A future vehicle
While many technological advances occur in an evolutionary manner, occasionally a revolutionary technological appears on the horizon that creates startling new conditions and profound changes. Such is the case with the privately developed Moller Skycar, which is named after its inventor. With his permission, I would like to discuss the military potential of this vehicle. The ruggedized Moller Skycar variant the military is evaluating is called the light aerial multipurpose vehicle, or LAMV (pronounced "lam-vee").The LAMV is a vertical take-off and landing aircraft that can fly in a quick, quiet, and agile manner. It is a new type of vehicle that combines the speed of an airplane and the vertical take-off capability of a helicopter with some characteristics of a ground vehicle, but without the limitations of any of those existing modes of transportation.
The LAMV is not operated like traditional fixed -- or rotary-wing aircraft. It has only two hand-operator uses to direct the redundant computer control twists to select the desired operating altitude and moves fore and aft to select the rate of climb. The right-hand control twists to select the vehicle's direction and moves side-to-side to provide transverse (crosswise) movement during the hover and early-transition-to-flight phases of operation; it also moves fore and aft to control speed and braking. Simply put, the LAMV is user friendly.
The LAMV of the future will be 18 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 6 feet high and weight 2,200 pounds. It will hold four passengers and a payload of 875 pounds (including fuel). The vehicle will have a maximum rate of climb of 6,400 feet per minute and an operational ceiling of 30,000 feet. It will attain a top speed of 390 miles per hour at an altitude of 6,000feet and a cruising speed of 350 miles per hour at 25,000 feet, and it will have a maximum range of 900 miles at 80 passenger miles per gallon. The LAMV also will be quiet enough to function as an acoustic "stealth" plane at 500 feet. It will have a vertical take-off and landing capability and emergency airframe parachutes, and it will be capable of using various fuels.Safety, of course, is most important. The LAMV design incorporates a number of safety features. For starters, the LAMV has multiple engines. Unlike any light helicopter or airplane, the LAMV has multiple engine nacelles, each with two computer-controlled Rotapower engines. These engines operate independently and allow for a vertical controlled landing should either fail.
The LAMV features redundant, independent computer systems for flight management, stability, and control. Two airframe parachutes can be deployed in the event of the vehicle's catastrophic failure. These parachutes ensure that the
LAMV and the operator and soldiers it carries can land safely. The Wankel-type rotary engines are very reliable because of their simplicity. The three moving parts in a two-rotor Rotapower engines are approximately seven percent of the number of parts in a four-cylinder piston engine. Each nacelle fully encloses the engines and fans, greatly reducing the possibility of injury to soldiers who might be near the vehicle in the event of an engine fire or explosion. Multiple systems check fuel for quality and quantity and provide appropriate warnings. The LAMV can land on virtually any solid surface.
The LAMV is aerodynamically stable. In the unlikely event that sufficient power is not available to land vertically, the LAMV's stability and good glide slope allow the operator to maneuver to a safe area before using the airframe parachutes. Since computers control the LAMV's flight during hover and transition, the only operator input is to control speed and direction. Undesirable movements caused by wind gusts are prevented automatically.The potential economic advantages of the LAMV are worth mentioning. Its fuel-efficient engines and ability to operate on various fuels will low fuel costs. The LAMV uses one-fourth of the fuel per passenger mile used by the tilt-rotor V-22 Osprey or high performance helicopters. The LAMV's acquisition cost also will be a significant factor in its favor. The LAMV's purchase price per passenger seat is projected to be approximately eight percent of that for the 30-passenger Osprey.
The LAMV's potential military uses will be numerous. They include aerial medical evacuation, aerial reconnaissance, command and control, search and rescue, insertion of special operations forces, air assault operations, airborne operations, forcible-entry operations, military police mobility and maneuver support, communications retransmission, battlefield distribution for unit resupply, transport of individual and crew replacements, weapons platform, noncombatant evacuation operations, battlefield contractor transport, and battle damage assessment.Consider the LAMV's use in contingency operations. An adversary observing a LAMV would have great difficult determining the type of force approaching and that force's destination and intention. If the adversary did realize our intentions, the senior enemy commander would not have time to react. Imagine a forcible entry and early entry force package based in the continental United States that self-deployed overseas in LAMV's. With short halts along the way at seaborne resupply vessels or land-based refueling sites, the force package would reach its objective within hours. This concept would reduce dramatically the Army's dependence on the US Transportation Command for strategic airlift and on the geographical commander in chief for intratheater airlift support. The overall speed of force closure would improve greatly. This would enhance the senior commander's ability to conduct multiple, simultaneous operations in his battle space with an accelerated operational
tempo that precludes the adversary from achieving his goals. Dependence on air and sea ports of debarkation would be https://www.doczj.com/doc/b29872899.html,MV will benefit the Army's battlefield distribution concepts tremendously because it will be able to move commodities rapidly when and where they are needed across a widely dispersed battle space. Both air and ground main supply routes (MSR's) would exist throughout the battle space. The MSR's in the air would change as missions and situations dictate. Eventually, small, multi-commodity shipping containers could be designed for transport by either a LAMV or an even more futuristic medium or heavy aerial distribution; many types of land mines used to block convoy movements today would become less of a concern for logisticians and engineers since they could use MSR's in the sky. Or consider moving contractors around the battle space in LAMV's to perform their tasks. Basically, the LAMV concept promotes a smaller, more agile, and more effective sustainment presence within a supported battle space.
Consider the LAMV working in unison with the Army's Future Combat System (FCS). The LAMV could become an integral component of the overall concept for employing the FCS. The operator of thee LAMV actually could be a member of the FCS crew or unit. In this role, the LAMV would provide multiple benefits –reconnaissance, resupply, medical evacuation, and maintenance supply. Perhaps the AMV itself could become a future combat weapon system platform. Perhaps this innovative technology could force major changes in joint and Army doctrine, training, leader development, organizations, material, and soldier programs.Of course, the LAMV brings with it some obvious challenges. Its limited payload will be a negative factor. Its use will complicate Army airspace command and control. How the LAMV will be used in conjunction with forces under the joint force air component commander will have to be determined. LAMV support issues also require resolution. For example, operator selection and training, leader training, employment doctrine, LAMV basis-of-issue plans, and LAMV life-cycle management all require the Army's attention.However, once the LAMV technology matures, its military possibilities are startling. We in the Army combat service support "futures" arena are encouraged by the developments so far and hope that the LAMV will be ready for Army fielding around 2010. The LAMV can become a reality in our Army and possibility in the other armed services as well. Without any doubt, this technological innovation will succeed internationally inn the private, commercial, and military sectors. I hope that the US Army will be the first army in the world to embrace and exploit this technology. But sooner rather than later, this aerial vehicle technology will affect all of our lives. It is just over the horizon.
未来空中交通工具
技术的进步大多以渐进的方式进行，但有时可能出现突破性进展，带来令人吃惊的新情况和
深远的变革。私人研制的―莫勒空中汽车‖的情况就是如此，这是以其发明家的名字命名的。征得他的同意，笔者愿意探讨—下这种运载工具的军事潜力。美军目前正在进行评估的加固型―莫勒空中客车‖，叫做轻型空中多用途运载工具，或缩称LAMV(读作"lam—vee")。LAMV 是一种垂直起降航空器，能以快速、低噪音、敏捷的方式飞行。这是一种新型的运载工具，它将飞机的速度、直升机的垂直起飞能力与地面运输工具的某些性能结合到一起，但却没有这些现行运输方式的局限性。LAMV的操作不同于传统的固定翼飞机或旋翼式飞机。它只设有两个手操控制器，操作员通过它们来操纵冗余计算机控制系统去执行所需的飞行动作。转动左手控制器可选择所需要的飞行高度，前后移动左手控制器可选择上升速度。转动右手控制器可选择飞行方向，左右移动右手控制器可控制盘旋时和从开始过渡到飞行阶段的横向动作；还可前后移动右手控制器控制速度和制动。简而言之，LAMV对用户来说是易于操作的未来的LAMV长18英尺，宽10英尺，高6英尺，重2200磅。它可运载4名乘客，有效负荷为875磅(包括燃料)。它的最大爬升速度为6400英尺／分，实用上升限度为30000英尺。在6000英尺高度的最高飞行速度为390英里/小时，在25000英尺高度的巡航速度为350英里/小时，在每加仑燃油的客英里数为80时的最大航程为枷英里。在500英尺高度时，LAMV的噪声会很小，可作为―隐‖声飞机使用。它将具有垂直起落能力，并配备有应急机体降落伞，而且它将能够使用多种燃料。
当然，安全性是最主要的。LAMV的设计具有若干安全特性。就动力装置而言，LAMV有多台发动机。LAMV不同于任何轻型直升机或飞机，它有多个发动机舱，每个发动机舱内装有2台计算机控制的Rotapower型发动机。所有这些发动机都能独立运转；因此即使有的发动机出了故障，也能实现垂直的可控制降落。
LAMV的特色是用独立的咒余计算机系统分别进行飞行管理、稳定性调整和控制。如果发生灾难性故障，可以使用2顶机体降落伞。这两顶降落伞可确保LAMV及其驾驶员和所载土兵安全着陆。汪克尔式转子发动机结构简单，非常可靠。每台双转子Rotapower型发动机只有3个活动部件，仅为4缸活塞式发动机部件数的大约7％。每个发动机舱都将发动机和风扇完全密封，这样，在发动机着火或爆炸事件中就可大大降低对航空器附近的士兵造成伤害的可能性。它的多重系统可以检查燃料的数量和质量并给出适当的报警。LAMV实际上可以在任何固体表面上着陆。LAMV在空气动力方面是稳定的。在无足够动力垂直着陆时——这是不大可能发生的—LAMV的稳定性和良好的下滑坡度能使驾驶员在使用机体降落伞之前操纵飞机飞到一个安全地区。LAMV在盘旋以及过渡阶段的飞行都由计算机控制，驾驶员要做的只是控制飞行速度和方向。它可以自动阻止由阵风所引起的非期望运动。
LAMV在经济上的潜在优势也值得一提。其低燃耗发动机及可使用多种燃料的性能会降低燃料费用。LAMV的每乘客英里耗油量只相当于V—22―鱼鹰‖式倾转旋翼机或高性能直升机的1／4。LAMV的购置成本也是它的一个重要的有利因素。LAMV的每乘客席采购价格大约只有30人定员的―鱼鹰‖机每乘客席的8％。LAMV的潜在军事用途将是非常广泛的。它们包括空中医疗疏散、空中侦察、指挥与控制、搜索与营救、特种部队渗透、空袭作战、空降作战、强行进入作战、宪兵机动与调动保障、通信转播、分队补给的战场分发、单兵或班级替换人员的运输、武器平台、非战斗人员的疏散行动、战场承包商运输以及战损评估等。可以设想LAMV在突发行动中的应用。侦察到LAMV的敌方很难确定来犯部队的种类及其目标和意图。即使敌方确实意识到了我方的意图，敌高级指挥官也来不及作出反应。可以想象一个基地在美国本土的强行进入和早期进入的部队单位在利用LAMV中自行部署到海外
的情况。由于沿途只在海上补给船或岸基加油站作短暂停留，这个部队单位几小时内就能到达目的地。这一概念将大大降低美国陆军对美国运输司令部的战略空运以及对地区总司令的战区内空运保障的依赖性。部队集结的整体速度将大大提高。这将增强高级指挥官在其作战空间内指挥多个同时作战行动的能力，而加快了阻止敌方达到其目标的作战行动节奏。对卸载机场和登陆港口的依赖性将会降低。
LAMV对陆军的战场配给概念极为有利，因为它能在一个分布范围很广的作战空间内迅速地将物资在需要的时间运送到需要的地方。空中和地面的主要补给线会遍及整个作战空间。空中主要补给线将随作战任务和战场形势的变化而变化。最后可以设计出小型的多类装备运输集装箱，用LAMV或者更远期的中型或重型空中机动运载器来运输。可以设想用一支装备有LAMV的新型运输部队来执行空中配给任务，后勤劳人员和工程人员将不再那么担心今天阻挡护送运输的多种多样的地雷了，因为他们可以使用空中的主要补给线。或者设想由运送承包商在战场空间内用LAMV来完成他们的任务。从根本上说；LAMV概念车促成了在有保障的战斗空间内持续存在一种更小型化、更灵敏和更有效的车辆。
可以设想LAMV与美国陆军未来作战系统(FCS)的配合使用。LAMV可能成为采用FCS的整体概念中的一个主要成分。LAMV的驾驶员实际上可能是未来作战系统部队单位的一员。LAMV起这种作用时可以提供多种方便——侦察、补给、医疗疏散和维修保障。也许，LAMV 本身就会成为一种未来的作战武器系统平台。也许，这种创新的技术会推动联合条令和陆军条令、训练、指挥官培养；编制、器材以及土兵计划等方面的重大变革。
当然，LAMV也面临一些明显的挑战。它有限的有效负荷是一个不利因素；它的使用将会使陆军的空域指挥与控制复杂化。LAMV如何在联合部队的空军部队指挥官指挥下与各部队协同，是必须解决的问题。LAMV的保障问题也需要解决。例如，驾驶员的挑选和训练、指挥员的训练、任用条令、IAMV拨发基数计划以及LAMV寿命管理，所有这些都需要引起美国陆军的注意。不管怎样，LAMV技术一经成熟，其军用潜力是惊人的。我们这些在陆军战斗勤务支援―未来‖领域工作的人，受到了迄今为止研制动态的鼓舞，期望LAMV在2010年左右就能用于陆军兵力的战场部署。LAMV能够在我们陆军并且也可能在其他的军种成为现实。无疑，这—技术革新将会在世界范围的私营部门、商贸部门和军事部门取得成功。我希望美国陆军将是世界上掌握和利用这一技术的第一支军队。但是不久以后，这种空中运载器技术就将影响到我们生活的方方面面。它已经冒出地平线了。
(1)对于是否应该在大学期间详细规划自己的未来，学生们意见不一。 Students differ about whether they should have their future mapped out when they are still at university . 有的人认为对未来应该有一个明确的目标和详细的计划为日后可能遇到的挑战做好充分准备 Some think they should have a definite goal and detailed plan, so as to brace themselves for any challenges, 有的人则认为不用过多考虑未来，因为未来难以预料。 whereas some others think they don’t have to think much about the future , because future is full of uncertainties. (2)经过仔细检查，这位科学家得知自己患了癌症 After a very careful check-up ,the scientist was told he had got a fatal disease . 虽然知道自己将不久于人世，但他并没有抱怨命运的不公，而是准备好好利用剩下的日子 Although he knew that his life was ticking away ,instead of complaining about the fate ,the scientist decided to make the best of the remaining days , 加速推进由他和同事们共同发起的那个研究项目以提前结项。 and speed up the research project he and his colleagues initiated ,and have a shot at completing it ahead of schedule. (1)在火车站上，有一位老人给我讲述了他参加解放战争的经历，那些战斗故事对我有着极大的吸引力。 At the railway station , an old man told me his experience in the Liberation War , the fighting stories of which were of great fascination to me . 后来他上了车，列车从我身边隆隆地开走了。可那些故事仍然是那么清晰可见，对于英雄们的壮举，我钦佩不已。 Then he got up on the train and it roared past me . But the stories were so real and definite that I greatly marveled at the courageous deeds of those war heroes. (2)行之有效的环保政策不仅能创造良好的生态环境，还能大大降低能源消耗。 Effective environmental policy might bring about a good environment , as well as reducing energy consumption . 回顾这个地区近年来的发展情况，我们惊喜地发现地区政府强制实行的环保政策 Looking back on the recent development of this region , we find , to our pleasant surprise , that little exception has been taken to the environmental policy of the local government , 不但没有受到任何批评，还促使居民增强了环保意识，尽其所能节约能源。 and the policy has raised the environmental awareness of the local residents and prompted them to save energy as possible as they could. (1)随着婚礼的临近，苏珊变得非常焦虑。他说不清楚是什么让自既然如此烦恼。 As the wedding ceremony was approaching, Susan had become quite anxious. She could not pin down what exactly was troubling her. 在同好友凯特长谈了一次后，她才意识到，尽管自己已经28岁了 After a long talk with her close friend Kate, she realized that, although she was 28 years old, 但在感情方面还不够成熟，还没有为婚姻做好准备，也不知道这桩婚姻是否会给自己带来美满的家庭生活。she was not emotionally mature enough to be ready for marriage and she was not sure whether the marriage would guarantee her a happy family life.
汉译英 Unit1 1.无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充足的准备，你都很难在这样嘈杂的招待会上发表演讲。（no matter how） No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech ，you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2.就像吉米妹妹的朋友都关系吉米一样，吉米也关系他们（just as） Just as all his sister ’ s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them 3.汽车生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，以便帮助找回被盗的车辆。（track down）Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4.老师回来时你敢告我状的话，我就不再和你说话了。（tell on） If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. 5.有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活。（on one’s own） Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children. 6.现在需要面对的事情是：如何筹集创建公司所需的资金。（reckon with） Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. Unit2 1.被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚持称自己无罪 The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence. 2.总体看来，枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜是最好的铁质来源。 All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron . 3正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化。 No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion. 4.考虑到那个地区受欢迎的程度，提前订旅馆是明智的。 Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. 5.服药后若有呕吐感，请立即停止服用并立刻咨询医生。 If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult your doctors as soon as possible. 6.总结这次讨论时，他说双方都要好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一问题。 Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem. Unit3 1.在思维方面，与他的行为一样，他是非常传统的。 In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional. 2..教师一旦同意接受新的教学计划，他们就得面对新计划所带给他们的压力。 Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them. 3.从长远看，大学毕业后继续深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的。 In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one ’ s study after graduatin g from university instead of going to work directly. 4.由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一，所以道德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视。 As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and academic achievements are stressed equally. 5.据说，原定于这个月召开的会议将推迟到下个月召开。
英译汉几个常见问题如下： 1）英译汉时语言组织不符合中文的讲话习惯。在不改变原文绝大部分意思的情况下，不需要字对字或者严格遵守英语语序，在获得原句含意后务必采用中文的思维将译文写出。要求是在读着看过译文后，不能让读着感觉到文章是翻译而得的，即不能留有丝毫翻译的痕迹。 2）英译汉时译文上下文的用词不一致。尤其是学术文献或论文的翻译，除了学术用语和专业用语需要准确，更重要的是全文上下文中同一个词或者短句翻译出的用词或短语必须一致。例如一开始将control panel翻译为“控制面板”，那么全文都不得改变这个译法。 3）英译汉时用词过于口语化。除了剧本，台词，字幕等需要口语化用词的翻译稿件以外。其余大部分翻译，例如文献，论文，合同，申请书，标书等，用词尽量书面化。例如“weight”在统计学和分析学中不可翻译为“给予数值”，必须翻译为“赋权”，两者意思相近，但是采用后者。 4）英译汉时词汇含意理解产生偏差。这是死记单词造成的后果。翻译中，在无上下文的情况下，除非是专有学术名词（例“diabetes”基本上永远都是糖尿病的意思），其余的单词很难说究竟是什么意思，我们只能说某个词大概是对照中文某个词的感觉，但是决不可死认一个意思，死认单词意思造成翻译不通、翻译错误等。当然也不能糊译，不能为了使句子翻译通顺而胡编一个意思。 5）英译汉时英语长句中的意群划分有误。原版的英语资料中长句较多，往往40-50个词之间没有一个标点，修饰成分和意群划分的错误会导致理解错误和翻译错误。原则上，英语中的各类从句，特别是状语从句在句子中的位置相对灵活，没搞明白其修饰对象就会错译。 汉译英几个常见问题如下： 1）汉译英时字对字翻译。这是翻译中最致命的错误，很多人以为认识对应的英语单词或者知道对应的英语单词，这句话才会翻译。其实不是，原则上四千词汇量就能解释大部分英语单词的含义，只不过大部分人不知道如何用简单词汇造句去描述或解释高难度单词。 2）汉译英时中式语序。何谓中式语序，即以“主+谓+宾”为主的句型。这种句子写多了，一旦遇上长句或者语法功能上缺少成分的句子就懵了。所以必须多读，多了解原版英语的句子是如何写的。 3）汉译英时短句太多。这里并不是指写英语短句不好，在考试中建议写短句，这是为了避免语法错误，当然也不要太短了。在较为正式的或专业性强的文本中，汉译英在必要时需要翻译成长句。例如不久前的某论文中的一句：筛选出对靶基因干扰效率最高的 HER2-shRNA慢病毒表达载体并成功包装成病毒去感染SKOV-3细胞而后在体外进行实验的结果显示Her2/neu的siRNA慢病毒载体可以显著抑制靶基因的表达并使卵巢癌SKOV3细胞的生物学行为明显受抑。因此，熟练掌握各类从句的写法和作用很重要。 4）汉译英时英语词汇词义辨析不清而导致误用，用词不准。大部分人的翻译习惯是，凡是中文有英文的对应单词，就二话不说直接用，其实这个是不对的。很多同义词意思相近，用法和所用的语境场合完全不同。例如“base”“basis”“foundation”，意思几乎相同，但是用法完全不同。尤其是学术文章，误用就导致歧义。 5）汉译英时逻辑混乱结构不清。汉译英中的逻辑和语句结构相当重要。逻辑混乱，即译文毫无章法，思绪混沌，不知所云。结构不清，即英语的从句或其他成分在句中的位置胡乱摆放，进行翻译的人员自然是清楚的指导这些英语句子的含义，因为是看着中文翻译过来的，想不知道中文含义都难，但是没看过中文的读着就会因此而看得云里雾里，从而导致读者难以理解译文。
材料科学与工程专业英语第三版翻译以及答案 Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】
UNIT 1 一、材料根深蒂固于我们生活的程度可能远远的超过了我们的想象，交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐（recreation）和食品生产，事实上（virtually），我们生活中的方方面面或多或少受到了材料的影响。历史上，社会的发展和进步和生产材料的能力以及操纵材料来实现他们的需求密切（intimately）相关，事实上，早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的（石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代）。 二、早期的人类仅仅使用（access）了非常有限数量的材料，比如自然的石头、木头、粘土（clay）、兽皮等等。随着时间的发展，通过使用技术来生产获得的材料比自然的材料具有更加优秀的性能。这些性材料包括了陶瓷（pottery）以及各种各样的金属，而且他们还发现通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。此时，材料的应用（utilization）完全就是一个选择的过程，也就是说，在一系列有限的材料中，根据材料的优点来选择最合适的材料，直到最近的时间内，科学家才理解了材料的基本结构以及它们的性能的关系。在过去的100年间对这些知识的获得，使对材料性质的研究变得非常时髦起来。因此，为了满足我们现代而且复杂的社会，成千上万具有不同性质的材料被研发出来，包括了金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。 三、由于很多新的技术的发展，使我们获得了合适的材料并且使得我们的存在变得更为舒适。对一种材料性质的理解的进步往往是技术的发展的先兆，例如：如果没有合适并且没有不昂贵的钢材，或者没有其他可以替代（substitute）的东西，汽车就不可能被生产，在现代、复杂的（sophisticated）电子设备依赖于半导体（semiconducting）材料四、有时，将材料科学与工程划分为材料科学和材料工程这两个副学科（subdiscipline）是非常有用的，严格的来说，材料科学是研究材料的性能以及结构的关系，与此相反，材料工程则是基于材料结构和性能的关系，来设计和生产具有预定性
Translation Exercises 3 1.There are two classes of people: the selfish and the selfless; these are respected, while those are looked down upon. 有两种人：自私的人和无私的人；前者招人唾弃，后者受人尊重。 2．Chinese thinkers of the pre-Qin days (over 2,000 years ago) advanced the doctrine “loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country”. 先秦时代（大约2000年以前）的中国学者提出学说“关爱别人，友善邻里是一个 国家最宝贵的东西。” 3.Men and nations working apart created these problems: men and nations working together must solve them. 人民和国家分离开来产生了这些问题，人民和国家团结起来一定能解决问题。 4. He was astounded but highly pleased that the man who presided over the destinies of the mighty British Empire should come pleading to him. 他很震惊但非常高兴主持英帝国命运之神的人将迎接他。 5. He put forward some new ideas to challenge the interest of all concerned. 他提出一些新的想法去挑战所有人都关心的利益。 6. A shy, retiring man known to his Columbia University students as a dull lecturer, he had the brilliance of mind that made him the teacher of his time, respected by presidents and philosophers alike. 被哥伦比亚大学学生认为迟钝的羞涩的退休老人有卓越的才华，这使他成为当时的学者，被院长和类似的哲学家尊重。 7. This was the last place the colonialists would leave, for in it lay riches and natural resources. 这是殖民主义者最后被解放的地方，因为这儿有丰富的自然资源。
新视野大学第三版book1英语课后翻译答案 Unit1 苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家，被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他是一个谜一般的人物，人们主要通过后来的一些古典作家的叙述，尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法，即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点。该方法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用。他还在认识论和逻辑领域作出了重大而深远的贡献。他的思想和方法所带来的影响一直是后来的西方哲学的坚实基础。苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最丰富多彩的人物。他在他那个时代已威名远扬。虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系，未曾设立什么学派，也未曾创立什么宗派，但他的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。 Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”. His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analectshas had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years’traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius’thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community. Unit2 圣诞节是一个被广泛庆祝的文化节日，全世界有许许多多的人在12月25日庆祝这一节日。它是为了纪念耶稣基督的诞辰。该节日最早可追溯到公元336年。渐渐地，这一节日演变为一个既是宗教又是非宗教的节日，越来越多的非基督徒也庆祝圣诞节。如今，圣诞节在全球被作为一个重大的节日和公共假日来庆祝。不同国家的圣诞节风俗也各不相同。现代流行的圣诞接风俗包括交换圣诞贺卡和圣诞礼物、唱圣诞歌曲、参加教堂活动、摆放各种圣诞装饰品和圣诞树、举行家庭聚会以及准备一顿特别的大餐。对小孩子们来说，这个节日充满了幻想和惊喜。据传说，圣诞老人会在圣诞夜从烟囱进入每户人家，给乖巧听话的孩子带来礼物。由于圣诞节送礼物以及许多其他方面推动了基督徒和非基督徒的经济活动，圣诞节也因此成为商家的一个重大活动和主要销售季。 According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival-the Mid-Autumn Festival. This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn. One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon. On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating moon cakes. The festival is also a time for family reunion. People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival, all expressing people’s love and hope for a happy life. Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.
UNIT 1 一、材料根深蒂固于我们生活的程度可能远远的超过了我们的想象，交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐（recreation）和食品生产，事实上（virtually），我们生活中的方方面面或多或少受到了材料的影响。历史上，社会的发展和进步和生产材料的能力以及操纵材料来实现他们的需求密切（intimately）相关，事实上，早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的（石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代）。 二、早期的人类仅仅使用（access）了非常有限数量的材料，比如自然的石头、木头、粘土（clay）、兽皮等等。随着时间的发展，通过使用技术来生产获得的材料比自然的材料具有更加优秀的性能。这些性材料包括了陶瓷（pottery）以及各种各样的金属，而且他们还发现通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。此时，材料的应用（utilization）完全就是一个选择的过程，也就是说，在一系列有限的材料中，根据材料的优点来选择最合适的材料，直到最近的时间内，科学家才理解了材料的基本结构以及它们的性能的关系。在过去的100年间对这些知识的获得，使对材料性质的研究变得非常时髦起来。因此，为了满足我们现代而且复杂的社会，成千上万具有不同性质的材料被研发出来，包括了金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。 三、由于很多新的技术的发展，使我们获得了合适的材料并且使得我们的存在变得更为舒适。对一种材料性质的理解的进步往往是技术的发展的先兆，例如：如果没有合适并且没有不昂贵的钢材，或者没有其他可以替代（substitute）的东西，汽车就不可能被生产，在现代、复杂的（sophisticated）电子设备依赖于半导体（semiconducting）材料 四、有时，将材料科学与工程划分为材料科学和材料工程这两个副学科
1.我们的计算机系统出了毛病，但我觉得问题比较小 We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it is fairly minor. 2.父亲去世时我还小，不能独立生活。就在那时，家乡的父老乡亲接过了养育我的责任 My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took over responsibility for my upbringing at that point. 3.这些玩具必须得在达到严格的安全要求后才可以出售给儿童 The toys have to meet strict safety requirements before they can be sold to children. 4为新闻和舆论的载体，广播和电视补充了而不是替代了报纸 Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of new and opinion. 5.至于这本杂志，它刊载了世界各地许多报纸杂志上文章的摘要 When it comes to this magazine, it is a digest of articles from many newspapers and magazines around the world.. 1.虽然受到全球金融危机后果的巨大影响，但是我们仍然相信我们能够面对挑战，克服危机。Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis. 2.在持续不断的沙尘暴的威胁下，我们被迫离开我们喜爱的村庄，搬迁到新的地方 Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement. 3.根据最近的网上调查，许多消费者说他们也许会有兴趣考虑购买电视广告中播放的产品According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials. 4.看到卡车司机把污染的废弃物倒在河边，老人马上向警方报告 Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once. 5.一些科学家坚信人们总有一天会喜欢转基因农作物的，因为它们能够提高产量，帮助发展中国家战胜饥荒和疾病 Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world. 1.无论是在农村还是城市，因特网正在改变人们的生活方式 The Internet is changing the way people live, no matter whether they are in urban or rural areas. 2.和大公司相比，中小公司更容易受到全球经济危机的威胁 Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global economic crisis than large ones. 关于期末论文，教授要求我们先分析失业图表，然后对国家的经济发展提供批评性的见解With regard to our term papers, the professor asked us to analyze the chart of unemployment first, and then provide critical reflections on the nation’s economic development. 4.她从来也没有想到他们队会以大比分赢得那场篮球赛 It never occurred to him that their team would win the basketball match by a large margin. 5.回顾二十年的中学教学，我把我的成功归结为耐心，才能和不断对知识的不断追求Looking back on my twenty years’ teaching in high school, I attributed my success to patience,
Unit1 1. 背离传统需要极大的勇气。(departure, enormous) {It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.} 2. 汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。(performance, bold) {Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.} 3. 很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 (creative, desirable) {Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.} 4. 假设（assume）那幅画确实是名作（masterpiece），你觉得值得购买吗？(worthwhile) {Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it's worthwhile to buy / purchase it?} 5. 如果这些数据统计上是站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。(throw light on , investigate, valid) {If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.} Unit2 1) 该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。(deny, commercial) {The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.} 2) 每当他生气的时候，他说话就有一点结巴。(stammer) {Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.} 3) 教育是我们家庭最看重的传统，这就是为什么我父母从不带我到昂贵的饭店吃饭，却送我到最好的私立学校上学。(cherish) {Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school.} 4) 手术康复后不久，他失业了，因此经历了人生的又一个困难阶段。(shortly after, go through) {Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life.} 5) 与我们的富裕邻居相比，我们的父母就相当穷了，但是他们总是努力满足我们最起码的需求。(affluent, minimal) {In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs.} Unit3 1) 科学家们找到火星上有水的证据了吗？(proof) {Have scientists found proof of water on Mars?} 2) 计划委员会已经将建核电厂的可能地点缩小到了两个沿海城镇。(location, narrow down) {The planning committee has narrowed down the possible locations for the nuclear power plant to two coastal towns.} 3) 任何一个有尊严的人都不会一辈子依靠社会救济过活。(welfare)
Unit 1 1、无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充分的准备，你都很难在 这样嘈杂的招待会上发表演讲。（no matter how） No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2、就想吉米妹妹的朋友都关心吉米一样，吉米也关心他们。（just as） Just as all his sister’s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them. 3、汽车生产商在汽车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，一边帮助找回被盗的车辆。 （track down） Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4、老师回来时你敢告我状的话，我就不在和你说话了。（tell on） If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. 5、有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活。（on one’s down） Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children 6、现在需要面对的事情是：如何筹集创建公司所需的资金。（reckon with）Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. Unit 2 1、被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚持称自己无罪。（Use an appositive） The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence. 2、总体看来，枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜是最好的铁质来源。（Use an absolute structure） All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron. 3、正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化。（interfere with） No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion.
大学英语（B）1翻译练习参考译文 1、元宵节是春节后的第一个重要节日。元宵节的习俗在全国各地不尽相同，其 中赏花灯（lanterns exhibits）、猜灯谜、吃元宵等是几项最常见的民间习俗。据说， 吃元宵的习俗起源于汉代，唐宋时期开始盛行。如今，元宵已成为人们的日常饮 食之一，在超市一年四季都可以买到。 The Yuanxiao Festival is the first important festival after the Spring Festival. Although customs of the festival vary from region to region, the most common ones include appreciating lantern exhibits, trying to solve riddles written on lanterns, and eating yuanxiao. It is said that the custom of eating yuanxiao originated from the Han Dynasty and became popular during the Tang and Song periods. Nowadays, yuanxiao has become a food in people’s daily life, which is available in supermarkets a ll the year round. 8、如今，越来越多的大学生抱怨很难找到好的工作。造成这一现象的原因如下： 首先，大学生把在校的大多数时间都用在了专业学科的学习上，只有当他们开始 找工作的时候，才意识到自己缺乏必要的专业培训。其次，大学生之间的竞争也 越来越激烈，这导致任何一名大学生找到工作的机会都变小了。 Nowadays, more and more university students complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job. The reasons f or this phenomenon are as follows: First, college students spend most of their time at school studying academic subjects and it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training. Second, competition among graduates has become more and more fierce. And this results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job. 7、杭州是中国著名的六大古都之一，已有两千多年的历史。这个城市不仅以自 然美闻名于世，而且有着传统的文化魅力。不仅有历代文人墨客（men of letters） 的题咏，而且有美味佳肴和漂亮的工艺品。一般来说，游览杭州西湖及其周边景 点花上两天较为合适。到杭州旅游，既令人愉快，又能得到文化享受。 Hangzhou, one of China’s six ancient capital cities, has a history of more than 2,000 years. It is famous not only for its natural beauty but also for its charm of cultural traditions. Besides many poems and inscriptions by men of letters through the dynasties, it also boasts local delicacies and pretty handicrafts. Generally speaking, a two-day tour of West Lake and scenic spots around it is advisable for a tourist. As a tourist, you will find it a pleasant and culturally rewarding trip to Hangzhou. 6、说到中国古代的科技文明（civilization），人们自然就会想到“四大发明”，即 指南针、火药、造纸术和印刷术。这四种发明是古代先进科技的象征，具有重大 的历史意义。它们对中国古代政治、经济、文化的发展产生了巨大的推动作用， 也对世界的文明进程产生了巨大影响。 Speaking of ancient Chinese civilization in science and technology, people will naturally think of the Four Great Inventions, namely the compass, gunpowder, paper-making and printing. These four inventions are symbols of ancient China’s