2013年专四真题阅读长难句分析
TEXT A
1.When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December2009,persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句为persuasive words...encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action。其中from activists作后置定语修饰words。When引导时间状语从句，修饰主句谓语encouraged发生的时间。
【译文】2009年12月各国领导人在哥本哈根会晤时，活动家们的劝导性话语鼓励他们投身于更加坚定的行动中。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/b613120418.html,rmative speeches from World Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensible precautions.
【分析】本句为因果关系并列句。第一个分句位于so前，主干为：Informative speeches... helped people to keep their panic under control，其中from World Health Organization officials 作后置定语修饰speeches。第二个分句主干为：they could take sensible precautions。
【译文】世界卫生组织官员的发言提供了有用信息，有效缓解了人们的恐慌情绪，进而使他们能够采取切合实际的预防措施应对疾病。
3.Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting.
【分析】本句为转折关系并列复合句。第一个分句位于but前，主干为：Sad events are never easy to deal with。第二个分句主干为：a speech...can be comforting，其中包含一个that引导的后置定语从句that pays tribute to the loss of a loved one and gives praise for their contribution，修饰speech。
【译文】处理令人悲痛的事件总是很棘手，但是对逝去的所爱之人表达敬意、赞扬他们所做贡献的话语能够起到抚慰作用。
4.Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding,where your language will be needed to move people or make them laugh.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句为：you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding。Where引导地点状语从句，修饰a family event和a wedding。
【译文】或者你有可能被要求在家庭活动中去介绍一名发言者，也可能被要求在婚礼上发言，在这些场合你的语言需要感动在场的人或使他们开怀大笑。
TEXT B
1.Alden then started designing headphones into helmets,backpacks—anywhere that would make it easy to listen to music while snowboarding.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句为Alden then started designing headphones into helmets, backpacks。破折号后面的anywhere是helmets,backpacks的同位语，that引导的定语从句修饰anywhere。
【译文】接着，奥尔登开始将耳机设计进头盔、背包——任何一处能够使滑雪时方便听音乐的地方。
2.Alden’s fears faded as Skullcandy became the No.1headphone seller in those stores and tripled its revenue to$120million in one year.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句为Alden’s fears faded。As引导原因状语从句，该从句中由and连接两个并列谓语。
【译文】随着骷髅糖果耳机成为那些商店里的销售冠军，其收益在一年内增长两倍达到1.2亿美元，奥尔登的顾虑也消退了。
3.“In the beginning,”he says,“that little white wire that said you had an iPod—that was cool.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，直接引语部分主句为：that little white wire...was cool。其中that said you had an iPod作后置定语，修饰white wire。
【译文】“最初”，他说道，“那条白色细线证明你有一部iPod播放器——这是很酷的......
TEXT C
1.Since Bernie Madoff’s arrest on charges of running a$65million Ponzi scheme,I’ve read many articles about how we investors should have known what was going on.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干为I’ve read articles。about how we investors should have known what was going on部分作后置定语修饰articles。Since引导时间状语从句，其中on charges of running a$65million Ponzi scheme作后置定语修饰arrest。
【译文】自从伯纳德?麦道夫因被指控操纵6,500万美元的庞氏骗局而被捕以来，我已经读了很多关于我们投资者该知道局势如何的文章。
2.If you could have your money back right now,but it would mean giving up what you have learned by losing it,would you take the money or would you take what losing the money has given you?
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句为一个or连接的并列句结构：would you take the money or would you take what losing the money has given you。If引导条件状语从句，其中包含一个but 引导的并列从句表转折。
【译文】如果你现在可以马上收回自己的钱，但是这同时意味着要放弃你从失去这些钱中所学到的东西，你是要这些钱呢，还是选择失去钱带给你的教训呢？
3.But the other four all said that what they were seeing about themselves was incalculable,and they didn’t think it would have become apparent without the ground of financial stability being ripped out from underneath them.
【分析】本句为并列复合句，第一个分句主句为：the other four all said，其中包含一个that 引导的宾语从句。第二个分句为：they didn’t think it would have become apparent，其中without the ground of financial stability being ripped out from underneath them作条件状语。
【译文】但是，其余的四个人都说道，他们对自身的看法是不可预料的，而且他们认为直到他们赖以生存的经济稳定根基被拔除，这才会变得明显。
TEXT D
1.People can change their lives,but ordering change is not simple because many things,even within ourselves,are beyond our direct control.
【分析】本句为并列复合句。第一个分句主干为：People can change their lives。第二个分句主干是：ordering change is not simple because...，该分句是一个主从复合句，because引导原因状语从句，其中even within ourselves作后置定语修饰things。
【译文】人们能够改变自己的生活，但是规则改变却并非易事，因为很多东西。甚至包括我们自身的一些东西，都不在我们直接控制的范围之内。
2.To be an effective person,under this model,you are supposed to coolly examine your own unconscious habits,and the habits of those under your care.
【分析】本句为简单句。句子主干为：you are supposed to examine...habits...。To be an effective person作目的状语，under this model作方式状语。
【译文】在这种模式下，要想成为高效的人，你应该冷静地分析自己的无意识习惯，以及你所在意的那些习惯。
3.They are burned in by emotion and strengthened by strong yearnings,like the yearnings for admiration and righteousness.
【分析】本句为简单句，句子主干为They are burned in...。like the yearnings for admiration and righteousness作插入语。
【译文】它们通过情感留下印象，通过诸如对赞美和正义等强烈的渴望来加以强化。
4.If you think you can change your life in a clever way,the way an advertiser can get you to buy an air freshener,you’re probably wrong.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句为：you’re probably wrong。If you think you can change your life in a clever way是条件状语从句表假设，其中the way an advertiser can get you to buy an air freshener做后置定语修饰上文clever way。
【译文】如果你认为你可以以一种聪明的方式改变自己的生活，诸如广告商能说服你购买空气清新剂的方式，你就很可能错了。
2012年专四真题阅读长难句分析
TEXT A
1.“Ta”,originated from the Danish word“tak”,was the second-most popular expression of thanks,and is also commonly used in informal situations,along with phrases such as“nice one”, and“brilliant”.
【分析】本句为并列宾语句，句子主干结构为“Ta”was the second-most popular expression of thanks,and is also used in informal situations。originated from the Danish word“tak”作后置定语修饰“Ta”；along with phrases such as“nice one”,and“brilliant”作伴随状语。【译文】从丹麦语“tak”演变而来的俚语“ta（谢谢）”，是受欢迎程度位居第二的答谢用语，它和其他诸如“nice one（你真好）”和“brilliant（太棒了）”等表达一样经常在非正式场合中使用。
2.For example,words like“awesome”,“brilliant”and“you star”featured highly in the new poll and they can hint at both your pleasure at someone’s action,as well as serving to express your thanks.
【分析】本句为and引导的并列复合句。两个分句的主干分别为：words featured highly in the new poll和they can hint at both your pleasure at someone’s action,as well as serving to express your thanks。其中第一个分句中的like“awesome”,“brilliant”and“you star”作后置定语修饰words。第二个分句中的并列结构both...as well as...表示“既......又......”。
【译文】例如，像是“awesome（真了不起）”、“brilliant（太棒了）”和“you star（你真棒）”等词组在最新的调查中表现突出，它们既可以表示你对某人的行为感到高兴，同时还可以表达你的谢意。
TEXT B
1.The worst may be behind them now,but the shocking losses of the past few years have reshaped nearly every facet of their lives—how they live,work,and spend—even the way they think about the future.
【分析】本句是由but连接的并列复合句。句子主干结构为The worst may be behind them,but the losses have reshaped every facet of their lives。其中of the past few years作后置定语修饰the shocking losses；how they live,work,and spend—even the way they think about the future作every facet of their lives的同位语，解释说明every facet的具体内容。
【译文】现在或许还不到他们最糟糕的时候，但是过去几年里那令人震惊的损失已经彻底改变了他们生活的方方面面——他们的生活、工作和消费——甚至他们思考未来的方式。
2.For Cindy,the recession began when her husband was relocated to Rhinelander,Wisconsin,by his company,forcing the family to move in a hurry.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句主干为the recession began；when引导时间状语从句，从句主干为her husband was relocated to Rhinelander,Wisconsin,by his company；其中forcing the family to move in a hurry作was relocated的伴随状语。
【译文】对于辛迪而言，经济萧条的影响开始于她丈夫被公司调动到位于威斯康星州的莱茵兰德的时候，这迫使他们一家人匆忙搬迁。
3.But to stretch her budget,she began putting in vegetables and fruit—everything from strawberry beds to apple trees—and as her first seedlings grew,her spirits lifted.
【分析】本句为and连接的并列复合句。句子主干为she began putting in vegetables and fruit and her spirits lifted。第一个分句中But to stretch her budget作目的状语，everything from
strawberry beds to apple trees作fruit的同位语，起补充说明的作用；第二个分句中as her first seedlings grew为伴随状语从句。
【译文】但是，为了节约预算，她开始种植蔬菜和水果——从栽草莓到种苹果树，什么都有——随着第一批播种植物的生长，她的精神劲头也足了。
TEXT C
1.For those fresh out of university,desperate for work but unable to get it,there is a big imbalance between supply and demand.
【分析】本句为简单句，存在状语前置现象。句子主干结构为there is a big imbalance between supply and demand for those...。fresh out of university,desperate for work but unable to get it作后置定语修饰those。For以及后面的宾语所构成的介宾结构在句中作状语。
【译文】对于那些刚走出大学、迫切渴望工作却又得不到的毕业生而言，供求之间存在着强烈的不平衡。
2.Of course,it is easy to blame the Government and,in particular,the target that Labour has long trumpeted—50per cent of school-leavers in higher education.
【分析】本句为复合句。主句结构为it is easy to blame the Government and the target。Labour has long trumpeted为that引导的定语从句；50per cent of school-leavers in higher education是target的同位语。
【译文】当然，责备政府，尤其是工党早就鼓吹的目标——高等教育毕业生达到50%的就业率——是很容易的。
TEXT D
1.It was on Nov4,1923,that British archaeologist Howard Carter stumbled on a stone at the base of the tomb of another pharaoh in Luxor that eventually led to a sealed doorway.
【分析】本句为It is...that...强调句。句子主干结构为Howard Carter stumbled on a stone。It was on Nov4,1923是时间状语前置表强调；British archaeologist作定语修饰Howard Carter；at the base of another pharaoh in Luxor作地点状语修饰a stone；that eventually led to a sealed doorway 作后置定语修饰a stone。
【译文】那是1923年11月4日，英国考古学家霍华德·卡特在路克索市另一法老的墓基处偶然发现了一块石头，最后这块石头把他引向了一条封闭的通道。
2.Months after my trip to Egypt,I can relive the rush of emotion I felt and sense the hush that descended on the crammed Cairo museum’s Tutankhamen gallery.
【分析】本句为简单句，句子主干为I can relive the rush of emotion...and sense the hush...。Months after my trip to Egypt作时间状语；that descended on the crammed Cairo museum’s Tutankhamen gallery作后置定语修饰the hush。
【译文】在埃及之旅数月后，我还能重温到当时奔涌的情绪，并感受到降临到拥挤的开罗博物馆图坦卡门长廊的静寂。
2011年专四真题阅读长难句分析
TEXT A
1.There is the danger that the high-speed connectivity of the Internet will reduce our attention span—that we will be incapable of reading anything of length or which requires deep
concentration.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句主干为There is the danger。而that the high-speed connectivity of the Internet will reduce our attention span和that we will be incapable of reading anything of length or which requires deep concentration均为danger的同位语从句，两者互为因果关系。【译文】风险在于，互联网的高速连接会减少我们的注意力持续时间，从而导致我们不能够阅读长篇论著，或是阅读需要高度集中注意力的书籍。
2.In such a fast-changing world,in which reality seems to be remade each day,we need the ability to focus and understand what is happening to us.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句主干为we need the ability。in which reality seems to be remade each day是world的定语从句；不定式结构to focus and understand what is happening to us是ability的后置定语；名词性从句what is happening to us作understand的宾语。
【译文】在这样一个飞速变化的世界，现实世界似乎每天都在被重塑，因此，我们要能够集中注意力，从而理解正发生在我们身上的事情。
3.Our society needs to be able to imagine the possibility of someone utterly in tune with modern technology but able to make sense of a dynamic,confusing world.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句主干为Our society needs to be able to imagine the possibility。而utterly in tune with modern technology和able to make sense of a dynamic,confusing world均是someone的后置定语。
【译文】我们的社会需要让人们能够想象这种可能性，那就是，有人既能够完全适应现代技术，又能够理解这个动态的、让人困惑的世界。
TEXT B
1.I know when the snow melts and the first robins(知更鸟)come to call,when the laughter of children returns to the parks and playgrounds,something wonderful is about to happen.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主干为I know something is about to happen。其中when the snow melts and the first robins come to call,when the laughter of children returns to the parks and playgrounds,something wonderful is about to happen为know的宾语从句，其中something wonderful is about to happen是宾语从句的主句，而when引导时间状语从句。
【译文】我知道，当积雪融化时，当知更鸟开始鸣叫时，当孩子们的笑声重新回荡在公园和游乐场里时，奇妙的事情就要发生了。
2.Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句主干为Asking the family...is like announcing...。Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard为动名词结构，作整个句子的主语，而there will be no more Wi-Fi是announcing的宾语从句。【译文】要求家人周末时从后院融化的积雪里整理冬天堆积起来的无用的东西就像宣布不再有Wi-Fi一样。
3.Newly wakened from our winter’s hibernation(冬眠),yet still needing extra blankets at night, we open our windows to the first fresh air floating on the breeze and all of the natural world demanding“Awake and be clean!”
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句为we open our windows。分词短语Newly wakened from our winter’s hibernation,yet still needing extra blankets at night作伴随状语。floating on the breeze 是air的后置定语；而demanding“Awake and be clean!”是all of the natural world的伴随状语。
【译文】我们刚刚从冬眠状态中被唤醒，但夜里仍需额外加盖毯子。我们打开窗户，呼吸微风吹来的新鲜空气，世间万物都在提醒我们：“醒醒，该打扫了”。
4.Biologists offer a theory about this primal impulse to clean out every drawer and closet in the house at spring’s first light,which has to do with melatonin,the sleepytime hormone(激素)our bodies produce when it’s dark.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句为Biologists offer a theory。不定式结构to clean out every drawer and closet in the house at spring’s first light是impulse的后置定语；which has to do with melatonin是impulse的定语从句；the sleepytime hormone our bodies produce when it’s dark是melatonin的同位语。
【译文】生物学家为这一冲动提供了理论解释，在春天的第一道曙光里，清理房子里每个抽屉和橱柜的冲动与光线暗淡时身体产生的褪黑激素，即睡觉时产生的激素，有关。
5.Seeing my adult son willingly cleaning that dirty bathtub gives me hope for the future of his 12-year-old brother who,instead of working,is found to be sleeping in the seat of the window he is supposed to be cleaning.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句为Seeing my adult son...gives me hope。其中动名词结构Seeing my adult son...作整个句子的主语；who,instead of working,is found to be sleeping in the seat of the window是brother的定语从句，instead of working为插入语；而he is supposed to be cleaning是window的定语从句。
【译文】看着我那成年的儿子十分情愿地清扫着肮脏的浴缸，让我对他12岁的弟弟的将来还是充满希望的——这小家伙现在不仅不干活，而且还在他本该打扫的窗户旁边的座位上睡着了。
TEXT C
1.After World WarⅡ,many Japanese abandoned the arranged marriage as part of their rush to adopt the more democratic ways of their American conquerors.
【分析】本句为简单句，句子主干结构为many Japanese abandoned the arranged marriage。as part of their rush to adopt the more democratic ways of their American conquerors是介词短语作状语，表对象。
【译文】二战后，作为急于采纳美国征服者更为民主方式的一部分，许多日本人放弃了包办婚姻。
2.But the Western way was often found wanting in an important respect:it didn’t necessarily produce a partner of the right economic,social,and educational qualifications.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句为the Western way was often found wanting in an important respect。冒号后内容为respect的同位语从句。
【译文】但人们经常发现西方的恋爱结婚方式在一个重要方面有所欠缺：它并不确保能够找到一个在经济状况、社会地位、教育方面都门当户对的伴侣。
3.The Western ideal of marrying for love is accommodated in a new omiai in which both parties are free to reject the match.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，句子主干为The ideal is accommodated in a omiai。in which both parties are free to reject the match是omiai的定语从句。
【译文】西方为爱结婚的理想包含于新的相亲中，双方都有拒绝对方的自由。
TEXT D
1.She owned and operated three McDonald’s shops in Illinois,but as a divorced mother of three
boys,she yearned for a business that would provide for her children and let her spend more time with them.
【分析】本句为并列句，第一个分句主句为She owned and operated three McDonald’s shops。第二个分句主句为she yearned for a business。that would provide for her children and let her spend more time with them作business的定语从句。
【译文】她在伊利诺斯州拥有并经营三家麦当劳店，但是作为三个孩子的离异妈妈，她渴望一项既能供养孩子，又能让她有更多时间陪孩子的生意。
2.When McDonald’s decided it wanted a new bun supplier,Harrington became determined to win the contract,even though she had no experience running a bakery.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句主干为Harrington became determined。不定式结构to win the contract是目的状语；When McDonald’s decided it wanted a new bun supplier是时间状语从句；even though she had no experience running a bakery是让步状语从句。
【译文】当麦当劳确定自己需要一个新的面包供应商时，尽管哈灵顿没有经营面包店的经验，但她下定决心要赢得合同。
3.Some of her clients’sales have declined,but she’s found new clients and improved efficiencies to help sustain the company’s double-digit growth.
【分析】本句为并列句，第一个分句主干为Some of her clients’sales have declined。第二个分句主干为she’s found new clients and improved efficiencies，不定式结构to help sustain the company’s double-digit growth是目的状语。
【译文】某些客户的的销售额在减少，但是她通过挖掘新客户并提高工作效率，从而帮助公司维持了两位数的增长。
2010年专四真题阅读长难句分析
TEXT A
1.What is the nature of the scientific attitude,the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics,biology,chemistry,geology,engineering,medicine or any other science?
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句为What is the nature of the scientific attitude。后面的the attitude of...是scientific attitude的同位语，对其进行补充说明，其中，who studies and applies physics,biology...是the man or woman的定语从句。
【译文】研究和运用物理学、生物学、化学、地质学、工程学、医学以及任何其他学科的科学工作者的态度，即科学的态度,其本质是什么？
2.He usually directs his attention towards problems which he notices have no satisfactory explanation,and his curiosity makes him look for underlying relationships even if the data available seem to be unconnected.
【分析】本句为并列复合句。第一个分句是and前的一个主从复合句，主句主干为：He directs his attention towards problems，而which he notices have no satisfactory explanation是problems 的定语从句，he notices为插入语。第二个分句主干结构是：his curiosity makes him look for underlying relationships，其中look for underlying relationships是宾语him的补足语；even if... to be unconnected是让步状语从句。
【译文】他通常将注意力直接引向自己发现的，但还没有令人满意的解释的问题上，他的好奇心驱使他寻找数据之间的隐含关系，即使现有的数据似乎并不相关。
3.Furthermore,he is not only critical of the work of others,but also of his own,since he knows
that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb objective investigation.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句为：he is not only critical of the work of others,but also of his own。since引导原因状语从句，其中he knows是主语和谓语，后面是两个由that引导的并列的宾语从句。
【译文】此外，他不仅对他人的工作持批判态度，对自己的也一样，因为他知道，人是最不可靠的科学仪器，而且一些因素往往会干扰调查的客观性。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/b613120418.html,stly,he is highly imaginative since he often has to look for relationships in data which are not only complex but also frequently incomplete.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句为：he is highly imaginative。since he often has to look for relationships in data是原因状语从句，而which are...frequently incomplete是data的定语从句。【译文】最后，他极富想象力，因为他常常要寻找数据之间的关系，这些数据不仅复杂，而且经常不完整。
TEXT B
1.Although the mysteries of the Aztec,Mayan,and Inca civilizations have been known for centuries,now the public is also becoming aware of unusual,paranormal phenomena in countries such as Peru.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句为the public is also becoming aware of unusual,paranormal phenomena。Although引导让步状语从句。
【译文】虽然阿兹特克、玛雅、印加文明的奥秘几个世纪以来已经众所周知，现在公众也开始关注如秘鲁这样的国家中的不寻常的超自然现象。
2.One answer appeared in1969,when the German researcher and writer Erich von Daniken proposed that the lines were drawn by extraterrestrials as runways for their aircraft.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句为One answer appeared in1969。when the German researcher and writer Erich von Daniken proposed...是定语从句；that the lines were drawn by extraterrestrials...是proposed的宾语从句。
【译文】一个答案出现在1969年，当时德国研究者，作家埃里希·冯·丹尼肯提出这些线是作为飞机跑道由外星人绘制的。
3.Currently there are over60sites dedicated to this mystery from Latin America’s past,and even respected scientists have joined the discussion through e-mail and chat rooms.
【分析】本句为并列句。第一个分句主干为：there are over60sites；dedicated to this mystery from Latin America’s past是sites的后置定语。第二个分句主干为scientists have joined the discussion。
【译文】目前，有超过60个专门针对这个拉丁美洲的过去之谜的网站，甚至一些德高望重的科学家也通过电子邮件和聊天室加入了讨论。
TEXT C
1.Apple Computer CEO Steve Jobs’address at Stanford University that year,in which he talked about death,is also considered one of the best in recent memory.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句主干为：Steve Jobs’address is also considered one of the best。in which he talked about death是address的定语从句。
【译文】同年，苹果电脑公司首席执行官史蒂夫·乔布斯在斯坦福大学的演讲中谈到关于死亡的问题，那也被认为是近些年最好的毕业演讲之一。
2.Isn’t that like trying to maintain a smile at your wedding reception while some relative gives a toast that amounts to“marriage is hard work”?
【分析】本句为并列复合句，第一个分句主干为：Isn’t that like trying to maintain a smile。第二个分句主干为：some relative gives a toast，而that amounts to“marriage is hard work”是toast的定语从句。
【译文】是不是就像一边听着某个亲属在婚礼招待会上祝酒说“婚姻是个苦差事”，一边又不得不试图保持微笑呢？
3.In fact,as is the case in many major life moments,you can’t really manage to think beyond the blisters your new shoes are causing.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句为：you can’t really manage to think beyond the blisters。your new shoes are causing是blisters的定语从句，而as is the case in many major life moments 是后面内容的非限制性定语从句。
【译文】其实，正如在许多人生重大的时刻，你其实无法让自己想别的，只是想着新鞋磨出来的水泡。
4.But it also gets to the heart of one of life’s greatest,saddest truths:that our most “memorable”occasions may elicit the fewest memories.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句为it also gets to the heart of one of life’s greatest,saddest truths。冒号后面为that引导的truths的同位语从句。
【译文】但是它揭示了生活中最大、最可悲的真相的实质：我们最“难忘”的场合可能留下最少的回忆。
TEXT D
1.The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that,for the English,the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句为Mary Douglas has pointed out that...。the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links是第一个that引导的宾语从句，that is served是food的定语从句。
【译文】人类学家玛丽·道格拉斯指出，对于英国人，饭局的种类和上菜的内容与在一起吃饭的人之间的社会关系有关。
2.The distinctions among cocktails,regular meals,and special dinners mark the social boundaries between those guests who are invited for drinks,those who are invited to dinner,and those who come to a family meal.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句主干为：The distinctions mark the social boundaries。who are invited for drinks，who are invited to dinner和who come to a family meal都是前面those(guests)的定语从句。
【译文】鸡尾酒会、正餐以及特殊晚宴标志着客人之间的社会界限，是被邀请喝点儿什么，是被邀请吃饭，还是被邀请吃家庭餐。
3.Because of the fear of pollution,Brahmans and other high-ranked individuals will not share food with,not eat from the same plate as,not even accept food from an individual from a low-ranking caste.
【分析】本句为较长的简单句，句子主干是：Brahmans and other high-ranked individuals will not share food with,not eat from the same plate as,not even accept food from an individual。Because of the fear of pollution是句子的原因状语。
【译文】由于担心受到污染，婆罗门和其他高等级的人不会与来自低等级的人分享食物，不会从同一个盘子里吃东西，甚至不会接受低等种姓人的食物。
2009年专四真题阅读长难句分析
TEXT A
1.Do you realize that every time you take a step,the bones in your hip are subjected to forces between four and five times your body weight?
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是Do you realize that...。that引导宾语从句，从句主干结构是the bones are subjected to forces；every time you take a step是时间状语；介词短语between four and five times your body weight是forces的后置定语。take a step意为“迈出一步”。be subjected to意为“受到……，经受……”。
【译文】你是否意识到自己每次迈步的时候，胯关节的受力是体重的四至五倍？
2.Any engineer will recognize these as characteristic of a typical engineering problem,which doctors and engineers have worked together to solve,in order to bring a fresh lease of life to people who would otherwise be disabled.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是Any engineer will recognize these。which doctors and engineers have worked together to solve是problem的定语从句；in order to bring a fresh lease of life to people是目的状语；who would otherwise be disabled是people的定语从句。【译文】任何一个工程师都会将这些看作是典型的工程问题所具有的特点，医生和工程师协同工作来解决这个问题，以便让那些不做置换就残疾的病人获得新生。
3.Similar advances with other crops have released people from hard and boring jobs for more creative work,whilst machines harvest crops more efficiently with less waste.
【分析】本句为并列句，由whilst分隔开。第一个分句主干结构是Similar advances have released people；第二个分句主干结构是machines harvest crops。
【译文】对其他作物的类似改造将人们从艰苦、枯燥的工作中解放出来，可以去从事更有创造力的工作，同时，机械收割作物因为浪费更少而更高效。
TEXT B
1.Probably thousands of people have already been using it,but I just discovered it,so I’m going to claim it and also name it:Fake Foning.
【分析】本句为并列复合句。第一个分句为Probably thousands of people have already been using it。第二个分句主句为I just discovered it;so I’m going to claim it and also name it:Fake Foning是结果状语从句。
【译文】成千上万的人可能已经在享受这项服务，但我是刚刚发现这一服务，所以我打算申请拥有它，并将其命名为：假装打电话。
2.The trip down the hall will take approximately one hour,because a person can’t walk into those talky people without getting pulled aside for a question,a bit of gossip,a new read on a certain line of Paradise Lost.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构为The trip will take one hour；because引导原因状语从句，分词短语without getting pulled aside for a question...表伴随状况。
【译文】去洗手间经过大厅大约需要一小时，这是因为一个人可能走到这群人中被拉到一边问个问题，说说八卦，或者谈谈对《失乐园》中某一行文字的新理解。
3.Walk confidently down the hall engaged in fake conversation,making sure to tailor both the topic and content to the person standing before you whom you are trying to evade.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干是Walk down the hall，分词短语engaged in fake conversation是方式状语；现在分词短语making sure to tailor both the tenor and content to the person...表伴随状况；standing before you是person的后置定语，而whom you are trying to evade 是person的定语从句。engaged in意为“忙于”。
【译文】自信地走过大厅，装作在谈话，并确定调整谈话的话题和内容以适合那个站在你面前而你试图逃避的人。
TEXT C
1.The next morning,when I turned my computer back on,it informed me that a file had been corrupted and Windows would not load.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是it informed me that...；a file had been corrupted and Windows would not load是informed的宾语从句。when I turned my computer back on是时间状语从句。
【译文】第二天早上，当我打开电脑时，我被告知一个文件已被损坏，Windows将无法加载。
2.She has apparently been dozing and,having come to just as the sentence ended,was attempting to cover for her inattention.
【分析】本句为并列句。第一个分句为She has apparently been dozing；第二个分句为was attempting to cover for her inattention；现在分词短语having come to表状况；as the sentence ended是时间状语从句。
【译文】她显然在打瞌睡，在说完这句话时她试图掩盖自己的注意力不集中。
3.I thanked him,and we chatted about the weather,which was the same outside my window as it was outside his.
【分析】本句为并列复合句。第一个分句为I thanked him；第二个分句主句为we chatted about the weather。which was the same outside my window...是weather的定语从句；as it was outside his是方式状语从句。chat about意为“闲聊”。
【译文】我谢了他，聊起了天气，我窗外的天气和他窗外的是一样的。
TEXT D
1.So I wrote a nice holiday greeting to this man who,in my imagination,fires The New York Times from his bike aimed at our front door,causing more noise with mere newsprint than most people manage with sophisticated black market fireworks.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干为：I wrote a nice holiday greeting。who,in my imagination,fires The New York Times from his bike是man的定语从句；分词短语aimed at our front door是The New York Times的后置定语；causing more noise with mere newsprint than most people manage with sophisticated black market fireworks是结果状语。aim at意为“针对，目的在于”。
【译文】所以，我写了节日问候语给这个人，凭我的想象，就是这个人从自行车上把《纽约时报》扔向我们的大门，仅用新出的报纸就制造了比多数人燃放复杂的黑市烟花更大的噪音。
2.With a start,I realized that perhaps the reason for the4a.m.wake-up noise was not ordinary rudeness but carefully executed spite:I had not tipped Raoul in Christmases past.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是：I realized that...。the reason for the4a.m.wake up noise was not ordinary rudeness...是realized的宾语从句；I had not tipped Raoul in
Christmases past是spite的同位语。
【译文】突然，我意识到那也许就是凌晨4点将我们吵醒的噪音的原因，那不是一般的举止粗鲁而是精心策划的恶意行为：在以前的圣诞节里，我没给过Raoul小费。
3.Several days later,I was bringing our garbage bins back from the curb when I noticed an envelope taped to one of the lids.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是I was bringing our garbage bins back；when I noticed an envelope是时间状语从句；分词短语taped to one of the lids是envelope的后置定语。【译文】几天后，我把我们的垃圾箱从路边拿回来时注意到贴在一个盖子上的信封。
2008年专四真题阅读长难句分析
TEXT A
1.You can take in the picturesque canal house architecture:The rows of neat,narrow four-story dwellings of brownstone with large windows are well worth seeing.
【分析】本句冒号后的句子是对前面canal house architecture的说明，其中主语为rows;neat, narrow four-story dwellings of brownstone是定语，with large windows是状语，都是修饰rows 的成分。
【译文】你可以顺便看看风景如画的运河房屋建筑：一排排整齐狭窄的四层楼高的赤褐色砂石建筑，大大的窗户，都非常值得参观。
TEXT B
1.This means that you should look up the name Tantalus to find out the word’s origins,and if you do,you will find out that in Greek mythology,Tantalus was a king who was punished in the lower world with eternal hunger and thirst;he was put up to his chin in water that always moved away when he tried to drink it and with fruit on branches above him placed just a little bit out of his reach.
【分析】本句是一个由and连接的并列复合句。前一分句包含一个that宾语从句。后一分句包含由if引导的条件状语从句，其中主句又包含that宾语从句，这个从句中又包含着并列句，分号后的分句又有一个that引导的定语从句修饰water。out of one’s reach意为“够不着”。
【译文】这表示你应该查Tantalus这个名字，找到词源。如果你这么做了，就会看到在希腊神话中，Tantalus是一个在地狱中一直受到饥渴惩罚的国王。他站在水中，水没到下巴，但当他试图喝水时，水就退开了。他的头上就有结满了水果的树枝，但是差那么一点点才能够得着。
2.The traveler Odysseus(Ulysses to the Romans)made his men plug their ears so that they wouldn’t hear the dangerous voices of the sirens,creatures who were half bird and half woman and who lured sailors to their deaths on sharp rocks.
【分析】本句是一个由so that引导的目的状语从句，从句中包含两个who引导的定语从句，同时修饰creatures。而creatures又是sirens的同位语。
【译文】旅行者奥德修斯（罗马人称他为Ulysses）让他的人堵上耳朵，这样就听不到sirens 危险的声音了，sirens是一个半鸟半女人的动物，它会把水手引诱到尖石上致死。
3.As a matter of fact,all the planets,except the one we live on,bear names that come from Roman mythology,including the planet that is farthest away from the sun and for that reason was
called after the Roman god of the dead.
【分析】本句主干为all the planets bear names。except the one we live on为插入语来补充说明all the planets。而names后面有一个that定语从句来修饰。including后的内容又包含一个that 定语从句，修饰the planet，而and后面的内容省略了主语the planet。
【译文】事实上，除了我们所居住的这个行星之外，其他所有行星的名字都来自罗马神话，包括那个离太阳最远的行星。正因为这个原因，它才以罗马神话中的死神命名。
TEXT C
1.I’m an American born and raised,and this was Miami,where I live,but they weren’t quite ready to let me in yet.
【分析】本句由三个并列分句组成，分别由and和but引导。第一个分句中born and raised 作后置定语修饰American。第二个分句中where I live为定语从句修饰Miami。
【译文】我在美国出生长大，这里是迈阿密，我居住于此，但他们还不太愿意接受我。
2.Twenty years ago,my own graduate school writing professor advised me to write under a pen name so that publishers wouldn’t stick me in what he called“the ethnic ghetto”—a separate, secondary shelf in the bookstore.
【分析】本句包含一个so that引导的目的状语从句，主句主干为professor advised me to write。从句中what he called“the ethnic ghetto”作in的宾语，而破折号后面的内容是对“the ethnic ghetto”的解释。
【译文】20年前，我自己研究生院里的写作教授建议我用一个笔名，这样出版商不会把我放在他称为“民族区”部分——那是书店里一个独立的、不太重要的架子。
TEXT D
1.While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed,written scripts to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.
【分析】本句属于一个并列复合句，前后分句形成对比关系。前一个分句中的having carefully rehearsed和(having)written scripts to speak from作by的宾语。后一个分句包含一个由that 引导的句子作awareness的同位语从句。
【译文】政治家经过精心排练，参照写好的文稿演讲可能将损害限定在一定范围内，但是听众会潜意识里觉得他们说的话可能不对。
2.The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self-consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural.
【分析】本句中的from which to speak作place的后置定语，providing the illusion of being natural则是分词短语作状语。
【译文】演讲的最好的心理状态是一种无自我意识的自我意识，让人有自然的错觉。
2007年专四真题阅读长难句分析
TEXT A
1.Good landladies—those who are superb cooks and launderers,are figures as popular in fiction as the bad ones who terrorize their guests and overcharge them at the slightest opportunity.
【分析】本句的主干应为Good landladies are figures as popular as the bad ones。其中破折号后的those是Good landladies的同位语，并且由who引导的定语从句修饰。后面的who引导
的是修饰the bad ones的定语从句。
【译文】好的房东——不仅厨艺高超，又是好的洗衣工，这些人在小说中与那些坏房东一样普遍。后者让他们的客人感到恐惧，不放过任何机会多收房租。
2.For the less fortunate,house rules may restrict the freedom to invite friends to visit,and shared cooking and bathroom facilities can be frustrating and row-provoking if tidy and untidy guests are living under the same roof.
【分析】本句为并列复合句。由and连接两个分句。其中后一分句又包含一个if引导的条件状语从句。
【译文】如果不太走运的话，房东可能会有一些规定，限制你邀请朋友来访的自由；如果讲卫生和不讲卫生的人同住一屋时，共用厨房和洗澡间可能会让人感到沮丧甚至会引发争吵。
TEXT B
1.With so much news about crime in the media,people assumed that anyone on the open road without the money for even a bus ticket must present a danger.
【分析】本句的主语为people，谓语为assumed，后面的that引导宾语从句。宾语从句的主干为anyone must present a danger。其中on the open road和without the money for even a bus ticket都是定语，限定说明主语anyone。
【译文】媒体上有那么多关于犯罪的新闻，人们认为一个走在路上，身上的钱连一张公共汽车票都买不起的人是危险的。
TEXT C
1.She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language,although they were mostly numbers,and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining.
【分析】本句是由and连接的并列复合句。前一分句又是由although引导的让步状语从句，主句中的I was able to say in her language是定语从句，修饰words。后一分句里包含着一个宾语从句。
【译文】她很高兴听到我用老挝语说出的几个单词，尽管这些词多是数字，她看到我懂得讨价还价的乐趣。
2.I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set;that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase.
【分析】本句是由分号分开的并列复合句。前一分句主语为I，谓语动词有三个：moved，picked up和paid。后一分句包含着由before引导的时间状语从句。
【译文】我又快速拾起两条裙子，按照后来商定的价钱买了三条。这样一来，在她因我购买量大而降低价格前，我付了原来买一条裙子时3倍的价钱。
3.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard;without knowing it,I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.
【分析】本句是由分号分开的并列复合句。前一分句中what is hard作against的宾语。后一分句中what is soft and what should be easy作后一个against的宾语。without knowing it是后一分句的方式状语。
【译文】我学会了不被困难所压倒，不知不觉中，我也学会了不被温柔和轻松俘获。
TEXT D
1.Now,only3percent of families follow the agricultural model,but nearly all schools are
scheduled as if our children went home early to milk the cows and took months off to work the crops.
【分析】本句为并列复合句。but后的分句包含一个由as if引导的方式状语从句，从句中主语是our children，后面的went home以及took months off是并列结构作谓语和宾语。
【译文】现在，只有3％家庭的生活还遵循农业模式，但是几乎所有学校课程设置得就好像孩子们要早早回家挤牛奶，要歇几个月种庄稼一样。
2.Dr.Boyer is one of many who believe that a radical revision of the school calendar is inevitable.【分析】本句为复合句。who引导定语从句修饰many，而这个定语从句又有一个宾语从句。【译文】Boyer博士是众多人中的一员，他们认为对学校校历进行彻底修正不可避免。
2006年专四真题阅读长难句分析
TEXT A
1.The difference between the mobile phone and its parent,the fixed-line phone,is that a mobile number corresponds to a person,while a landline goes to a place.
【分析】本句主干为the difference is that...。the fixed-line phone是parent的同位语。that 之后是表语从句，从句中又包含while引导的状语从句，在这里表示对比。
手机与它的前辈，即固定电话，的不同之处在于，一个手机号码对应一个人，而固定电话却受电话线的限制。
2.The most common one,however,and perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever,is the“meeting”influence.
【分析】本句主干为the one and the thing is the“meeting”influence。其中the one和the thing 同指的是手机的影响。however插入两个并列的主语之间，that引导的定语从句修饰thing。然而，最常见的一个就是对“约会”观念的影响，它可能永远地改变了我们的文化。
TEXT B
1.The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then,it was widely believed,having given his wife her“housekeeping”,would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.
【分析】本句主语是the typical working man，后面跟两个并列谓语would collect和would go out and squander。句中it was widely believed作插入语。having given his wife her “housekeeping”是现在分词短语作时间状语。
【译文】典型的工人会在周五晚上领取薪水，然后，他们普遍认为，在去除了给妻子的家务费用之后，就要出去把剩下的钱用于喝酒和赌博。
2.As long as this gap exists,there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge,or rather that the old conflicts will re-appear,but between different groups.
【分析】本句包含由as long as引导的条件状语从句。主句是there be结构，其中两个that 引导的从句是possibility的同位语。
【译文】只要这个差距存在，就总是有新冲突和妒嫉产生，或者在不同的群体之间旧冲突会重现。
TEXT C
1.During this time,all my knowledge of him was limited to occasional meetings about the house,
when he would sometimes pass me coldly,and sometimes bow and smile.
【分析】本句主干是knowledge was limited to meetings。其中about the house是表示地点的状语，意为“在房子周围”。when引导时间状语从句，sometimes bow and smile和前面的pass me coldly并列。
【译文】在这段时间里，我对他所有的了解仅限于在他房子附近的偶遇，有时候他冷淡走过，有时候点点头,笑一笑。
TEXT D
1.Those qualities that make interaction with other people enjoyable would be imitated as closely as possible,and the machine would appear to be charming,and easygoing.
【分析】本句为并列句。两个分句主干分别为those qualities would be imitated as closely as possible和the machine would appear to be charming,and easygoing。that引导的定语从句修饰主语qualities。make interaction with意为“与……交往”。
【译文】它们尽可能地模仿那些与他人愉快交往的性格，并且看起来迷人、随和。
2.After experiencing a wealth of powerful,well-timed friendship indicators,the user would be very likely to accept the computer as far more than a machine and might well come to regard it as a friend.
【分析】本句的主干为the user would be likely to accept...and might well come to regard...，after 引导的时间状语从句为省略结构。
【译文】经历了有效的、合时宜的友好表示之后，很多用户可能不只把计算机看作机器，更把它看作一个朋友。
2005年专四真题阅读长难句分析
TEXT A
1.No television program had ever taken me so far away from my surroundings as did this verbal visit to a cold stream in a forest and these animals building a home.
【分析】本句为倒装句。句子主干的正常语序应为Television program had never taken me so far away as this verbal visit did。to a cold stream and these animals作定语修饰visit,building a home 为现在分词作定语，修饰animals。
【译文】没有任何电视节目能够像这些文字一样带我远离真实的环境去参观一条森林里寒冷的河流，以及这些动物们建造的家。
2.Between the covers of all those books were whole worlds,and I was free to go anywhere in them.
【分析】本句为并列句，由and连接。第一个分句为全部倒装句，正常语序应为Whole worlds were between the covers of all those books。当表示方位的副词放在句首时，且主语是名词，谓语动词又是及物动词的话，就可以使用全部倒装。第二个句子主干为I was free，to go...作目的状语。
【译文】整个世界就在所有那些书籍的封面之间，我可以自由地徜徉其中。
3.Sometimes I still can’t believe my life’s journey,from a failing and indifferent student in a Detroit public school to this position,which takes me all over the world to teach and perform
critical surgery.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句的主干结构为I can’t believe my life’s journey。from a failing...to this position作状语，which引导非限制性定语从句修饰my life’s journey。其中主干是which takes me all over the world，to teach and perform critical surgery作目的状语。
有时候我仍然无法相信我的人生之旅：从一个底特律公立学校的差等生，到现在成为一名全球巡讲、主刀危急外科手术的主任医师。
TEXT B
1.His Hollywood studio—the public heard—operated just like a democracy,where everyone was on first name terms and had a say in how things should be run.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是His studio operated。like a democracy是介宾短语作状语，破折号中间的部分为插入语，起定语的作用，修饰studio。where引导定语从句，修饰democracy。其中包括两个并列的从句，第一个的主干是everyone was on first name terms；第二个的主干是everyone had a say，in how things should be run是介宾短语作状语。【译文】人们听说他的好莱坞工作室像个民主社会，那里每个人都是直呼其名，并且拥有对事情进程发表意见的权利。
2.In fact,he was suspicious of organizations,as is evidenced in films like That Darned Cat.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是he was suspicious of large,bureaucratic organizations。as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句，放在句末时可以用which来替代as。as引导的定语从句也可以放在句首，但不能用which取代。be suspicious of意为“怀疑，质疑……”。
【译文】事实上，正如在电影《可恨的猫》中所表现的那样，他质疑庞大的官僚主义机构。
3.To business people and filmmakers,he was a role model;to the public,he was“Uncle Walt”—the man who had entertained them all their lives,the man who represented all that was good about America.
【分析】本句为并列句，由分号隔开。第一句的主干为he was a role model，To business people and filmmakers是介宾短语作状语。第二句的主干为he was“Uncle Walt”，to the public依然作状语，破折号后又是两个并列的名词性短语，the man是对Uncle Walt解释说明，who 引导定语从句，修饰the man。
【译文】对商人和电影工作者来说，他是一个榜样；对于公众来讲，他是“沃特叔叔”——一个使他们生活中充满快乐、描绘美国所有美好事物的人。
TEXT C
1.In this way,we may get an idea of the composer’s intentions,for indeed,the composer uses every musical device for its power to communicate and for its contribution to the musical experience.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是we may get an idea。of the composer’s intentions 作定语修饰idea。for后接原因状语从句，主干为the composer uses every musical device。for its power to communicate and for its contribution是并列的介宾短语作目的状语。
【译文】这样，我们就能了解作曲家的意图了，在作曲过程中，作曲家会利用不同乐器的特质及配合关系来达到他的设计意图。
2.Listen to Oriental theatre music,then to an excerpt from a Wagner work;these two are worlds apart in their qualities of sound as well as in almost every other feature,yet each says something of importance to some listeners.
【分析】本句为并列句，中间由分号隔开。第一个句子是祈使句，其主干结构是Listen to Oriental theatre music,then to an excerpt。第二个句子的主干是these two are worlds apart yet each says something，其中in their qualities of sound...other feature作状语，of importance to some listeners作定语。
【译文】倾听东方戏剧，而后再听瓦格纳作品选段。这两种音乐在音质和其他各个方面都迥然不同，然而它们都向听众展示了某些重要的东西。
3.All music,whether it is the pulsation of primitive tribal drums or the complex coordination of voices and instruments in an opera,has this feature:it is based upon the power of sound to stir our senses and feelings.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句的主干结构为All music has this feature。冒号后面的部分是对feature的解释说明，其主干为it is based upon the power of sound，to stir...feelings是动词不定式作目的状语。whether...or...引导让步状语从句，修饰整个主句。
【译文】所有的音乐，不论它是原始部落的鼓乐节奏，抑或歌剧里面器乐的合奏，都有这个特点：它是基于声音的力量来激起我们的感觉和感情。
TEXT D
1.For example,when people who fear snakes are shown a picture of a snake,sensors on their skin will detect sweat,a sign of anxiety,even though the people say they do not feel fear.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是sensors will detect sweat，a sign of anxiety是sweat的同位语。even though引导让步状语从句，其主干为the people say；when引导时间状语从句，其中主干为people are shown a picture，who引导定语从句修饰people。
【译文】例如，害怕蛇的人看到一张蛇的图片时候，尽管他们说自己不害怕，但是皮肤传感器会检测到出汗以及焦虑的信息。
2.A more effective technique is“reframing”,which means consciously reinterpreting a situation in a more positive light.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是A more effective technique is“reframing”。which引导定语从句，修饰reframing。其主干结构为which means reinterpreting a situation。一个很有效的技巧叫做“再构”，即有意识地换个正面的、积极的角度去重新解释目前的情形。
3.Add to them such relaxation techniques as deep breathing and meditation and you have an arsenal of weapons against bad moods.
【分析】本句为并列句，由and连接。第一个分句是一个祈使句，其主干结构是Add to them such relaxation techniques；第二个分句主干结构是you have an arsenal of weapons。
【译文】再加上深呼吸和沉思等技巧，你就足以对抗坏情绪了。
2004年专四真题阅读长难句分析
TEXT A
1.Some employers,of course,reply to this argument by saying that they have become so experienced in interviewing staff that they are able to make a sound assessment of each candidate’s likely performance.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是Some employers reply to this argument。by saying 作方式状语，修饰reply。其中that引导宾语从句，其主干为they have become so experienced
that they are able to make a sound assessment。in interviewing staff是介宾短语作状语，of each candidate’s likely performance为介宾短语作定语修饰assessment。
【译文】当然，一些雇主反驳说：他们在面试员工方面很有经验，能够对每一个应征者的能力做出正确的评估。
2.It is perhaps true to say,therefore,that the real purpose of an interview is not to assess the assessable aspects of each candidate but to make a guess at the more intangible things,such as personality,character and social ability.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是It is perhaps true to say that...。It是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。其中the real purpose of an interview作主语，谓语是is，表语使用了not to do...but to do...的并列结构。
【译文】因而，或许这样讲才对：面试的真实目的不是去评判每个候选人可估量的方面，而是去推测更多的无形的东西，比如人品、性格以及社会能力。
3.Candidates who interview well tend to be quite confident,but never boastful;direct and straightforward in their questions and answers;cheerful and friendly,but never over-familiar;and sincerely enthusiastic and optimistic.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主语为Candidates，谓语为tend to be，表语由四组并列的形容词短语构成，形成平行结构。第一组为quite confident,but never boastful，第二组direct and straightforward in their questions and answers，第三组cheerful and friendly,but never over-familiar，第四组sincerely enthusiastic and optimistic。
【译文】面试出色的候选人一般表现十分自信却绝不自负；在问答中简明直率；交流时友好愉快却不过分亲密；性格上真诚热情且乐观。
TEXT B
1.The professionals do not pose much of a problem for the store detectives,who,assisted by closed circuit television,two-way mirrors and various other technological devices,can usually cope with them.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是The professionals do not pose much of a problem。who引导定语从句修饰detectives，其中主干结构为who can cope with them，assisted by...devices作方式状语。
【译文】职业扒手不会给商店保安构成太大问题，一般通过闭路电视、两面镜和各种科技产品对付职业扒手。
2.When caught,all are liable to prosecution,and the decision whether to send for the police or not is in the hands of the store manager.
【分析】本句为and连接的两个并列句。第一个分句的主干结构是all are liable to prosecution, when caught是“when+过去分词短语”作状语，表示caught与主句中的主语是逻辑的动宾关系；第二个分句的主语是whether to send for the police or not，谓语是系动词is，in the hands of the store manager是介宾短语作表语。
【译文】当被抓住时，他们都应该受到起诉，但是否要把他们送到警察局就由商店管理者来决定了。
3.However,what is most worrying about the whole problem is,perhaps,that it is yet another instance of the innocent majority being penalized and inconvenienced because of the actions of a small minority.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句的主语是what引导的名词性短语what is most worrying；about the whole problem是介宾短语作定语，修饰problem；谓语是is；that引导表语从句。
表语从句中主干为it is another instance;of the innocent majority being penalized and inconvenienced是介宾短语作定语，because of引导原因状语。
【译文】然而，特别令人担心的问题或许是另外一种情况，即一小部分人的错误惩罚了大多数无辜的人，并给他们带来了不便。
TEXT C
https://www.doczj.com/doc/b613120418.html,st night,after what seemed hours of damp turmoil,I got up and crept slipperless down the stairs,feeling my way in the faint street light that came through the window.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是I got up and crept。Last night是时间状语，after what...turmoil为介宾短语作时间状语。feeling my way为现在分词短语作伴随状语，that came through the window是定语从句修饰street light。
【译文】昨天晚上，我在床上翻来覆去几个小时都无法入睡，我爬起来，在窗口透进来的微弱的路灯灯光下，光着脚摸索着走下楼梯。
2.Standing there with the jar in one hand and my finger in my mouth,I had the feeling that someone was about to walk into the room—some other woman,the unseen,valid owner—and ask me what in hell I was doing in her kitchen.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是I had the feeling，that引导同位语从句，对feeling 的内容进行解释说明，其主干为someone was about to walk into the room and ask me，what 引导名词性从句作宾语的补足语；破折号中间是插入成分，是对someone的进一步解释说明。Standing there...in my mouth是现在分词短语作伴随状语，其中with the jar in one hand and my finger in my mouth是独立主格结构，作伴随状语修饰standing。
【译文】我站在那里，一手拿着罐子，一手含在嘴里。我有一种感觉：一个人就要走进房间——另外一个女人，一个未曾相识的真正的主人——问我到底在她的厨房里干什么。
3.I looked them over with a burglar’s eye,deciding what might be worth the risk of stealing, what on the other hand I would leave behind.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句的主干结构为I looked them over。with a burglar’s eye是介宾短语作方式状语，修饰look over。deciding后接两个并列的宾语，作伴随状语修饰look over。这两个宾语都是由what引导的名词性短语。
【译文】我用盗贼般的眼光看着他们，想着哪些值得冒险偷窃，哪些应该不去理会。
TEXT D
1.The chief problem in coping with foreign motorists is not so much remembering that they are different from yourself,but that they are enormously variable.
【分析】本句为主从复合句。主句主干结构是The chief problem is...。句子使用了not so much that...but that...结构，that后都引导从句。第一个句子的主干为they are different，第二个句子主干为they are variable。in coping with foreign motorists是介宾短语作定语。
【译文】对付驾车旅行的外国人，首要问题不是要记住他们与你不相同，而是要记住他们本身有着极大的不同。
2.Very rarely will an Englishman try to anticipate the green light by moving off prematurely.
【分析】本句为倒装句。正常语序应为An Englishman will very rarely try to anticipate the green light by moving off prematurely。其主干结构为An Englishman will very rarely try to do...。by moving...作方式状语修饰anticipate。当表示否定的词或词组放在句首时会引起部分倒装，需要把谓语动词中的助动词或情态动词提到主语前面。
【译文】罕有英国司机会试图先于绿灯闪亮之前开动汽车。
历年考研英语真题长难句解析 考研英语试卷中，阅读理解和翻译共有50分，占到了全卷分数的半壁江山。毫不夸张地说，把这两部分做好，在英语考试中取得理想的成绩便不再是奢望。那么怎么样才能做好这一部分的试题呢？关键要通过大量的练习，增强阅读英文句子，尤其是其中长难句的能力。长难句一般是指结构复杂难以理解的句子，也有一些其实结构并不复杂，但因为句子很长也很容易让人困惑。长难句出现不多，但是常常大大增加我们理解的难度，成为我们获取高分的拦路虎. 下面就近八年来考研试题中阅读理解和翻译中出现的长难句都列出来，分析它们的结构，指出其中的考查难点，并对如何恰当翻译它们给出建议,，希望大家能从中得到一些启发。 1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, (an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business). 句子主干：Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element… 语法难点：本句是典型的非限定性定语从句，难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of 结构限定，并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句，一个是(which was) representing…, 另一个是(which was) detached…。 可见，定语从句的难点在于经常省略引导词+be的结构，从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。 句子翻译：对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。 翻译技巧：实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句，一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况，把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从这个阶层开始另起一句。 2. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large, comfortable classes( who had retired on their incomes,and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’meeting to dictate their orders to the management.) 句子主干：Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who… 语法难点： 1)有并列从句。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构，分句由who…, and who…两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语，真正的主句谓语是sprang of.retire on指依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名词）. 2) that of drawing dividends 结构中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指红利，that of sth结构是名词性的，that of sth相当于which is结构，目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending…是省略了which were的定语从句，把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法，目的是避免行文的单调，考生朋友们要注意分辨。 句子翻译：像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了，大批隐退的享乐阶层人士
如何克服高考英语阅读理解中的长难句障碍-A 高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，原汁原昧”，考生普遍感觉较难理解。那么，这些阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长、难句。句法掌握不好的考生很难理清头绪，影响其对短文内容的理解。 1 When a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it was n’t unusual to hear a tan say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serous trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa． 2 He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill，in Bedfordshire，and thought that he must have tried the hare in a place he knew well，but he still could not see the connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill Park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773． 一、抓住结构引导词分析其长难句结构和功能 任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。并列结构一般有连词and，but，or等连接；复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，找出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。表示目的： 《 so that，for the purpose that，in order that等；表示结果：so…that…，such…that…，as a result，therefore，thus等；表示条件：if，on condition that，unless等；表示原因：because，since，as等。 【例l】Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better．(NMETl995 C篇) 析：这是一个含有that引导的表语从句的复合句。并且表语从句后接了which 引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句内有not only…but also…连接的并列结构。句意：噪音消除系统应用的另一好处就是没有必要使用消声器．这不仅减轻了轿车的重量。而且使发动机耗油更少，运转更好。 【例2】We even have different words for some tools, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming，while he upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating．(NMET2001D篇) 析：whether…or…表示判断选择的搭配结构，which 引出定语从句，指代前文中的事实，that引出同位语从句，while引出状语从旬，表示对比。句意：我们甚至用不同的词语来表示食物，特别是肉类，取决于它们是否还在田问里，还是即将就厨。这表明撒可逊农民干的是农活而上层的诺曼人干的是吃喝。 【例3】A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car，as the owner，you have to pay for any damage done to the car，even if your dog has been killed in the accident．(NMETl997 C篇)
高考英语阅读理解长难句分析详解 第一节：找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【简析】此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有：was opposed --he; ordered--he; (should) not be used ---federal--funds; had proposed --- no one; asked--he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为“he ordered... asked ....”, “Declaring that...”作状语。 句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。 第二节：提主干，去枝叶（从句等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and
1. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case. (2003. 阅读. 6. Text 2) 【译文】学习中应该包括具有启发性的娱乐这一观点对于大部分学术机构而言似乎是愚蠢的，但事实的确如此。 【析句】本例句的难点在于寻找主句的主干。很明显，主句由but连接两个并列句组成，but 后的句子that is nonetheless the case是简单句。but前的句子主句是the notion would seem merely silly to the greater part of the academic establishment，to在这里作介词，这一介宾结构提前放在了谓语动词seem后，容易让人误以为是短语seem to的用法，结果导致理解失误。最后主句主语the notion有that引导的定语从句修饰。 2. Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began. (200 3. 阅读. 6. Text 3) 【译文】从事成人教育的公共机构已经因为经济萧条开始以来席卷全国的趋势而陷入困境。【析句】例句2的句子结构并不复杂，主句the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide, that has swept over them...作定语从句修饰the tide, 而定语从句中，又有since引导的时间状语从句，这个时间是修饰swept over这个动作的。 3. A new high-performance contact lens under development at the department for applied physics at the University of Heidelberg will not only correct ordinary vision defects but will enhance normal night vision as much as five times, making people's vision sharper than that of cats. (2003. 阅读. 6. Text 4) 【译文】海德堡大学应用物理系正在研究的高水平新型隐形眼镜不仅能矫正普通的视力问题，还能把正常夜间视力提高五倍，使人的视力比猫还要敏锐。 【析句】复合句。主句是A new high-performance contact lens will not only correct ordinary vision defects but will enhance normal night vision, 可以看出，主句的主干是not only...but(also)结构连接前后两个并列句，contanct lens后有几个介词短语点明了研究的地点。最后，making people's vision...是现在分词引导结果状语。
考研英语：历年真题经典长难句深度解析 一、It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself. 1.重点词汇及短语： describe…with…用……描述…… articulate 【生义】v. 清楚地表达，描述【熟义】adj. 明晰清楚的 reaction n. 反应 grasp v. 理解，领会（尤指复杂的事情或观点） 2.句子成分分析：本句为主从复合句，主干是It is also the reason...。why引导定语从句，解释说明the reason。定语从句中包含了一个时间状语从句when we try to describe music with words。关系副词why引导限定性定语从句，修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语。例如：He didn’t tell me the reason why he was so upset. 从句引导词选用关系副词why还是关系代词that/which，取决于先行词reason在从句中充当的成分：先行词reason在从句中作副词性成分，应该用why。例如：Please tell me the reason why he was late.（先行词reason在从句中作原因状语）；先行词reason在从句中作
名词性成分，应该用that/which。例如：Please tell me the reason that/which made him late.（先行词reason在从句中作主语） 3.参考译文：这也是为什么当我们试图用语言描述音乐时，我们只能表达出自己对音乐的感受，而无法领悟音乐本身。 二、Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: "The creation of the 'statistics board' was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.” 1.重点词汇及短语： impel v. 促使，迫使【用法】impel sb to do sth迫使某人做…… statistics board 统计板 concern n. 忧虑，担心；重要的事情concern about/over/with 对……关心application n. 申请书；应用；应用程序 2.句子成分分析：本句的主干是...McNutt said...。分词短语Asked whether...the change作句子的状语。引号中的内容是said的宾语，其主干是The creation of the "statistics board" was motivated...and is part of...。句中的broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research解释说明concerns的内容。句中的to increase...we publish解释说明drive的内容，
高考阅读理解中对长难句的理解 高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，原汁原昧”，考生普遍感觉较难理解。那么，这些阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢？除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长、难句。句法掌握不好的考生很难理清头绪，影响其对短文内容的理解。 1Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn’t u nusual to hear a m an say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serous trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa． 一、抓住结构引导词分析其长难句结构和功能 任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。并列结构一般有连词and，but，or等连接；复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，找出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。表示目的： so that，for the purpose that，in order that等；表示结果：so…that…，such…that…，as a result，therefore，thus等；表示条件：if，on condition that，unless等；表示原因：because，since，as等。 【例l】Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better． 【例2】We even have different words for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming，while he upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating． 【例3】A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car，as the owner，you have to pay for any damage done to the car，even if your dog has been killed in the accident． 【例4】First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head，and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw (缩回) my full fist without dropping the prize SO dearly won． 【例5】It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers，although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when an e-mail is introduced，the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet． 【例6】Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundlesor struggling with their ballalators through the circle, These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for tings and ideas that we simply can't think of． 二、抓主干、剔从句 一个句子的支架就是句中的谓语动词。根据英语中五种基本句型结构，把句子中的主语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然易于理解。一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个状语从句
高考英语阅读理解长难句解析 第一部分：高中英语长难句解析 在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。 纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。一、复合从句 这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如: I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。这些从句都很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。 这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。 二、分隔结构 为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分（一般是定语）过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。 三、成分省略 在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。 例如在以than，as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。
历年大学英语四级真题阅读长难句分析 阅读是四级英语中重要的得分点和难点，对长难句的分析则决定了对阅读的彻底理解，也是学习语法，积累高级词汇、句型不可或缺的来源。而四级英语真题阅读部分均选自Times、Telegraph等著名外文报纸及杂志，其行文和词汇原汁原味，值得考生细细品味和灵活借鉴。准备2015年6月英语四级的同学们，还等什么?赶快学起来吧! 历年大学英语四级真题阅读长难句分析（1） 1. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. (1990. 阅读. Text 1) 【译文】除了早期漂洋过海的旅行者或靠海谋生的人之外，对大多数人来说，大海是遥远的，没有必要提出太多问题，更别说思考大海海底的东西了。 【析句】复合句，本句主干为the sea was remote and there was little reason to...，and连接两个并列句子，两个句子之间又有with the exception of...作伴随状语，伴随状语中又包含who earned a living from the sea定语从句修饰others。最后是习惯let alone...,注意let alone后的动词形式与前面主句动词形式相同。 2. The first time that question "What is at the bottom of the oceans?" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. (1990. 阅读. Text 1) 【译文】当有人建议铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的海底电报光缆的时候，出于商业动机，人们才不得不首次回答这个问题“海底有什么东西”。 【析句】本句话的难点在于主从句成分的区分。主句为The first time was when the laying...was proposed, when引导表语从句，而that question had to be answered with...则是定语从句修饰the first time。 3. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. (1990. 阅读. Text 1)
历年考研英语真题长难句解析 1. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. 【译文】这不是昙花一现。在过去几年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。 【析句】这是一个并列句，前后用分号隔开两个子句，是递进关系。在第一句中，no可以用not a代替。在后一个句子中，inflation是主语，lower是谓语系动词的表语， than expected和in Britain and America，以及前面的over the past couple of years都是介词短语作状语。 【讲词】a flash in the pan意为"昙花一现的人或事"。Many people believe that the young singer is a flash in the pan.(许多人认为那位歌手红不了多久。) When I first heard the news,I too dismissed it as a flash in the pan.(我一开始听到这个消息时，也认为这事长不了。) 2. Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States,since conventional measures suggest that both economies,and especially America's,have little productive slack. 【译文】经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率感到特别诧异，因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是美国经济几乎没有生产萧条的时
如何理解高中英语阅读理解的长难句 摘要：句子理解，特别是长难句理解，是提高阅读能力的突破口。通过英语句法分析与阅读相结合、化长难句为简单句及特殊句型还原的技巧，加深对英语阅读理解中长难句的理解。 关键词：高中英语阅读理解长难句分析理解之法 《英语课程标准》明确提出“能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句”的阅读要求。从近年的高考题来看，所选短文均选自英语原版文章，除了生词量大、篇幅长以外，文中的句子结构也较为复杂，掺杂了大量长难句，考生普遍感觉较难理解。可见，难句理解是阅读理解的突破口。下面，我通过英语句法分析与阅读相结合、化长难句为简单句及特殊句型还原的技巧，谈谈英语阅读理解中长难句的理解。 一、运用句法知识与阅读相结合分析长难句 只有掌握英语的句法结构，才能进行正确的句法分析。在平时的学习中，对英语的固定句型和结构要牢记并掌握，并学会它们之间的转换，这样对长难句的理解就不会束手无策。根据英语中的五种基本句型结构，把句子中的主语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然，易于理解。一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个从句组成的多层次主从复合句，一定要搞清主句和
从句之间的逻辑关系，只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了，长难句就好对付了。 例如：People think being an artist must be a wonderful way to earn one’s living .Of course，there are lots of great things about working for oneself，at home alone.分析：此句是个含有宾语从句的复合句。People think是主句，being an artist must be a wonderful way to earn one’living是谓语动词think的宾语从句，省略了连接词that，全句的结构为：主语+谓语动词+宾语从句，从句中，动名词短语being an artist作主语，must be 作谓语动词，a wonderful way to earn one’s living作表语，其基本句型为：主+系+表，动名词短语being an artist 作主语，不定式短语to earn one’living作定语，修饰way。 再如：Experts found people who played online games designed to improve their cognitive skills didn’t get any smar 60.分析：该句含有宾语从句、定语从句、后置定语，主句为experts found，省略了连接词that，其他就是宾语从句，而这个宾从又包含了定从：who played online games designed to improve their cognitive skills，修饰people，定语从句里还含有过去分词充当的后置定语：designed to improve their cognitive skills，用来修饰online games，只有通过这样的层层递进和分析，
1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique. （NMET2003.C篇）这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学 大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展， 她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。 简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。 2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. （NMET2003.E篇） 由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办 公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词just about几乎；overtime超时地。 3. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. （NMET2003.E篇）或许，表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科 技产业本身，印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词promising有前途的。 4. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste. （NMET2003.E篇）这个行动组也发现一种人们可接受的纸，制成这种纸的原料不是木料，而是农业废料。 简析：关键词other than而不是。 5. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers. （NMET2003.D
英语阅读理解长难句分析技巧指南 英语长句和难句一般结构复杂，逻辑层次多；并列成分和插入成分多；修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长；各种从句多，并且从句与从句之间的关系复杂；省略和倒装经常出现；由于结构的需要，常见的搭配常常会颠倒或提前等等。 长难句分析方法指南 英语句子无论多么复杂，它们都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的。所以，在理解英语句子的时候，理解并且拆分句子的语法结构和逻辑结构就自然而然成为了我们解题的突破口。 怎么拆分呢？我们可以把主句和从句拆分出来，即找出全句的主语，谓语和宾语；找出句中所有的谓语结构，非谓语结构，介词短语和从句的引导词；分析各从句的作用以及它们之间的关系。说的具体一点，可以寻找下面一些“信号词”来对英语句子进行拆分，进而更加有效地理解英语原文。 长难句分析注意事项 在分析句子成分时，还应该特别注意下列几点： 1 是否有同位语和插入语。 2 是否有省略，倒装和分隔等现象。 3 替代词的所指对象。
4 判断并列成分的层次。 5 并列连词and, or, but, for通常起承上启下的作用，不要将它们归入后文的句法分析。 6 在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。 7 非谓语动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。 8 在有多个的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词，短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。 长难句分析实例 1. Decision-thinking is unlike poker---it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. 分析：这句话不长，但是由于有多个从句，并且还有省略，所以难度很大。破折号把这个长句分成为两个句子，前边是简单句，其中not unlike构成双重否定表肯定；后面的是复合句，进一步说明前面的内容。在这个复合句中it是形式主语，matters是谓语，意思为“要紧，重要”，not only---but also和and引导的是并列的名词性从句，在句中做真正的主语。其中后边的两个句子省略了matters。在主语部分中，matters not only what you think 的顺序应该是not only