Introduction
Ever since the 1980s, since the adoption of the reform and opening-up policy, China has communicated with the outside world more frequently. More and more scholars began to do researches on C-E publicity translation, such as Ding Hengqi, Jia Wenbo, etc. In recent years, due to the deepening of globalization, China, as a developing socialist country, has attracted ever-increasing attention of the world. Never before have so many foreigners of different colors and creeds wanted to know more about China and get into close contact with China and Chinese people, thus publicity translation in China sharply increases in quantities, and the quality of publicity translation has also been improved a lot.
The Chinese-English publicity translation aims at making China known to the world. The successful translation of publicity materials plays an important role in exchanges and communication between China and other English-speaking countries. It will lead to a better understanding of China including its long history, unique and splendid culture, rapid economic progress and will be helpful to the process of China?s modernization and connection with the outside world. Then how to make the translated English version clearly understood by readers in other countries and at the same time maintain the Chinese uniqueness? This paper will deal with the problem from the perspective of Skopos theory, adopting translation strategies of domestication and foreignization, complete translation and translation variation and so on.
1. An overview of Chinese-English publicity translation
This chapter is a comprehensive research on C-E publicity translation. It first offers an analysis of publicity translation including its definition, history, text features and functions. Then it shows the achievements that have been made in this field and reveals the problems that still exist.
1.1 The definition of publicity translation
Before we analyze the publicity materials, we should first understand what the
publicity translation is. Publicity translation in Chinese is duiwai xuanchuan(对外宣传), which means the activities that communicates with foreigners and introd uces China to the outside world. But there?s no exact English equivalence of duiwai xuanchuan in most C-E dictionaries. Duiwai xuanchuan was once translated as “foreign propaganda”, of which the word “propaganda”has unfavorable or negative connotation. So this paper will use the word “publicity” to denote duiwai xuanchuan, as “publicity”is a neutral word, which means “state of being known to, seen by, etc the public; providing information in order to attract public attention”(Oxford Advanced Learner's English Chinese Dictionary, 2002: 1197).
Peter Newmark mentions in his book Approaches to Translation that texts have three kinds of functions: a) the expressive function; b) the informative function; c) the vocative function (Newmark, 2001: 47). According to Newmark, the expressive function is author-centered. It is about the mind of the speaker or the writer. Literature is typically of this type of function. The informative function is much more about the content of the text, paying much attention to the external situation or the reality outside the language. Technical reports are typically of this type of function. The vocative function is reader-centered. The purpose is to make people to think or act in the way intended by the text. Texts such as advertisement and publicity materials are of this function.
1.2 Classification and text features of C-E publicity materials
Publicity materials have some distinctive features that differentiate them from literary works, technical and other writings. They hold different intention, contents and functions. Unlike technical writings or literary works, publicity materials cover a wide range of fields, and every aspect of a country can be shown in publicity materials.
1.2.1 Classification of C-E publicity materials
There is a variety of publicity materials translated from Chinese to English, of which the target audiences are mainly ordinary foreigners or overseas Chinese who are unable to understand Chinese. Mr. Duan Liancheng has generalized publicity
materials into two categories: ordinary materials and formal materials. According to him, ordinary materials include materials introducing Chinese politics, economy, society, culture, history and people?s life, such as brochures on scenic spots or books about Chinese culture, while formal materials refer to official documents, formal talks and works of leaders, working reports of government cadres, diplo matic talks, economic and trade agreements, legal files as well as scientific and technological books (Duan Liancheng, 1990: 8).
1.2.2 Features of C-E publicity materials
C-E Publicity materials have the following features:
1) Cover a wide range. Publicity materials include a wide range of subjects, such as politics, economy, history, culture, art, tourism, society, science, education, medicine, sports, people?s life, food, and so on. These materials provide large amount of information about China for foreigners.
2) With Chinese characteristics. In publicity materials there are many political, economical and scientific jargons and culture-loaded words. In recent years, with the deepening of globalization, many new things with Chinese characteristics have appeared, bringing lots of new terms. For all these we can not find the exact English equivalents in dictionaries.
3) Target-reader oriented. C-E publicity materials aim at introducing China to ordinary foreigners who don?t know much about China, so the publ icity translation should be target-language-and-culture-oriented. Otherwise, we can?t achieve the purpose of communication or exchanges, for readers of other countries can not understand the meaning of the translated materials.
4) Advance with the times. C-E publicity materials aim at letting readers know what has happened recently or what is going to happen in China, so materials or articles of publicity should be immediate and instantaneous, thus to catch readers? eyes as soon as possible.
1.3 Researches on C-E translation of publicity materials
A large amount of publicity materials have been translated into foreign languages
in China, but the study of publicity translation has long been neglected. It is only since the early 1980s that publicity translation has aroused serious attention. Though achievements have been made all these years, C-E publicity translation, compared with translation of literary work, technical and other writings are still somewhat empirical and unsystematic.
1.3.1 Achievements
Great achievements have been made in the field of C-E publicity translation, which has set up a good image of China in international community and gained reputation among countries and enlarged its communication with other nations. Cheng Zhenqiu(程镇球)，Duan Liancheng(段连城)，Chen Xiaowei(陈小慰)，Guo Jianzhong(郭建中)，Y ang Yingming(杨英明) are forerunners in the field of C-E publicity translation. Mr. Cheng Zhenqiu points out that the most important thing during translation is to be loyal to original materials and try to avoid “Chinglish”; Mr. Duan Liancheng classifies two main kinds of problems in C-E publicity translation: linguistic mistakes and referential errors; Mr. Chen Xiaowei proposes that it is pragmatically necessary to use updated English expression so as to make translation more appropriate and fixed to the intended function of the translation; Mr. Guo Jianzhong stresses that translation is the art of re-expressing based on writing techniques and a good knowledge of both source language and target la nguage; Mr. Y ang Yingming talks about the loss of cultural meaning in publicity translation from the cultural perspective.
These studies are important, because they have for the first time aroused intense concern about the C-E publicity translation, from which people come to realize that linguistic techniques alone cannot solve all problems in translation, not just in publicity translation.
1.3.2 Problems
Although many scholars have paid sufficient attention to the C-E publicity translation, problems and errors still exist in our daily life.
Mr. Duan Liancheng, as mentioned above, summarizes two main kinds of
problems in his article “Appealing to Translators for Better Publicity Translation”: linguistic mistakes and referential errors (Duan Liancheng, 1990). Linguistic mistakes refer to mistakes that are easily noticed, like spelling mistakes, grammatical errors and inappropriate dictions which are mainly caused by translators? carelessness and poor basic language skills. Referential errors, however, are characterized by the difficulties for foreigners to understand publicity materials due to cultural barriers. Referential errors are more complicated, for cultural elements should be taken into consideration.
Another scholar, Mr. Liang Liangxing(梁良兴) mentions some problems of C-E publicity translation in his article called “Problems in Publicity Translation Viewed from the Perspective of Translation” (Liang Liangxing, 1992). They are: imposing the author?s views on the readers;no pretreatment to the high-sounding articles; the violation of taboos on politics, religion and customs.Some authors want their opinions accepted by the readers, which will make readers have a negative opinion of authors? intelligibility.Some articles seem very impressive, but lack of human feelings. They will not be agreed. Some translators write something which is regarded as taboos or violation of target readers? culture because they have no idea about foreign people?s tradition or p sychological factors. This will cause readers? prot est and will do damage to the friendships among countries. To solve the problems, Mr. Liang thinks that translators should know more about foreign cultures and customs and respect them.
All these problems that have been discussed above have showed that if we intend to ensure the successful translation of C-E publicity materials, we must at the same time consider the situation of foreign countries such as politics, culture, religion and customs. Differences between these factors should be clarified so as to avoid certain confusion, mistakes and misunderstandings and to make publicity translation more appropriate and expressive. In a word, the researches that have done by scholars are surely helpful in guiding us doing publicity translation as well as meeting the requirement of political consciousness and cultural cultivation. We can also use these theories in other fields.
2. Skopos theory
Skopos theory, also known as Functional Theory of Translation, is put forward by Hans J. V ermeer and is the most important theory of functionalist approach. Skopos is the Greek word for ……purpose”.According to Skopos theory, the prime principle is “the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translation action” (Nord, 2001: 27), breaking the limitation of “equivalence translation” and making more translation possible. Therefore, translators should choose translation strategies purposefully, and the translation strategies should be determined by the intended function of the target text.
2.1 Basic concepts of Skopos theory
Hans J. V ermeer develops his general theory of translation named Skopos Theory, which is based on the theory of action. He thinks that translation is a form of translational action based on a source text. Any action of translation has an aim or purpose. Skopos is the Greek word for ……purpose”. The theory points out that the translation is an intentional intercultural communication. Purpose is the major factor. Thus V ermeer points out three possible kinds of purposes: general purpose aimed at translators in translation process; communicative purpose aimed at particular translation strategies or procedure; purpose of the target text. Generally speaking, Skopos refers to the last one: purpose of the target text.
2.2 Three rules of Skopos theory
Skopos theory, which emphasizes the aims or the purposes during translational action and the function of target texts, holds that translation is an intentional intercultural communication and that all translation should obey the following three rules:
1) The skopos rule. It?s the top-ranking rule for any translation and the core principle of Skopos Theory. It suggests that any translation, including the choice of the translation methods and strategies, is determined by the purpose. V ermeer explains the skopos rule as follows:
Each text is produced for a given purpose and should serve this purpose.
The Skopos rule thus read as follows: translate／interpret／speak／
write in a way that enables your text／translation to function in the
situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and
precisely in the way they want it to function (Nord，2001: 29).
2) The coherence rule. It emphasizes that the translation should be in accordance with the standard of intra-textually coherence, so that the translation would make sense in the communicative situation and could be understood by target-culture receivers, being meaningful in the target culture and the communicative context.
3) The fidelity rule. The fidelity rule refers that the source text and the target text should conform to each other on the inter-language coherence. The degree of faithfulness depends on the purpose of the target text and the translators?understanding to the source text.
3. Principles of C-E publicity translation based on Skopos theory
Skopos theory emphasizes the purpose during translational action and the function of target texts, so several factors like adequacy in publicity translation, China?s present situation, foreigners demand in understanding China and different thinking habits of eastern and western people should be taken into consideration to achieve positive publicity effect.
3.1 Poly-criteria principle
In the situation the source text is emphasized, Skopos theory provides “a poly-criteria principle in translation as it not only accounts for different strategies in different situations in which the source text is not the only factor involved, but also coincides with a change of paradigm in quite a few disciplines” (Long Lu, 2006: 53).
Skopos theory takes “adequacy”as the main point of this principle. In Reiss?words, the translation should be “adequate”to the purpose of the translation. This concept refers to the “goal-oriented selection of signs that are considered appropriate for the communicative purpose defined in the translation assignment”(Nord, 2001:
35). In this way, methods in C-E publicity translation should be varied to achieve positive publicity effect as the purpose of C-E publicity translation is to introduce China to foreigners.
3.2 “Three Adherences” principle
Having considered the present situation in China, Mr. Huang Y ouyi, Vice-chairperson of International Federation of Translators and Secretary-general of China Translation Association, holds the opinion that translators engaged in publicity translation need to have a good knowledge and a masterly command of the principle of “Three Adherences” in publicity translation, which are: adhere to the practical development of China; adhere to the demand of foreign readers on the information about China; adhere to the habits of thinking of foreign readers. There are also other two rules that must be obeyed. The first one is to fully take cultural differences into consideration thus to try to step across the cultural distance. The second rule is to get to know each other?s code of language so as not to get trapped by the written words. Meanwhile, levels that translators maintain and translation versions of publicity materials are required to be checked to guarantee the quality of publicity translation (Huang Y ouyi, 2004).
These three adherences are in accordance with the principle of Skopos theory. That is to say we should consider several aspects in our C-E publicity translation in order to realize the purpose of letting people in English-speaking countries better know about China.
The first “Adherence”is “adhere to the practical development of China”. Chinese culture, mode of politics, economy, education etc. differ a lot with those in western countries. In this way, generally speaking, publicity materials in almost all fields should conform to China?s current situation. Cultural and political differences creates different modes of thinking and turns of expressions, so if materials involved in politics or culture are translated in a mechanical way, misunderstandings will arise. For instance, o ur understanding of “New China”(新中国) is different with most Americans?. Since they are not familiar with Chinese history, they take “New China”
as “China led by Deng Xiaoping”(邓的中国)(Huang Y ouyi, 2004). This paper holds that a better English version of “新中国”is “after the founding of People?s Republic of China”.
The second “Adherence”is “adhere to the demand of foreign readers on the information about China”. With the development of globalization in recent years, exchanges between China and the outside world are becoming more and more frequent. Many foreigners are eager to know more about China. Publicity materials play a significant role in cultural and economical exchanges. Since Chinese and westerners have different modes of thinking, publicity translatio n should take receivers? demand into entire consideration. Chinese source text should sometimes be moderately modified; adding or trimming a few words or sentences or clarifying some backgrounds, etc. in order to make foreigners better understand China. Here?s one example. When we talk about “socialist market economy”(社会主义市场经济), we could easily understand its contents and background. But most foreigners could not understand it by nature. They argue that since it is “socialist”, Chinese economy should not be regarded as the overall market economy. In this case, translators should make some changes of the original phrase, explaining the background or translating it into “China?s market economy” or just “market economy” (Huang Y ouyi, 2004).
The third rule in “Three Adherences”principle is “adhere to the habits of thinking of foreign readers”. Every culture has its own history, religion, custom and ways of thinking, etc., and all these differences are expressed through its own language. So, when translating publicity materials, translators should not only notice the differences of the source and target languages, but also consider the habits of receivers?expressions, or misunderstandings or unpleasantness will be made. For instance, Chinese officers tend to use high-sounding word in their texts of a speech to emphasize or encourage, while westerners consider it overstated. So when translating “群贤毕致，嘉朋云集”, for example, one simple way is to put it into “a great gathering among friends”, which is in accordance with receivers? ways of thinking.
Publicity translation has its own unique regular pattern, which have special and higher requirements for translators. Every piece of words or works of a publicity
translator should center on the effects or function of the original texts. That is to say publicity translation should satisfy its special purpose and serve for its special purpose, which are exactly what Skopos theory advocates. So the “Three Adherences”principle is, to a large extent, in accordance with Skopos theory. Therefore, it is necessary and significant for publicity translators to follow both of these two principles.
4. Strategies for C-E publicity translation based on Skopos theory and the above mentioned principles
An increase in information exchanges and global cultural communications nowadays illustrates the ongoing significance of publicity translation, requiring not only the study of linguistics, but also varieties of world?s cultures. According to Skopos theory, the essence of translation is communication, which aims at enabling readers understand the meaning of the source text, i.e. Chinese texts in C-E publicity translation. According to the different types of materials, we should adopt different strategies.
In this chapter, this paper will mainly talk about strategies of domestication and foreignization as well as complete translation and translation variation, and the application of these strategies into publicity translation in order to fulfill the definite purposes of C-E publicity translation.
4.1 Domestication and foreignization in C-E publicity translation
German philosopher Friendrich Schleiermacher said in 1813 that there are two types of translation:
1) The translator leaves the author in peace as much as possible and moves the reader toward him.
2) The translator leaves the reader in peace as much as possible and moves the author toward him.(Schuttleworth & Cowie, 1997: 43-44, 59).
These two types were later summarized as “foreignization” and “domestication”by Lawrence V enuti, an American translational theorist, in 1995.
4.1.1 Definitions of domestication and foreignization
In 1995, Lawrence Venuti in his article The Trans lator’s Invisibility defines “domestication”as “restriction of the foreign text to target-language values, bringing the author back home” and “foreignization”as “to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the readers abroad” (qtd. in Strategies of C-E Translation in the Foreign-Oriented Publicity Texts: A Perspective of Skopos Theory, Chen Xuexian, 2008). By domestication, to put it simply, the translation is considered to be target-language-culture-oriented. The translation of the source text, conforming to receivers?culture and habits, eliminates to the greatest degree misunderstandings caused by cultural differences and provides readers an easy access to the translation. While by foreignization, the translation is source-language-culture-oriented. The original expressions or idiomatic phrases are preserved, retaining the foreignness of the source text and readers? interests towards a different world. In order to achieve the purpose of translation, translators should properly choose translation strategies according to the intended function of the source text.
As strategies of publicity translation, domestication and foreignization are frequently used by translators. However, the application of both is still decided by the intended function, purposes and types of the original publicity materials. Translators should adopt the appropriate text form to bring out the original meaning after understanding the source text intention and should adopt the suitable translation techniques according to the intended function of the target text.
This paper will talk about the application from the perspective of codes of language, culture features and values characteristics.
4.1.2 The application of domestication in C-E publicity translation
To adopt the strategy of domestication, translators should take themselves as readers. Because of the differences between different cultures, the target text can not always follow the same pattern as the original source text. So translators should put the source text into the target language from the perspective of the Skopos theory, i.e. on the basis of the purpose and the intended function of the text.
1) From the perspective of code of language. The application of domestication in this aspect mainly emphasizes the artistic effects. The original structure of source language is to some extent ignored in order to step across the barriers of understandings, relying on the codes of target language instead and making the translation more vivid, amiable and readable. For example, “害群之马”can be translated into “the black sheep (of...)”, because “black sheep”in western countries refers to someone evil; “高楼大厦犹如雨后春笋般地涌现”can be translated into “High buildings and large mansions are springing up like mushrooms”. Here “春笋”is translated into “mushrooms” to cater to the usage of language of westerners.
2) From the perspective of cultural features. Ideology is stressed in this part to relieve the language and culture clashes of both source and target languages. Take “狐假虎威”for instance. The translation should be “an ass in a lion?s skin”. If it is translated literally into “The fox is false while the tiger is mighty”, receivers cannot understand the meaning of the sentence, because the target culture characteristics are not given prominence. “鱼米之乡”can be translated into “flowing with milk and honey”, because milk and honey are the most traditional and familiar food to westerners while fish and rice are most familiar to Chinese people.
3) From the perspective of value characteristics. Since China has different culture, history and values with western countries, the proper application of domestication can help relieve misunderstandings caused by these differences and make values in translated version comply with those in target language. For example, we translate “幸运儿” as “a lucky dog”, because in western countries, dogs as lovely pets are considered as a family member instead of being humble and degrading in people?s eyes.
Adopting the strategy of domestication will help to fulfill the purposes of C-E publicity translation by helping target language readers better understand the original texts. However, some translators do not fully understand foreign idiomatic or cultural features. In this way, when adopting the strategy of domestication, they are more likely to make certain mistakes or misunderstandings. From this aspect, translators are required to have a good knowledge of the target codes of language, culture features as
well as values characteristics.
4.1.3 The application of foreignization in C-E publicity translation
With the intensification of globalization, different cultures are becoming internationalized and slowly merging with each other. Every nation wants to keep its own culture when it is absorbing other nations? cultures. When we introduce China to the outside world, we should transmit our culture. Therefore we should use the strategy of foreignization to keep the uniqueness of Chinese culture and introduce the Chinese culture in the process of translating publicity materials.
1) From the perspective of codes of language. For example, “槁木死灰”is translated into “withered wood or cold ashes”; “今天刮北风，他是北风派，明天刮西风，他是西风派”(《毛泽东选集》) can be translated into “Today, when the north wind is blowing, they join the …north wind?school; tomorrow, when there is a west wind, they switch to the …west wind? school”.
2) From the perspective of cultural features. Due to different cultural atmosphere, foreignization is applied to preserve the original text environment, helping receivers understand the tradition and culture of the source language. For example, “颐和园” is translated into “Summer Palace”; “呼天抢地” is translated into “lament to heaven and knock one?s head on earth”; the English version of “建国初期和第一个五年计划期间，我们面临着实现全国财政经济统一，……等的繁重任务，逐步建立起全国集中统一的经济体制”can be “China gradually established a unified and centralized economic structure on a nationwide scale in the early post-liberation days and during the First Five-Year Plan(1953-1957) when the country forced the heavy tasks of unifying its financial and other economic work…” “建国初期”and “第一个五年计划” are both phrases with Chinese characteristics. Proper explanations of these words may be helpful for westerners to understand the actual conditions in China at that time.
3) From the perspective of values characteristics. The application of foreignization is passing on different cultures as well as different values to receivers. Take “亚洲四小龙”for instance. It is translated into “Asian Four Dragons”.
“Dragons” refers to monsters in western countries, but means power and strength in China. In this way, the version of “Asian Four Dragons” shows to the western world the uniqueness and distinction of dragon in China.
Although foreignization holds different cultural position and applies different translation strategies with domestication, both of them share the same fundamental principle to serve the C-E publicity translation, that is, to clear away the cultural barriers in publicity translation to the greatest extent to help foreigners understand China at closer range and to present distinctive Chinese culture to the whole world on the basis of Skopos theory and the “Three Adherences” principle.
4.2 Complete translation and translation variation in C-E publicity translation
Complete translation and translation variation are both strategies of translation. Just as domestication and foreignization, they seem to contradict each other, but actually coexist and complement with each other. The combination of them is a point of view for the research of translation strategies.
4.2.1 Definitions of complete translation and translation variation
Huang Zhonglian and Li Yashu give the definition of complete translation and translation variation. “Complete translation is a series of mental and intralanguage activities pursuing similar style to translate the culture information of the source language into that of target language”(2004, 21). “Translation variation selects some contents of the original works concerned mental and intralanguage activities by the means of addition, reduction, edition, blending, interpretation and imitation under certain circumstance according to readers? special demand” (2004, 57).
4.2.2 The application of complete translation in C-E publicity translation
The function of complete translation is to specially show the meaning of the original text to target receivers. Complete translation is mainly used in literary works, social scientific and philosophical articles. It best illustrates the “royalty”that
translators should abide by. However, complete translation does not mean there?s no change while translating. Some small regulations should still be done to avoid deficiency or incorrectness of the contents. For example,
eg.1. 应当注意机器的工作温度。
Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.
This sentence is fully and concisely translated into English, and some small regulations have been made to make it more appropriate. The passive voice is adopted.
eg.2. 这两天我们大院里又透着热闹，出了人命。(Lao She, Liu Courtyard)
A pretty kick-up has been the order of the day again in our compound lately,
for a life has been lost. (Feng Qinghua, Stylistic Translation, 2002: 436)
Passive voice is also used in this literary sentence, without influencing the overall meaning of the original text.
eg.3. 进一步扩大对外开放，完善对外经济体制；加强经济法制建设，建立和完善与新体制相适应的法律体系。
Efforts will focus on opening wider to the outside world and improving the foreign economic system, as well as promoting construction of the economic legal system, with all aspects being developed and improved to suit the new economic system. (Jia Wenbo, 2000: 68)
4.2.3 The application of translation variation in C-E publicity translation
As the amount of information soars，people need to get information more efficiently to adapt themselves to the rate of society. There?s no necessity in translating all the messages they acquire. As a result, translation variation spreads widely. Translation variation is mainly used in applied texts such as news, scientific and economic articles, advertisements, touristic information, etc. For instance, eg.1. 她（黄河）奔腾不息，勇往直前，忽而惊涛裂岸，势不可挡，使群山动容；忽而安如处子，风平浪静，波光潋滟，气象万千。
It tears and boils along turbulently through the mountains and, at some p lace,
flows on quietly with a sedate appearance and glistening ripples (Jia Wenbo, 2000: 79).
In comparison with the source text, some phrases such as “群山动容”, “安如处子”, “气象万千”, “势不可挡” have been omitted, making the translation more concise and acceptable.
eg.2. 高科技类股涨跌互见, 英特尔股价持平.
High techs are mixed and Intel is unchanged.
In this sentence, “股价” is omitted because “mix”in stock means stocks up and down alternately. So there?s no need to translate “股价” into English.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis in the preceding chapters, a tentative conclusion can be drawn on C-E publicity translation from the perspective of Skopos theory, that is, when translating C-E publicity materials, we should not only follow the main “purpose” of original materials, but also consider the practical development of China, the demand of foreign readers on the information about China, and the thinking habits of foreign readers, which are exactly what Mr. Huang Y ouyi?s “Three Adherences”principle advocates. While translating, we should at the same time adopt different strategies of translation, such as domestication and foreignization, complete translation and translation variation according to the whole text. As to translators themselves, their skills and creativeness are required to be improved, because translation is a communication between two languages and cultures, and communication between China and the outside world is two-directional. Translators must improve themselves so that their opinions could be more appropriate and acceptable.
In the paper, owing to the writer?s limited knowledge and lack of relevant materials, the discussion about the C-E publicity translation is far from satisfactory. This paper sincerely welcomes more discussions and suggestions.
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尊重的素材（为人处世） 思路 人与人之间只有互相尊重才能友好相处 要让别人尊重自己，首先自己得尊重自己 尊重能减少人与人之间的摩擦 尊重需要理解和宽容 尊重也应坚持原则 尊重能促进社会成员之间的沟通 尊重别人的劳动成果 尊重能巩固友谊 尊重会使合作更愉快 和谐的社会需要彼此间的尊重 名言 施与人，但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人，但给予对方最高的尊重。这是助人的艺术，也是仁爱的情操。—刘墉 卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。———徐特立 知道他自己尊严的人，他就完全不能尊重别人的尊严。———席勒 真正伟大的人是不压制人也不受人压制的。———纪伯伦 草木是靠着上天的雨露滋长的，但是它们也敢仰望穹苍。———莎士比亚 尊重别人，才能让人尊敬。———笛卡尔 谁自尊，谁就会得到尊重。———巴尔扎克 人应尊敬他自己，并应自视能配得上最高尚的东西。———黑格尔 对人不尊敬，首先就是对自己的不尊敬。———惠特曼
每当人们不尊重我们时，我们总被深深激怒。然而在内心深处，没有一个人十分尊重自己。———马克·吐温 忍辱偷生的人，绝不会受人尊重。———高乃依 敬人者，人恒敬之。———《孟子》 人必自敬，然后人敬之；人必自侮，然后人侮之。———扬雄 不知自爱反是自害。———郑善夫 仁者必敬人。———《荀子》 君子贵人而贱己，先人而后己。———《礼记》 尊严是人类灵魂中不可糟蹋的东西。———古斯曼 对一个人的尊重要达到他所希望的程度，那是困难的。———沃夫格纳 经典素材 1元和200元 （尊重劳动成果） 香港大富豪李嘉诚在下车时不慎将一元钱掉入车下，随即屈身去拾，旁边一服务生看到了，上前帮他拾起了一元钱。李嘉诚收起一元钱后，给了服务生200元酬金。 这里面其实包含了钱以外的价值观念。李嘉诚虽然巨富，但生活俭朴，从不挥霍浪费。他深知亿万资产，都是一元一元挣来的。钱币在他眼中已抽象为一种劳动，而劳动已成为他最重要的生存方式，他的所有财富，都是靠每天20小时以上的劳动堆积起来的。200元酬金，实际上是对劳动的尊重和报答，是不能用金钱衡量的。 富兰克林借书解怨 （尊重别人赢得朋友）
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那一刻我感受到了幸福 本文是关于初中作文的那一刻我感受到了幸福，感谢您的阅读！ 每个人民的心中都有一粒幸福的种子，当它拥有了雨水的滋润和阳光的沐浴，它就会绽放出最美丽的姿态。那一刻，我们都能够闻到幸福的芬芳，我们都能够感受到幸福的存在。 在寒假期间，我偶然在授索电视频道，发现(百家讲坛)栏目中大学教授正在解密幸福，顿然引起我的好奇心，我放下了手中的遥控器，静静地坐在电视前，注视着频道上的每一个字，甚至用笔急速记在了笔记本上。我还记得，那位大学教授讲到了一个故事：一位母亲被公司升职到外国工作，这位母亲虽然十分高兴，但却又十分无奈，因为她的儿子马上要面临中考了，她不能撇下儿子迎接中考的挑战，于是她决定拒绝这了份高薪的工作，当有人问她为什么放弃这么好的机会时，她却毫无遗憾地说，纵然我能给予儿子最贵的礼物，优异的生活环境，但我却无当给予他关键时刻的那份呵护与关爱，或许以后的一切会证明我的选择是正确的。听完这样一段故事，我心中有种说不出的感觉，刹那间，我仿拂感觉那身边正在包饺子的妈妈，屋里正在睡觉的爸爸，桌前正在看小说的妹妹给我带来了一种温馨，幸福感觉。正如教授所说的那种解密幸福。就要选择一个明确的目标，确定自已追求的是什么，或许那时我还不能完全诠释幸福。 当幸福悄悄向我走来时，我已慢慢明白，懂得珍惜了。 那一天的那一刻对我来说太重要了，原本以为出差在外的父母早已忘了我的生日，只有妹妹整日算着日子。我在耳边唠叨个不停，没想到当日我失落地回到家中时，以为心中并不在乎生日，可是眼前的一切，让我心中涌现的喜悦，脸上露出的微笑证明我是在乎的。
爸爸唱的英文生日快乐歌虽然不是很动听，但爸爸对我的那份爱我听得很清楚，妈妈为我做的长寿面，我细细的品尝，吃出了爱的味道。妹妹急忙让我许下三个愿望，嘴里不停的唠叨：我知道你的三个愿望是什么?我问：为什么呀!我们是一家人，心连心呀!她高兴的说。 那一刻我才真正解开幸福的密码，感受到了真正的幸福，以前我无法理解幸福，即使身边有够多的幸福也不懂得欣赏，不懂得珍惜，只想拥有更好更贵的，其实幸福比物质更珍贵。 那一刻的幸福就是爱的升华，许多时候能让我们感悟幸福不是名利，物质。而是在血管里涌动着的，漫过心底的爱。 也许每一个人生的那一刻，就是我们幸运的降临在一个温馨的家庭中，而不是降临在孤独的角落里。 家的感觉就是幸福的感觉，幸福一直都存在于我们的身边!
一般过去式 时间状语：yesterday just now (刚刚) the day before three days ag0 a week ago in 1880 last month last year 1. I was in the classroom yesterday. I was not in the classroom yesterday. Were you in the classroom yesterday. 2. They went to see the film the day before. Did they go to see the film the day before. They did go to see the film the day before. 3. The man beat his wife yesterday. The man didn’t beat his wife yesterday. 4. I was a high student three years ago. 5. She became a teacher in 2009. 6. They began to study english a week ago 7. My mother brought a book from Canada last year. 8.My parents build a house to me four years ago . 9.He was husband ago. She was a cooker last mouth. My father was in the Xinjiang half a year ago. 10.My grandfather was a famer six years ago. 11.He burned in 1991
关于我的幸福作文八篇汇总 幸福在每个人的心中都不一样。在饥饿者的心中，幸福就是一碗香喷喷的米饭；在果农的心中，幸福就是望着果实慢慢成熟；在旅行者的心中，幸福就是游遍世界上的好山好水。而在我的心中，幸福就是每天快快乐乐，无忧无虑；幸福就是朋友之间互相帮助，互相关心；幸福就是在我生病时，母亲彻夜细心的照顾我。 幸福在世间上的每个角落都可以发现，只是需要你用心去感受而已。 记得有一次，我早上出门走得太匆忙了，忘记带昨天晚上准备好的钢笔。老师说了：“今天有写字课，必须要用钢笔写字，不能用水笔。”我只好到学校向同学借了。当我来到学校向我同桌借时，他却说：“我已经借别人了，你向别人借吧！”我又向后面的同学借，可他们总是找各种借口说：“我只带了一枝。”问了三四个人，都没有借到，而且还碰了一鼻子灰。正当我急的像热锅上的蚂蚁团团转时，她递给了我一枝钢笔，微笑的对我说：“拿去用吧！”我顿时感到自己是多么幸福！在我最困难的时候，当别人都不愿意帮助我的时候，她向我伸出了援手。 幸福也是无时无刻都在身旁。 当我生病的时候，高烧持续不退时，是妈妈在旁边细心
的照顾我，喂我吃药，甚至一夜寸步不离的守在我的床边，直到我苏醒。当我看见妈妈的眼睛布满血丝时，我的眼眶在不知不觉地湿润了。这时我便明白我有一个最疼爱我的妈妈，我是幸福的！ 幸福就是如此简单！不过，我们还是要珍惜眼前的幸福，还要给别人带来幸福，留心观察幸福。不要等幸福悄悄溜走了才发现，那就真的是后悔莫及了！ 这就是我拥有的幸福，你呢？ 悠扬的琴声从房间里飘出来，原来这是我在弹钢琴。优美的旋律加上我很强的音乐表现力让一旁姥爷听得如醉如痴。姥爷说我是幸福的，读了《建设幸福中国》我更加体会到了这一点。 儿时的姥爷很喜欢读书，但当时家里穷，据姥爷讲那时上学可不像现在。有点三天打鱼两天晒网，等地里农活忙了太姥爷就说：“别去念书了，干地里的活吧。”干活时都是牛马拉车，也没机器，效率特别低。还要给牲口拔草，喂草，拾柴火，看书都是抽空看。等农闲时才能背书包去学校，衣服更是老大穿了，打补丁老二再接着穿，只有盼到过年时才有能换上件粗布的新衣服。写字都是用石板，用一次擦一次，那时还没有电灯，爱学习的姥爷在昏暗的煤油灯下经常被灯火不是烧了眉毛就是燎了头发。没有电灯更没有电视，没有电视更没有见过钢琴，只知道钢琴是贵族家用的。
小学生作文《感悟幸福》范文五篇 小草说,幸福就是大地增添一份绿意;阳光说,幸福就是撒向人间的温暖;甘露说,幸福就是滋润每一个生命。下面是为大家带来的有关幸福650字优秀范文，希望大家喜欢。 感悟幸福650字1 生活就像一部壮丽的交响曲，它是由一篇一篇的乐章组成的，有喜、有怒、有哀、有乐。每一个人都有自己丰富多彩的生活，我也有自己的生活。我原本以为，吃可口的牛排，打电脑游戏，和朋友开心玩乐就是幸福。可是，我错了，幸福并不仅仅如此。 记得有一次，我放学回到家里放下书包就拿起一包饼干来吃。吃着吃着，突然我觉得牙齿痛了起来，而且越来越痛，痛得我连饼干也咬不动了。我放下饼干，连忙去拿了一面镜子来看。原来这又是那一颗虫牙在“作怪”。“哎哟哟，哎哟哟，痛死我了……”我不停地说着。渐渐地，那牙疼得越来越厉害，疼得我坐立不安，直打滚。后来在妈妈的陪伴下去了医院，治好了那颗虫牙。跨出医院大门时，我觉得心情出奇的好，天空格外的蓝，路边的樟树特别的绿，看什么都顺眼，才猛然一悟，幸福是简单而平凡的，身体健康就是一种幸福! 这学期我发现我的英语退步了，我决定要把这门功课学好，于是，我每天回
家做完作业后，都抽出半小时时间复习英语，在课上也听得特别认真，一遇到不懂的题目主动请教老师。经过一段时间的努力，终于，在上次考试的时候，我考了97分。妈妈表扬了我，我心里美滋滋的。我明白了经过自己的努力享受到成功的喜悦，这也是一种幸福。 …… 每个人都无一例外的渴望幸福。不同的人有不同的感受，其实，幸福就是那种能在平凡中寻找欢乐、能在困境中找到自信的一种心境。同学们，幸福其实很简单，就在我们的身边，触手可及。用心去认真地品味吧，它一直未曾离开我们身边! 感悟幸福650字2 有的人认为幸福就是腰缠万贯，有的人认为幸福就是找到意中人，“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”是陶渊明对邪恶幸福，“从明天起做一个幸福人，喂马、劈柴、周游世界。从明天起，关心蔬菜和粮食，我有一所房子，面朝大海，春暖花开。”这是海子的幸福。一千种人就有一千种对幸福的理解。 我对幸福的理解就是幸福使简单而平凡的，是无处不在的! 我的牙疼得奇怪而顽强不是这颗牙疼就是那颗牙疼;不是吃冷的疼就是吃热
●I wonder if it’s because I have been at school for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about going home. ●It is because she wasn’t well that she fell far behind her classmates this semester. ●I can well remember that there was a time when I took it for granted that friends should do everything for me. ●In order to make a difference to society, they spent almost all of their spare time in raising money for the charity. ●It’s no pleasure eating at school any longer because the food is not so tasty as that at home. ●He happened to be hit by a new idea when he was walking along the riverbank. ●I wonder if I can cope with stressful situations in life independently. ●It is because I take things for granted that I make so many mistakes. ●The treasure is so rare that a growing number of people are looking for it. ●He picks on the weak mn in order that we may pay attention to him. ●It’s no pleasure being disturbed whena I settle down to my work. ●I can well remember that when I was a child, I always made mistakes on purpose for fun. ●It’s no pleasure accompany her hanging out on the street on such a rainy day. ●I can well remember that there was a time when I threw my whole self into study in order to live up to my parents’ expectation and enter my dream university. ●I can well remember that she stuck with me all the time and helped me regain my confidence during my tough time five years ago. ●It is because he makes it a priority to study that he always gets good grades. ●I wonder if we should abandon this idea because there is no point in doing so. ●I wonder if it was because I ate ice-cream that I had an upset student this morning. ●It is because she refused to die that she became incredibly successful. ●She is so considerate that many of us turn to her for comfort. ●I can well remember that once I underestimated the power of words and hurt my friend. ●He works extremely hard in order to live up to his expectations. ●I happened to see a butterfly settle on the beautiful flower. ●It’s no pleasure making fun of others. ●It was the first time in the new semester that I had burned the midnight oil to study. ●It’s no pleasure taking everything into account when you long to have the relaxing life. ●I wonder if it was because he abandoned himself to despair that he was killed in a car accident when he was driving. ●Jack is always picking on younger children in order to show off his power. ●It is because he always burns the midnight oil that he oversleeps sometimes. ●I happened to find some pictures to do with my grandfather when I was going through the drawer. ●It was because I didn’t dare look at the failure face to face that I failed again. ●I tell my friend that failure is not scary in order that she can rebound from failure. ●I throw my whole self to study in order to pass the final exam. ●It was the first time that I had made a speech in public and enjoyed the thunder of applause. ●Alice happened to be on the street when a UFO landed right in front of her. ●It was the first time that I had kept myself open and talked sincerely with my parents. ●It was a beautiful sunny day. The weather was so comfortable that I settled myself into the
关于以幸福为话题的作文800字记叙文5篇 ----WORD文档，下载后可编辑修改---- 下面是作者为各位家长学生收集整理的作文（日记、观后感等）范本，欢迎借鉴参考阅读，您的努力学习和创新是为了更美好的未来，欢迎下载！ 以幸福为话题的作文800字记叙文1： 那是我生病后的第三天，妈妈从早上五点就起来为我准备早点。她蹑手蹑脚地走着“针步”，下楼煮早点，“啪”的一声，妈妈打开了煤气。在拿肉丝，打鸡蛋的她全然不知我正躲在楼梯口“监视”着她的一举一动。不一会儿，蛋炒好了。 她开始切肉丝，一不小心，妈妈的手指切破皮了，鲜血正一滴一滴地流下来，为了不影响我的睡眠，她把手指放在嘴里吸了一下，坚持把剩下的肉丝切完。 此时的我，心中犹如打翻了五味瓶，眼里的泪像断了线的珍珠般掉了下来，我再也忍不住了，一个劲地冲到妈妈面前，她赶紧把手背了过去，生怕让我知道了什么。 她吃惊地问我：“妈妈太吵了，吵到你了?”“不，不，没有”她见我这么早起来就让我再回去补个觉。我关心地问：“妈，你的手没事吧?”她吱唔着说：“没事，擦破点皮，不碍事!”我仔细地帮她清洗了伤口，贴了一片创可贴。 吃饭时，妈妈一直地往我碗里夹肉，“孩子，病刚好，多吃点!”可是我见她始终都没吃一块肉。我也夹了两块放在她的碗里。“儿子懂事了，你自己快点吃吧!补身体要紧!”我冲她点点头笑了笑，“嗯。” 这就是幸福，一份简简单单的幸福!我祈祷这幸福能伴我成长。 以幸福为话题的作文800字记叙文2： 在我眼中，成长就是记录我们长大过程中一点一滴的小事情的，而幸福就在这点点滴滴中。 在我的成长记忆中，永不磨灭的是2017年11月的一天。妈妈要去云南，妈妈早上四点半要到指定地点集合，这么早，妈妈要两三点就起来，可是最近我咳嗽比较严重，所以天天给我煮萝卜汤喝。 “叮铃铃，叮铃铃”闹钟叫了起来，把我从睡梦中吵醒，一醒来，去找妈妈，
谈如何尊重人尊重他人，我们赢得友谊；尊重他人，我们收获真诚；尊重他人，我们自己也 获得尊重；相互尊重，我们的社会才会更加和谐. ——题记 尊重是对他人的肯定，是对对方的友好与宽容。它是友谊的润滑剂，它是和谐的调节器， 它是我们须臾不可脱离的清新空气。“主席敬酒，岂敢岂敢？”“尊老敬贤，应该应该！”共和 国领袖对自己老师虚怀若谷，这是尊重；面对许光平女士，共和国总理大方的叫了一 声“婶婶”，这种和蔼可亲也是尊重。 尊重不仅会让人心情愉悦呼吸平顺，还可以改变陌生或尖锐的关系，廉颇和蔺相如便是 如此。将相和故事千古流芳:廉颇对蔺相如不满，处处使难，但蔺相如心怀大局，对廉颇相 当的尊重，最后也赢得了廉颇的真诚心，两人结为好友，共辅赵王，令强秦拿赵国一点办法 也没有。蔺相如与廉颇的互相尊重，令得将相和的故事千百年令无数后人膜拜。 现在，给大家举几个例子。在美国，一个颇有名望的富商在散步 时，遇到一个瘦弱的摆地摊卖旧书的年轻人，他缩着身子在寒风中啃着发霉的面包。富 商怜悯地将8美元塞到年轻人手中，头也不回地走了。没走多远，富商忽又返回，从地摊上 捡了两本旧书，并说：“对不起，我忘了取书。其实，您和我一样也是商人！”两年后，富商 应邀参加一个慈善募捐会时，一位年轻书商紧握着他的手，感激地说：“我一直以为我这一生 只有摆摊乞讨的命运，直到你亲口对我说，我和你一样都是商人，这才使我树立了自尊和自 信，从而创造了今天的业绩??”不难想像，没有那一 句尊重鼓励的话，这位富商当初即使给年轻人再多钱，年轻人也断不会出现人生的巨变， 这就是尊重的力量啊 可见尊重的量是多吗大。大家是不是觉得一个故事不精彩，不够明确尊重的力量，那再 来看下一个故事吧！ 一家国际知名的大企业，在中国进行招聘，招聘的职位是该公司在中国的首席代表。经 过了异常激烈的竞争后，有五名年轻人，从几千名应聘者中脱颖而出。最后的胜出者，将是 这五个人中的一位。最后的考试是一场面试，考官们都 作文话题素材之为人处世篇：尊重 思路 人与人之间只有互相尊重才能友好相处 要让别人尊重自己，首先自己得尊重自己 尊重能减少人与人之间的摩擦 尊重需要理解和宽容 尊重也应坚持原则 尊重能促进社会成员之间的沟通 尊重别人的劳动成果 尊重能巩固友谊 尊重会使合作更愉快 和谐的社会需要彼此间的尊重 名言 施与人，但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人，但给予对方最高的尊重。这是助人的艺 术，也是仁爱的情操。———刘墉 卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。———徐特立 知道他自己尊严的人，他就完全不能尊重别人的尊严。———席勒 真正伟大的人是不压制人也不受人压制的。———纪伯伦 草木是靠着上天的雨露滋长的，但是它们也敢仰望穹苍。———莎士比亚
高中英语~词性~句子成分~语法构成 第一章节：英语句子中的词性 1.名词：n. 名词是指事物的名称，在句子中主要作主语.宾语.表语.同位语。 2.形容词;adj. 形容词是指对名词进行修饰~限定~描述~的成份，主要作定语.表语.。形容词在汉语中是（的）.其标志是: ous. Al .ful .ive。. 3.动词：vt. 动词是指主语发出的一个动作，一般用来作谓语。 4.副词：adv. 副词是指表示动作发生的地点. 时间. 条件. 方式. 原因. 目的. 结果.伴随让步. 一般用来修饰动词. 形容词。副词在汉语中是（地）.其标志是：ly。 5.代词：pron. 代词是指用来代替名词的词，名词所能担任的作用，代词也同样.代词主要用来作主语. 宾语. 表语. 同位语。 6.介词：prep.介词是指表示动词和名次关系的词，例如：in on at of about with for to。其特征：
介词后的动词要用—ing形式。介词加代词时，代词要用宾格。例如：give up her（him）这种形式是正确的，而give up she（he）这种形式是错误的。 7.冠词：冠词是指修饰名词，表名词泛指或特指。冠词有a an the 。 8.叹词：叹词表示一种语气。例如：OH. Ya 等 9.连词：连词是指连接两个并列的成分，这两个并列的成分可以是两个词也可以是两个句子。例如：and but or so 。 10.数词：数词是指表示数量关系词，一般分为基数词和序数词 第二章节：英语句子成分 主语：动作的发出者，一般放在动词前或句首。由名词. 代词. 数词. 不定时. 动名词. 或从句充当。 谓语：指主语发出来的动作，只能由动词充当，一般紧跟在主语后面。 宾语：指动作的承受着，一般由代词. 名词. 数词. 不定时. 动名词. 或从句充当. 介词后面的成分也叫介词宾语。 定语：只对名词起限定修饰的成分，一般由形容
最新整理高中关于幸福的议论文800字范文3篇 范文一 什么是幸福?当我把一个棒棒糖递给六岁的邻居小妹妹时，她满足的笑容告诉我，这是她的幸福。当我轻轻地走过妹妹的写字台时，我瞥见埋在桌上的妹妹的僵硬的表情。我笑笑，走近，她抬头，水汪汪的眼睛望着我，似乎带着某种渴求。我说：出去玩吧!她笑了，蹦蹦跳跳地跑了出去。我诧异，这么真诚的笑。玩耍是她的幸福。 暑假到了，马上面临实习的哥哥回来了。可没过几天，就不见人影了，好容易盼他回来，暑假也结束了。他说他去了内蒙的好多地方。我关切的问他累吗?他说：累啊!随后又骄傲地说：“可是我学会了许多东西，我相信那对我以后的人生路是有帮助的。”我笑，大声地喊：哥，你是我的榜样。在他看来，他的暑假是充实的，他是幸福的! 夜幕降临，繁星点点。隔着一层帘，我看见常年劳作的父亲坐在那里，默默地吸着一支烟。灯光打在他的脸上，我看不清他的表情，只有那斑白的鬓角依稀可见。父亲真的老了，每天早出晚归来支撑这个家，他一定很累了。眼泪盈满了眼眶，最后还是不争气的流了下来……“咳、、咳、、”一阵剧烈的咳嗽声传来。我擦干眼泪，走到父亲旁边，父亲把那支烟熄灭，慈祥的笑笑，说：爸爸老了，不中用了。我说：没有啊!父女两开怀的笑了，笑声混着一个个烟圈飘向远方……我问父亲：爸，这么多年付出，这么多年劳作，你幸福吗?他坚定地告诉我，幸福!他说：“只要你们开开心心快快乐乐地成长，我做的一切都值得。”他又说：“霞，好好读书，爸爸赚钱供你上大学，我还没老呢，至少还能干XX年，20年……然后是一片寂静，我和父亲看着远方，那里有希望。 年迈的姥姥是家里的大长辈，他常常念叨：平安就是福。那也许是经历了人生的酸甜苦辣后的感悟吧!每逢新春，一大家人在姥姥家围着看电视时，那应该是她的幸福吧! 幸福是什么?它不是你一个人拥有一座豪宅，它是一家人在并不宽敞的屋子里谈笑风生。它不是你一个人有拥山珍海味，它是一家人和和乐乐的吃一些普通
M A: Has the case been closed yet? B: No, the magistrate still needs to decide the outcome. magistrate n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 A: I am unable to read the small print in the book. B: It seems you need to magnify it. magnify vt.１．放大，扩大；２．夸大，夸张 A: That was a terrible storm. B: Indeed, but it is too early to determine the magnitude of the damage. magnitude n.１．重要性，重大；２．巨大，广大 A: A young fair maiden like you shouldn’t be single. B: That is because I am a young fair independent maiden. maiden n.少女，年轻姑娘，未婚女子 a.首次的，初次的 A: You look majestic sitting on that high chair. B: Yes, I am pretending to be the king! majestic a.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，高贵的 A: Please cook me dinner now. B: Yes, your majesty, I’m at your service. majesty n.１．［Ｍ－］陛下（对帝王，王后的尊称）；２．雄伟，壮丽，庄严 A: Doctor, I traveled to Africa and I think I caught malaria. B: Did you take any medicine as a precaution? malaria n.疟疾 A: I hate you! B: Why are you so full of malice? malice n.恶意，怨恨 A: I’m afraid that the test results have come back and your lump is malignant. B: That means it’s serious, doesn’t it, doctor? malignant a.１．恶性的，致命的；２．恶意的，恶毒的 A: I’m going shopping in the mall this afternoon, want to join me? B: No, thanks, I have plans already. mall n.（由许多商店组成的）购物中心 A: That child looks very unhealthy. B: Yes, he does not have enough to eat. He is suffering from malnutrition.
感受幸福作文(15篇) 感受幸福作文第1篇： 幸福是什么？这是许多同学要问的问题。 很小的时候，我就明白钱能够买来一大盒巧克力；钱能够买来玩具汽车；钱能够买许多的美丽的洋娃娃；钱能够买来一个大楼…… 我以为有钱就是幸福。 倡我错了，钱虽然能够买来一屋子巧克力，但买了甜蜜，钱虽然能买到房子，可是却买来家庭幸福；钱虽然能买来药，可是却买来健康，钱虽然能买来闹钟，可是买来时间……那时，我又明白了有钱必须幸福。 以前，我总是为了一条连衣裙而朝思暮想，盼望有一天能够穿上裙子，去放风筝。那时候，我以为拥有就是幸福。 最终有一天，妈妈给我买了这条连衣裙，我高兴的一宿都没有睡觉。可是几天的新鲜劲没有了，穿上裙子后，我并没有什么改变，依然是一个黄毛丫头。于是把它扔到箱子里。几个月后，我又把它翻出来，可是已经小了，穿下了。我又明白了，虽然裙子很美，但都是暂时的，完美的时光总是转瞬消失。 “幸福是什么？”我依然没有感受到。 几年后，我在街上看到了一对耄耋老人，他们虽然履蹒跚，可是互相搀扶，有时抬头看看天上的云卷云舒，有时望望西天如血的残阳，她们脸上洋溢着的是满足和幸福。 噢，我明白幸福就是真情。虽然他们很穷，可是他们很
相爱。他们彼此珍惜，从感叹世界对他们的公平。往往有的有钱人，他们虽然很有钱，可是他们并幸福，因为他们的心总是被金钱和权势所占据了，根本享受了这天伦之乐。 幸福其实很简单，就是和爸爸、妈妈吃一顿饭，和他在一齐聊聊天。 感受幸福作文第2篇： 夜，悄悄地打开了黑暗，散布着一如既往的宁静，天上的繁星披上了闪装，正对着我的眼，似乎害怕我听到它们之间的悄悄话。 知何时，甘寂寞的虫儿起劲地奏起了动听的乐曲，清凉的微风夹杂着泥土的芳香悄悄地将白天的烦闷与喧嚣赶跑。夜，显得更加宁静而诗意了。 静静的，左思，右想，就这样静静地坐在楼顶上，感受着夜馈赠我的美妙。就连天上偶尔飘过的云朵，也像是怕惊动了夜的宁静，如绒毛在平静水面滑过般，显得那么轻柔而迷人。 今夜独处在空旷的夜空下，感受着夜带给我的美妙，幸福惬意溢满于心。原先自我一向以来苦苦追寻的幸福其实就在自我的身边。 以往，有人努力打拼，渴望生活富裕来获得幸福，可一辈子的艰辛拼搏使自我逐渐沦为金钱的奴隶，苦苦追寻的幸福也越寻越远，最终留给自我的是岁月无情地染白的头发。其实，幸福并非是追寻能得到的，幸福是一种感受，仅有用心感受身边的一切，你就能发现，幸福无处在，譬如，管贫
尊重他人的写作素材 导读：——学生最需要礼貌 著名数学家陈景润回厦门大学参加 60 周年校庆，向欢迎的人们说的第一句话是：“我非常高兴回到母校，我常常怀念老师。”被人誉为“懂得人的价值”的著名经济学家、厦门大学老校长王亚南，曾经给予陈景润无微不至的关心和帮助。陈景润重返母校，首先拜访这位老校长。校庆的第三天，陈景润又出现在向“哥德巴赫猜想”进军的启蒙老师李文清教授家中，陈景润非常尊重和感激他。他还把最新发表的数学论文敬送李教授审阅，并在论文扉页上工工整整写了以下的字：“非常感谢老师的长期指导和培养——您的学生陈景润。”陈景润还拜访了方德植教授，方教授望着成就斐然而有礼貌的学生，心里暖暖的。 ——最需要尊重的人是老师 周恩来少年时在沈阳东关模范学校读书期间 , 受到进步教师高盘之的较大影响。他常用的笔名“翔宇”就是高先生为他取的。周恩来参加革命后不忘师恩 , 曾在延安答外国记者问时说：“少年时代我在沈阳读书 , 得山东高盘之先生教诲与鼓励 , 对我是个很大的 促进。” 停奏抗议的反思 ——没有礼仪就没有尊重 孔祥东是著名的钢琴演奏家。 1998 年 6 月 6 日晚，他在汕头
举办个人钢琴独奏音乐会。演出之前，节目主持人再三强调，场内观众不要随意走动，关掉 BP 机、手提电话。然而，演出的过程中，这种令人遗憾的场面却屡屡发生：场内观众随意走动， BP 机、手提电话响声不绝，致使孔祥东情绪大受干扰。这种情况，在演奏舒曼作品时更甚。孔祥东只好停止演奏，静等剧场安静。然而，观众还误以为孔祥东是在渴望掌声，便报以雷鸣般的掌声。这件事，令孔祥东啼笑皆非。演出结束后，孔祥东说：有个 BP 机至少响了 8 次，观众在第一排来回走动，所以他只得以停奏抗议。 “礼遇”的动力 ——尊重可以让人奋发 日本的东芝公司是一家著名的大型企业，创业已经有 90 多年的历史，拥有员工 8 万多人。不过，东芝公司也曾一度陷入困境，土光敏夫就是在这个时候出任董事长的。他决心振兴企业，而秘密武器之一就是“礼遇”部属。身为偌大一个公司的董事长，他毫无架子，经常不带秘书，一个人步行到工厂车间与工人聊天，听取他们的意见。更妙的是，他常常提着酒瓶去慰劳职工，与他们共饮。对此，员工们开始都感到很吃惊，不知所措。渐渐地，员工们都愿意和他亲近，他赢得了公司上下的好评。他们认为，土光董事长和蔼可亲，有人情味，我们更应该努力，竭力效忠。因此，土光上任不久，公司的效益就大力提高，两年内就把亏损严重、日暮途穷的公司重新支撑起来，使东芝成为日本最优秀的公司之一。可见，礼，不仅是调节领导层之间关
意见应以事实为根据. 3 来自辞典例句 192. The bombers swooped ( down ) onthe air base. 轰炸机 突袭 空军基地. 来自辞典例句 193. He mounted their engines on a rubber base. 他把他们的发动机装在一个橡胶垫座上. 14 来自辞典例句 194. The column stands on a narrow base. 柱子竖立在狭窄的地基上. 14 来自辞典例句 195. When one stretched it, it looked like grey flakes on the carvas base. 你要是把它摊直, 看上去就象好一些灰色的粉片落在帆布底子上. 18 来自辞典例句 196. Economic growth and human well - being depend on the natural resource base that supports all living systems. 经济增长和人类的福利依赖于支持所有生命系统的自然资源. 12 1 来自辞典例句 197. The base was just a smudge onthe untouched hundred - mile coast of Manila Bay. 那基地只是马尼拉湾一百英里长安然无恙的海岸线上一个硝烟滚滚的污点. 6 来自辞典例句 198. You can't base an operation on the presumption that miracles are going to happen. 你不能把行动计划建筑在可能出现奇迹的假想基础上.
感悟幸福(作文)(20篇) 篇一篇的乐章组成的，喜、怒、哀、乐。每一个人都自我丰富多彩的生活，我也自我的生活。我原本以为，吃可口的牛排，打电脑游戏，和朋友开心玩乐就是幸福。可是，我错了，幸福并不仅仅如此。 记得一次，我放学回到家里放下书包就拿起一包饼干来吃。吃着吃着，突然我觉得牙齿痛了起来，并且越来越痛，痛得我连饼干也咬不动了。我放下饼干，连忙去拿了一面镜子来看。原先这又是那一颗虫牙在“作怪”。“哎哟哟，哎哟哟，痛死我了”我不停地说着。渐渐地，那牙疼得越来越厉害，疼得我坐立不安，直打滚。之后在妈妈的陪伴下去了医院，治好了那颗虫牙。跨出医院大门时，我觉得心境出奇的好，天空格外的蓝，路边的樟树异常的绿，看什么都顺眼，才猛然一悟，幸福是简单而平凡的，身体健康就是一种幸福！ 这学期我发现我的英语退步了，我决定要把这门功课学好，于是，我每一天回家做完作业后，都抽出半小时时间复习英语，在课上也听得异常认真，一遇到不懂的题目主动请教教师。经过一段时间的努力，最终，在上次考试的时候，我考了97分。妈妈表扬了我，我心里美滋滋的。我明白了经过自我的努力享受到成功的喜悦，这也是一种幸福。
每个人都无一例外的渴望幸福。不一样的人不一样的感受，其实，幸福就是那种能在平凡中寻找欢乐、能在困境中找到自信的一种心境。同学们，幸福其实很简单，就在我们的身边，触手可及。用心去认真地品味吧，它一向未曾离开我们身边！ 感悟幸福(作文) 第8篇： 幸福无时没，幸福无处不在。儿时，你的幸福就是当你跌倒失声痛苦时，母亲抱起你，拍打着你背时的那句“别哭。”;成年时，你的幸福就是在你结婚时你身旁的那位拉起你的手问你的那句“你愿意吗”;老年时，你的幸福就是在椅子背后孙子的那句“奶奶我帮你敲背!”。家庭中，幸福是一家子的和乐融融;学校里，幸福是同学间的互相竞争;赛场上，幸福是队友间的默契配合。 然而，幸福不全然是唾手可得的，想不付出任何代价而得到幸福，那是神话。张志新说;“苦换来的是知识真理，坚持真理，就应自觉的欣然理解痛苦，那时，也仅那时，痛苦才将化为幸福。”仅心身遭受过痛苦的洗涤，幸福才会来到，痛得越深，苦得越彻，幸福得就越甜。鲁迅说：“穿掘到灵魂的深处，使人受了精神的苦刑而得到的创伤，又即从这得伤和养伤的愈合中，得到苦的涤除，而上了苏生的路。”从而得到了幸福的真谛。拉罗什夫科说过：“幸福后面是灾祸，灾祸后面是幸福。”你想成为幸福的人吗愿你首先吃得
尊重_议论文素材 "礼遇"的动力 --尊重可以让人奋发 日本的东芝公司是一家著名的大型企业，创业已经有90 多年的历史，拥有员工8 万多人。不过，东芝公司也曾一度陷入困境，土光敏夫就是在这个时候出任董事长的。他决心振兴企业，而秘密武器之一就是"礼遇"部属。身为偌大一个公司的董事长，他毫无架子，经常不带秘书，一个人步行到工厂车间与工人聊天，听取他们的意见。更妙的是，他常常提着酒瓶去慰劳职工，与他们共饮。对此，员工们开始都感到很吃惊，不知所措。渐渐地，员工们都愿意和他亲近，他赢得了公司上下的好评。他们认为，土光董事长和蔼可亲，有人情味，我们更应该努力，竭力效忠。因此，土光上任不久，公司的效益就大力提高，两年内就把亏损严重、日暮途穷的公司重新支撑起来，使东芝成为日本最优秀的公司之一。可见，礼，不仅是调节领导层之间关系的纽带，也是调节上下级之间关系，甚至和一线工人之间关系的纽带。世界知识产权日 --尊重知识 在2000 年10 月召开的世界知识产权组织第35 届成员国大会上，我国提议将 4 月26 日定为"世界知识产权日"。这个提案经世界知识产权组织成员国大会得到了确定。2001 年4 月26 日成为第一个"世界知识产权日"。这是我国尊重知识的具体表现。 屠格涅夫与乞丐 --尊重比金钱更重要 俄罗斯文豪屠格涅夫一日在镇上散步，路边有一个乞丐伸手向他讨钱。他很想有所施与，从口袋掏钱时才知道没有带钱袋。见乞丐的手伸得高高地等着，屠格涅夫面有愧色，只好握着乞丐的手说："对不起，我忘了带钱出来。"乞丐笑了，含泪说："不，我宁愿接受您的握手。" 孙中山尊重护士 --尊重不分社会地位 有一天，孙中山先生病了，住院治疗。当时，孙中山已是大总统、大元帅了。但是，他对医务人员很尊重，对他们讲话很谦逊。平时，无论是早晨或是晚间，每当接到护士送来的药品，他总是微笑着说声"谢谢您"，敬诚之意溢于言辞。 1925 年孙中山患肝癌，弥留之际，当一位护理人员为他搬掉炕桌时，孙中山先生安详地望着她，慈祥地说："谢谢您，您的工作太辛苦了，过后您应该好好休息休息，这阵子您太辛苦了! "听了这话，在场的人都泣不成声。 毛泽东敬酒 --敬老尊贤是一种美德 1959 年6 月25 日，毛泽东回到离别30 多年的故乡韶山后，请韶山老人毛禹珠来吃饭，并特地向他敬酒。毛禹珠老人说："主席敬酒，岂敢岂敢! "毛泽东接着说："敬老尊贤，应该应该。" 周恩来不穿拖鞋接待外宾 --衣着整齐体现对人的尊重 周恩来晚年病得很重，由于工作的需要，他还要经常接待外宾。后来，他病得连脚都肿起来了，原先的皮鞋、布鞋都不能穿，他只能穿着拖鞋走路，可是，有些重要的外事活动，他还是坚持参加。他身边的工作人员出于对总理的爱护和关心，对他说："您就穿着拖鞋接待外