the atomic world?
5 What does the author want to tell us by giving the example of the car?
Lesson Eight The Kindness of Strangers Mike Mclntyre 1. One summer I was driving from my home town of Tahoe City, Calif, to New Orleans. In the middle of the desert, I came upon a young man standing by the roadside. He had his thumb out and held a gas can in his other hand. I drove right by him. There was a time in the country when you' d be considered a jerk if you passed by somebody in need. Now you are a fool for helping. With gangs, drug addicts, murderers, rapists, thieves lurking everywhere, "I don't want to get involved" has become a national motto. 2. Several states later I was still thinking about the hitchhiker. Leaving him stranded in the desert did not bother me so much. What bothered me was how easily I had reached the decision. I never even lifted my foot off the accelerator. 3. Does anyone stop any more? I wondered. I recalled Blanche DuBois's famous line: "I have always depended on the kindness of strangers." Could anyone rely on the kindness of strangers these days? One way to test this would be for a person to journey from coast to coast without any money, relying solely on the good will of his fellow Americans. What kind of Americans would he find? Who would feed him, shelter him, carry him down the road? 4. The idea intrigued me. 5. The week I turned 37, I realized that I had never taken a gamble in my life. So I decided to travel from the Pacific to the Atlantic without a penny. It would be a cashless journey through the land of the almighty dollar. I would only accept offers of rides, food and a place to rest my head. My final destination would be Cape Fear in North Carolina, a symbol of all the fears I'd have to conquer during the trip. 6. I rose early on September 6, 1994, and headed for the Golden Gate Bridge with a 50-pound pack on my back and a sign displaying my destination to passing vehicles: "America." 7. For six weeks I hitched 82 rides and covered 4223 miles across 14 states. As I traveled, folks were always warning me about someplace else. In Montana they told me to watch out for the cowboys in Wyoming, In Nebraska they said people would not be as nice in Iowa. Yet I was treated with kindness everywhere I went. I was amazed by people's readiness to help a stranger, even when it seemed to run contrary to their own best interests. 8. One day in Nebraska a car pulled to the road shoulder. When I reached the window, I saw two little old ladies dressed in their Sunday finest." I know you're not supposed to pick up hitchhikers, but it's so far between towns out here, you feel bad passing a person," said the driver, who introduced herself as Vi. I didn't know whether to kiss them or scold them for stopping. This woman was telling me she'd rather risk her life than feel bad about passing a stranger on the side of the road. 9. Once when I was hitchhiking unsuccessfully in the rain, a trucker pulled over, locking his brakes so hard he skidded on the grass shoulder. The driver told me he was once robbed at knifepoint by a hitchhiker. "But I hate to see a man stand out in the rain," he added. "People don't have no heart anymore." 10. I found, however, that people were generally compassionate. Hearing I had no money and would take none, people bought me food or shared whatever they happened to have with them. Those who had the least to give often gave the most. In Oregon a house painter named Mike noted the chilly weather and asked if I had a coat. When he learned that I had "a light one," he drove me to his house, and handed me a big green army-style jacket. A lumber-mill worker named Tim invited me to a simple dinner with his family in their shabby house. Then he offered me his tent. I refused, knowing it was probably one of the family's most valuable possessions. But Tim was determined that I have it, and finally I agreed to take it. 11. I was grateful to all the people I met for their rides, their food, their shelter, and their gifts. But what I found most touching was the fact that they all did it as a matter of course.
大学英语精读第一册答案 大学英语精读第三版第一册答案 Unit1 1) e 2) g 3) j 4) a 5) b 6) i 7) c 8) d 9) h 10) f 1) handling 2) summarized 3) process 4) absorb 5) are bound to 6) feel free 7) for instance 8) strategies 9) complained 10) has committed to memory
11) Nevertheless 12) rely on 13) Apart from 14) command 1) over and over again 2) ata time 3) put it into practice 4) watching out for
5) by no means 6) concentrate on 7) In addition t 8) in detail 1) action 2) employ 3) announce 4) examination 5) communication 6) express 7) compose 8) improvement 9) concentration 10) management 11) consider 12) motivate 13) development 14) movement 15) discuss 16) operate 17) division 18) production 19) educate 20) repeat 1) additional 2) add
第一单元 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其实。 学习英语的几种策略 学习英语决非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种： 1．不要以完全相同的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I’m interested in English”，而说“我精于法语”则是“I’m good at French”?你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或密秘”是“learnthenewsorsecret”,而“获悉某人的成功或到来”却是“learn of someone’s success or arrival”?这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后在反复地听。 你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的xx。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们
综合英语 1 Comprehensive English1 【学分】4 【学时】64 【编写】袁邦照【审核】程莹 （一）授课对象 四年制本科英语专业学生 （二）课程的性质和地位 本课程是是本科英语专业低年级的一门学科基础课程，是英语专业基础阶段全面培养和提高学生语言能力和交际能力的一门课程，在整个基础英语教学中具有重要奠基作用。本课程的教学，是在学生已初步掌握一定的英语词汇、语音、语法基本知识和听、说、读、写基本技能的基础上进行的，因此，主要教学目的在于进一步提高学生综合运用英语的能力，特别是要加强口笔头语言表达能力，同时加深对词汇、语法、写作、修辞等方面的知识，同时指导学生学习方法，培养逻辑思维能力，为进一步接受英语专业高年级教育打下全面的牢固的基础。本课程以课文教学为中心，采用精讲多练、讲练结合的方式，主要通过语言基础训练与篇章讲解分析，启发学生学习语言的积极性和自觉性，使学生逐步提高语篇阅读理解能力，了解英语各种文体的表达方式和特点，扩大词汇量和熟悉英语常用句型，具备基本的口头与笔头表达能力，并逐步形成用英语思维的能力。 （三）课程教学的目标 1.改变观念：帮助学生尽快熟悉大学学习环境和自主学习方法；使学生养成良好的学习习惯；培养学生的独立工作能力。引导学生改变应试学习的观点，逐步树立“To know English is to speak English.”的观念。 2.语音：通过一对一纠音练习，语音模仿秀等，整顿学生的语音面貌，提高学生的朗读技巧。 3.词汇和语法：盘活中学所学语法和词汇，使之成为语言交际的实际技能。认知词汇3000-4000个(其中含中学已学2 000个)，熟用其中1600-1800个及其最基本的搭配。听力：能在15分钟听写根据已学知识编写的材料(词数120左右，念四遍，第一、四遍语速为每分钟100个词，第二、三遍根据意群停顿)，错误率不超过8%。要求学生每天收听CRI及VOA的Special English。熟悉新闻广播的特点和语速。 4.口语：能使用课文中的重点词汇和短语复述课文；能用英语正确表达所学的功能意念，以达到实际交流运用的目的。 5.阅读和写作：能读懂词汇量为2000-2500的浅易材料及简易读物，阅读速度每分钟60-80个词，理解基本正确，能抓住中心大意。对重点句子能够释义。学会初步使用“英英”
现代大学英语精读1U n i t6课后练习答 案 -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1
Unit 6 Preview 1. Listen to the recording of the text and choose the statement that best reflects your understanding. 1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. D Vocabulary 1. Become familiar with the rules of word formation. 1. Give the corresponding nouns for the following verbs. 1. strain 7. realization 13. assurance 2. teasing/tease 8. burial 14. astonishment 3. dawn 9. scattering/scatter 15. expectation 4. Death 10. grasp 16.insurance 5. leak 11. appreciation 17. reflection 6. inspection 12. flight 18. belief 2. Give the corresponding verbs for the following nouns. 1. stream 6. Accept 2. state 7. encounter 3. relate 8. Collect 4. form 9. radiate 5. recognize 10. identify 3. Decide whether the missing letter is e, o or a. （注意：在不发音的e结尾的动词后面加er, or或ar时，应先删去该字母e；在以重读闭音节结尾的动词后面加er, or或ar时，如结尾只有一个辅音，则该辅音必须双写。） 1. reporter 10. supporter 19. composer 2. professor 11. visitor 20. interpreter 3．Editor 12.1iar 21.beggar 4．Adviser 13. seller 22. sailor 5．Robber 14. murderer 23. announcer 6. actor 15.traveler 24. manager 7. aggressor 16. scholar 25. invader 8. beginner 17. author 26. creator 9. passenger 18. successor 27. dealer 4. Translate the following expressions, paying attention to the different use of the suffix “-ful”. 1．令人羞愧的结果 10.带着哭腔；声泪俱下地 2．满满一碗米饭 11.吃一大口 3．色彩鲜艳的衣服 12.一厢情愿的想法 4．一个令人快乐的人 13.有希望的形势
Nettles Our farm was small-nine acres. It was small enough for me to have explored every part of it. Each of the trees on the place had an attitude and a presence-the elm looked serene and the oak threatening, the maples friendly, the hawthorn old and crabby. Even the pits on the river flats had their flats had their distinct character. The girls as well as the boys were divided into two sides. Each girl had her own pile of balls and was working for paticular soldiers, and when a soldier fell wounded he would call out a girl’s name, so that she could drag him away and dress his wounds as quickly as possible. I made weapons for Mike, and mine ws the name he called. There was a keen alarm when the cry came, a wire zinging through your whole body, a fanatic feeling of devotion. When Mike was wounded he never opened his eyes. He lay limp and still while I pressed slimy large leaves to his forehead and throat and-pulling out his shirt-to his pale tender stomach, with its sweet and vulnerable belly button. One morning, of course, the job was all finished, the well capped, the pump reinstated, the fresh water marvelled at. And the truck did not come. There were two fewer chairs at the table for the noon meal. Mike and I had barely looked at each other during those meals. He liked to put ketcup on his bread. His father talked to my father, and the talk was mostly about well, accidents, water tables. A serious man. All work, my father said. Yet- he-Mike’s father-ended nearly every speech with a laugh. The laugh had a lonely boom in it, as if he were still down the well. Sunny and I had been friends in Vancouver years before. Our pregnancies had dovetailed, so that we had managed with one set of maternity clothes. In my kitchen or in hers, once a week or so, distracted by our children and sometimes reeling for lack of sleep, we stoked ourselves up on strong coffee and cigarettes and launched out on a rampage of talk about our marriages, our personal deficiencies, our interesting and discreditable motives, and our forgone ambitions. We read Jung at the same time and tried to keep track of our dreams. During that time of life that is supposed to be a reproductive daze, with the woman’s mind all swamped by maternal juices, we were still compelled to discuss Simone de Beauvoir and Arthur Koestler and “The Cocktail Party”. He had slept in the guest bedroom the night before but tonight he’d moved downstairs to the fold-out sofa in the front room. Sunny had given him fresh sheets rather than unmarking and making up again the bed he had left for me. Lying in those same sheets did not make for a peaceful night. I knew that he wouldn’t come to see, no matter how small the risk was. It would be a sleazy thing to do, in the house of his friends. And how could he be sure that it was what I wanted? Or that it was what he really wanted? Even I was not sure of it. Up till now, I had always been able to think of myself as a woman who was faithful to the person who she was sleeping with at any given time. My sleep was shallow, my dreams monotonously lustful, with irritating and unpleasant subplots. All night-or at least whenener I woke up-the crickets wre singing outside my windows. At first I thought it was birds. I had lived in cities long enough to have forgotten how crickets can make a perfect waterfall of noise. The bushes right at the edge of the grass looked impenetrable, but close up there were little openings, the narrow paths that animals or people looking for golf balls had made. The ground sloped slightly downward, and we could see a bit of the river. The water was steel gray, and lookedto be rolling. Between it and us there was a meadow of weeds, all in bloom-goldenrod, jewelweed with its red-and-yellow bells, and what I thought were flowering nettles with pinkish-
大学英语 1、要是有更多的钱，我就能在市区买一套公寓了。( with) With more money, I could buy an apartment in downtown. 2、记住一定要复习我们课堂上学过的新单词和词组。(make sure) Make sure that you must review these new words and phrases that you had studied in class. 3、他打量着她的脸，思考着如何告诉她那个消息。( study) Studying her face, he was thinking how to tell her that story. 4、市内交通被暴风雪阻断。( interrupt) The city traffic was interrupted by the snowstorm. 5、你可以帮我递一下那份考卷吗？(do sb. a favor) Can you do me a favor wether you pass that paper to me. 6、虽然老太太一个人住着，但她并不感到孤独。（alone, lonely） Althouth the old lady lives alone, she doesn’t feel lonely. 7、我希望有朝一日能够再见到你。(sometime) I hope I will meet you again sometime. 8、那个正和李教授谈话的人是个著名的艺术家，或类似的身份。( or something) That man who is talking with professor Li is a great artist or something. 9、我们应该充分利用网络资源获取信息。(make use of) We should make good use of the Internet to gain information. 10、他还没有意识到诚信的重要性。(be aware of) He isn’t aware of the importance of honesty. 11、老板进来的时候他假装在看一份重要文件。（pretend） He was pretended to read an important document when the boss came in. 12、警察有责任维护公共秩序和安全。(be responsible for) Police are responsible for the preservation of public order and security. 13、他是唯一穿着正装出席晚会的人，这使他感到很不自在。( out of place) He is the only one that wears formal clothes in the evening party, which makes him out of place. 14、我能有额外的时间来完成这个任务吗？（extra） Can I have extra time to finish the task. 15、这个新方法会帮助你们解决这个难题。（enable） This new method enables you to solve this difficult problem. 16、他不久就要离开了，但我们还没有找到可以替代他的人。(take the place of) He will be leaving soon, but we don’t fi nd a person to take the place of him. 17、那位著名演员在剧中扮演重要角色。（play a …role） The famous actor plays a important role in the play. 18、报纸影响思想潮流。( influence, current) Newspaper influences the current. 19、我以前从未听说过那个名字，他一定是新记者。( hear of ) I haven’t heared of the nam e, he must be a new reporter.
Lesson One Half a Day Naguib Mahfous 1. I walked alongside my father, clutching his right hand. All my clothes were new: the black shoes, the green school uniform, and the red cap. They did not make me happy, however, as this was the day I was to be thrown into school for the first time. 2. My mother stood at the window watching our progress, and I turned towards her from time to time, hoping she would help. We walked along a street lined with gardens, and fields planted with crops: pears, and date palms. 3. "Why school ?" I asked my father. "What have I done ?" 4. "I'm not punishing you, " he said, laughing. "School's not a punishment. It's a place that makes useful men out of boys. Don' t you want to be useful like your brothers?" 5. I was not convinced. I did not believe there was really any good to be had in tearing me away from my home and throwing me into the huge, high-walled building. 6. When we arrived at the gate we could see the courtyard, vast and full of boys and girls. "Go in by yourself, " said my father, "and join them. Put a smile on your face and be a good example to others. " 7. I hesitated and clung to his hand, but he gently pushed me from him. "Be a man, " he said. "Today you truly begin life. You will find me waiting for you when it's time to leave. " 8. I took a few steps. Then the faces of the boys and girls came into view. I did not know a single one of them, and none of them knew me. I felt I was a stranger who had lost his way. But then some boys began to glance at me in curiosity, and one of them came over and asked, "Who brought you?" 9. "My father, " I whispered. 10. "My father's dead, " he said simply. 11. I did not know what to say. The gate was now closed. Some of the children burst into tears. The bell rang. A lady came along, followed by a group of men. The men began sorting us into ranks. We were formed into an intricate pattern in the great courtyard surrounded by high buildings; from each floor we were overlooked by a long balcony roofed in wood. 12. "This is your new home, "said the woman. "There are mothers and fathers here, too. Everything that is enjoyable and beneficial is here. So dry your tears and face life joyfully. " 13. Well, it seemed that my misgivings had had no basis. From the first moments I made many friends and fell in love with many girls. I had never imagined school would have this rich variety of experiences. 14. We played all sorts of games. In the music room we sang our first songs. We also had our first introduction to language. We saw a globe of the Earth, which revolved and showed the various continents and countries. We started learning numbers, and we were told the story of the Creator of the universe. We ate delicious food, took a little nap, and woke up to go on with friendship and love, playing and learning. 15. Our path, however, was not totally sweet and unclouded. We had to be observant and patient. It was not all a matter of playing and fooling around. Rivalries could bring about pain and hatred or give rise to
大学英语精读第三版第一册Book1 Unit1 1)e 2)g 3)j 4)a 5)b 6)i 7)c 8)d 9)h 10)f 1) handling 2) summarized 3) process 4) absorb 5) are bound to 6) feel free 7) for instance 8) strategies 9) complained 10) has committed to memory 11) Nevertheless 12) rely on 13) Apart from 14) command 1) over and over again 2) at a time 3) put it into practice 4) watching out for 5) by no means 6) concentrate on 7) In addition t 8) in detail 1)action 2)employ 3)announce 4)examination 5)communicati on 6)express 7)compose 8)improvemen t 9)concentratio n 10)manageme nt 11)consider 12)motivate 13)developme nt 14)movement 15)discuss 16)operate 17)division 18)production 19)educate 20)repeat 1) additional 2) add 3) addition 4) addition 1) effectively 2) effect 3) effective 4) effect 1) helpful 2) help 3) helpless 4) help 5) helplessly 6) helpfully 7) helpful 1) reliant 2) reliable 3) reliance 4) relies 5) reliably 6) reliable 1) repetition 2) repeating 3) repeatedly 4) repeated 5) repetition 1) In my opinion 2) According to Mary 3) In our opinion 4) According to today's papers 5) In most doctors' opinion According to most doctors 1) Shakespeare was not only a dramatist but also an actor. 2) Miss Crain not only took me home in her car, but also came the next day to see if I had recovered. 3) Hainan Island attracts tourists not only in winter but also in summer. 4) There is always a black market not only in Britain, but also in other European countries. 5) At the Athens Olympics in 2004, Liu Xiang not only won a gold medal in the 110-meter hurdles, but also broke the Olympic record. 1) It is true that your sentences are all grammatically correct, but they don’t make any sense. 2) It is true that they lost that battle, but they still went on fighting. 3) It is true that Tom’s very clever and hardworking, but I still don’t think he is the right person for the job. 4) It is true that learning English is by no means easy, but we can make the task easier by using some learning strategies. 1) strategies 2) frequently 3) over and over again 4) commit to memory 5) acquaintance 6) watch out for 7) communicate 8) process 9) opportunities 10) rely on 11) put into practice 12) absorbed 1) if 2) about 3) it 4) know 5) up 6) as 7) addition 8) even 9) into 10) other 11) for 12) while 1) memorize 2) a matter of