L10 Exercises
I. Give brief answers to the following questions, using your own words as much as possible'
1) How much do you know about the author from this article?
2) What do you think of the struggles between fundamentalists and modernists? What did that show?
3) Why was so much attention paid to this trial in an out-of-the- way small town in the U. S.?
4) Try to elaborate the views of Darrow and Malone and that of Bryan's.
5) What have you learned about the law and legal procedures in the U. S.? Do you think them sensible?
6) Did John Scopes lose or win the case?
7) What have you learned about the Bible?
8) What do you think is the message of this article?
II. Paraphrase:
1) We’ll show them a few tricks.
2) The case had erupted round my head
3) The fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Old Testament.
4) That all animal life... had evolved from a common ancestor
5) "Let's take this thing to court and test the legality of it."
6) People from the surrounding hills, mostly fundamentalists, arrived to cheer Bryan against the "infidel outsiders."
7) As my father growled, "That's one hell of a jury!"
8) He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant.
9) Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponder whether they might be related.
10) And the crowd punctuated his defiant replies with fervent "Amens"
III. Translate the following into Chinese:
1) Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. "Today it is the teachers," he continued, "and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the man who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind."
达罗在热得像烘箱似的法庭里来回踱着方
步。“今天受攻击的是教师，”他接着说道，“明天就会轮到杂志、书籍和报纸。要不了多久，社会上便会是一种人与人为仇，教派与教派为敌的局面，直到我们的社会大踏步地退回到十六世纪那光辉的年代，那时如果有谁胆敢给人类带来智慧、知识和文化，就会被那些愚昧的偏执狂们点燃柴堆活活烧死。”
2) "The Bible", he thundered in his sonorous organ tones, "is not going to be driven out of this court by experts who come hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution, with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His image and put here for His purpose as part of a divine plan." “《圣经》，”他用洪亮的嗓音大喊大叫道，“是不会被那些千里迢迢赶来作证的学者专家们赶出这个法庭的。这些专家们来到这里的目的是想证明主张人类祖先来自丛林的进化论和上帝按照天机，依其形象创造人类并安排到这个世界上来的看法，是并行不悖的。”
3) The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow
and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States, bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years. 由克拉伦斯·达罗和达德雷·费尔德·马隆在戴顿镇的小小法庭上掀起的那些辩论风暴犹如一股清风吹遍了美国的学校和立法机关，随之而来的是日渐增长的思想自由和学术自由的新气象。
IV. Group together all the legal and religious terms that appear in the text.
V. Explain the implied or satirical meaning of the following:
1) "Today it is the teachers," he continued, "and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers."
2) "There is some doubt about that," Darrow snorted.
3) "The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below."
4) One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT -- INSIDE.
5) "The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes," a reporter noted, "afraid it might be true."
6) Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a "victorious defeat."
7) "I'm just a reg'lar mountaineer judge."
8) Of the 12 jurors, three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read.
9) The truth does not need Mr. Bryan.
10) But now there is a William Jennings Bryan University on a hill-top overlooking the valley.
VI. The following sentences contain metaphors or similes. Explain their meanings in plain, non-figurative language.
1) No one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snow ball into one of the most famous trials in U. S. history
2) By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1 500 people had taken on a circus
atmosphere.
3) The street around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot dogs
4) After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement.
5) he thundered in his sonorous organ tones
6) when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire
7) The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratory as he should have.
8) He... accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion.
9) Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan.
10) But although Malone had won the oratorial duel with Bryan
11) Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence.
12) The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States
VII. Besides similes and metaphors, other figures of speech are also used in this piece. Point out the figures used in the following sentences:
1) The trial that rocked the world ( )
2) Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my .shoulder ( )
3) The case had erupted round my head ( )
4) Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted ( )
5) and it is a mighty strong combination ( )
6) until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century ( )
7) There is some doubt about that.( )
8) "The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below"( )
9) "His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world." ( )
10) Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fanlike a sword to repel his enemies. ( )
11) Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.( )
12) Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, "victorious defeat. " ( )
VII. Translate the following into Chinese:
1) A lower court ruled in the parents’ favor, but the decision later was reversed.
2) The legislative branch enacts laws; the executive branch enforces them, and the judicial branch interprets them.
3) Three witnesses appeared in court to testify to his innocence.
4) They called for a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury.
5) In US. courts, when witnesses swear to tell the truth, they are asked to place one hand on the Bible.
6) "God helps them that help themselves."
7) Judges are supposed to treat every person as equal before the law, whatever his race, nationality or religion.
8) Barristers are lawyers who present and plead cases in law courts.
9) As "counsel for the prosecution" a barrister will try to prove the accused person's guilt. As "counsel for the defense" he will defend the accused.
IX. Translate the following into English (using the following words or expressions: against the law, verdict, rampant, to anticipate, to involve, to reconcile, on hand, at hand, under way, one's heart goes out to):
1)当时形而上学十分猖獗。
1)At that time metaphysics was rampant．
2)我没有预料到会卷入这场争端。
2)I did not anticipate that 1 would get involved in this dispute
3)如果你想学到一些东西，那你就应该自己参加到这项工作中去。
3)You must involve yourself in the work if you want to learn something. 4)陪审团裁决他有罪，法官判了他三
年徒刑。
4)The jury brought in a verdict of guilty and the judge sentenced him to three years' imprisonment.
5)虽然种族隔离是违法的，但种族歧视在美国仍然以不同形式存在着。5)Racial discrimination still exists in various forms in the United States though racial segregation is against the law.
6)他认为这两个观点是可以一致起来的。
6)I think we can reconcile the two views.
7)他好像也就接受这个主意了。
7)He seemed reconciled to the idea.
8)观众对被告充满了同情心。
8)The spectators' hearts went out to the defendant.
9)当时伦敦的报纸认为纳粹德国即将垮台。
9)The London papers expressed the view that the collapse of Nazi Germany was at hand.
10)他估计手头的侦察员只有三至五人。
10)He estimated the number of scouts on hand as ranging from three to five.
11)合同签定后不久，工程就开始进行了。
11)The project got under way soon after the signing of the contract.
X. Choose the right word from the list given below for each blank:
prison prepared defence
guit legal criminal
defendant trial afford
verdict witnesses cross-examine
attend accused right
innocence jury court
evidence compelled at
offence 12tried
counsel majority appeal
unanimous prosecution two
Since___ law in Britain presumes the innocence of the accused until his_______ has been proved, the prosecution is not granted any advantage over the defence. A________ has the right to employ a________ adviser for his________ and if he cannot______________ to pay he may be granted legal aid wholly or partly___________ the public expense; if remanded in custody he may be visited in______ by his legal adviser to ensure that his defence is properly______.
During the_____ the defendant has the right to hear and subsequently to_______( normally through his counsel)all the witnesses for the _____;to call his own______ who, if they will not_______ the trial of their own free will, may be legally______ to attends and to address the____ either in person or through his___ -the defence having the___ to the last speech at the trial.
In criminal trials by_____ the judge determines questions of law, sums up the______ for the benefit of the jury, and acquits the_______ or passes sentence according to the ____________________________of the jury; but the jury alone decides the issue of____ guilt or___ Verdicts need not necessarily be ____;in certain circumstances the jury may bring in a_______ verdict provided that, in the normal jury of______ people, there are not more than_____ dissentients.
If the jury returns a verdict of ' not guilty, the prosecution has no right of____ and the defendant cannot be____ again for the same
XI. Topics for oral work
1) What is the author satirizing in this piece? What methods does he use to achieve this?
2) What have you learned about the U. S. judicial system from this lesson?
XII. Written work
Describe the climax of the trial within 250 words.
习题全解
I．
1)In the 1920s，when he was a teacher at a secondary school in Dayton，a little town in the mountains of Tenessee，he was charged with teaching evolution and had to be present in the court．The trial。however，rocked the world．After the trial，he studied at the University of Chicago and became a geologist for an oil company later．
2)The struggles were in fact struggles between ignorance and wisdom．religion and science．That showed the spread of science and truth was no easy task．3)Because the result would effect the whole country，even the world．
4)Darrow and Malone thought that the Bible could co—exist with the Evolution Theory and it was acceptable for a Christion to be an evolutionist．Besides，the Bible should not be interpreted and accepted literally．Bryan just thought the opposite way.
5) The trial began with prayer by a local minister. This showed the connection of the religion
(Christianity) with the law. Among 12 jurors three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read. That showed that the religion and ignorance play an important role in the law. Judging by the fact above, the law and legal proce- dures in the U. S. at that time were not sensible.
6)John Scopes lost the case in the court, but he won in a real sense.
7)We cannot take the Bible literally. Actually there is something inconsistent in it. It can be accepted as a religious book whose interpretation should not be defined by some people only.
8)This article is intended to draw the world's attention to the Evolution Theory and persuade people not to be stubbornly hostile to science.
II.
1)We have some clever and unexpected tactics and we will surprise them in the trial.
2)The case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently.
3)The fundamentalists believe in a word-for-word acceptance of what is said in the Bible.
4)that all life had developed gradually from a common original organism
5)Let's accuse Scopes of teaching evolution and let the court decide whether he is breaking the law or not.
6) People from the nearby mountains, mostly fundamentalists, came to support Bryan against those professors, scientists, and lawyers who came from the northern big cities and were not fundamentalists.
7)As my father complained angrily, "That' s no jury at all. "
8)He is here because unenlightenment and prejudice are widespread and unchecked.
9)People had to pay in order to have a look at the ape and to consider carefully whether apes and humans could have a common ancestry.
10)and the crowd, who were mainly fundamentalists, took his words showing no fear as if they were prayers, interrupting frequently with "Amen"
Ⅲ. See the translation of the text.
Ⅳ.
1)legal terms: court, defence, criminal lawyer, leading councel for the prosecution, state legislature, trial, testify, a jury trial, case, indict, the U. S. Supreme Court, defend, presiding judge, attorney-general, open the session, juror, legality, witness, evidence, accuse, adjourn, verdict, jurymen, guilty, conviction
2)religious terms: fundamentalists , modernists, the Old Testament, fundamentalism, the Bible, agnostic, Catholic, Jew, infidel, God, Amen, Genesis"
Ⅴ.
1)Today the teachers are put on trial because they teach science, soon the magazines, books and newspapers will not be allowed to express new ideas.
2)"It is doubtful whether man (rather the fundamentalist) has reasoning power," Darrow said in
a contemptuous way.
3)The Christian believes that God in heaven made human being but the evolutionist thinks human beings come from lowly animals. The implication is there is nothing lofty, noble about human beings in the eyes of the evolutionist.
4)This is a pun, i. e. playing on words. This sentence may have two different interpretations, depending on how you read it. If you pause before the dash, it means Darwin, the naturalist is correct. If you read out the whole sentence, it means Darwin the shop owner is directly inside.
5)Even the ape shuddered when it realized that it might share the same ancestry with human beings (especially the fundamentalists).
6) Malone considered the defeat a blessing in disguise, although Scopes was found guilty, they had succeeded in drawing the attention of the people all over the United States to this issue.
7)The statement conveys false modesty about being with the people and indicates regional narrow-mindedness and bigotry.
8)This shows that the jurors were ignorant, prejudiced and narrow minded. There couldn't be a fair and impartial trial.
9)Bryan's role is self-appointed. There is no need for Bryan to act as the spokesman. If a thing is true it does not need anyone, least of all Bryan, to defend it.
10) Bryan was dead against knowledge, Science and new ideas, so it was ironical to name a university after him because the function of a university was to spread knowl-edge, science and new ideas.
Ⅵ.
1)snowball: metaphor; grow or develop rapidly
2)circus atmosphere: metaphor; riotous holiday spirit
3)sprout: metaphor; grow or spring up quickly
4)spar: metaphor; fight with words, engage in argument
5)thunder: metaphor; say loudly and angrily
6)like a prairie fire: simile; spreading quickly, rapidly and overcoming all obstacles
7)scorch : metaphor wither, thoroughly defeat hot breath of his oratory: metaphor; the fiery speech, the caustic condemnation
8)a duel: metaphor; a life and death struggle
9)a storm of applause：metaphor；loud applause by many people
10)the oratorical duel：metaphor；the speech contest
11)spring the trump card：metaphor；take the most decisive course of action which one believes cannot fail
12)oratorical storm，blew up：metaphors；the great debate that took place like a fresh wind：simile；brought new and healthy changes．The great debate initiated by Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone in the little court in Dayton brought new and healthy changes throughout the schools and legislative offices of the United States
Ⅶ．
1)hyperbole 2)transferred epithet 3)synecdoche 4) ridicule 5)sarcasm 6)irony 7)sarcasm 8)antithesis 9)hyperbole 10)ridicule，simile 11)ridicule 12)oxy-moran
Ⅷ．
1)初级法院的裁决有利于父母，后来又作了相反的裁决。
2)立法部门制订法律，行政部门执行法律，司法部门解释法律。
3)三个证人出庭作证，证明他无罪。
4)他们呼吁速由一个公正的陪审团进行公审。
5)在美国法院，证人宣誓照实直说时，要把一只手放在《圣经》上。
6)自助者，上帝助之。
7)不管什么种族、民族和宗教信仰，在法律面前，法官应一视同仁。
8)Barristers是在法庭上进行控告或辩护的律师。
9)作为原告辩护律师，他就要尽力证明被告有罪。作为被告辩护律师，他就要为被告辩护。
Ⅸ.
1)At that time metaphysics was rampant．
2)I did not anticipate that 1 would get involved in this dispute
3)You must involve yourself in the work if you want to learn something.
4)The jury brought in a verdict of guilty and the judge sentenced him to three years' imprisonment.
5)Racial discrimination still exists in various forms in the United States though racial segregation is against the law.
6)I think we can reconcile the two views.
7)He seemed reconciled to the idea.
8)The spectators' hearts went out to the defendant.
9)The London papers expressed the view that the collapse of Nazi Germany was at hand.
10)He estimated the number of scouts on hand as ranging from three to five.
11)The project got under way soon after the signing of the contract.
X.
criminal, guilt, defendant, legal, defence, afford, at, prison, prepared || trial, cross-examine, prosecution, witnesses, attend, compelled, court, counsel, right || jury, evidence, accused, verdict, innocence, unammous, majority|| appeal, tried, offence
XI. Omitted.
XII.
Because of the wording of the anti-evolution law, the prosecution had to believe that the Bible must be interpreted word for word. And Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence. Bryan agreed. Darrow read from Genesis : "And the evening and the morning were the first day. " Then he asked Bryan if he believed that the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan answered yes. Darrow asked, "How could there have been a morning and evening without any sun?" At this, Bryan did not know what to say. Darrow then asked if he believed literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered yes. Darrow asked, "And you be- lieve that God punished the serpent by condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?" "I believe that." "Well, have you any idea how the snake went before that time?" This made Bryan angry. "Your honour," he said. "I will answer all Mr. Darrow's questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him .-. ""I object to that statement," Darrow shouted. "I am examining you on your fool ideas that
no intelligent Christian on earth believes. "The spectators burst into a brawl. The judge used his gavel to calm them down and adjourned court until next day.
Chapter 1 Introduction I. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 1. If a study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic 2. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 4. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue. D. All of the above 5. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 6. Saussure took a(n) __________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view. A. sociological, psychological B. Psychological, sociological C. applied, pragmatic D. semantic, linguistic 7. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. Langue D. language 8. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings. A. sense B. Sounds C. objects D. ideas 9. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________. A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission
Chapter 4 Revision Exercises 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP→(Det) N (PP) ... VP→(Qual) V (NP) ... AP→(Deg) A (PP) ... PP→(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement) 3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution. 4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have? The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure. It has four important properties: 1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction. 2) a category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated. 3)coordinated categories must be of the same type. 4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined. 5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play? A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier. The role each element can play:
E111 1125110312 张翩翩 Exercise 5 I. State whether each of the following statements is True or False. (30 points) F 1. A grammatical sentence is also meaningful. F 2. Some words are always superordinates while some others are always hyponyms. F 3. Synonyms are those words that can be used interchangeably in all contexts. F 4. Antonyms have opposite meanings. F 5. All English words have their referents. T 6. The principle of compositionality refers to the idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined. T 7. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. F 8. In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is directly related to the referent. T 9. The superordinate term is more inclusive in meaning than its hyponyms. T 10. To understand a sentence, we need knowledge about its syntactic structure and the meanings of the words used in it. II. Give the respective antonym for each of the following words and then tell to which category they belong. (32 points) 1. boy – ( girl ) ( complementary antonymy ) 2. wide – (narrow) (gradable antonymy) 3. lengthy –(brief ) (gradable antonymy) 4. thin – ( thick) (gradable antonymy ) 5. dead – (alive ) (complementary antonymy) 6. interviewer – (interviewee ) (converse antonymy) 7. sell – (buy) (converse antonymy) 8. teacher – (student ) (converse antonymy) III. Study the following pairs of words. What is the sense relation between these pairs of words? (18 points) (1) shallow / deep ( antonymy ) (2) mature / ripe ( synonymy)
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language.
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies
语言学Exercises 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________ A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ___Creativity_______. 5. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is _____Metalingual function_____. 6. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 7. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B. Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 8. Modern linguistics is __descriptive________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 9. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __diachronic________ study. 10. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __Langue________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 11. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __competence________. 12.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. （1） Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F （2） F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French(Swiss) linguist. F （3）All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms(有的有有的没有). F （4）A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic(synchronic) study of language. F （5）Speech and writing came into being at much the same time不对in human history. F 13. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics
141019 Exercise I A.In translating the following sentence into Chinese, He (Nixon) has not settled anything with China, and he has un doubtedly un settled a lot of things in Tokyo and Moscow along the way… Quite a number of students rendered it erroneously as: 他同中国没有解决什么问题，毫无疑问，同时他在东京和莫斯科也没有解决什么问题。 Questions： 1.What is the right way of putting it into Chinese? 2.What do you think might have caused the students to produce that wrong translation? 他同中国没有解决什么问题，毫无疑问，与此同时他却把同东京和莫斯科的许多事情搞糟了。 B.It is interesting to note that in the following sentence. The door is unlockable. the word unlockable may have two different meanings due to the fact that its structure can be analyzed in two different ways, and therefore the sentence is ambiguous. Questions: 1.Give two structural analyses of the word “unlockable”. 2.Show the two meanings of the sentence by providing two English paraphrases. 3.Produce two Chinese translations of the sentence corresponding to its two meanings. 1）
Exercises for chapter 1 Exercise I For the following English sentences, please judge whether they are acceptable or unacceptable, well-formed or ill-formed. How do you know they are the cases you judge ? a.Tom seems asleep b.Tom seems sleeping c.John wants Bill to go. d.John wants Bill go. e.Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. f.Colorless sleep green furiously ideas. g.地球围着太阳转。 h.太阳围着地球转。 i.太阳转围地球着。 j.I knew that she was ill, but I was wrong. k.My goldfish thinks that I’m a very bad cook. l.My wife is not my wife. m.My toothbrush is pregnant again. Exercise II The following statements about human language may be appropriate or inappropriate, please give your judgments according to what we have explained in the text. https://www.doczj.com/doc/be14944926.html,nguage is a symbolic system for communication. https://www.doczj.com/doc/be14944926.html,nguage is mainly for thinking, not necessarily for communication. https://www.doczj.com/doc/be14944926.html,nguage is also a biological product and has biological properties. https://www.doczj.com/doc/be14944926.html,nguage is outside(external to) the human body. e.There are constraints on what can be a language. It is not true that any symbolic system can serve as a human language. https://www.doczj.com/doc/be14944926.html,nguage is a social product. https://www.doczj.com/doc/be14944926.html,nguage is inside the human body. h.Knowing a language undergoes a biological process. Knowing a language is a biological process rather than a social process. Exercise III Discuss the following sentences, some of them may have two different interpretations, give an appropriate paraphrase for each interpretation. a.He loves me more than you. b.Who do you want to / wanna help? c.Visiting relatives can be a nuisance. d.The president is eager/easy to pleas e. e.They are hunting dogs. f.Who would you like to visit?
Chap ter 4 Revisi on Exercises 1. What is syn tax Syn tax is a branch of lin guistics that studies how words are comb ined to form senten ces and the rules that gover n the formati on of senten ces. 2. What is p hrase structure rule The grammatical mecha nism that regulates the arran geme nt of eleme nts . sp ecifiers, heads, and compi eme nts) that make up a p hrase is called a p hrase structure rule. The p hrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be writte n as follows: Ni (Det) N (PP) ... Vi (Qual) V (NP) ... Ai (Deg) A (PP) ... PP^ (Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a si ngle gen eral p hrasal structural rule in which X sta nds for the head N, V, A or P The XP rule: XP> (sp ecifier) X (co mp leme nt) 3. What is category How to determine a word ' s category Category refers to a group of lin guistic items which fulfill the same or similar fun cti ons in a p articular Ian guage such as a senten ce, a noun p hrase or a verb. To determ ine a word's category, three criteria are usually empio yed, n amely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word s category is its distributio n. there is no limit on the nu mber of coord in ated categories that can app ear p rior to the conjun cti on. a category at any level a head or an en tire XP can be coord in ated. coord in ated categories must be of the same type. the category type of the coord in ate p hrase is ide ntical to the category type of the eleme nts being conj oin ed. 5. What eleme nts does a p hrase contain and what role does each eleme nt p lay A p hrase usually contains the followi ng eleme nts: head, sp ecifier and comp leme nt. Sometimes it also contains ano ther ki nd of eleme nt termed modifier. The role each eleme nt can play: Head: 4. What is coord in ate structure and what prop erties does it have The structure formed by joining two or more eleme nts of the same type with the help of a conjun cti on is called coord in ate structure. It has four imp orta nt prop erties: 1) 2) 3) 4)
Exercises I.Multiple Choice 1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment. A. Diachronic linguistics B. Synchronic linguistics C. Prescriptive linguistics D. Comparative linguistics 2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords 3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______. A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial D. dental 4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme 5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]? A. voiced labiodental fricative B. voiced alveolar stop
Exercise 11 Language and Linguistics语言和语言学 1. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole B. Performance C. langue D. Language 2. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas 3. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission 4. The study of language as a whole is often called _______________. A. general linguistics B. Sociolinguistics C. psycholiguistics D. apllied linguistics 5. The descriptiong of a language at some point in time is a study___________ A. diachronic B. synchronic C. descrpitve D. prescriptive 6. Findings in linguistics studies can often be applied to the solutions of some practical problems, the study of such applications is known as __________. A. anthropological linguistics B. computational linguistics C. applied linguistics D. mathematical linguistics 7. Which of the following isn?t a major branch of linguistics? A. Phonology B. Syntax C. Pragmatics D. Speech 8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behaviour, it is said to be ____. A. prescriptive B. sociolinguistic C. descriptive D. Psycholinguistic 9. The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” …A rose by any other name would smell as sweet? well illustrates ________. A. the conventional nature of language B. the creative nature of language C. the universality of language D. the big difference between human language and animal communication 10. Chomsky uses the term _________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user?s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication. A. langue B. competence C. parole D. performance 11. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language? A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue 12. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic C. Animals also have language D. Language is arbitrary 13. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is________. A. informative B. phatic